Electrical Power Systems

ELECENG 4PM4 / ECE 6PM4

Babak Nahid
PhD, HDR, Fellow IEEE
ECE Department
Faculty of Engineering
McMaster University

Contact Info :
Office: ITB A109
Email: babak.nahid@mcmaster.ca

Office Hours:
By appointment

Topic 5
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 Course Outline
1. Introduction and Review
2. Topic 1: Transmission Lines
3. Topic 2: Power Flow Studies
4. Topic 3: Symmetrical Faults
5. Topic 4: Symmetrical Components
6. Topic 5: Unsymmetrical Faults
7. Topic 6: Power System Stability
8. Topic 7: Future Grid
9. Conclusion and Wrap-up

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 Topic 5: Unsymmetrical Faults
5. Unsymmetrical Faults:
1. Introduction
2. System Representation
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Line-to-Line Fault
5. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
6. Examples
7. Other Faults
8. Introduction to System Protection
9. Summary
 Topic 5: Unsymmetrical Faults
5. Unsymmetrical Faults:
1. Introduction
2. System Representation
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Line-to-Line Fault
5. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
6. Examples
7. Other Faults
8. Introduction to System Protection
9. Summary
 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Example 2: Double line-to-ground fault
Unsymmetrical fault at bus 2

For a bolted double line-to-ground fault from phase b to c to ground at

bus 2. Calculate:
a) Sub-transient fault current in each phase.

▪ Pre-fault voltage is 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓∠𝟎° per-unit.

▪ Pre-fault load current and Δ–Y transformer phase shift are neglected.

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
From example #1b: Thevenin equivalents at bus 2

Recall: double line-to-ground fault:

Zero-sequence network

Positive-sequence network

Negative-sequence network

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
𝑗0.1389 0
From example #1b:

𝑗0.250
𝑗0.1456
1.05∠0°

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
𝑗0.1389 0
Sequence currents:
𝑗1.6734

𝑗0.250
𝑗0.1456
1.05∠0°
𝐼𝑠 = −𝑗4.5464 𝑝𝑢
𝑗2.8730

Phase currents:

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
0
Vcg
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎2 𝐼1 + 𝑎𝐼2 𝐼𝑝 ≅ 6.8983∠159° 𝑝𝑢
Vbg
6.8983∠21°
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎𝐼1 + 𝑎2 𝐼2 Vag

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Unsymmetrical fault at bus 2

For a bolted double line-to-ground fault from phase b to c to ground at

bus 2. Calculate:
b) Contributions to the fault current from the motor and from the
transmission line.
▪ Pre-fault voltage is 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓∠𝟎° per-unit.
▪ Pre-fault load current and Δ–Y transformer phase shift are neglected.

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
From example #1a: equivalent sequence networks
Iline0 Imotor0

𝐼0 = 𝑗1.6734
I0
Zero-sequence network

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
From example #1a: equivalent sequence networks

Iline1 Imotor1

𝐼1 = −𝑗4.5464
I1
Positive-sequence network

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
From example #1a: equivalent sequence networks

Iline2 Imotor2

𝐼2 = 𝑗2.8730
I2
Negative-sequence network

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 Example 2: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Transforming to the phase domain: Recall: 𝑋𝑝 = 𝐴𝑋𝑠
Line currents: 1 1 1
𝐴 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎
′′
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎 0 0.5074∠ − 90° 1 𝑎 𝑎2
′′
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏 = 𝐴 ∙ −𝑗1.3882 = 1.9813∠172.6°
′′
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐
𝑗0.8808 1.9813∠7.4°

Motor currents:
′′
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑗1.6734 0.5074∠90°
′′
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏 = 𝐴 ∙ −𝑗3.1582 = 4.9986∠153.2°
′′ 𝑗1.9922 4.9986∠26.8°
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Example 3: Double line-to-ground fault (phase shift considered)
Unsymmetrical fault at bus 2

For a bolted double line-to-ground fault from phase b to c to ground at

bus 2. Calculate contributions to the fault current from the motor and
from the transmission line.
▪ Pre-fault voltage is 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓∠𝟎° per-unit.
▪ Pre-fault load currents are neglected.
▪ Δ–Y transformer phase shift are considered.
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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Zero-sequence network

Recall: zero-sequence networks

Synchronous machines

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers

Zero-sequence network

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Positive-sequence network

Recall: positive-sequence networks

Synchronous machines Don’t neglect transformer phase shift

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Positive-sequence network

Recall: positive-sequence networks

Synchronous machines Don’t neglect transformer phase shift

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers

Positive-sequence network

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Negative-sequence network

Recall: negative-sequence networks

Synchronous machines Don’t neglect transformer phase shift

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Negative-sequence network

Recall: negative-sequence networks

Synchronous machines Don’t neglect transformer phase shift

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers

Negative-sequence network

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault

Transformer phase shift considered

Positive-sequence network

Negative-sequence network Zero-sequence network

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Recall: shifting impedances in a transformer
Thevenin impedance at bus 2:
𝑍𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑞 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑚∗ ∙ 𝑍𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 𝑚 2 ∙ 𝑍𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚
with: 𝑣2 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑣1 and 𝑖1 = 𝑚∗ ∙ 𝑖2

Positive-sequence network

Negative-sequence network

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Equivalent circuit for double line-to-ground fault: Recall: double line-to-ground fault:
𝑗0.1389 0

𝑗0.250
𝑗0.1456
1.05∠0°

From Example 2, sequence fault current is:

𝑗1.6734
𝐼𝑠 = −𝑗4.5464 𝑝𝑢
𝑗2.8730

 Fault current magnitude is preserved when transformer phase shift is not neglected

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Equivalent sequence networks: contribution to the fault
𝑰𝟎 = 𝒋𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟒 𝒑𝒖
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒0 𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟0
No phase-shifting transformers (Example 2):
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒0 = 0 I0
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟0 = 𝐼0 = 𝑗1.6734 𝑝𝑢
Zero-sequence network

By considering the effect of phase shifting:

𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒0 = 0
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟0 = 𝐼0 = 𝑗1.6734 𝑝𝑢

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Recall: 𝑖1 = 𝑚∗ ∙ 𝑖2
Equivalent sequence networks: contribution to the fault
𝑰𝟏 = −𝒋𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟒 𝒑𝒖
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒1 𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟1
No phase-shifting transformers (Example 2):
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒1 = −𝑗1.3882 𝑝𝑢 I1
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟1 = −𝑗3.1582 𝑝𝑢
Positive-sequence network

By considering the effect of phase shifting:

𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟1 = −𝑗3.1582 = 3.1582∠ − 90° 𝑝𝑢

∗
∗
1
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒1 = 𝑚 ∙ −𝑗1.3882 = 𝑗30° ∙ −𝑗1.3882 = 1.3882∠ − 60° 𝑝𝑢
𝑒

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Recall: 𝑖1 = 𝑚∗ ∙ 𝑖2
Equivalent sequence networks: contribution to the fault
𝑰𝟐 = 𝒋𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟑𝟎 𝒑𝒖
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒2 𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟2
No phase-shifting transformers (Example 2):
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒2 = 𝑗0.8808 𝑝𝑢 I2
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟2 = 𝑗1.9922 𝑝𝑢
Negative-sequence network

By considering the effect of phase shifting:

𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟2 = 𝑗1.9922 = 1.9922∠90° 𝑝𝑢

∗ 𝑗30° ∗
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒2 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑗0.8808 = 𝑒 ∙ 𝑗0.8808 = 0.8808∠60° 𝑝𝑢

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 Example 3: Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Transforming to the phase domain: Recall: 𝑋𝑝 = 𝐴𝑋𝑠
Line currents: 1 1 1
𝐴 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎
′′
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎 0 1.2166∠ − 21.2° 1 𝑎 𝑎2
′′
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏 = 𝐴 ∙ 1.3882∠ − 60° = 2.2690∠180°
′′ 0.8808∠60° 1.2166∠21.2°
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐

Motor currents (unchanged compared to Example 2):

′′
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎 1.6734∠90° 0.5074∠90°
′′
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏 = 𝐴 ∙ 3.1582∠ − 90° = 4.9986∠153.2°
′′ 1.9922∠90° 4.9986∠26.8°
𝐼𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Example 4: Using a 100-MVA, 230-kV base for the transmission lines, draw the per-unit
sequence networks and reduce them to their Thevenin equivalents, “looking in” at bus 3.
Neglect Δ–Y transformer phase shifts. Pre-fault load currents are neglected.
Synchronous generators: Transmission lines:
G1: 100 MVA, 25 kV, X1=X2=0.2 & X0 =0.05 TL12: 100 MVA, 230 kV, X1=X2=0.1 & X0 =0.3
G2: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, X1=X2=0.2 & X0 =0.05 TL13: 100 MVA, 230 kV, X1=X2=0.1 & X0 =0.3
TL23: 100 MVA, 230 kV, X1=X2=0.1 & X0 =0.3
Transformers:
T1: 100 MVA, 25/230 kV, X1=X2=X0 =0.05
T2: 100 MVA, 13.8/230 kV, X1=X2=X0 =0.05

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Short-circuit faults are considered at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).
Pre-fault voltage is 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟎∠𝟎° per-unit.
(a) Compute the fault currents for a bolted three-phase fault.
(b) Compute the fault currents for a bolted line-to-line fault.
(c) Compute the fault currents for a bolted double line-to-ground fault.
(d) Compute the fault current for a bolted single line-to-ground fault. Also, determine the
currents at the terminals of generators G1 and G2.

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Recall: zero-sequence networks G1: X0 =0.05 5
G2: X0 =0.05
𝐘 − 𝐘 transformers
𝑍0 T1: X0 =0.05
T2: X0 =0.05

TL12: X0 =0.3
TL13: X0 =0.3
TL23: X0 =0.3
Synchronous machines

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers
𝑍0

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Recall: positive-sequence networks G1: X1=0.2 5
G2: X1=0.2
𝐘 − 𝐘 transformers
𝑍1 T1: X1=0.05
T2: X1=0.05

TL12: X1=0.1 𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟎∠𝟎°

TL13: X1=0.1 Δ–Y transformer phase shift neglected
Synchronous machines TL23: X1=0.1

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers
𝑍1

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Recall: negative-sequence networks G1: X2=0.2 5

𝐘 − 𝐘 transformers G2: X2=0.2

𝑍2 T1: X2=0.05
T2: X2=0.05

TL12: X2=0.1
TL13: X2=0.1 Δ–Y transformer phase shift neglected
Synchronous machines TL23: X2=0.1

𝐘 − 𝚫 transformers
𝑍2

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Reminder:
A

C B

C B

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Thevenin equivalent looking into bus 3: 3

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Thevenin equivalent looking into bus 3: 3

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Thevenin equivalent looking into bus 3: 3

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
Thevenin equivalents looking into bus 3:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(a) Compute the fault currents for a bolted three-phase fault at bus 3.

𝐼0 = 0

𝑉𝐹 1.0∠0°
𝐼1 = = = −𝑗5.71 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑇𝐻1 𝑗0.175

𝐼2 = 0

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(a) Compute the fault currents for a bolted three-phase fault at bus 3.

Three-phase fault short-circuit currents:

Recall: 𝑋𝑝 = 𝐴𝑋𝑠
𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 0 5.71∠ −90°
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗5.71 = 5.71∠ +150° 𝑝𝑢 1 1 1
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0 5.71∠ +30° 𝐴= 1 𝑎2 𝑎
1 𝑎 𝑎2

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(b) Compute the fault currents for a bolted line-to-line fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

Recall: line-to-line fault condition in sequence domain:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(b) Compute the fault currents for a bolted line-to-line fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).
1.0∠0°
𝐼0 = 0 𝐼1 = −𝐼2 = = −𝑗2.86 𝑝𝑢
𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.175

Line-to-line fault short-circuit currents:

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 0 0
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗2.86 = 4.95∠ −180° 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 +𝑗2.86 4.95∠0°

Recall: line-to-line fault condition in sequence domain:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(b) Compute the voltages for a bolted line-to-line fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐹 − 𝑍1 𝐼1 = 0.5 𝑝𝑢
𝑉0 = 0
𝑉2 = −𝑍2 𝐼2 = 0.5 𝑝𝑢
Voltages after a line-to-line fault at bus 3:
𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 0 1.0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ 0.5 = −0.5 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0.5 −0.5

Recall: line-to-line fault condition in sequence domain:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(c) Compute the fault currents for a bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

𝑗0.175
𝐼0 = −𝐼1 ∙ = 𝑗1.75 𝑝𝑢 Double line-to-ground fault short-circuit currents:
𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.199
1.0∠0°
𝐼1 = = −𝑗3.73 𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝑗1.75 0
𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.175 ∥ 𝑗0.199
𝑗0.199
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗3.73 = 5.6∠152° 𝑝𝑢
𝐼2 = −𝐼1 ∙ = 𝑗1.99 𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑗1.99 5.6∠28°
𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.199

Recall: double line-to-ground fault condition in sequence domain:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(c) Compute the voltages for a bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

𝑉0 = −𝑍0 𝐼0 = 0.348 𝑝𝑢 Voltages after a double line-to-ground fault at bus 3:

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐹 − 𝑍1 𝐼1 = 0.348 𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 0.348 1.044

𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ 0.348 = 0 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0.348 0
𝑉2 = −𝑍2 𝐼2 = 0.348 𝑝𝑢

Recall: double line-to-ground fault condition in sequence domain:

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Compute the fault current for a bolted single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

Recall: single line-to-ground fault

condition in sequence domain:
𝑉𝐹 1.0∠0°
𝐼1 = = = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍0 + 3𝑍𝐹 𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.175 + 𝑗0.199

𝐼2 = 𝐼1 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢

𝐼0 = 𝐼1 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢

Single line-to-ground fault short-circuit currents:

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 −𝑗1.82 5.46∠ −90°
𝐼𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗1.82 = 0 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑗1.82 0

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Compute the voltages for a bolted single line-to-ground fault at bus 3 (𝒁𝑭 = 𝟎).

Recall: single line-to-ground fault

𝑉0 = −𝑍0 𝐼0 = −0.362 𝑝𝑢 condition in sequence domain:

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐹 − 𝑍1 𝐼1 = 0.681 𝑝𝑢

𝑉2 = −𝑍2 𝐼2 = −0.319 𝑝𝑢

Voltages after a single line-to-ground fault at bus 3:

𝑉𝑎 1 1 1 −0.362 0
𝑉𝑏 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ +0.681 = 1.022∠238° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑗0.319 1.022∠122°

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.
Original sequence circuits:
Thevenin equivalent:

𝐼𝐹
𝐼𝐹

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 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.
𝐼0𝐺1 𝐼0𝐺2
𝐼𝐹 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢

𝐼1𝐺1 𝐼1𝐺2
𝐼𝐹

𝐼2𝐺1 𝐼2𝐺2

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94
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.
𝐼0𝐺1 𝐼0𝐺2
𝐼𝐹 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝑅
𝐼0𝐺2 = 0

𝑍𝑅
𝐼0𝐺1 = 𝐼𝐹 ∙ 𝐼1𝐺1 𝐼1𝐺2
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿
𝐼𝐹
with:
𝑍𝑅 = 𝑗0.1 + 𝑗0.05 = 𝑗0.15
𝐼2𝐺1 𝐼2𝐺2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗0.1 + 𝑗0.1 + 𝑗0.09 = 𝑗0.29

⇒ 𝐼0𝐺1 = −𝑗0.62 𝑝𝑢

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95
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.
𝐼0𝐺1 𝐼0𝐺2
𝐼𝐹 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢

𝑍𝑅
𝐼1𝐺1 = 𝐼𝐹 ∙
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝐿
𝐼1𝐺2 = 𝐼𝐹 ∙ 𝐼1𝐺1 𝐼1𝐺2
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿
𝐼𝐹
with: 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝑅

𝑍𝑅 = 𝑗0.033 + 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗0.2 = 𝑗0.283

𝐼2𝐺1 𝐼2𝐺2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗0.033 + 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗0.2 = 𝑗0.283

⇒ 𝐼1𝐺1 = 𝐼1𝐺2 = −𝑗0.91 𝑝𝑢

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96
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.
𝐼0𝐺1 𝐼0𝐺2
𝐼𝐹 = −𝑗1.82 𝑝𝑢

𝑍𝑅
𝐼2𝐺1 = 𝐼𝐹 ∙
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝐿
𝐼2𝐺2 = 𝐼𝐹 ∙ 𝐼1𝐺1 𝐼1𝐺2
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝐿
𝐼𝐹
with:
𝑍𝑅 = 𝑗0.033 + 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗0.2 = 𝑗0.283
𝐼2𝐺1 𝐼2𝐺2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗0.033 + 𝑗0.05 + 𝑗0.2 = 𝑗0.283

⇒ 𝐼2𝐺1 = 𝐼2𝐺2 = −𝑗0.91 𝑝𝑢 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝑅

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97
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the currents at the terminals of G1 and G2.

Contribution of G1 to the fault: 5

𝐼𝑎𝐺1 1 1 1 −𝑗0.62 2.44∠ −90°

𝐼𝑏𝐺1 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗0.91 = 0.29∠90° 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐𝐺1 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑗0.91 0.29∠90°

Considering transformer phase shifts:

Contribution of G2 to the fault: 𝐼1 𝐺2 = 0.91∠ −90° −30° = 0.91∠ −120°
𝐼2 𝐺2 = 0.91∠ −90° +30° = 0.91∠ −60°
𝐼𝑎𝐺2 1 1 1 0 1.82∠ −90°
𝐼𝑏𝐺2 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ −𝑗0.91 = 0.91∠90° 𝑝𝑢 Then:
𝐼𝑐𝐺2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑗0.91 0.91∠90° 𝐼𝑎𝐺2 1.58∠ −90°
𝐼𝑏𝐺2 = 1.58∠ + 90° 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐𝐺2 0
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98
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the voltages at the terminals of G1 and G2.
𝐼0𝐺1 𝐼0𝐺2
𝑉0𝐺1 = −𝑗0.14 × 𝐼0 𝐺1 = −0.087
𝑉0𝐺1 𝑉0𝐺2
𝑉0𝐺2 = −𝑗0.14 × 𝐼0 𝐺2 = 0

𝐼1𝐺1 𝐼1𝐺2
𝑉1𝐺1 = 𝑉𝐹 − 𝑗0.2 × 𝐼1 𝐺1 = 0.818
𝐼𝐹
𝑉1𝐺1 𝑉1𝐺2
𝑉1𝐺2 = 𝑉𝐹 − 𝑗0.2 × 𝐼1 𝐺2 = 0.818

𝐼2𝐺1 𝐼2𝐺2
𝑉2𝐺1 = −𝑗0.2 × 𝐼2 𝐺1 = −0.182

𝑉2𝐺2 = −𝑗0.2 × 𝐼2 𝐺2 = −0.182 𝑉2𝐺1 𝑉2𝐺2

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99
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
(d) Determine the voltages at the terminals of G1 and G2.
5

Δ–Y transformer phase shift considered

Generator terminal voltages after a single line-to-ground fault at bus 3:

𝑉𝑎𝐺1 1 1 1 −0.087 0.549∠0°
𝑉𝑏𝐺1 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ +0.818 = 0.956∠245° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑐𝐺1 1 𝑎 𝑎2 −0.182 0.956∠115°
𝑉𝑎𝐺2 1 1 1 0 0.744∠ −42°
𝑉𝑏𝐺2 = 1 𝑎2 𝑎 ∙ 0.818∠ −30° = 0.744∠222° 𝑝𝑢
𝑉𝑐𝐺2 1 𝑎 𝑎2 0.182∠210° 1.0∠90°
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100
 Example 4: Unsymmetrical Faults
5

Summary of fault currents at bus 3:

Three-phase fault: Double line-to-ground fault:

𝐼𝑎 5.71∠ −90° 𝐼𝑎 0
𝐼𝑏 = 5.71∠ +150° 𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑏 = 5.6∠152° 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐 5.71∠ +30° 𝐼𝑐 5.6∠28°

Line-to-line fault: Single line-to-ground fault:

𝐼𝑎 0 𝐼𝑎 5.46∠ −90°
𝐼𝑏 = 4.95∠ −180° 𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑏 = 0 𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑐 4.95∠0° 𝐼𝑐 0

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101
 Topic 5: Unsymmetrical Faults
5. Unsymmetrical Faults:
1. Introduction
2. System Representation
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Line-to-Line Fault
5. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
6. Examples
7. Other Faults
8. Introduction to System Protection
9. Summary
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit
An open-circuit fault occurs in a transmission
line. The fault conditions in the phase domain
are:
𝐼𝑎 = 0, 𝐼𝑎′ = 0

𝑉𝑏𝑏′ = 0, 𝑉𝑐𝑐′ = 0

Determine the fault conditions in the sequence domain and draw the sequence
networks for this one-conductor open-circuit fault.

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103
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit

Zero-
sequence
network

Positive-
𝐸1 sequence
network

Negative-
sequence
network

Thevenin equivalents as viewed

from fault terminals

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104
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit
Pre-fault circuits:

𝑍0 𝐼0 𝐼0′ 𝑍0′
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎′
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏′ 𝑉0 𝑉0′
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑐′
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎′
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏′ 𝑍1 𝐼1 𝐼1′ 𝑍1′
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐′
𝐸1 𝑉1 𝑉1′ 𝐸1′
𝐼0 = 𝐼0′
𝐼1 = 𝐼1′
𝐼1 = 𝐼2′ 𝑍2 𝐼2 𝐼2′ 𝑍2′
𝑉0 = 𝑉0′
𝑉1 = 𝑉1′ 𝑉2 𝑉2′
𝑉2 = 𝑉2′

Thevenin equivalents as viewed from fault terminals

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105
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit
After fault:

𝐼𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑎′ = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝐼0′ + 𝐼1′ + 𝐼2′
𝑉00′ 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎𝑎′
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏′ ⇒ 𝑉11′ = 13 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐′ 𝑉22′ 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0

Recall:
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎2 𝑉1 + 𝑎𝑉2
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑉1 + 𝑎2 𝑉2

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106
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit
After fault:

𝐼𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑎′ = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝐼0′ + 𝐼1′ + 𝐼2′
𝑉00′ 1 1 1 𝑉𝑎𝑎′ 𝑉00′ 𝑉𝑎𝑎′
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏′ 1
⇒ 𝑉11′ = 3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0 ⇒ 𝑉11′ = 13 𝑉𝑎𝑎′ ⇒ 𝑉00′ = 𝑉11′ = 𝑉22′ = 13𝑉𝑎𝑎′
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐′ 𝑉22′ 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝑉22′ 𝑉𝑎𝑎′

⇒ 𝑉0 − 𝑉0′ = 𝑉1 − 𝑉1′ = 𝑉2 − 𝑉2′

𝑉0 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
⇒ቊ
𝑉0′ = 𝑉1′ = 𝑉2′ Recall:
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎2 𝑉1 + 𝑎𝑉2
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑉1 + 𝑎2 𝑉2

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107
 One-Conductor Open-Circuit
After fault:

𝑍0 𝐼0 𝐼0′ 𝑍0′
𝐼0 + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0
𝐼0′ + 𝐼1′ + 𝐼2′ = 0 𝑉0 𝑉0′

𝑉0 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 𝐼1
𝑍1 𝐼1′ 𝑍1′
𝑉0′ = 𝑉1′ = 𝑉2′

𝐸1 𝑉1 𝑉1′ 𝐸1′

𝑍2 𝐼2 𝐼2′ 𝑍2′

𝑉2 𝑉2′

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108
 Two-Conductor Open-Circuit

An open-circuit fault occurs in a transmission

line. The fault conditions in the phase domain
are:
𝑉𝑎𝑎′ = 0

𝐼𝑏 = 0, 𝐼𝑏′ = 0, 𝐼𝑐 = 0, 𝐼𝑐′ = 0

Determine the fault conditions in the sequence domain and draw the sequence
networks for this two-conductor open-circuit fault.

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109
 Two-Conductor Open-Circuit
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎′
After fault:

𝑉𝑎𝑎′ = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝑉00′ + 𝑉11′ + 𝑉22′

𝐼0 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 13 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0
𝐼𝑏′ = 0 𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0
𝐼0′ 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎′
𝐼𝑐 = 0 1
𝐼𝑐′ = 0 ⇒ 𝐼1′ = 3 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0
𝐼2′ 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0

Recall:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎2 𝐼1 + 𝑎𝐼2
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎𝐼1 + 𝑎2 𝐼2

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110
 Two-Conductor Open-Circuit
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎′
After fault:

𝑉𝑎𝑎′ = 0 ⇒ 0 = 𝑉00′ + 𝑉11′ + 𝑉22′ ⇒ 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 𝑉0′ + 𝑉1′ + 𝑉2′

𝐼0 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎 𝐼0 𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 13 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 13 𝐼𝑎 ⇒ 𝐼0 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 13𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑏′ = 0 𝐼2 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝐼2 𝐼𝑎
𝐼0′ 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎′ 𝐼0′ 𝐼𝑎′
𝐼𝑐 = 0
𝐼𝑐′ = 0 ⇒ 𝐼1′ = 13 1 𝑎 𝑎2 ∙ 0 ⇒ 𝐼1′ = 13 𝐼𝑎′ ⇒ 𝐼0′ = 𝐼1′ = 𝐼2′ = 13𝐼𝑎′
𝐼2′ 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝐼2′ 𝐼𝑎′

⇒ 𝐼0 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0′ = 𝐼1′ = 𝐼2′ Recall:

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎2 𝐼1 + 𝑎𝐼2
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 + 𝑎𝐼1 + 𝑎2 𝐼2

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111
 Two-Conductor Open-Circuit
After fault: 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 𝑉0′ + 𝑉1′ + 𝑉2′
𝐼0 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0′ = 𝐼1′ = 𝐼2′

𝑍0 𝐼0 𝐼0′ 𝑍0′

𝑉0 𝑉0′

𝑍1 𝐼1 𝐼1′ 𝑍1′

𝐸1 𝑉1 𝑉1′ 𝐸1′

𝑍2 𝐼2 𝐼2′ 𝑍2′

𝑉2 𝑉2′

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112
 Two-Conductor Open-Circuit
After fault: 𝑉0 + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 𝑉0′ + 𝑉1′ + 𝑉2′
𝐼0 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0′ = 𝐼1′ = 𝐼2′

𝑍0 𝐼0 𝐼0′ 𝑍0′

𝑉0 𝑉0′

𝑍1 𝐼1 𝐼1′ 𝑍1′

𝐸1 𝑉1 𝑉1′ 𝐸1′

𝑍2 𝐼2 𝐼2′ 𝑍2′

𝑉2 𝑉2′

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113
 EE4PM4: Electrical Power Systems

▪ Course Website:
http://avenue.mcmaster.ca/

▪ Please send your questions/appointment requests to:

babak.nahid@mcmaster.ca
with subject:
4PM4 question/appointment

Teaching Assistants:
Arta Mohammad Alikhani Francisco Juarez-Leon Jingru Yang
mohaa142@mcmaster.ca juarezlf@mcmaster.ca yangj305@mcmaster.ca