Solution Manual for Medical Imaging Signals and Systems 2nd Edition

Prince Links 0132145189 9780132145183

Full link download:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-medical-
imaging-signals-and-systems-2nd-edition-prince-links-
0132145189-9780132145183/

2
Signals and Systems

SIGNALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Solution 2.1
P∞ P P∞ P∞
(a) δs (x, y) = m=−∞ ∞ n=−∞ δ(x − m, y − n) = m=−∞ δ(x − m) · n=−∞ δ(y − n), therefore it is a
separable signal.

(b) δl (x, y) is separable if sin(2θ) = 0. In this case, either sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 0, δl (x, y) is a product of a
constant function in one axis and a 1-D delta function in another. But in general, δl (x, y) is not separable.
(c) e(x, y) = exp[j2π(u0 x+v0 y)] = exp(j2πu0 x)·exp(j2πv0 y) = e1D (x; u0 )·e1D (y; v0 ), where e1D (t; ω) =
exp(j2πωt). Therefore, e(x, y) is a separable signal.
(d) s(x, y) is a separable signal when u0 v0 = 0. For example, if u0 = 0, s(x, y) = sin(2πv0 y) is the product of a
constant signal in x and a 1-D sinusoidal signal in y. But in general, when both u0 and v0 are nonzero, s(x, y) is not
separable.

Solution 2.2

(a) Not periodic. δ(x, y) is non-zero only when x = y = 0.

(b) Periodic. By definition
∞
X ∞
X
comb(x, y) = δ(x − m, y − n) .
m=−∞ n=−∞

For arbitrary integers M and N , we have

∞
X ∞
X
comb(x + M, y + N ) = δ(x − m + M, y − n + N )
m=−∞ n=−∞
 ∞
X ∞
X
= δ(x − p, y − q) [let p = m − M, q = n − N ]

p=−∞ q=−∞
= comb(x, y) .
2
3 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 3

So the smallest period is 1 in both x and y directions.

(c) Periodic. Let f (x + Tx , y) = f (x, y), we have

sin(2πx) cos(4πy) = sin(2π(x + Tx )) cos(4πy) .

Solving the above equation, we have 2πTx = 2kπ for arbitrary integer k. So the smallest period for x is
Tx0 = 1. Similarly, we find that the smallest period for y is Ty0 = 1/2.
(d) Periodic. Let f (x + Tx , y) = f (x, y), we have

sin(2π(x + y)) = sin(2π(x + Tx + y)).

So the smallest period for x is Tx0 = 1 and the smallest period for y is Ty0 = 1.
(e) Not periodic. We can see this by contradiction. Suppose f (x, y) = sin(2π(x2 + y 2 )) is periodic; then there exists
some Tx such that f (x + Tx , y) = f (x, y), and

sin(2π(x2 + y 2 )) = sin(2π((x + Tx )2 + y 2 ))
= sin(2π(x2 + y 2 + 2xTx + T x2 )) .

In order for the above equation to hold, we must have that 2xTx + T 2 = k xfor some integer k. The solution for Tx
depends on x. So f (x, y) = sin(2π(x2 + y 2 )) is not periodic.
(f) Periodic. Let fd (m + M, n) = fd (m, n). Then
π π π π
sin m cos n = sin (m + M ) cos n
.
5 5 5 5
Solving for M , we find that M = 10k for any integer k. The smallest period for both m and n is therefore
10.
(g) Not periodic. Following the same strategy as in (f), we let fd (m + M, n) = fd (m, n), and then

1 1n 1 1
sin m cos 5 = sin (m + M ) cos n .
5 5 5

The solution for M is M = 10kπ. Since fd (m, n) is a discrete signal, its period must be an integer if it is
to be periodic. There is no integer k that solves the equality for M = 10kπ for some M . So, fd (m, n) =
sin 1 m cos 1 n5 is not periodic.
5

Solution 2.3
(a) We have
Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ (δs ) = δs2 (x, y) dx dy
−∞ −∞
Z X Z Y ∞
X ∞
X
= lim lim δ(x − m, y − n) dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ −X −Y m=−∞ n=−∞

= lim lim (2bXc + 1)(2bY c + 1)

X→∞ Y →∞
= ∞,
4 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 4

where bXc is the greatest integer that is smaller than or equal to X. We also have
ZX ZY
1
P∞ (δs ) = lim lim δs2 (x, y) dx dy

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y X
Z X Z Y ∞ ∞
X
1
= lim lim δ(x − m, y − n) dx dy

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y m=−∞ n=−∞

(2bXc+ 1)(2bY c+ 1)
= lim lim
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY
4bXcbY c 2bXc+ 2bY c 1
= lim lim + +
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY 4XY 4XY
= 1.

(b) We have
Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ (δl ) = |δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l)|2 dx dy

Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞
= δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l) dx dy
−∞ −∞
Z ∞
1
| sin θ| dx, sin θ = 0
1 −∞
= Z ∞
1
| cos θ|
dy, cos θ = 0
−∞

E∞ (δl ) = ∞.

Equality 1 comes from the scaling property of the point impulse. The 1-D version of Eq. (2.8) in the text is
δ(ax) = |a|1 δ(x). Suppose cos θ = 0. Then
1 sin θ l
δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l) = δ x +y − .
| cos θ| cos θ cos θ

Therefore, Z ∞
1
δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l)dx = .
−∞ | cos θ|
We also have

Z X Z Y
1
P∞ (δl ) = lim lim |δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l)| 2dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y

Z X Z Y
1
= lim lim δ(x cos θ + y sin θ − l)dx dy .

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y
5 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 5

Without loss of generality, assume θ = 0 and l = 0, so that we have sin θ = 0 and cos θ = 1. Then it follows
5 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 5

that
Z X Z Y
1
P∞ (δl ) = lim lim δ(x) dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y
Z (Z )
Y X
1
= lim lim δ(x)dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −Y −X
Z Y
1
= lim lim 1dx
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −Y
2Y
= lim lim
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY
1
= lim
X→∞ 2X
= 0.

(c) We have
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
E∞ (e) = |exp [j2π(u0 x + v0 y)]| dx dy

Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞
= 1 dx dy
−∞ −∞
= ∞.

And also

Z X Z Y
1
P∞ (e) = lim lim | exp[j2π(u0 x + v0 y)]|2 dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y

Z X Z Y
1
= lim lim 1 dx dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y
= 1.

(d) We have
Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ (s) = sin2 [2π(u0 x + v0 y)] dx dy

−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z∞
2 1 −cos[4π(u0 x + v0 y)]
= dx dy
2
Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞ Z∞ Z ∞
1 cos[4π(u0 x + v0 y)]
= dx dy − dx dy
−∞ −∞ 2 −∞ −∞ 2
3

= ∞.
6 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 6

Equality 2 comes from the trigonometric identity cos(2θ) = 1 − 2 sin2 (θ). Equality 3 holds because the
first integral goes to infinity. The absolute value of the second integral is bounded, although it does not
7 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 7

converge as X and Y go to infinity. We also have

ZX Z Y
1

P∞ (s) = lim lim 2 sin [2π(u0 x + v0 y)] dx dy

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −X −Y dx
Z (Z )
1 X
1 −cos[4π(u0 x + v0 y)]
= lim lim
Y

dy
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −Y −X 2
Z
1 sin[4π(u0 X + v0 y)] −sin[4π(−u0 X + v0 y)]
= lim lim X + dy
Y

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −Y 8πu0

Z
4 1 sin(4πu0 X) cos(4πv0 y)
= lim lim Y
X − dy

X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY −Y 4πu0

1 2 sin(4πu0 X) sin(4πv0 Y )
= lim lim 2XY −
X→∞ Y →∞ 4XY (4π)2 u0 v0
1
= .
2

In order to get 4 , we have used the trigonometric identity sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β. The rest of the
steps are straightforward.
Since s(x, y) is a periodic signal with periods X0 = 1/u0 and Y0 = 1/v0 , we have an alternative way to
compute P∞ by considering only one period in each dimension. Accordingly,
Z X0 Z
1
P∞ (s) = Y0 sin2 [2π(u0 x + v0 y)] dx dy

4X Y
0 0 −X0 −Y0

1 2 sin(4πu0 X0 ) sin(4πv0 Y0 )
= 2X0 Y0 −
4X0 Y0 (4π)2 u0 v0

1 2 sin(4π) sin(4π)
= 2X0 Y0 −
4X0 Y0 (4π)2 u0 v0
1
= .
2

SYSTEMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Solution 2.4
Suppose two LSI systems S1 and S2 are connected in cascade. For any two input signals f1 (x, y), f2 (x, y), and two
constants a1 and a2 , we have the following:

S2 [S1 [a1 f1 (x, y) + a2 f2 (x, y)]] = S2 [a1 S1 [f1 (x, y)] + a2 S1 [f2 (x, y)]]
= a1 S2 [S1 [f1 (x, y)]] + a2 S2 [S1 [f2 (x, y)]] .
8 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 8

So the cascade of two LSI systems is also linear. Now suppose for a given signal f (x, y) we have S1 [f (x, y)] = g(x, y),
and S2 [g(x, y)] = h(x, y). By using the shift-invariance of the systems, we can prove that the cascade of two LSI systems
is also shift invariant:

S2 [S1 [f (x − ξ, y − η)]] = S2 [g(x − ξ, y − η)] = h(x − ξ, y − η) .

9 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9

This proves that two LSI systems in cascade is an LSI system

To prove Eq. (2.46) we carry out the following:

g(x, y) = h2 (x, y) ∗ [h1 (x, y) ∗ f (x, y)]

Z∞ Z∞
= h2 (x, y) ∗ h1 (ξ, η)f (x − ξ, y − η) dξ dη
−∞ −∞

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
= h2 (u, v) h1 (ξ, η)f (x − u − ξ, y − v − η) dξ dη du dv
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
= h2 (u, v)h1 (ξ, η)f (x − u − ξ, y − v − η) dξ dηdu dv
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
= h1 (ξ, η) h2 (u, v)f (x − ξ − u, y − η − v) du dv dξ dη
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

= h1 (x, y) ∗ [h2 (x, y) ∗ f (x, y)] .

This proves the second equality in (2.46). By letting α = u + ξ, and β = v + η, we have

Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
g(x, y) = h2 (u, v)h1 (ξ, η)f (x − u − ξ, y − v − η) dξ dηdu dv
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
= h2 (α − ξ, β − η)h1 (ξ, η) dξ dη f (x − α, y − β) dα dβ
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

= [h1 (x, y) ∗ h2 (x, y)] ∗ f (x, y) ,

which proves the second equality in (2.46).

To prove (2.47) we start with the definition of convolution
Z∞ Z∞
g(x, y) = h2 (ξ, η)h1 (x − ξ, y − η)dξ dη
−∞ −∞

= h1 (x, y) ∗ h2 (x, y) .

We then make the substitution α = x − ξ and β = y − η and manipulate the result

Z −∞ Z −∞
g(x, y) = h2 (x − α, y − β)h1 (α, β)(−dα) (−dβ)
+∞ +∞

Z +∞ Z +∞
= h1 (α, β)h2 (x − α, y − β)dα dβ
−∞ −∞
Z +∞ Z +∞
= h1 (ξ, η)h2 (x − ξ, y − η)dξ dη
−∞ −∞
= h2 (x, y) ∗ h1 (x, y) ,

where the next to last equality follows since α and β are just dummy variables in the integral.
10 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 10

Solution 2.5
1. Suppose the PSF of an LSI system is absolutely integrable.
Z∞ Z∞
|h(x, y)| dx dy ≤ C < ∞ (S2.1)
−∞ −∞

where C is a finite constant. For a bounded input signal f (x, y)

|f (x, y)| ≤ B < ∞ , for every (x, y) , (S2.2)

for some finite B, we have

|g(x, y)| = |h(x, y) ∗ f (x, y)|

Z∞ Z∞
= h(x − ξ, y − η)f (ξ, η)dξdη
−∞ −∞

Z ∞ Z ∞
≤ |h(x − ξ, y − η)| · |f (ξ, η)| dξdη
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
≤ B |h(x, y)| dx dy
−∞ −∞
≤ BC < ∞ , for every (x, y) (S2.3)

So g(x, y) is also bounded. The system is BIBO stable.

2. We use contradiction to show that if the LSI system is BIBO stable, its PSF must be absolutely integrable. Suppose
the PSF of a BIBO stable LSI system is h(x, y), which is not absolutely integrable, that is,
Z∞ Z∞
|h(x, y)| dx dy
−∞ −∞

is not bounded. Then for a bounded input signal f (x, y) = 1, the output is
Z∞ Z ∞
|g(x, y)| = |h(x, y) ∗ f (x, y)| = |h(x, y)| dx dy,
−∞ −∞

which is also not bounded. So the system can not be BIBO stable. This shows that if the LSI system is BIBO stable, its PSF
must be absolutely integrable.
Solution 2.6
PK
(a) If g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input k=1 wk fk (x, y), then

K
X K
X
g 0 (x, y) = wk fk (x, −1) + wk fk (0, y)

k=1 k=1
K

X
= wk [fk (x, −1) + fk (0, y)]
k=1
XK
= wk gk (x, y)
k=1
11 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 11

where gk (x, y) is the response of the system to input fk (x, y). Therefore, the system is linear.

(b) If g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input f (x − x0 , y − y0 ), then

g 0 (x, y) = f (x − x0 , −1 − y0 ) + f (−x0 , y − y0 );
while
g(x − x0 , y − y0 ) = f (x − x0 , −1) + f (0, y − y0 ).

Since g 0 (x, y) = g(x − x0 , y − y0 ), the system is not shift-invariant.

Solution 2.7
PK
(a) If g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input k=1 wk fk (x, y), then

K
! K
!
X X
0 wk fk (x, y) wk fk (x − x0 , y − y0 )
g (x, y) =
k=1 k=1

K X
X K
= wi wj fi (x, y)fj (x − x0 , y − y0 ),
i=1 j=1

while
K
X K
X
wk gk (x, y) = wk fk (x, y)fk (x − x0 , y − y0 ).
k=1 k=1

PK
Since g 0 (x, y) = k=1 gk (x, y), the system is nonlinear.

On the other hand, if g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input f (x − a, y − b), then

g 0 (x, y) = f (x − a, y − b)f (x − a − x0 , y − b − y0 )
= g(x − a, y − b)
and the system is thus shift-invariant.
PK
(b) If g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input k=1 wk fk (x, y), then

Z ∞ K
X
g 0 (x, y) = wk fk (x, η) dη
−∞ k=1
K
X Z ∞
= wk fk (x, η) dη
k=1 −∞
K

X
= wk gk (x, y),
k=1

where gk (x, y) is the response of the system to input fk (x, y). Therefore, the system is linear.
12 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 12

On the other hand, if g 0 (x, y) is the response of the system to input f (x − x0 , y − y0 ), then
Z∞
g 0 (x, y) = f (x − x0 , η − y0 ) dη
Z−∞∞
= f (x − x0 , η − y0 ) d(η − y0 )
Z−∞∞
= f (x − x0 , η) dη.
−∞

R∞
Since g(x − x0 , y − y0 ) = −∞ f (x − x0 , η) dη, the system is shift-invariant.

Solution 2.8
From the results in Problem 2.5, we know that an LSI system is BIBO stable if and only if its PSF is absolutely
integrable.
R∞ R∞
(a) Not stable. The PSF h(x, y) goes to infinite when x and/or y go to infinity. −∞ −∞ |h(x, y) | dx dy =

R∞ R∞ R ∞ hR ∞ i R ∞ hR ∞ 2 i R∞ 2 R∞ 2
(x2 + y 2 )dx dy = x2 dx dy + y dy dx. Since x dx = y dy
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
R∞ R∞
is not bounded, then −∞ −∞ (x2 + y 2 )dx dy is not bounded.

R∞ R∞ R∞ R∞ hR 2 i2
∞ −x
(b) Stable. |h(x, y)| dx dy = 2 2
(exp{−(x + y )})dx dy = e dx = π, which is
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
bounded. So the system is stable.
R∞ R∞ R∞ hR i R∞ √
2 ∞ 2
(c) Not stable. The absolute integral −∞ −∞ x2 e−y dx dy = −∞ x2 −∞ e−y dy dx = −∞ πx2 dx is

unbounded. So the system is not stable.

Solution 2.9
R∞
(a) g(x) = −∞ f (x − t)f (t)dt.

(b) Given an input as af1 (x) + bf2 (x), where a, b are some constant, the output is

g 0 (x) = [af1 (x) + bf2 (x)] ∗ [af1 (x) + bf2 (x)]

= a2 f1 (x) ∗ f1 (x) + 2abf1 (x) ∗ f2 (x) + b2 f2 (x) ∗ f2 (x)
= ag1 (x) + bg2 (x),

where g1 (x) and g2 (x) are the output corresponding to an input of f1 (x) and f2 (x) respectively. Hence,
the system is nonlinear.
(c) Given a shifted input f1 (x) = f (x − x0 ), the corresponding output is

g1 (x) = f1 (x) ∗ f1 (x)

Z∞
= f1 (x − t)f1 (t)dt
−∞
Z∞
= f (x − t − x0 )f1 (t − x0 )dt.
−∞
13 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 13

Changing variable t0 = t − x0 in the above integration, we get

Z∞
g1 (x) = f (x − 2x0 − t0 )f1 (t0 )dt0
−∞

= g(x − 2x0 ).

Thus, if the input is shifted by x0 , the output is shifted by 2x0 . Hence, the system is not shift-invariant.

CONVOLUTION OF SIGNALS
Solution 2.10
(a)

f (x, y)δ(x − 1, y − 2) = f (1, 2)δ(x − 1, y − 2)

= (1 + 22 )δ(x − 1, y − 2)
= 5δ(x − 1, y − 2)
(b)
Z ∞ Z ∞
f (x, y) ∗ δ(x − 1, y − 2) = f (ξ, η)δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2) dξ dη

Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞
= f (x − 1, y − 2)δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2) dξ dη
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞
= f (x − 1, y − 2) δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2) dξ dη
−∞ −∞
= f (x − 1, y − 2)

= (x − 1) + (y − 2)2
(c)
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
1
δ(x − 1, y − 2)f (x, 3)dx dy = δ(x − 1, y − 2)f (1, 3)dx dy

−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞

Z ∞ Z ∞
= δ(x − 1, y − 2)(1 + 32 )dx dy
−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
= 10 δ(x − 1, y − 2)dx dy
−∞ −∞
2
= 10

Equality 1 comes from the Eq. (2.7) in the text. Equality 2 comes from the fact:
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
δ(x − 1, y − 2)dx dy = δ(x, y)dx dy = 1.

−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
14 CHAPTER 2: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 14

(d)
Z ∞ Z ∞
3
δ(x − 1, y − 2) ∗ f (x + 1, y + 2) = δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2)f (ξ + 1, η + 2)dξ dη

−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
4
= δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2)f ((x − 1) + 1, (y − 2) + 2)dξ dη

Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞
= δ(x − ξ − 1, y − η − 2)f (x, y)dξ dη
−∞ −∞
5
= f (x, y) = x + y 2

3 comes from the definition of convolution; 4 comes from the Eq. (2.7) in text; 5 is the same as 2 in part
(c). Alternatively, by using the sifting property of δ(x, y) and defining g(x, y) = f (x + 1, y + 2), we have

δ(x − 1, y − 2) ∗ g(x, y) = g(x − 1, y − 2)

= f (x − 1 + 1, y − 2 + 2)
= f (x, y)
= x + y2 .

Solution 2.11

(a)
Z ∞ Z ∞
f (x, y) ∗ g(x, y) = f (ξ, η)g(x − ξ, y − η) dξ dη

Z−∞ −∞
∞ Z ∞
= f1 (ξ)f2 (η)g1 (x − ξ)g2 (y − η) dξ dη
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z ∞
f (x, y) ∗ g(x, y) = f1 (ξ)g1 (x − ξ) dξ f2 (η)g2 (y − η) dη .
−∞ −∞

Hence, their convolution is also separable.

(b)
f (x, y) ∗ g(x, y) = (f1 (x) ∗ g1 (x)) (f2 (y) ∗ g2 (y)) .
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 "We are a people of peaceful traders—shopkeepers, our rivals
of the Continent affirm—and are consequently at war on only
eight points of the globe, with forces which in the aggregate
only just exceed sixty thousand men. There are thirty-five
thousand on the Indian Frontier fighting the clansmen of the
Northern Himalayas, who, according to the Afridi sub-officers
interrogated by Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, are all eager to
enter our service; twenty-five thousand about to defeat the
Khalifa at Omdurman; a thousand doing sentry duty in Crete;
four hundred putting down an outbreak in Mekran; three hundred
crushing a mutiny in Uganda; and some hundreds more restoring
order in Lagos, Borneo, and Basutoland. All these troops,
though of different nationalities—Englishmen, Sikhs, Ghoorkas,
Rajpoots, Malays, Egyptians, Soudanese, Haussas, and Wagandas—
are under British officers, are paid from funds under British
control, and are engaged in the self-same work, that of
solidifying the 'Pax Britannica,' so that a commercial
civilisation may have a fair chance to grow."

The Spectator (London), February 5, 1898.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (February).

Resentment shown to China for rejection of a loan,
through Russian influence.
Chinese agreement not to alienate the Yang-tsze region
and to open internal waters to steam navigation.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (February-May).

Native revolt in the Sierra Leone Protectorate.

See (in this volume)

SIERRA LEONE PROTECTORATE.
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (March-April).
Unsuccessful opposition to Russian lease of Port Arthur
and Talienwan from China.
Compensatory British lease of Wei-hai Wei.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-JULY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (April-August).

Further exactions from China.
Lease of territory opposite Hong Kong, etc.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-AUGUST).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (May).

Death of Mr. Gladstone.

After a long and painful illness, the great statesman and

leader of the Liberal party in England, William Ewart
Gladstone, died on the 19th of May. His death drew tributes in
Parliament from his political opponents which exalted him quite
to the height of great distinction that those who followed him
would claim. It was said by Lord Salisbury that "the most
distinguished political name of the century had been withdrawn
from the roll of Englishmen." Mr. Balfour described him as
"the greatest member of the greatest deliberative assembly
that the world had yet seen": and expressed the belief that
"they would never again have in that assembly any man who
could reproduce what Mr. Gladstone was to his contemporaries."

Lord Rosebery paid an eloquent tribute to the dead statesman.

"This country." he said, "this nation, loves brave men. Mr.
Gladstone was the bravest of the brave. There was no cause so
hopeless that he was afraid to undertake it; there was no
amount of opposition that would cowe him when once he had
undertaken it. My lords, Mr. Gladstone always expressed a hope
 that there might be an interval left to him between the end of
his political and of his natural life. That period was given
to him, for it is more than four years since he quitted the
sphere of politics. Those four years have been with him a
special preparation for his death, but have they not also been
a preparation for his death with the nation at large?
{210}
Had he died in the plenitude of his power as Prime Minister,
would it have been possible for a vigorous and convinced
Opposition to allow to pass to him, without a word of dissent,
the honours which are now universally conceded? Hushed for the
moment are the voices of criticism, hushed are the controversies
in which he took part; hushed for the moment is the very sound
of party faction. I venture to think that this is a notable
fact in our history. It was not so with the elder Pitt. It was
not so with the younger Pitt. It was not so with the elder
Pitt, in spite of his tragic end, of his unrivalled services,
and of his enfeebled old age. It was not so with the younger
Pitt, in spite of his long control of the country and his
absolute and absorbed devotion to the State. I think that we
should remember this as creditable not merely to the man, but
to the nation." With the consent of Mrs. Gladstone and family,
a public funeral was voted by Parliament, and the remains of the
great leader were laid, with simple but impressive ceremonies,
in Westminster Abbey, on the 28th of May.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (June).

The Sugar Conference at Brussels.

See (in this volume)

SUGAR BOUNTIES.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (July).

The Local Government Act for Ireland.

See (in this volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1898 (JULY).
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (July-December).
In the Chinese "Battle of Concessions."

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (September-November).-

The Nile question with France.
Marchand's expedition at Fashoda.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1898 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (December).

Imperial Penny Postage.

On Christmas Day, 1898, the Imperial penny postage came into

operation,—i. e., it became possible to send for a penny a
letter not above half an ounce in weight to all places in the
British Empire, except the Australasian Colonies and the Cape.
"Thousands of small orders and business transactions and
millions of questions and answers will fly round the world at
a penny which were too heavily weighted at two-pence
halfpenny. The political effect of the fact that it will not
now be necessary to think whether an address is outside the
United Kingdom, but only whether it is inside the British
Empire, will be by no means insignificant. If people will only
let the Empire alone we shall ultimately weave out of many
varied strands—some thick, some thin—a rope to join the
Motherland and the Daughter States which none will be able to
break. Not an unimportant thread in the hawser will
be,—letters for a penny wherever the Union Jack is flown."

The Spectator (London),

December 31, 1898.
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898-1899.
Joint High Commission for settlement of pending questions
between the United States and Canada.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898-1899 (June-June).

Convention with France defining West African and
Sudan possessions.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899.
Dealings with anti-missionary demonstrations in China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (January).

Agreement with Egypt, establishing the Anglo-Egyptian
Condominium in the Sudan.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (March-April).

Agreement with Russia concerning railway interests in China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1899 (MARCH-APRIL).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (May-June).

The Bloemfontein Conference with President Kruger.

See (in this volume)

 SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1899 (MAY-JUNE).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (May-July).

Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (June-October).

Arbitration and settlement of the Venezuela boundary question.

See (in this volume)

VENEZUELA: A. D. 1896-1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (July).

Passage of the London Government Act.

See (in this volume)

LONDON: A. D. 1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (July-September).

Discussion of proposed amendments to the Franchise Law
of the South African Republic.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1899 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (August).

The Board of Education Act.

An Act of Parliament which became law on the 9th of August,

1899, and operative on the 1st of April, 1900, created a
national Board of Education, "charged with the superintendence
of matters relating to education in England and Wales," and
taking the place of the Committee of the Privy Council on
Education, by which that function had previously been
 performed. The Act provided that the Board "shall consist of a
President, and of the Lord President of the Council (unless he
is appointed President of the Board), Her Majesty's Principal
Secretaries of State, the First Commissioner of Her Majesty's
Treasury, and the Chancellor of Her Majesty's Exchequer. … The
President of the Board shall be appointed by Her Majesty, and
shall hold office during Her Majesty's pleasure." The Act
provided further for the creation by Her Majesty in Council of
"a Consultative Committee consisting, as to not less than
two-thirds, of persons qualified to represent the views of
Universities and other bodies interested in education, for the
purpose of—(a) framing, with the approval of the Board of
Education, regulations for a register of teachers, … with an
entry in respect to each teacher showing the date of his
registration, and giving a brief record of his qualifications
and experience; and (b) advising the Board of Education on any
matter referred to the committee by the Board."

62 & 63 Victoria, chapter 33.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (August).

Instructions to the Governor of Jamaica.

See (in this volume) JAMAICA: A. D. 1899.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (September-October).

Preparations for war in South Africa.
The Boer Ultimatum.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL AND ORANGE FREE STATE):
A. D. 1899 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (October-November).

Opening circumstances of the war in South Africa.
Want of preparation.
 See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (November).

Adhesion to the arrangement of an "open door" commercial
policy in China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1899-1900 (SEPTEMBER-FEBRUARY).

{211}

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899 (November).

Withdrawal from the Samoan Islands, with compensations in the
Tonga and Solomon Islands and in Africa.

See (in this volume)

SAMOAN ISLANDS.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899-1900.
Renewed investigation of the Old-Age Pension question.

On the initiative of the government, a fresh investigation of

the question of old-age pensions was opened in 1899 by a
select committee of the House of Commons, under the
chairmanship of Mr. Chaplin. The report of the Committee, made
in the following year, suggested the following plan: Any
person, aged 65, whether man or woman, who satisfied the
pension authority that he or she"

(1) Is a British subject;

(2) Is 65 years of age;

(3) Has not within the last 20 years been convicted of an

offence and sentenced to penal servitude or imprisonment
without the option of a fine;

(4) Has not received poor relief, other than medical relief,
unless under circumstances of a wholly exceptional character,
during twenty years prior to the application for a pension;

(5) Is resident within the district of the pension authority;

(6) Has not an income from any source of more than 10s. a
week; and

(7) Has endeavoured to the best of his ability, by his

industry or by the exercise of reasonable providence, to make
provision for himself and those immediately dependent on
him—"should receive a certificate to that effect and be
entitled to a pension. The amount of pension to be from 5s. to
7s. a week.

As a means of ascertaining approximately the number of persons

in the United Kingdom who would be pensionable under this
scheme, a test census was taken in certain districts made as
representative as possible by the inclusion of various kinds
of population. In each of the selected areas in Great Britain
a house-to-house visitation was made with a view of
ascertaining how many of the aged would satisfy the conditions
of the scheme. In Ireland a similar census had to be abandoned
as impracticable because "the officials, although they
proceeded courteously, were received with abuse"; but the Poor
Law inspectors framed some rough estimates after consultation
with local authorities. Altogether the inquiry in Great
Britain extended to a population of rather over half a million
persons. From facts thus obtained the following estimate of
the cost of the proposed pensioning project was deduced:

Estimated number of persons

over 65 years of age in 1901
2,016,000
Deduct:
1. For those whose incomes exceed 10s. a week
741,000
2. For paupers
515,000
3. For aliens, criminals, and lunatics
32,000
4. For inability to comply with thrift test
72,700

Total deductions
1,360,700

Estimated number of pensionable persons

655,000

Estimated cost (the average pension being

taken at 6s. a week)
£9,976,000
Add administrative expenses (3 per cent.)
£299,000

Total estimated cost.

£10,275,000

In round figures.
£10,300,000

The Committee estimated, still further, that the cost would

rise to £15,650,000 by 1921. No legislative action was taken
on the report.
ENGLAND: A. D. 1899-1900 (October-January).
Troops from Canada for the South African War.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1899-1900.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1899-1901.
The Newfoundland French Shore question.

See (in this volume)

NEWFOUNDLAND: A. D. 1899-1901.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900.
Industrial combinations.

See (in this volume)

TRUSTS: IN ENGLAND.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900.
Naval strength.

See (in this volume)

NAVIES OF THE SEA POWERS.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (January-March).

The outbreak of the "Boxers" in northern China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (February).

Compulsory education.

A bill introduced in Parliament by a private member,

unsupported by the government, providing that the earliest
date at which a child should be permitted to leave school
 should be raised from 11 to 12 years, was passed, only one
member of the Cabinet voting for it.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (February).

Negotiation of a convention with the United States relative
to the projected Interoceanic Canal.

See (in this volume)

CANAL, INTEROCEANIC: A. D. 1900 (DECEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (March).

Overtures of peace from the Boer Presidents.
Reply of Lord Salisbury.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (MARCH).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (May).

Annexation of Orange Free State by right of conquest.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (ORANGE FREE STATE): A. D. 1900 (MAY).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (June-December).

Co-operation with the Powers in China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (July).

Passage of the "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act,"
federating the Australian Colonies.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1900;
and CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.
ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (September).
Proclamation of the Commonwealth of Australia.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1900 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (September-October).

Dissolution of Parliament.
Election of a new Parliament.
Victory for the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists.

By royal proclamation, September 17, the existing Parliament

was dissolved and order given for the issue of writs calling a
new Parliament, the elections for which were held in October,
concluding on the 24th of that month. The state of parties in
the House of Commons resulting from the election was as
follows: Conservatives, 334, Liberal Unionists, 68; total
supporters of the Unionist Ministry, 402. Liberals and Labor
members, 186, Nationalists (Irish), 82; total opposition, 268.
Unionist majority, 134, against 128 in the preceding
Parliament. The issues in the election were those growing out
of the South African War. Although most of the Liberals upheld
the war, and the annexation of the South African republics,
they sharply criticised the prior dealings of the Colonial
Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, with the Transvaal Boers, and the
general conduct of the war. A number of the leading Liberals
were uncompromising in condemnation of the war, of the policy
which caused it, and of the proposed extinction of Boer
independence. The sentiment of the country was shown by the
election to be strongly against all questioning of the
righteousness of the war or of the use to be made of victory
in it.

{212}

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (October).

 Anglo-German agreement concerning policy in China.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (October).

Annexation of the Transvaal.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER).

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (November-December).

The Fourth Ministry of Lord Salisbury.
Brief session of Parliament.

For the fourth time, Lord Salisbury was called to the lead in
government, and formed his Ministry anew, making considerable
changes. He relieved himself of the conduct of Foreign Affairs
(which was transferred to the Marquis of Lansdowne), and took,
with the office of Prime Minister, that of Lord Privy Seal. Mr.
Brodrick, who had been an Under Secretary, succeeded Lord
Lansdowne as Secretary of State for War. Mr. Balfour continued
to be First Lord of the Treasury, and Leader of the House; Mr.
Chamberlain remained in the Colonial Office. Mr. Goschen
retired.

Parliament met on the 6th of December, for the purpose set

forth in a remarkably brief "Queen's Speech," as follows: "My
Lords, and Gentlemen, It has become necessary to make further
provision for the expenses incurred by the operations of my
armies in South Africa and China. I have summoned you to hold
a Special Session in order that you may give your sanction to
the enactments required for this purpose. I will not enter
upon other public matters requiring your attention until the
ordinary meeting of Parliament in the spring." The estimates
of the War Office called for £16,000,000, and it was voted
 after a few days of debate, in which the causes and conduct of
the war were criticised and defended by the two parties, and,
on the 15th, Parliament was prorogued to the 14th of February,
1901, by the Queen's command.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (December).

Fall of stones at Stonehenge.

See (in this volume)

STONEHENGE.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (December).

Parliamentary statements of the number of men employed in the
South African War, and the number dead and disabled.

In the House of Commons, December 11, Mr. Brodrick, Secretary

of State for War, moved a vote of £16,000,000, required for
the current year, to meet additional expenditure in South
Africa and China. In the course of his remarks, explanatory of
the need for this supplementary supply, he made the following
statement: "When the war broke out we had in South Africa in
round figures 10,000 men, all Regular troops. We have in the
14 months' which have since elapsed sent from this country and
landed in South Africa 175,000 Regular soldiers, a number which
exceeds by far any number which any Minister from this bench
or any gentleman sitting behind these benches or in front of
them ever suggested that this country ought to be in a
position to ship to any part of the world, and a number far in
excess of that which during any period that I have sat in the
house any member of the House, except an official, would have
been willing to believe that the War Office could find to
dispose of. But they are not the only troops. We have called
on them, I will not say to the extreme limit of our power,
but, at all events, with an unsparing hand. But you have in
addition, as this return will show, some 40,000 Volunteers of
various descriptions from the United Kingdom—40,000 including
the Imperial Yeomanry, whose service is spoken of by every
officer under whom they have served with such satisfaction; 30
Militia regiments, who are also Volunteers, since their term
of service was only for the United Kingdom and who have gone
abroad at great personal sacrifice to themselves; and the
volunteer companies who have joined the Regular battalions.
You have also got 40,000 colonial troops, to a large extent,
no doubt, men raised in the colonies affected, and as
everybody knows to a still larger extent consisting of men who
have gone for a year from Australia, Canada, and other
places."

Sir William Harcourt replied to Mr. Brodrick, not in

opposition to the motion, but in criticism of the conduct of
the war. Referring to a return submitted by the War Office, he
analyzed its showing of facts, thus: "Now just let us look at
this table. By some accident it only gives the rank and file
and non-commissioned officers. It is a very terrible return,
and I think it is worthy of the attention of the men who
delight in war, of whom, I am afraid, there are unhappily not
a few. I have made a short analysis of the paper. It shows
that the garrison at the Cape before the war was 9,600.
Reinforcements of 6,300 men were sent out in October last year
and from India 5,600, which with the former garrison made up
21,000 in all when the war broke out. Up to August, that is,
after the last estimate for 1900, according to this table
267,000 men had been in arms in South Africa—that is without
the officers. Therefore I will call it 270,000 men in round
numbers. I think the right honourable gentleman made a mistake
when he said that the colonial troops were more numerous from
beyond the seas than they were in the Cape. This return shows
that the men raised in South Africa were 30,000, and, apart
from them, the colonials from beyond the seas were 11,000.
According to the last return there were 210,000 men in South
Africa. You will observe there is a balance of some 60,000 or
70,000 men. What has become of those men? You would find from
this return, one would suppose, that a good many of these have
returned safe and sound to England. No, Sir; the men who have
 returned to England according to this paper, not invalids, are
7,500 and to the colonies 3,000 more. That makes 10,000 men,
or with the officers about 11,000 men. But since July you have
sent out 13,000 men to South Africa, more, in fact, than you
have been bringing home, and yet you have only 210,000 men
there. Now, Sir, how is this accounted for? First of all you
have the heading, 'killed or died of wounds,' 11,000 men. You
have 'wounded,' 13,000, you have 'in hospital in South
Africa,' 12,000, and you have 'returned to England, sick,
wounded, or died on passage,' 36,000 men. That is the balance.
Seventy thousand men have been killed, wounded, or disabled,
or have died in this war. And now what is the prospect that is
held before us with this force, once 270,000 men, and now
210,000, in South Africa? Lord Roberts has declared that the
war is over, yet you hold out to us no prospect of diminishing
the force you have in South Africa of 210,000 men."

{213}

ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (January).

Death of Queen Victoria.

The following notice, which appeared in the "Court Circular,"

on the 18th of January, dated from the winter residence of the
Queen at Osborne House, in the Isle of Wight, seems to have
been the first intimation to the country of its sovereign's
failing health: "The Queen has not lately been in her usual
health and is unable for the present to take her customary
drives. The Queen during the past year has had a great strain
upon her powers, which has rather told upon her Majesty's
nervous system. It has, therefore, been thought advisable by
her Majesty's physicians that the Queen should be kept
perfectly quiet in the house and should abstain for the
present from transacting business." It was subsequently found,
as stated in an "authoritative account" by the "British
Medical Journal," and the "Lancet," that "the Queen's health
for the past 12 months had been failing, with symptoms mainly
of a dyspeptic kind, accompanied by impaired general
nutrition, periods of insomnia, and later by occasional slight
and transitory attacks of aphasia, the latter suggesting that
the cerebral vessels had become damaged, although her
Majesty's general arterial system showed remarkably few signs
of age. … The dyspepsia which tended to lower her Majesty's
original robust constitution was especially marked during her
last visit to Balmoral. It was there that the Queen first
manifested distinct symptoms of brain fatigue and lost notably
in weight. These symptoms continued at Windsor, where in November
and December, 1900, slight aphasic symptoms were first
observed, always of an ephemeral kind, and unattended by any
motor paralysis. … A few days before the final illness
transient but recurring symptoms of apathy and somnolence,
with aphasic indications and increasing feebleness, gave great
uneasiness to her physician." Before the publication of the
cautious announcement quoted above, the symptoms had become
too grave to leave any doubt as to the near approach of death.
It came on Tuesday, the 22d of January, at half past six
o'clock in the evening, the dying Queen being then surrounded
by a large number of her many children, grandchildren and
great grandchildren, whom she recognized, it is said, within a
few moments of the end. The eldest of the Queen's children,
the Empress Frederick, was kept from her mother's side a this
last hour by serious illness of her own; but the Emperor
William, of Germany (son of the Empress Frederick and eldest
grandson of Queen Victoria) had hastened to the scene and
showed a filial affection which touched English hearts.

On Friday, the first day of February, the remains of the Queen

were borne from the island where she died to Portsmouth, between
long lines of battle-ships and cruisers—British, German,
French, Italian, Japanese, Belgian and Portuguese. The scene
of the funeral voyage was impressively described by a
correspondent of the New York "Sun," as follows: "Nature was
never kindlier. The smiling waters of the Solent were as calm
as on a summer's morning. It was 'Queen's weather' to the very
last. The cavalcade which wended slowly through the narrow
lane, green even in midwinter, down through the streets of the
little town of Cowes to the Trinity pier was a funeral
procession such as the world had never seen before. Kings and
princes, a Queen and princesses, walked humbly between black
lines of mourning islanders, escorting the coffin of the dead
sovereign. Then followed a sight far more notable and more
impressive, indeed, than the great tribute the great capital
of the empire will pay to-morrow. It was the transit of the
funeral yacht across the waters between lines of steel which
are England's bulwarks against the world. Battleship after
battleship thundered its grief, band after band wailed its
dirge and crew after crew bowed low their heads as the pigmy
yacht swept past, bearing no passengers save an admiral on the
bridge and four red-coated guards at the corners of the
simple, glowing white bier resting amidships. It was a picture
neither a painter's brush nor an orator's eloquence could
reproduce. … The boat slowly glided on in the mellow light of
the afternoon sun, herself almost golden in hue, sharply
contrasting with the black warships. The ears also were
assailed in strange contrast, the sad strains of Beethoven's
funeral march floating over the water being punctuated by the
roar of minute guns from each ship. Somehow it was not
incongruous and one felt that it was all a great and majestic
tribute to a reign which was an era and to a sovereign to whom
the world pays its highest honors."

On the following day the remains were conveyed by railway from

Portsmouth to London, carried in solemn procession through the
streets of the capital, and thence by railway to Windsor,
where the last rites were performed on Monday, the 4th. The
Queen was then laid to rest, by the side of her husband, in
the mausoleum which she had built at Frogmore.

Of the sincerity with which Queen Victoria had been loved by

her own people and respected and admired by the world at
large, and of the genuineness of sorrow that was manifested
 everywhere at her death, there can be no doubt. To the
impressiveness of the ending of an unexampled period of
history there was added a true sense of loss, from the
disappearance of a greatly important personage, whose high
example had been pure and whose large influence had been good.

Among all the tributes to the Queen that were called out by
her death none seem so significant and so fully drawn from
knowledge of what she was in her regal character, as the words
that were spoken by Lord Salisbury in the House of Lords, at
the meeting of Parliament on the Friday following her death.
"My lords." he said, "the late Queen had so many titles to our
admiration that it would occupy an enormous time to glance at
them even perfunctorily; but that on which I think your
lordships should most reflect, and which will chiefly attach
to her character in history, is that, being a constitutional
monarch with restricted powers, she reigned by sheer force of
character, by the lovableness of her disposition, over the
hearts of her subjects, and exercised an influence in moulding
their character and destiny which she could not have done more
if she had bad the most despotic power. She has been a great
instance of government by example, by esteem, by love; and it
will never be forgotten how much she has done for the
elevation of her people, not by the exercise of any
prerogative, not by the giving of any commands, but by the
simple recognition and contemplation of the brilliant
qualities which she has exhibited in her exalted position. My
lords, it may be, perhaps, proper that those who, like noble
lords opposite and myself, have had the opportunity of seeing
the close workings of her character in the discharge of her
duties as Sovereign, should take this opportunity of
testifying to the great admiration she inspired and the great
force which her distinguishing characteristics exercised over
all who came near her.
{214}
The position of a Constitutional Sovereign is not an easy one.
Duties have to be reconciled which sometimes seem far apart.