COMPONENTS

OF BUILDING
CONSTRUCTIONS

BY: OLALO, HAZEL Q.

OCTOBER 23, 2023
 TWO
MAJOR
COMPONENTS
I.
SUPERSTRUCTURE

II.
SUBSTRUCTURE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SUPERSTRUCTURE- IS THE PART OF A BUILDING
WHICH IS ABOVE GROUND AND WHICH SERVES
THE BUILDING INTENDED USE .

A. Plinth F. Doors and Windows

B. Walls G. Floors
C. Columns H. Roofs
D. Beams I. Steps and Stairs
E. Sills, Lintels,
and Chajjas
 A.PLINTH
The portion of the wall between the
ground level and the ground floor
level is called plinth. It is usually of
stone masonry. If the foundation is
on piles, a plinth beam is cast to
support wall above floor level. At
the top of plinth a damp proof
course is provided. It is usually 75
mm thick plain concrete course.
 B.WALLS
Walls are building blocks of bricks
or stones. They divide the building
space into various support space
slabs into various beams and
rooms. They safely transmit the
loads coming on them from beams
and slabs to the foundation.
 C.COLUMNS
Columns are vertical members
along which beams and slab /roof
is supported. The shape of the
columns can be square,
rectangular, and circular.
 D.BEAMS
The horizontal elements that
withstand all vertical loads. All the
weight from those vertical loads
are supported at the endpoints of
the beams and that weight is then
transferred to the columns or the
beam supports.
E.

SILLS LINTELS CHAJJAS

are lower portion is the area over any given outside the wall to
of window and the doors and windows, protect doors and
and it is there to windows from the rain.
ventilator opening. They are usually made
support the wall with R.C.C. In low cost
over the larger houses stone slabs are
openings. A lintel provided as chajjas. The
beam is normally projection of chajja
varies from 600 mm to
made from
800 mm. Sometimes
reinforced cement drops are also provided
concrete, but it can to chajjas to improve
also be made from aesthetic look and also to
concrete and get additional protection
from sun and rain.
bricks.
 F.DOORS

provide a connecting link between

rooms, allowing free movement
from to room-to-room.
 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOORS THAT ENGINEERS
AND ARCHITECTURE USED IN BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION.

Considering Material Used:

• Wooden Door
• Metal Door
• UPVC Door
 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOORS THAT ENGINEERS
AND ARCHITECTURE USED IN BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION.

Considering the Mechanism & Usage

• Sliding Door
• Composite Door
• Swinging Door
• Revolving Door
• Folding Door
 WINDOWS

are provided to get light and

ventilation in the building. They are
located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9
m from the floor level
 THERE ARE ALSO DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDOWS SUCH AS:

• Fixed
• Pivoted
• Double Hung
• Sliding
• Casement
• Sash
• Louvered
• Metal
• Bay
• Corner window
• Dormer window
• Gable window
• Lantern
• Skylight
 G.FLOORS

Floors are the important

component of a building. They give
working/useful area for the
occupants.
 H.ROOFS
Roof is the top most portion of the
building which provides top cover
to the building. It should be leak
proof.
 I.STEPS
AND STAIR
Steps and stairs are meant to
provide access between different
levels. Generally for residential
building width of stair is 1.0m and
1.2m
SUBSTRUCTURE
THE SUBSTRUCTURE IS THE PART OF THE
BUILDING THAT IS UNDERNEATH THE
GROUND

The purpose of the

substructure of a building is
to transfer the loads of the
superstructure to the soil
that is underneath. This is why
the substructure is right
against the soil that supports
it.
 Foundation is one of the
essential parts of the structure.
FOUNDATION
It is defined as that part of the
structure that transfers the
load from the structure
constructed on it as well as its
weight over a large area of soil
in such a way that the amount
does not exceed the ultimate
bearing capacity of the soil and
the settlement of the whole
structure remains within a
tolerable limit.
 TWO
TYPES OF
FOUNDATION
I. SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
II. DEEP
FOUNDATION
 SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
Often called footings, are situated
beneath the lowest part of the
structure. A footing is the first
constructed element of a
structure which is built after
excavating the ground. In general,
the depth of a shallow foundation
is less than its width.
 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION ARE:

A. Spread or Isolated Footing

B. Strip Foundation
C. Mat or Raft Foundation
D. Combined Foundation.
 A.SPREAD OR
ISOLATED
FOOTING
This is the most widely recognized
and most straightforward shallow
foundation type, as this is the most
economical type. They are typically
utilized for shallow establishments
to convey and spread
concentrated burdens caused, for
instance, by pillars or columns.
 THE FOLLOWINGS ARE THE TYPES OF SPREAD OR ISOLATED
FOOTING.

➢ Single pad footing.

➢ Stepped footing for a column.
➢ Sloped footing for a column.
➢ Wall footing without step.
➢ Stepped footing for walls.
➢ Grillage foundation.
 B.STRIP
FOUNDATION
This type is used to distribute
loads of structural or non-
structural load-bearing walls to
the ground in such a way that the
load-bearing limit of the soil isn't
outperformed. It runs along the
direction of the wall. The width of
the wall foundation is usually 2-3
times the width of the wall.
C.RAFT OR MAT
FOUNDATIONS
Are used where other shallow or
pile foundations are not suitable. It
is also recommended in situations
where the bearing capacity of the
soil is inadequate, the load of the
structure is to be distributed over
a large area or structure is
subjected continuously to shocks
or jerks.
 D.COMBINED
FOUNDATION
The foundations which are made common
to more than one column are called
combined footings. There are different
types of combined footing, including slab
type, slab and beam type, rectangular,
raft, and strap beam type. They may be
square, tee-shaped, or trapezoidal. The
main objective is the uniform distribution
of loads under the entire area of footing,
for this is necessary to coincide with the
center of gravity of the footing area with
the center of gravity of the total loads.
 DEEP
FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a type of
foundation which is placed at a
greater depth below the ground
surface and transfers structure
loads to the earth at depth. The
depth to width ratio of such a
foundation is usually greater than
4 to 5.
 TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION

1.Pile Foundation
2.Pier Foundation
3.Caisson Foundation
 A.PILE
FOUNDATION
Pile is a common type of deep
foundation. They are used to
reduce cost, and when as per soil
condition considerations, it is
desirable to transmit loads to soil
strata which are beyond the reach
of shallow foundations.
 THE FOLLOWINGS ARE T HE T YPES OF PI LE
FOUNDATIONS.

Based on Function or Based on Materials and

Use
➢ Sheet Piles
➢ Load Bearing Piles
➢ End Bearing Piles
➢ Friction Piles
➢ Soil Compactor Piles
Construction Method
➢ Timber Piles
➢ Concrete Piles
➢ Steel Piles
➢ Composite Piles
 B. PIER
FOUNDATION
Is an underground structure that
transmits a more massive load,
which cannot be carried by shallow
foundations. It is usually shallower
than piles. The pier foundation is
generally utilized in multi-story
structures.
 C.CAISSON
FOUNDATION
Caisson foundation is a watertight
retaining structure used as a
bridge pier, construction of the
dam, etc. It is generally used in
structures that require foundation
beneath a river or similar water
bodies. The reason for choosing
the caisson is that it can be floated
to the desired location and then
sunk into place.
 THERE ARE SEVERAL T YPES OF CAI SSON
FOUNDATIONS.

➢ Box Caissons.
➢ Floating Caissons.
➢ Pneumatic Caissons.
➢ Open Caissons.
➢ Sheeted Caissons.
➢ Excavated Caissons