T RUBNE R S CO L L E C T I O N

S M P L F IE D G RA M M A R S
OF THE P RINC IPA L

A S I ATI C A ND E U RO P EA N L A N G U A GE S .

EDI TE D BY

I
RE N H O LD RO S T, L L D . .
,
PH D . .

"I .

P O L I S H .

BY W . R . M O RFIL L , M A . .
TRUBNERS COLLECTI ON OF SI MPLI FIED G RA MMA RS OF THE
’

PRI NCI PA L A SI ATI C AND EUROPEAN LANGUIIG ES R

.

E DI T ED B Y RE N H O I LD R OS T, L L D . .
,
PH D . .

I VI .

H IN DUS TAN I , P ER S I A N ,
R OU M A N IAN .

A ND AR A BI C .
BY R . TO R C E A NU .

B Y T H E LA T E P ri ce 5 8 .

E H P AL M E R M A
.
, .

VI I
. .

P ri ce
T I BETA N .

BY H A . . JA S C H KE .

II .

P r ic e 5 8 .

HUNG A R IA N .

BY I . SI NG ER .
V III .

P r i ce 43 6 d . . DAN I SH .

BY E . C O TT E
. .

III P r ic e 28 6 d . .

BAS Q UE . I" .

BY W . VA N EY s .
OTT OM AN T URKI S H .

P r i c e 38 6 d
BY J W R E D H OU S E
. .

. . .

P r ic e 108 6 01 . .

IV
"
M A LA G A SY .

S WEDI SH
W P AR K E R
.

BY G .

C O TTE
. .

BY E
P r ic e 5 3
. . .

P ri c e 28 6d . .

V . "I
M ODERN G REE K . P OL I SH .

B Y E M G EL D A R T M A
. .
, . . BY W . R . M OBF I L L , M A . .

P ri c e 2 8 6 d . . P r ice 28 6d . .

G ra m m a r s o f t li e fo llo w ing
in p rep a ra t ion are

A lb an e s e , A n g lo - S axo n , A s s y rian , B oh em ian , B u lgarian , B u rm e s e ,

C h in e s e , Cy m ric an d G ae lic , D u t c h , E g yp t ian , F in n is h , H e b re w ,
K h as s i, K u rd is h , M alay P ali, R u s s ian , S an s k rit , S e rb ian , Siam e s e ,
,

S in gh ale s e , & c , & c , & c . . .

L ON D ON : T R UB N E R CO .
, L U D G A T E H I LL .
 SIMPLIFIED G RA MMA R

OF THE

P OL I S H L A N G UA G E .

TRU BN E R CO .
, L UDG A TE

1 884 .

"
A ll r ig h t s r e s er v e d "
 L OND ON
G I L B E R T A N O R I V I N G T ON L I M I T E D
, ,

J O H N S S Q U A RE C LE R K E N W ELL R O A D
’
ST .
, .
 CO N T E N T S .

CH A P TE R I .

P H ONOLO G Y — The
. P olis h A lph ab et

CH A P TE R I I .

F OR M S

CO N J U G A TI O N O F A U "I L I A R Y VE R R s
"
By e to b e
,
.

M ie c ,
'
to h a ve .
’

C O N J U GA TIO N O F R EG U L A R V E RRs

F irs t C o nj u gat io n

S e con d C o nj u gat io n
Ve rb s e n din g in q c
’

V er b s e n d in g in c c ,
ac

Th ir d Co nj u gat io n
F o u rt h Co nj u gat io n

P as s iv e V o ic e
vi C O N T ENT S .

PA G E

P REPOS I I I ONS
'

A D VER B S — P rim ary , D e riv e d , an d Co m po u n d e d

O f T im e , P lac e f an d M an n e r

I nt e rro gat iv e an d fi rm at iv e
A f

CON J UN C T I ON S

C H A P TE R I I I .

S Y N T A" -
C as es o fN o u ns
A dj e c t iv e s

P ro n o u n s and V e rb s

A r e m t f W o rds t
‘

r an
g e n o a s e n e n ce
 P RE F A CE .

TH E follo winghort G r amm ar is the first atte m pt O f

s

the k ind in E nglish It is t o be hoped that it m ay

.
-

be instrumental in fur thering th e study O f P olish a ,

nobl e language which is still spok en by about ten m illions

,

o f people . I have cons u lted with advant age p revious

W ork s on th e subj ect written in P olish G erm an and
, ,

"
F rench I have foun d the C omparative G ra m m ar o f
'

"
M ik lo s ic h ,the H is t o ric O C omparative G r am m ar
-
of

M alec k i ( 2 vols L emberg

.
, , an d the work s O f O rda
( P ari,
s l 8 5 6 ) and Ry k ac z ews k i ( B erlin 1 86 1 ) very
,
use ful .

F ol lowi n g the plan O f the S implified G ra m m ar s I have ,

only given an O utline o fthe language but this o u tline w ill

,

be found t o contain all the chie f rules w hich I have ,

endeavoured to mak e as p l ain as possible The student .

o f comparative philology will th us be able to for m a

correct idea o fthe s t ructure o f the langu age and it m ay ,

serve as a rudimentary handboo k to any o n e wh o is anxious

to read the work s o f such authors as M ic k iewic z and
K rasinsk i in the original .

W R M O RF I L L
. . .

Oxfo rd .
 NOUN S . 7

E xample the horse .

’

S ing u la r . P lu ra l .

N ko il k on ie
’

.
.

G k onia . k oni 66 m .

D k o n io w i
. k o nio m .

A konia . konie .

V k o n iu . k onie .

I k on ie m k o niam i
‘

L . k o n iu W k o n iae h .

A mong peculiar forms belonging to this declension may

be mentioned the noun B og G o d which ma kes the
’ ’
, ,

dative B ogu instead o fB ogowi and also the vocative B oze ;

’

, ,

c zlo w ie k man has in the vocative both czlow ie k u and

’
, ,

c zlo wi e cze xiaclz priest has the genitive wieze ’ ’

.
, ,

S ECOND D E OL EN S I O N .

O C

F em i n i n e
0

s ubstant i ves are those end i ng I n the vowels a

( except a fe w im plying the O f
fi ces o f men ) and i and m os t ,

o f the s ubstan tives ending in o n e o f the so f t conso nants é ,

dé é c , é , 2
'

.
,

E xample l z—p au i,
S ingu la r .

N pani .

G pani .

D pan i .

A pani a .

V pani .

I p an i a
.

L pani .
 P O L I SH G RA M M A R .

E xam ple 2 —prac a ,

‘
labour .
’

S ingu lar . P lu ra l .

N . praca prace .

p rac .

D .
prac
y p rac o m .

A prac e .
,
prace .

V prac o
. prace .

I p rac a
.
p ra c am i .

L .
prac
y p rae ac h .

E xample 3 — zou a ,
the wi fe .
’

P lu ra l .

Zony .

Zo n o m .

Zony .

Eony .

zonami .

Zo n ac h .

E xa m ple 4 z— czeéc ,
’
’

the part
‘

P lu ra l .

c z gs c i .

'

c z e s ci .

"
ez é c io m .

c z e sci .

c z e sci .

cz
e sc iam i .

c z géc iac h .
 NOU NS . 9

T HI RD D ECLENS I ON .

N eu t e r S u bs ta n t ivee .

To this declension belong all the neuter substantives

ending in e e 0 These neuter nouns di ffer from mas
, , .

c u lin e s
,
with the same termination ; in the R e u t e rs the
no m inative accusative an d vocative are the same in both
,

numbers : in th e plural these c ases end in a .

E xample 1 — p o lc, the field .

’

Sing u lar . P lu ra l .

N pole
. pola .

G p ola
.
p61 .

D polu
. p olo In .

A p ole
.
po lafl

V pole
. p ola .

I polem
.
x

po la m i .

L polu
. polach

E xample 2 — c ie le, the cal f .

’

S ingu la r . P lu ra l .

N . ciel e ciel e ta .

G c ie l c ia c ie lat
.
e .

D ciel eci n
. c ie let o m .

A ciel e
. ciel e ta .

V ciel e
. ciel e ta .

I c ie lec ig
. m c ie l
et am i .

L ciel e cin
. c ie let ac h .
10 POL I SH GRAMMAR .

E x ample iw ie, the na m e .

’

S ingu lar .

N . im ie
G . im ie n ia
D im ie n iu.

A imi s .

V imi s .

I im ie n ie m
.

L imieni n .

TO this declension belon g the verbal substantives in ie ,

b ut as a rule they are only used in the singular
, ,
.

M any other substantives are also used only in the sin

gular es p ecially when a collective idea is implied ; as zg to
, , ,

’
barley j azda cavalry dz i atwa,
children O thers ,
.

are only use d in th e p lural ; as enrzc ing baptism lo wg , , ,

hunting S ub stantives c an also be modified into dim in u

.

t ive s and aug m entatives 3 as A ro mka a little c o w m ieé

’
‘
, ,

c is k o a great u gly town In some substantives in the

‘
, .

last syllable in the locative a and 0 are changed into e as ,

i ’
i
’
g n a z a o the
,
nest w
‘
g n i e zd i e e oalo
,
’
the saddle w ’
,
‘
,

s ie dle ; e z i oro k i e lazo

j the la e z the iron ’
j
’ ’

to , e z erz e , , ,

w ze lazie .

The following substantives are also irregular — o/co the ,

‘

’
eye ue /Io r
the ear i n the plural ; x i aze prince is
,
‘
,
’
,
‘
,

irregular in the singular — in the plural it is declin ed like

’
c ie leta calves
, .
 A DJE OTI VE S . 15

i anezg ,cheapest The superlative O fpre eminence is made

’
-
.

by placing l a razo ve ry be fore the adjective as bardzo

,
‘
,
’
,

dobry very goo d ’

.
,

Je de n as c i e .

D w an aéc ie .

T rz yn aéc ie .

'

C z t e rn as c ie .

P iet n as c ie .

S z e s n as c ie .

S ie de m n as c ie .

O é m n aé c ie .

D z ie w iet n as me .

D w adz ie é c ia .

D zieé c ie, o r clzie c i, é

is added t o th e numerals from twenty
t o fi fty piedz ie s iat
, from fi fty t o o n e hun dred clz ie e iat ,

Thus cz le rdzieé ci forty dzie wi ec clzies iat

’

being added .
, , ,
’
-
,

ninety The smaller numerals follo w the greater as i n

.

E nglish as lrzg dz iei c i p iéc thirty fi ve oé mclzies iat eie dm ’

’
-
,

’
eighty seven
-
.

S ze s c s e t .

S ie de m s e t .

'

G sm set .

D zie w ieé se t .

Ty s iac .
16 POLI SH GRA M MAR .

The arrangement o fthe greater and smaller numerals is the

same as in E nglish thus e to dwadzieé cia s ie clm on e , ,

’
hundred and twenty seven J e cle n j e clna j e dno are declined
-
.
, ,

a ft er the manner Of adjectives .

D waj two ’
>l
<
, .

dw aj ( ) dwa a ,

dw é c h .

dW Om .

dc h ( )
a dwa ,

dw o m a .

dw o c h .

’
Traci, Ce te ref four
’
th ree .
,
.

t rz e y ( a ) trz y ( cl )
, . c z t e re
j ( ) a , c zt e r
y
t rz e c h . c z t e re c h .

t rz e m . c z t e re m .

t rze c h ( ) tr
a zy ( l
c
, c z e t e re c h
( )
a , c z t e ry cl ( )
t rze m a . c z t e re m a .

t rz e c h . c z t e re c h .

Fo llo w in g x am p le O f Ry k acze w s k i an d in o d er to s ec u re
th e e , r

b e v it y in t h e
r abov e t ab le s le tt e s h av e b e e n u se d fo r ( a ) m e n
, r , ,

6 im l f t h m as c u lin e g e n d e r an d i nan im at e O bj e c t s m a c an d
( ) a n a s O e ,
s .

n e u t er ( )
c w o m e n an d a ll fe,m i n in e b s t an t iv e s ; ( d ) s b s t an t i v e
su of u s

w h at o v e g e n d e r t h e y m ay be e x c e p t ig n if
s e r y in g m e n A c c o d in g to
, s . r

t h e ir p o s it io n w it h th e s e t h e n u m e ral a e m od ified
, s r .
 ADJEC TIV ES . 17

P iec iu , fi ve .
’

N . i
pe c iu ( )
a pi e c
, ( d) . A .
pe i c iu
( )
a pie
, c ( d) .

G . i
pe c iu . I . i
pe a c i .

D . i
pe c iu . L . i
pe c iu .

J e rle n , dwaj ,
( lio n, dw ie , t rz ej ,
t reg, c z tere , j cz t e r
g a re

considered as adjectives and i n consequence the substantive ,

goes with them in the nominative case p ic a", t re e" , and .

however are only s o used when they precede their

'

cz te rc
g , ,

n ouns ; if they f ollow them t h e noun is put in the genitive ,

P i ec and the rest u p t o ige iq c

J
a s mi d s t dw a t w o ci t ies
’
‘
, .

are substantives and tak e a genitive case a f t er them

, .

J cale n as lu , eleven ’
.

N .
j e de n as t u ( ) j ede
a ,
A j e de n as t u ( a ) j ede
.
,

n aé c ie n a c ies
G j e de n as t u
. . I j e de n as t a
. .

D j e de n as t u . L w j e de n as t u
.

.
.

fi fty in fle c t s the word p ieciu ( as gi v e n

P i gc iu dzi e ei at, ,
’

p reviously ) t h e word dzies iat remains unaltered A ll the .

n u m erals till czterdyies c i are declined li k e j eden as cie and all

’

the others till dz ie w iec ds ieeiat li k e pieé dzies iat .

S tu , a hundred
S ing u la r .

N stu ( a) s t o ( fl)
.
, .

G s ta or stu . .

D stu . .

A s t u ( a ) sto ( d )
.
, .

I stem . .

L stu . .
18 POL I SH GR A MM A R .

D wue tu , ‘
t wo hundred .
’

N dw u s t u
.
( ) a , dw ieSc ie ( cl) .
( )
fl .

G . dc h s et . I . dw o m as e t dw ie m as e t
, ()
c .

D dw é m s e t
. . L dw é c h s e t
. .

the others e g 5 00 take the word piec as previously

F or ,
. .
, ,

declined and add in each case se t

, .

’
thousand .

P lu ra l .

t ys iace .

t ys iec y .

t ys iaco m .

t ys iac e .

t ys iacam i .

t ys iac ac h .

The ordinal n umbers are n o t give n here as they are in ,

fle c t e d li k e adjectives and can be easily learned fro m a

,

dictionary I n the S lavonic langu ages we also find c olle c

.

t ive nu m erals as ce n c ro a collection O f four p iecioro

, ,

( lzie c i a band o f five children

,
‘
Cf E nglis h a do z en
‘
.
’
.
,
’
,

‘
a score These collective n umerals take fo r the most
.
’

part the genitive case a fter them .

20 POLI SH GRAMMAR .

P lu ra l
.

F or x ce p t
all e M en .

’
one they
,
.

ich nich
,
.

im nim, .

je.

niemi .

nich .

The abridged form s of the pronouns are only u sed a fter

verb s an d cannot be employed after prepositions or when
, ,

emphasis is to be laid upon the pronoun .

The pronoun n iego is s o m e t im e s chan ged into it in the r

genitive and accusative and is united with the preposition , ,

as dlan fo r him s o also the pronoun c i is chan ged into

‘

0 and is attached to a previous word end ing in a vowel

,
.

The pronoun s ic 6ie s ie is re flexive : it is used t o express

,

the singular and the plural o f all three genders and m ay ,

re fer to all three persons .

G . s ieb ie , si e .

D . sobie .

A . s e i b ie , si e .

The P O S SE S S I VE P RONO U NS
are declined li k e adj ectives as ,

’
m oj thy fo r the third person the genitive
’ '

t w oj
‘ ‘
,
my , ,

s in g u lar and plural O f the personal pronoun is used as ,

j ego ic/z
, .
 PRONOUNS . 21

D EMONS T RA TIV E P RONOUNS .

P lu ra l.

oth ers .

R ELA TI VE P RONOUNS .

K to k t o rg , k i o ra, M ore
are both relatives and inter
' ’

,
c o,

ro g at ive s K to re fers t o mascu lines and feminines ; co t o

.

an im als and inanimate things : they have no plural .

.

K t o ry is declined li k e an adjective the only irregularity

'

,
’

being kto rzg fo r the masculine nominative plural .

 P O LI SH GRAM MAR .

The N EGATIV E P RONOUNS when employed with verbs re

quire also the use o f the negative particle S everal letters .

an d words m ay be added to pronouns which have the e f fect ,

o f m odi f yin g their m eanings as S kolwick li li to 2 i e , , , , , , ,

ze to : S an d k o lwie/c are added only to pronouns as ktoé

’

, ,
"

j a t is k t o /co lw,
ie k St e li li t o 2 i e ze t a are added
,
not.
, , , ,

only to pronouns but to adjectives .

TH E V E RB S .

S ince
a great O bj ect has been simplification as much as
possibl e I shall here only enumerate the chie f divisions
,

O f the verbs
.

1 A i
c t ve .

2 . In reality there is no independent form o f

P a s s ive .

t h e passive voice in P olish It is made as in most modern .

,

E uropean languages by the auxiliaries and the past parti ,

c i le S however p 4 9 as to the various ways f

p e e . o n , O , .

expressing this voice .

3 N e u ter
. .

4 . I mp ers ona l .

5 . P er
f
sometimes called C ompleti v e V erbs which
e c t, ,

express the action as finished ; e g zj aclle m I have . .

, ,

’
ce ased eating .

6 I mp e r
.
f e c t o r C ontinuative V erbs which express the
, ,

duration O f the action e g j e m I continue t o eat . .

, , .
’

7 I n c ep tires which express an increasing action ; as

.
,

e 8 113 I grow Old

’
s tarzef
‘
.
,
 V ERBS . 23

8 F regu en ta tives , w hich

. express an action continually
repeated as j aa a m I eat frequently
,
’
,
‘
B oth active an d .
’

neute r verbs may be either clokonane or n ie a okon ane per fect ’

,

o r imper f ect The per fect verbs have n o present tense n o r

.

any present part ic iple fi The mark o f the per fect verb is
“

t h e future anterior as it is called which is conj ugated li k e

, ,

the present o f the imperfect verbs ; e g zgacln e I shall . .

, ,
‘

’
have guessed p rzg czg tam I shall have finished re adi n g ,
.

M any per fect v erbs are characteri z ed by bein g c o m

pounded with a preposition which gives the idea O f c o m ,

le t io n others by changes in the letters P er fect verbs are

p .

sometimes formed out o f im p erfect by changing the

termination a c into i c o r ac The two forms per fect an d
’ ’ ’

.
,

imper fect mak e a complete conj ugation in P olish W e must

, .

ascertain t o which o f these two classes a verb belon gs by

look ing into a good dictionary F requentatives as a ru le .
, ,

form the present i n roam t h e per fect in w o t and the infinitive

, ,

in w a c The four last o f these divisio n s are termed b y

’

’
S lavonic grammarian s aspects The constant use o f t h e .

aspects amply atones f or the poverty o f te n ses in t h e modern

S lavonic verb in P olish the pal a S lavonic aorist be i n g

,
-

lost .

The follo wing are t h e chie f prepositio n s w hi c h ente r into

the com p osition o f the P olish verbs
D o— W hich implies car r yi n g the action to t h e extre m ity
as clo 6ic , beat utterly
'

to .
’

M al e c k i, i 2 63 . .
 24 POLI S H GRAMMAR .

N at— ex presses direction to w ard s a certa i n place as ,

i
pg
to sa il n aplgwac to sai l toward s
’ ’
’
’
‘
wa c , , .

N ail—
expresses excess as to gi ve n arlcla c , to
’
cla c ,
’ '

, ,

give too m uch .

’

G al— expresses distance from a place as j e e /la c to depart

’
‘ ’
, , ,

o d e c /i a c , to go from a place ’
j
’
.
.

P o— e x presses continuation o f an action as 6i ctic t o ’

‘
, ,

m a k e whi t e p o6ie lic to continue to m ak e white

’ '
’
.
, ,

0 0 6 o6e— ex p ress the ac c om p lis h m ent o f a n action as

, ,

s i oclt a c to saddle oe iorllac to finis h saddling a horse

, ,
’ ’

, .

P od— exp resses nderneath like L atin

’
u ,
th e eu 6, as

p is a c, to
'

write p oap is ac to sign

,
’ ’ ’

, .
’

P re e—
express the t h orough acco m plishment ofthe actio n,
L atin p e r as c zg t a c to read prze cg t a c to read from ’ ’ ’

, , , ,

’
beg inning to end .

P rey —
ex p resses nearness as ’
6ieclz,
‘
to run ’
rz 6ie az ,
’
, , p g
to run by the S ide O f .
’

R oz— e x p resses di fferent directions as write ’

, pis a c , to ,

’
rozp is a c ,
'

to write in difi e re n t direc t ions .

U—
expresses th oroughness as Smia c
’

S ig, to laugh ’
, ,

u é mia c S ig to laug h out and out

' ’
.
,

IV—
ex p resses direc t ion Of a thin g within as ,
I
c / oas i c ,
’
to
go w c/zodz ic to go in
’ ’
'

.
, ,

Wg expresses o u t as p ros ic
— ,
’
,
to entreat ’
,
io
gp ros ic ,
‘
to
’
O btain fro m a person by entreaty .

W it s
'
— expresse s on high as ’
n oe ic ,
’

to carry ’
wznos zc ,
, , ,

’
‘
t o carry on hi gh .
 VERBS . 25

Z, se — expresses the per fect accomplishment O f an action ,

as fesc to eat sj cé c to e at entirely

'

,
’
,
'

,
.
’

Z a — expresses over as m owic to speak zamowic t o ’ ’ ’ ’

, , , ,

tal k a person over .

’

The te nses are ( 1 ) the P resent as czg ni e iclg & c ( 2) The

, , , ,
.

P er fect as czg n ile m I did really a past pa rticiple with

,

certain su ffixes as will be shown a fterwards and hence it is

, ,

in flected according to gender ( 8) The P luperfect rarely .

,

’
used ; as c zg n ite m I had done ( 4 ) The F uture which .
,

may be expressed in two ways either by the auxiliary ,

and the partici p le as 6gfle czg n il or the auxiliary and the

, ,

infinitive czyn ic 6gdg— this is the si m ple future when some

,
’

times the present is used as a future ( e g in the per fect . .

verb ) it is called the future anterior

, .

The per fect im p erfect frequentative verbs & c are

, , ,
.
,

arran g ed under the four conj ugations according t o their

terminations .

In P olish there are fo u r conj ugations and six moods

( I ) the Infinitive ; ( 2 ) the Indicative ; ( 3) the Imperative ;
( ) the S u bj u n c t iv e w h ic h is exp ressed by adding ae 6g a ze 6g
4 , ,

and iz6y to the par t ici p ial form as i e lgm koe6 at that I
’

, ,

’
m ay love I n reality n o S lavonic la n guage has an inde
.

pendent form O f the s u bj unctive ( 5 ) The C on ditional .

,

im p lying a condition this m ood is ex p ressed in P olish in

two way s (a) with 6g gdy 6g a 6g with the p articipial form
, , , ,

O fthe verb b e to be f
( )
6 by the addition b the
‘
y , o r o y t o

partici p ial form o f the verb in 6 but the particle 6g must ,

then tak e the p erson al termin ations as k oc/zal 6g m I , ,

s hould have loved The ptative which is made by th e

’
( )
6 O .
,
26 P OLI SH GRAM MAR .

conj unction with the participial form in I as o6gm lis t

o 6gm ,

ode6rai ,
O h that I could receive the letter "
,
Thus
we see that in reality there are only three moods in
P olish o f independent form : the last three are m ade by
particles .

The reader will observe the followin g elemen ts of the

P olish verb

The mark o f the 1 s t per sing is m which sometimes by

. .
,

a phonetic law becomes e ; parallels t o these two forms

bein g found in all the S lavonic langu ages S ometimes .

both for m s are found i n th e same verb as wgaziu 6gwa m ,

'

and wg ols iu buj g; the latter ho wever is the more com m on

, , .

O f the second 6 o r s z ; O f t h e first person pl ural Smy o f the

, ,

second Sc ie fl These m ay enter into various combination s

‘
,

and by pay i ng attention t o their positions the acquisition

O f a k nowledge o f the verbs m ay be much si m plified Thes e .

su ffixes are in reality as m ight b e imagined merely muti

, ,
’
lated parts o f the present tense O fthe verb to be which ,

O ldest form was as follows

j e sm
j es

j est .

Th e o rigin al s u ffi x fo r t h e t h ird p e rs on s in g u lar w as t ; th is h ow

,

e v e r t ho u gh p re s e rv e d in
,
R u s s ian is lo s t in th e W e st S lavo n ic
,
-

lan g u ag e s. Th e s u ffi x O ft h e t h ird p ers o n p lu ral is n t h is ho w e v er

, ,

by it s c o ale s cin g w it h t h e bi n devoc a l b ecom e s 6

, 5
.
28 POL I S H GRAM M AR .

is properly a participle as is sh own by the feminine and ,

neuter terminations and t h e plural form .

The su ffi x o f the Infinitive is c which is generally added ’

i mmediately but in some instances with a l i nde voca l fro m

,

the fusing o fIt with c we get c and from g the combination

’

alz The spelling o fthe termination o fthe in fi nitive in some

.

cases in ( ii is censured by M ik lo s ich as inaccurate ( iii .

The su ffix o f the A ctive P articiple is ac The su ffix is .

originally n c and the addition o f a 6inrl e voc a l mak es it ac ;

,

e g p ie kac trge W hen the participle is used adj ectivel y

. .
, .

it is declined lik e an adj ective— p ie kacg a e t racg a e ,

- -
,
- - .

The su ffix o f the P erfect G erund is 82g but this is not

added im mediately to the stem but a fter t h e l o f the per ,

feet as up ie klezg ( u p ie k l s zg )
,
o r with the addition o f w
- - -
,

e g wggra wssg ( wg gra io s zg )

. . this however is only
- - -
, ,

another for m o fl whic h is frequently prono unced as w in

,

S lavonic dialects .

The su ffix o f the P assive P articiple is either n o r t -

,
-
,

which is declined lik e an adj ective either ng n a ne o r ,

-
,
-
,
-
,

- tg , -
ta, - te .

The V erbal S ubstantive is derived from the P assive

P articiple by add i n g i e to n o r t e g 6i tg 6ie ie I f . .
,
.

the 6in ae cocal be fore ng has become o it is changed

’
,

again into e be fore n ie ; e g p ie cz ong p ie c ze n ie n ies iong . .

, , ,

n ie s ie n ie .

The Indicative M ood has the following tenses : the present ,

in per fect verbs the fu ture anterior the pl u per fect and the , ,

future The S ubj unctive C onditional and O ptative have

.
,

only the per fect tense .

 CONJU G ATI ON OF AU "I LI A RY VERBS .

C onj u gat i on of A u x ili ary V e rb s .

6g c , to be ’
'

IND I CA TI VE M OOD .

P ree e n t .

Je s t e m

Je s t e s m y

B yh s m y .
30 P O LI SH GRAMMA R .

P lup e r
f e ct
( but little used ) .

S ingu la r .

M asc . Fem . N eu t .

B yle m byl h yl a m h yla bylo m h ylo

.

l .

I .

A so o n adding 6gl to the masculi n e 6gla to the feminine

nd , , ,

and 6glo to the neu te r in all the di fferent persons , .

P lu r a l .

B yll s m y byli ,
bylyé m y byly,
adding 6g li addin g
to the other
persons .

’
B ed e, ‘
I shall be .

B gdzie my .

C ON D ITI ONA L .

The C onditional M ood is formed from the participial

form in l and the particle 6g a fter w hich are added the
letters and combinations m 3 Sang é c ie to designate the , , , ,

persons There is no present te nse Thus t h e per fect

. .

Ist pers would be 6 l6 6 la 6 m 6 lo6 m

( .
) .
g g m g g g g , , .
 CONJUGATI ON or AU "I LI ARY V ERB S . 31

S UBJ UNC TIV E .

This M ood is formed by the participial form in l ( 6gl) ,

be fore which is used the conj unctio n zo6g to which the

’

letters and combinations m S é mg é c ie are added as ze 6g m

'

, , , ,

6gl 1 s t person ze 6g§ 6g la ( femini ne ) There is no present

’

.
, , ,

and the pl u per fect is omitted here as being so little used .

O P T A TIVE .

This resembles in form the C onj unctive with the dif ,

ference that 0 6g is used instead o fae 6g and ta k es the sa m e

’

terminations t o mark the persons The perfect is the onl y .

te nse used .

IMPERA TIV E .

S ingu la r .

B ad2c ie
’
B adz , be thou
’ ’
-
.
,

N ie ch o r n ie c h a j badzc ie h im ’
let be
’
‘
.

n ie ch th e
and n ie c h a j , su ffix ie is sometimes added .

P lu ra l .

B adz my badz myz

’ ’ ’

. .

B adzc ie b adzc ie z
’ ’ ’

. .

N iec h or n iec h a
j hgda .
32 P OL I S H GRAMM A R .

P AR TI C I PLES .

F u tu re .

M aj acy byc m aj ac a byé

’

. . m aj ac e byé .

B gdae , being by w s zy, having been

‘ ’
.

These two last are n ot in flected .

The m oder n form of the present tense o f the verb 6g c is ’

merely a corruption and arose from adding to the third

,

p erson o f t h e old for m the pr onominal su ffixes Thi s re .

s u lt e d from false analogy as the su ffixes h ad become fused

,

with the p articipial for m 6gl 6gla 6glo and m ade a p ast
, , ,

tense ; thus 6gl j e8m had become 6gle m 6g li j es mg 6g lis mg , , .

The particle 6g which is used in P olish and other S lavo

,

nic languages to express condition was originally the third ,

p erson singular o f the o ld per fect o f t h e verb 6g c a tense '

which is now lost This particle has at the present ti m e

.

so m ething li k e the use o f the G reek civ W e also fi n d it ’

i n composition as a 6g Ze 6g a z e 6g with which we may c o m

’

, , ,

pare G reek 67 c m and do in othe r co m bin ations .

 CONJUGA TI ON or AU "I L I ARY VERB S . 33

M ie é , to have .
’

I N DI G A TI V E M oo n .

P res e n t .

M am . m as z .

P lu r M amy . macie .

Ne u t .

P lu r a l .

M as c Fe m .

M ie h s m y m ialys m y
’

. .

( In the second person add the su ffi x : the thi rd

person has no su ffi x ) .

P lup e r
f e ct .

The sa m e as the p recedin g ten s e addin g 6gl to the mas c , .

s i ng
. 6gla t o the fe m an d 6g lo to the neuter ; 6g li fo r
,
.
,

m a sc p lur and 6gQ/ fo r fe m and neuter

. .
, . .
34 P OLI SH GRAMMAR .

F u tu re .

S i ng u la r .

Fem .

bedg m iala or

m ie é .

bedz ie s z .

b edz ie .

P lu ra l .

B gdz ie m y m ieli b gdz ie m y mialy .

or m ie c .

B gdzie c ie . b edzie c ie m ialy .

B gda .
b ed a mialy .

C OND ITI ONAL .

P e rfe c t Te ns e .

M as c . Fe m . Ne u t e r
.

M ialbym . m ialaby m . m ialo by m .

A dd the regular s u ffixes t o the first and second persons

as above and add the su ffixes to t h e plural which will be
, ,

m iclo 6g fo r t h e m asc and m ialg 6g fo r the fe m and n e a t

.
, . .

th u s mielo6iémg 850
, , .

S UBJUNC TI VE .

A dd ze lg with su ffi xes fo r each o f the persons to the

’

, ,

o rdinary past tense m ial in its vario u s mutations o f gender

,
I

and number .

O P TA TIVE .

Add ol
g, with the same su ffi xes .
36 POLI SH GRAMM A R .

Conj u gat ion of R e gu lar V e rb s .

FIRS T C O NJ U G A TI O N .

Th e mark o fthe conju g ation is the second p erson singular

p resent o f the verbs n ie clokonan e o r the fu ture anterior
,

o f t h e verbs clo kon a n e

,
which o f necessity have n o present ,

as I have previously stated .

The characteristic o f the first conjugation is the letter a

in the second person singular o ft h e present .

INF I N ITIV E .

K ocha o ,
’ ’
to love .

IND I CA TIV E .

P re s en t Te ns e .

k oc h as z .

k o c h ac ie .

P e rfe c t .

For the m asculine add the su ffi xes fo r the fi rst and

,

s eco n d p ersons with the bin de v oc al e to the participial f

,
or m
in l an d add them also to the feminine kocl a la an d the
,

ne u ter koe 6alo Fo r the plural masculine add the su ffixes

.
,

to koc /i a li an d fo r the feminine an d neuter to k o c/i a lg thus

, ,

k oc /i ale m, koc l ala m, koc/i alom, &c .

 CONJ UGATI ON OF REGULA R V ERBS . 37

P lup e r
f e ct .

To form this tense add to the perfect 6gl fo r the m asc u

,

line singular and 6gli fo r the plural ; 6gla fo r the feminine

,

singular and 6glo fo r t h e neuter and 6n fo r the plural o f

,

both genders .

F u tu re .

Put the auxiliary l gde— in fie c t ing it regularly as in the ,

form given under the verb 6g c be fore koc l al fo r ’

to be '

, ,
-

the m asculine singular an d kocl al i fo r plural koc l ala

,

feminine a n d lcocli alo fo r neuter S i ngular ; and k oc l a lg fo r

,

the plural o fbo t h accordin g t o the invariable rule

,
.

I MPERATIV E .

Koc h aj .

N ic o h or n ie c h a j kocha .

K oc h aj m y .

Ko ch aj c ie .

N ie c h or n ie c h j
a k oc h a a '
.

It will be O bserved that the characteristic letter o f the

i m perative is j t o which the termination s o fthe plu ral a re
,

added e g kocl a j mg
, . .
- -
.

I have not given at length another form o f the impera

tive incl uded in so m e grammars : it is form ed by addin g
the enclitic z o r ze to the simple form
’
38 POL I S H GRAMMAR .

C OND ITI ONAL .

M ade by adding the pronoun su ffixes to 6g which is -

,

a ppended t o the partici p ial form as k ocl al6gm In the plural

,
.

we have the usual k oc /iali and k oc l alg with the personal ,

su ffi xes .

The pluper fect is for m ed by adding t o the per fect 6gl ,

which is inflect e d in the m anner previously shown .

S U B JU N OT I VE .

P er
f e ct .

This is a 6g w i th the u s ual personal su ffixes appended

,
to
the inflected participial form in l .

O P T A TIV E .

The same ,
06
g bein g adde d i n s t e ad o fa 6g .

P AR TI C I PLES .

P res . k o c h aj acy . k o c h aj ac a . k o c h aj ac e .

P a s t, k ochany . k o c h an a. k o c h an e .

F u t m aj acy k o c h aé
'

. . m aj ac a k o c h ac . m aj ac e k o c h aé .

G E RU ND .
—K oc6 aj ac , ‘ lovi ng .
’

The tenses which are wanting to the imper fect verb

,

koc/i a é are s upplied by the per fect verb u koc/i ac

’
.
,
 CONJU GA TI ON OF REGU LAR V ERBS . 39

S EC O N D C O NJ U G A TI ON .

The characteristic o fthis co n j ugation is icer or es a in the

second person singular present .

G to bury ’
rze 6a c ,
’
‘
.

P re s e n t .

g bi g
rz esz .

rz e b i c ie
g g .

P er
f e c t .

F ormed fro m the participial form grzel al with the addi ,

tion o f the su ffixes as in the preceding verb The same

, .

remark s apply t o the pluper fect and future .

IMPERA TI VE .

G rze b .

N ie c h or n ie c h a
j g rz e big .

G rz e bm y .

G rz e b c ie .

N iec h o r n ie c h aj g rz e b ia .

another form with the addition of the enclitic

‘

ze .

C OND ITI ONAL .

— G rs e 6a l6g m .

Of the former under ho e l o e, also the pl uper fect

’
.

sa m e m odel .

S U BJU N OTI VE — A 6g m g rze 6al

. .

C f W i th k o c/iac
O P T A TI VE — 0 6y m g rze l a l
' . .

. .
40 PO LI SH G R A MMAR .

P ARTI C I PLE S .

P re s e n t G rz e biacy, St e .

P as t G rz e b any , 85 0 .

F u t u re M aj ac y g rz e b aé St e . .

G ERUND .
—G ras 6ige , bringing .
’

O t her tenses are supplied to this verb by the per fect or

co m p lete form p ogrz e 6a c V erbs belonging to this co nj u
'

i which end in i and and are gene

’ ' ’

g a t o n o w a c ioa c
g u a o , ,

r ally derivatives change their termination into afg uj es z

, , ,

n/ e &c
, . in the present
, .

The following rules may help t o ascertain how the verbs

e n ding in a c belonging to this conj ugation form their
’

p resent thi s being in reality the only di fficulty in the

,

P olish v e rb

W hen t h e final consonant o f the ste m is 6 m p the , , ,

vo w el i must be added be fore the personal su ffi xes as ,

L am ig, I break from la ma c

’ '

.
,

L am igs z
L am ig .

L am iem y .

L a m ies c ie .

L ami a .

W hen the final consonant is s o r iv preceded by another ,

t o n s o n ant the i is only added to the sec ond and third

,
 CONJUGA TI ON OF REGULAR VERBS . 41

persons o f the singu lar an d the first and second ,

of the
plural ; thus
n
’
I call , Z w i emy .
- -
.

Z w i -e s z
-
. zw-i -
e c ie .

Zw -i -
e . Z w-a .

I f the final consonant o f the ste m is s preceded by a ,

’
vowel as p is ac to write this lm rd po n s o n an t is changed
’

, , ,

into the so ft s e as p iszg I write , S o also other hard ,

‘
.
’

consonants which precede a c are changed into the so ft

’

consonants corresponding t o them ; as lgac to lie le g ’

,
‘
,
’

l k to weep l W hen the ’

termination f the
'
‘
p a a c , p a c z g , o .

ste m is it beco m es s zcz as glas l a c to pat with the hand ,

’

,
‘
,
’

g laszc z g so also r is changed into rz t into c and z into 23 , ,

.

In the monosyllabic verbs 6ra c to ta k e p ra c to wash ,

'

,
‘
,
’ ’

,
‘

’
linen and the verbs compounded from them io is inserte d
, ,

be t ween the first and final consonants O f the stem in the

first perso n singular and third p erson plural ; as 6iorg , ,

l ierz e s z , 6ie rze , 6ie rze mg, 6ie rzec ie , 6iora .

Ve r6s e nding in aé .

W hen the root consonant is the in flections m must d, in

be put a fter it wit h the vowel i in all the persons except
, ,

the first and last as dac to breathe ,

’

,
‘
.
’

Dm g . D m ie m y .

D m ie s z . D m ie c ie .

D m ie . Dm a .

W hen the final consonant o fthe ste m is an i m ust be n,

added to all the persons o f the present except the first sin
42 POL I SH GRAMMAR .

gular and the third plural as p ragn ac ,

’

,
to be thirsty
present o f which is thus inflected
P rag n g .

P rag n ie s z .

P rag m e .

The present tense f the verbs ciq c, ‘

to cut ’
i to fold ’
’
‘
o , g a,
c ,

is thus in fle ct e d
Tu e . T n ie my .

T n ie s z . T n ie c ie .

T n ie . Tn a .

The t fo r c here being altogether irregular .

In m any verbs ending i n n ac the n disappears entirely ’

’
in the inflection o fthe per fect as ros n aé t o grow , , .

R o éle m . R o é lié m y .

R o s lis c ie
’ ’

R os ies
'

. .

R os l R o Sli
'

. .

Verl s e n ding in c c, u c.

V erbs terminated in this way as c ie c , ,

flow pie c
to ,
’
,

cook change the consonant 0 into I:

’
, in the present in ,

first person singular and third pl u ral , .

P ie k g .

P ie c z e s z .

P ie c ze .
44 POL I S H G RAMMAR .

IMPE R ATIV E .

Je dz m y .

Je dz cie .

e dz a
N i s ch j .

’
Jé c , to go on foot
’
‘
.

P rese n t .

M as c .

’
S z e dle m , I went .

S z e dle é .

S z edl .

F em . P lu ra l
S z lam , s zla S, s z la .
( for bo th g e n d er ) s .

Neu t .
S z lyé m y .

S l
z o m , s z os , l
’

s z lo . S zlys c ie .

S z ly .

P rzyj dg,
’
I shall come . P rzyj dz ie m y .

P rzyj dz ie sz . P rzyj dz ie c ie .

P rzyj dz ie . P rzyj da .
 CONJUGATI ON OF REGU LAR m as s . 45

IMPERATIVE .

I dz m y
’

I dz c ie
’

N ie ch ida .

I t has bee n thought advisable t o give the chie ftenses of

these verbs o n account o f their being s o much in use .

THI R D C O NJ U G A TI O N .

The characteristic o f this conj ugation is that the 2 nd

pers sin g p resent ends in i sz
. . .

V erbs belonging to this conj ugation which te r m inate in ,

the infinitive in a c as 6a o s ig to fear change in the ’

,
’

,
‘
,
’

present and future a into oj in the fi rst person o fthe singular ,

and t h e third person O f the pl ural in the other persons they

change a into o i ; e g s ta c to stand present . .
’

, ,
’
.

S t oj g .S t o im y .

S t o is z . S t o ic ie .

S toi . S toj a .

Sp a c , sleep changes into i

’
‘ ’
to ,
a

S pig . S pim y .

S pis z . S pic ie .

S pi . S pi a .

They preserve in all the persons o f the past tenses a

be fore 6 or l ; e g 6ale m s ig . . .

I fthe ste m o f a verb ends in 1 as mgs le c t o th in k

’
‘ ’
, , ,

the present is th us inflected

M y é lg .

M ys lis z
’

'

IVI ys li .
 46 POL I SH GRAMMAR .

The so ftening of the final consonants fo r euphony i s

s h own in the treatment o f verbs ending in i c in the first
’

sing and third plural as follows — W hen a hard con

.
,

so nant ends the stem the i of the in finitive is preserved ,

as z ie6ic to cool z ie6ie I cool z ielie they cool ;

‘ ’
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘
, , , , ,

but when a so ft conson ant goes be fore the i is n ot pre ,

served All these verbs k eep in the past tenses their

.

characteristic vowel i be fore 6 and l ; e g p ros ile m p ros i . .

,
’
l is mg & c , I entreated .
, .

P a li c to burn ’
’
‘
.

IND I C A TI VE .

P res e n t Te n se .

alis z ,
p
alic ie ,
p

P er
f e ct .

P alile m , p lilam a , p l
ali o m ,

and the other persons as be fore .

In the plural add t h e pronominal su ffixes to the pl ural

,

for m s masc fe m
,
and neut of the participle as pre
.
,
.
,
.
,

v io u s ly .

The P lup erfe ct, same as the form in l ocl o c .

F u tu re .

B ed e palil ,
&c .
, as be fore .
 CONJUGA TI ON OF REGULAR V ERB S . 47

IMPE RA TI VE .

C OND ITI ONA L .

P alilbym , &c .

S UBJUN C TI VE .

A by m palil , St e .

O P TA TI VE .

O bym palil , &c .

P AR TI C I P L ES .

P re s e n t, palacy, pal aca , pal ace .

P a s t, palo n ,
y palona , palone
F u tu re, m aj ac y pah e , m aj ac a pah e ,
m aj ac e pah c .

G ERUND — P alac , burnin g .

’

S ome tenses are supplied to this verb by the per fect

form , sp a lic
’

FO U RT H C ONJ U G A TI O N .

The ch arac te ric t ic O f this conj ugation is that the 2 nd

pers sing present end s in gsz
. .
-
.
 POL I S H GRAMMA R .

S lg s ze c , to h ear
’
’
‘
.

I N DI G A TI VE .

P re s e n t .

s lys z ys z
sl s z c ie
y y

P er
f e ct S lys z ale m

F ormed in the same way as given in the previous

paradi g m s .

P lup e rj ec t as be fore
’

am e .

Fu tu re— B e d e s lys zal, & c .

I MPERA TI VE .

S lys z .

N ic o h o r n ie c h a
j s ly s zy .

S lys z m y .

S lys z c ie .

N ic c h or n ie c h a j s ly s z a .

C OND ITI ONAL S lys zal bym

The plu p er fect as in previous paradigms .

—
S UBJUNC TI VE A bym s lys z al .

O P TA TI VE — O bym s lys z al .

P ARTI C I PLE S .

P res e n t, S lys zac y,

P a s t, S lys z an y,
F u t u re , M aj acy s lys z eé , St e .
 CONJUGA TI ON OF REG ULAR V ERBS .

G ER U ND— S lys zac , ‘

he aring .
’

Tenses wanting to this verb are su p plied by the per fec t

for m u s lg s z e c e g u s lg s zale m I have heard ’
’

, . .
, , .

A ll verbs in the fourth conj u g ation en d in the infiniti v e

i n e c or g c V erbs which ma k e the infinitive i n c c ha v e
’ ’ ’

in the p as t te nses a be fore 6 and e be fore l as gec zale m I

’

, , ,

groaned gecze lié mg we groaned Tho s e verbs which m ak e ’

’

, .

the infinitive in g preserve it throughout the per fect te n s e

, .

P AS S IV E V O I CE .

There is no se p arate for m fo r the P assive V oice in

P olish It m ay be expressed by the a u x ili ary 6gé and t h e
.

passive partici p le ; but this m ethod is r are in P olish w h ic h ,

pre fers to re p re s ent the passive e it h er by a re fl e xi v e

verb o r by changing the m ode o f ex p ression a nd u sin g
,

the active ; or e m p loyi n g the th ird p e rs o n o f t h e p re

sent o r the p ast p articiple used i m pers onally with the
,

a ccusative o f the prono u ns ga tg on my cog on i or a

’

, , , , , ,

substantive th u s instead o f saying ,

iz i they . ,

were k illed it is more in.

’
o m to

ic6 this is by an idio m o fthe P olish language ,

n the c as e o fa ne uter verb altho u gh it has pro ,

p erly no p ast participle passive yet one m ay be em p loyed i n ,

’
an i m personal use as s fat ano they were leaping ( literally
, , ,

it havin g been lea pt ) ; zicwano they w ere yawning Cf ,

.
’
.

M ic kiew ic z P a n Tade u s z B oo k " Ze m n ie J ac t o zo i c za rn e

, .

p o dan o p o le m/re That the , blac

‘
k s o u p w a s given to me ,

’
Jac z e k .
50 POL I SH G R AMM A R .

The reflexive verb h o w e ve r c ann o t be u sed fo r the passive

, ,

when any ambiguity m ight arise thus we cannot say Ces ar ,

za6il s ie du ia p ie tnas tego M a rc a Caesar was k illed o n t h e ,

fi fteenth o f M arch The followin g enclitic s are s u ffix e d to

.
’

verbs li ( which implies a question ) and a after vowels i e

, , ,

a fter conson ants The two latter add e m pha s is to t h e

.

expression S i m ilar p articles are found in the R ussian and

.

B ohe m ian lang u ages B y an idio m o fthe P olish lan g uage

.

the in fin it ive s w ida c s lg c/i a c m ay be used alone in an

’

,
’

i m perso n al sense without adding mozn a ( it is possible ) ;

’

, ,

so al s o in the past ten s es we have 6glo w ida c j u st as in ’

’
E nglish t here was t o be seen
, .

S ometi m es in s tead o f6gl zos tal is used with the past

, ,

par t iciple as an hi s toric al p er fect as s ta te k z a n ies io ng zos tal ,

a s k u 6rzeg o m D a n i i ( B aliris k i ) the vessel was brought to ‘

’

the coast o fD en m ark B oth j e s t an d 6gl can be o m itte d by

.
’

an idiom co m m on to all the S lavonic langua g es E very .

verb has its substantive as 6itg beate n 6ie ie the act , , ,

’
,

o f beating entreated i the act ’

of
‘ ‘
ro s z on os e n
p g p r z e , , ,

entreating the s e substantives are all o fthe neuter g ender ,

and have no p l u ral The verbal noun in P olish can ta k e

.

with it the reflexive pronoun ; as n ie u da nie si e p ou t orn eg ’

' '

e le c kcg i L e c z ns k icg o the failure f t h second election f

g o e , o

L e c zy n s k i
’
.

IMPERSONAL VERBS .

there are m a n y in P olish as 6g w a it happens

O fthe s e , ,

g rz m i it th,
unders
‘
A ll verbs m ay be made i m p erson al
.

b v addin g the prono u n s i e to the third person o f the

52 POL I SH GRAMMA R .

Srod
’

in the m idle O f ,
.
’

W Sro d
’
‘

U with ( c f the F rench c l e z)

,
. .

A lso the following adverbs used as p repositions

’
B lizko near ,
.

N i e da le ko , n ot fa r .
’

by the side o f
0 6o /c, ‘
.
’

P op rze/e across
’
, .

We wnetrz within , .
’

’
Z ewn q trz without ,
.

Wzdlu z alo n g ’
'

.
,

P repositions which govern the dative

G wo tz,
fo r,
’
according to .

Ku , forward
’
‘

P rze c iw ,
against .
’

P re c iw ko
W 6re w against in conte m pt o f , , .
’

P rac
’ ’
z by govern s the acc usative ; prag near the
, , ,

loc at ive .

N ap rz ec iw n aprzeciwlco against O p p osite govern the ’

, , , ,

g en itive or dati v e .

M i mo p omi mo in spite o f
’
, notwithstanding govern ,
‘
,
’

the genitive o r accusative Pl imo however when it means .

, ,

near always gove rns the genitive

,
’
.

Z ta k es the genitive when it mark s the place fro m

which the movement co m es th e cause the material out o f , ,

which a thing is made ; but when it signifies together ‘

with it must tak e the instrumental

,
’
.
 ADVERBS . 53

The prepositions mi edzg p omiedzg amo n g ,a nd , ,

‘
u p on ; p od under
,
‘
p rze d be fore e u beyond ,
‘
,
‘
,
’

govern the accusative when m otion is signified but the ,

instr u m ental when rest is i m plied The preposition s n a .

,

on ,
o about ; p o a fter w in govern the a ccusative
, ,
‘
,
’

when the verb with which they are used mark s motion to
a p lace O n t h e other h and they govern the locative
.
,

when the verb with which they are used implies rest .

A D V E RB S .

I c an only find room here fo r the principal adverbs

rest c an be learned from the dictionaries .

P R I MARY

G dzie ,where ’
.

’
Tu ,
here .

Wu c i soon , .
’

’
G dg as , .

D ER I VED .

’
D o 6rze , well .

’
D lu go , ‘
long .

’
S la6o, weak ly .

’
M oc n o, strongly .

C OMPOUNDED .

N j
az a u trz, the following day .
’

W c z as , at the right time punctually ’

,
.
’

’
P rze dle m, previously .

N iegdgf
’
n . once .
54 POL I S H GRAMMAR .

A DVERB S OF T I ME .

’
Z a io s ze, always
‘
.

’
N igdg, n ever .

’
Te ra z, now .

’
D a w n o, ‘
long since .

O F P LACE .

’
N a go rze, above
’

N a do le below , .
’

N a p oda l fro m a far ‘ ’

.
,

’
N a p rzec iw from opposite ,
.

O F M ANNER .

P o p ols ku , in the P olish manner .

’

’
Z e w n atrz from without
,
.

’
Us tn ie by word o f mouth
,
.

’
Cic /i a c zé m qu ietly
, .

INT E R ROGA TIVE .

Kie dg, when " ’

from whence "

’
Z ked,
G dzie , where " ’

P o ked, whither " ’

A FF I R M A I I VE
’
.

Kon i ec zn i e ,
0

c e rt am l
0 0

y 6a, yes .

A dverbs are for m ed fro m adj ectives by changing the

ter m in ation of the adj ective into e or 0 fo r exa m ple ,

’ ’
a esol
r
,g gay
,
w e s olo gaily
, .
 CONJUN C TI ONS .
55

A dverbs endin g in ie are for m ed from adj ectives which

ha v e a hard consonant in the last syllable b ut o n e as ,

p e w n e ,
sure p e w n i e surely ’
, ,
‘
.
’

S o m e adverbs have a double ter m ination as Smialo or , ,

Sm ie le boldly
, .
’

M any ad verb s are formed in P ol is h by the u s e o f sub

s t an t iv e s either alo n e o r wit h p repositions as n o 6a k i e r
, , ,

across n a j aw evidently n a oé lep blindly p op rs el , ,

‘

across p ogo tow iu in readiness

‘ ‘
w e wn etrz with in, ,
‘

u e t za w e t
'
tit fo r tat ,
S o also substantives alone as
‘
.
’
,

o l la zem in a body rap te m suddenly u k radlcie m

‘
, , ,

secretly
‘
ra n kie m i n the morning p p
os ol u ,
to ‘
,

’
gether .

The co m parative o fadverbs is for m ed by addin g j o r ej

to the ste m as s /cromnie more m odestly s m ie lej more
'

.
, , ,

boldly Fo r the su p erlative add n aj to the co m parative

.
’

adverb as p iekn iej m ore beauti fully n ajp iekn iej most
, , ,

’
beauti fully .

C O N J U N C TI O N S .

Of these there are di fferent sorts : som e j oi n sen

ten oes together as a i a n d ta ki e t ez also ora z ‘
’
‘ ‘
, , , , , ,

’
t u dz iei so that
,
n ie tg/ lk o a le n ot only but ; -
, ,
’

a n i— a n z neither A when em p loyed betwee n two ad

’
‘
.
,

v erb s strengthens the expression o f the adverb as w s zg/ s cg ,

all without exception n ic a n ic ab s olutely

‘ ‘
a w sz s c
g g , ,

nothing .
’

Alternative conj unction s a llo lu 6 a l6o lu 6 or , , , ,

t eas whether or cz
g if c z li
g
‘
or ,
‘
,

e zy cz
g whether it be ,
that S
‘
ac C onj u nctions Of , .
56 POLI S H GRAMMAR .

c o m parison ga ko t a lc ; as t a k s o that n ir
’

L
’

,
se , ,

’
a ter the co par a t ive n iz rather tha
n ize li f ) a c z ej
‘
m
‘

(
'

r n ,
.
,

A dversative conj u nctions such as a cz a cz k olw ie k , , ,

‘
altho u gh a le le s s but c/zoc c/i oc iaz although zas
’ ’ ’
‘ ’
’
‘
, , , , , , , ,

but which latter li k e the L atin gu ogu e is never put as

,
’
, ,

the firs t word in a se n te n ce C onditional co nj u nctio n s are .

6gle p rov ided that c /ig 6a unless

,
‘
C onj u nctions o f ti m e
,
’

,
‘
.

are gdg whe n ga k tg lko as soon as O p tative con

’ ’
‘ ‘
, , ,
.

j u nctions 06
g , G o d gra n t that used to express , ,
’

the Op ta t ive m ood .

C H AP TE R I II .

S y n t ax .

A bre v ity has been ai m ed at in this G ra m m ar I shall

S ,

allow m ysel f to o m it those points o f S yntax which are n o t

p ec u lia r to P olish ,but are shared in by the maj ority o f
langu ages .

C A S E S OF N O U N S .

I The gen iti v e is used a fter m any adj ectives and parti
.

c i le s : o f t h ese a fe w are here s pe c ifie d — the rest must be

p
learned by p ractice as g odz ien n ag rodg worthy o f re c o m , ,

p ence p o trze buj ecg w sp arc ia having need o fas s istance ,

.
’

A fter all the cardinal n u m bers beginning with i

’

2 .
p e ,
c
J

(
’
five .S e e p age

3 . T he
g enitive is a lways used a fter the verb when it
g oes with a negative as n ie czyta lis tu he does not read ,

t h e letter
’
.
 SYN TA " . 57

Ale serce u m o lo j c é w ,

N ie z lek n ie sie T u rk é w .

B ut the hearts of th e young m e n do n ot fea r the Turks .

’

4 .A fter the impersona l verb , n iemas z or n iema n ie6gto , ,

’
there is n ot there w as n o t as n ie m a zgodg there is
, ,

’
n o agree m ent .

5 A fte r active verbs where they have a partiti v e sense

.

’
as daj mi zo odg G ive me some water , .

6 V erbs co m pounded o f the prepositions do o d n a n a il

.
, , , ,

ta k e the genitive as l to ga her ’ '

r
p g a u , , ; n a z r
g io a c c w ia l o w t ,
‘

’
fl o w ers .

7 The genitive is u sed a fter adverbs i m p lying abun

.

dance O r want as i n other languages

, , .

8 A lso t o express quality or character ; as czlow ie k rog

.

s o k iego w zros t u a m an o f tall stature , .

’

9 A lso t o express point o f ti m e ; as D w a dz zes tego dzie

’

wietcg o st
g c zn ia rok u tgs iec zn eg o é ms e tn ego
o oSmdzies ieteg o

c zwa rte o,
g January 2 9 ,

A great nu m ber o f verbs tak e the genitive but these ,

m ust be learned by the help O f a good dictionary .

The D t ie
u s — M any
adjectives tak e t h e dative as p os ,

lu s z ng O bedient
,
‘
V erbs compounded with do tak e the
.
’

dative and m any others which can be learned fro m the

,

dictionary .

T he A c c u s a t ive is as in m ost l an g uages t h e ordinary

, ,

c as e a fter the verb The p ric e o f a thing is put in the .

acc u s a t ive also d u rat ion o f ti m e di s tance hei g ht and

, , ,

length ( w it h the s e four l ast co m pare the L at in use ) .

58 POL I S H GRAM MAR .

The I n s tru men ta l — M any verbs t ak e this case as m ia

n owac
’

g o wo dze m,
‘
to na m e him leader .
’

It i s so m eti m es e m p loyed idiom atically with the verb to ‘

be as ge s te m gosp oda rze m I am the m aster A nd the ’

'

, .

same is the ca s e with z os t aw a c to beco m e as zos tal ’

,
‘

i l
p g g
e rz me m ,
he has‘
beco m e a pilgri m The followi ng .
’

ex a m p les will it is believed c le arlv illustrate the vario u s

, ,

uses o f this case wh ich is o ften peculiarly e m ployed

,

in the S lavonic lan g u ag es —;7e c6 al n oc e he t ra v elled

'
‘
,

duri n g the n ight j adl lgz/ce h e at e with a s p oo n

'
‘
,

zlap al zaj ec a zg w c e m he h as ca u g ht a b are alive n azg wa l

’

m n ie p rzgj a c ie le m he called m e friend ’

.
,

The L oc a t ive expresses in what place o r when except the , ,

days O f the week when point o f ti m e is m ark ed by the

,

accusative ; as w e cz warte lc Thursday , .

’

A DJEC TI VES .

The adjective agrees in nu m ber gen der and case with , ,

it s subst antive W hen an adj ective re fers to the names o f

.

a m an o r a w oman o r a m an an d a n ani m al it i s pu t in
, ,

the plural o f t h e more worthy ge n der but whe n th e

adj ective is p laced with several na m es o f inanima t e things ,

o f whatever ender they may be it is used in the ne u ter

g ,

p lural In sentences where the t w o subj ects o f the v e rb

.

are con n ected by the p reposition z the verb m ay be pu t i n ,

t h e singular o r the plural as oj c ie c z sgne m agt w sgodz ie

’

, ,

o r aj oic e z sg ne m zg li w zgodz ie th e father lived pe aceably

’

’
with his son .
60 POL I S H GRAMM A R .

‘
loved by on e s friend s u mi era od za lu h e is dying o f
’ ’

grie f Z is also used to express the instru m ent or agent ;

.
’

a s md le e z s la 6os c i he faints from wea k n ess so also

j
‘
,

rz e z— thu s w e m a equ ally say w l ra n c d w oj s /ca

p y g g o r ,

wg 6ra ng p rz e z w oj s k o electe d by t h e ar m y ’
, .

N a d is u sed with the instru m e n t al a fter verbs implying

p ity g rie f astonish m ent or ve n geance The occasions on
, , , .

which the p re p o s ition w are e m plq ye d re m ind us o f the

di fference in L atin bet w een the uses o f in w ith the accusative
and with the ablative ; as z a mi en ie w 0 6 le 6 to chan ge into ’

,
‘

bread o6le c w s e a te to s urround with a gar m ent

,
‘
.
’

The p reposition s governs the genitive o f substantives

to ex p re s s m ateri al as dom z drze wa a ho u se o f wood
, ,
‘
,
’

which c an also be ex p ressed by the adj ective as dom drzew ,

n ia n
g also to i m p ly m otion from as in E nglish ; and ,
it is
th e ordinary ca s e a fter th e su p erlative as naj p iln ie/ s zg z ,

n ic/i,
the most ind ustrious o f them
‘
.
’

ON T H E A R R AN G E MEN T OF W ORD S I N A SE N T E N C E .

O wi n g to the P olish language being in a hi g hly syn

thetic state great licence is a llo w ed in this re s p ec t M u ch
,
.

m u s t de p end u p o n the ta s te o f the wr iter and in order to ,

get a good style in co m p osition good work s shoul d be read , ,

"
s uch as L e le w e l s H istory o fP oland o r the B allads
’
,

o fM ic k iew ic z which would be use ful for the beg inner It

, .

m ay be re m ark e d h o w e ve r that a preposition can n ot be s e p a

, ,

rated fro m the no u n which it governs and the ad v erb m u st ,

be pu t either i m mediately be fore o r a fter the word which it

q u al ifies A ny. conj unction may beg in a sentenc e exce p t ,
 SYNT A" .

za sand l ow ie m The verb is frequently p ut at t h e .

end O f a sent e nce The adj ective and partici p le c an be .

separated by many words fro m the substantive s wit h

, ,

w hich they a g ree Thus D omowe m iedzg nas tep c ami Ka ro la

.
,

Wi lt ego w ro zdz ie lone m c es a rs twie rozru cl g T he do m estic

e /
,

tro u ble s a m ong the s uccessors o f C harles t h e G reat in his

’
divided e m pire .

In order to convey to the reader a fair idea o f the con

struction o f a sentence the following lines are given , ,
"
selected from L e le w e l s H istory o fP oland D z iej e P ols t i ’
,
/
,

page 5 8 ( L e I pZ I g 1 837 )
.
,

P o m im o lak an e g o o lo z e n ia w j ak im S ie P ols k a
’

o
p p
In S p ite holy c o n d itio n
o ft h e m e lan c in w h ic h h e rs e lf P o l n d a

z n a dow ala nie mo z ua po w ie dz ie é aby miala by é b ie dn e

j
’

fo u n d ,n o t i p o s ib le to s y s s a t h at s h e fo u n d h e s e lfp oo r r

i z nedzi o n a t ylk o w n iej ladu i pu blic z ne go z yc ia n ie do s

'

an d m is e ab le r o nly in h e r o fo d e an d p b lic
, life w as r r u

t awalo k t é re u m ial o bu dz ié L ok iete k L u dn o s é P ol s k a

’

.
,

n ot w h ic h u n d e rs t ood h o w to s t i m u l t e L o k ie t e k T h e p e p le P o li h a . o s

w ido c z n ie w z ras t ala lic zb a w s i i m ias t po m n o z yla s ie

’

, ,

v i ibly in cr as e d t h e n u m b e r o f v illag e s an d c it ie s au gm e n te d its e lf

s e ,

'

i w ie lu P olak é w $2 0 1 w L it w e i na R u s , fo rt u n y s zu k a é .

an d m an y P o le s w e nt t o L it h u an ia an d to R u s s ia, fo rt u n e s t o s ee k .

L ic z nyc h k s ies t w stolice p dno z c

o
a si e po c i l
eg e y n za

O f m an y p ri n c ip alitie s , th e ca p itals rais in g them se lv e s , d re w af

te r

sob a w z ro s t w ie lu inn yc h m ias t M u ro w an o k o s c io ly .

t h e m t h e g o w t h o fm an y o t h er c it ie s
r T h e y b ilt o f t o ne c h u c h e s . u s r

i k las zt o ry a w m ias t ac h i do m y Po dw o rac h s z l a .

an d c o n v e n t an d in t h e c it ie s als o ho u e
s, I n t h e abod e b e lo n g s s. s
62 POL I SH GRAM MAR .

c h e c k ic h i z n am e n i it s zy c h w ie j k ic h do m ach mo z u a
’

s ,

in g t o g e n t le m e n , an d n o t b le
a c o u n t rv ho e s us
po s ib le
s

'

hylo w idz ié piece i w s c ianie po m ie s zc zo n e z w ypro w ad

it w as t o e e t ov e s an d in t h e w ll
s s , pl ced w it h
a b ilt a u

z on e nad dach s z yj e k o m iny co nie m alo do w ygo dy , ,

u abov e roo fp oj c t io n c h im n e y s w h ic h n o t a lit t le to c o n v e n ie n ce

r e
p ,

i z dro w ia przyc zy n ilo O k na byly n ie w ie lkie ale s zk lan n e

.
, .

an d h e alt h c o n t ib u t e d
r T h e w in do w w e e m ll bu t m ad e o fg las s
. s r s a , .

S zk lo ro z po w s ze c h n ialo s ie O bok da w ny c h drze w n ian yc h

.
,

T u s e of ) g l as s s p e ad it s e lf B t h e id e o f o ld ood
( h e r
y . w e n s ,

lin ia n c h l ub m e t alo w c h k u bk é w i b an ie k s t aw al
g y y y
e rt h n
a e o r m t allic egob le t s an d ps s t ood cu

s k le n ic e i b u t e lk i P o le w an e glin ia n e n ac z y n ia c o raz w
.
,

gla e s an d bo t t le
ss s G laze d
. e a th en v e s e ls alw ay s in r s ,

le ps zy m at u n k u u o w s z e c h n ial si e D b i
g p y o u o ru .

t h e b es t t y le
s d e v e lo p e d t h e m elv e s F o r t h e f rn it u re s . u

i m ie s zk a ri w iecej bylo pot rze ba k o bie rc Ow w ybo r

, ,

als o o ft h e d w e llin gs m o e w asr ne ed o f c arp e t s m o st ,

n iej s z e g o su k na i j e d w ab n yc h m at e ryj rOw n ie po d w o rac h

e x c e lle n t lin e n an d s ilk m at e rials eq u ally at t h e c o u rt s ,

k prz e z m ie s z c z an an c h
j
’

a uz
y w y .

as am on g the b gh e r
ur s u se d .

Th e following points o f syntax in this passage seem "

worthy o f s p ecial attention

used i m personally as explained on page 5 0 :
N ie mos n a,
‘

W ith t his m ay be co m pared 6g lo p otrze 6a li k e the L ati n ,

op u s fu i t a fe w l ines f
,
urther on .

Bgc 6iedn a
’
— this con s truction very , m uch used in the
S lavo n ic languages is explained , on page 58 .
 S YN TA" . 63

c ia n iedos ta w a lo O bserve genitive with the negative ,

pa g e 56 .

Ws i gen p lural
,
. of the so m ewhat irregular fe m . noun
w i es, a vi llage ’
.

P o m noi gta s ie
observe the disli k e o fthe P olish language
to the ord inary p as s ive for m .

Wie la P o la k o w page a curio u s idio m

'

s zt o , 5 9, .

M u row a no this idio m is explained on pii g e 49 .

P o mie s zc zon e "

co mi n
observe the arrange m ent
g
o f t h ese words and c o m pare with remar k s on page 6 1
, .