In the context of civil engineering, the terms "substructure" and "superstructure"

refer to different parts of a building or infrastructure project.

1. Undercarriage:

The substructure is the lower part of the structure, usually hidden or buried
underground. It supports the superstructure and serves to transfer loads from the
superstructure to the ground. Undercarriage components include:

a Foundations, donations:
The foundation is the foundation upon which the entire structure rests. Its main
function is to safely and stably distribute the load of the superstructure onto the
ground or rocks below.

B. Basics:
A foundation is a concrete structure that supports foundation walls and columns.
Designed to distribute superstructure loads over a larger floor area to prevent
excessive subsidence and breakage. C. Pile or Post:
In some cases, deep foundations such as piles or columns are used to support the
foundation structure. These are long, thin structural members driven deep into the
ground to transfer loads to stronger, more stable soil layers.

D. Retaining wall:
A retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back soil and prevent erosion and
slippage. They are often used in situations where there is a large change in ground
level or when creating terraces for landscape design.

2. Structure:

A superstructure is the visible above-ground part of a building or infrastructure

project. It is supported by a substructure and contains various components such as:

A. Pillars:
A column is a vertical load-bearing element that supports the top of a structure.
Transfers loads from beams and ceilings to the substructure.

B. Bar:
Beams are horizontal elements that receive loads from the superstructure and
transfer them to columns. It distributes the load evenly and supports the floor and
roof.

C. plate:
Slabs are flat horizontal elements that make up the floor, ceiling or roof of a
building. Provides a stable, level surface for occupants and supports loads
transmitted by beams and columns.

D. Walls:
Walls are vertical load-bearing elements that divide interior spaces, provide
structural stability and, in some cases, support vertical loads. It can be made
from a variety of materials such as stone, concrete, and steel. e. Roof:
A roof is the upper part of a building that protects it from the elements. It can
be made in different materials and shapes according to design requirements.

F. Stairs and Elevators:

Stairs and elevators provide vertical circulation within the building. This will
allow people to move between different levels of construction efficiently and
safely.
They are some of the main components of substructures and superstructures in
construction projects. Specific components and their design may vary depending on
construction type, building codes and technical requirements.