THE B O O KS OF THE AP O C R Y P H A

TH E I R O R IG I N T E ACHI N G
, AN D C O N TE N T S
L B RAR Y
I OF H I STO R I C T HE O L O G Y
E D ITE D BY TH E R Ev . Wu . C . P E RC I Y , MA . .

V UM OW R A Y OL ES N E D
H PRE EN T RE A T ION IEN E RE I G ION
.

T E S L S OF S C C AN D L
By T G B Y
.

t he R e v Professor ONNE D S c.
AR HAEO OG Y H T E TA M EN T
. . .
, .

C L OF T E O LD S
By P f E AR
.

N A VI LL E , D C L.
M Y TI I M H RI T IANI TY
ro essor D OU D . .

S C S IN C S
By W
.

the R ev M K FDE MI NG , A B D
RE IG ION D O UB T
. . .
. . . .
,

L IN AN A GE OF
By
.

th e R ev C
J M
S HE E E E A RE A
A T H O I ON EP TION H UR H
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THE C L C C C O F THE C C
By ARR m
.

W J
t he R e v SP OW SI ON, D D
O MM ON ] H RI TI NI T Y By DRA R M
. . . . .

C OB E CT I O N S TO C S A t h e R ev C L WB A
MARRIAG E HU H T A TE
. . . . I DGE , .

IN C RC AN D S
By T A Y M (W d
t he R e v d Di
A L P it ti y ) CE A ar en o f
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th e Lon on ocesan en en ar

H B U I D IN G U P T E T AM EN T
. . .
. . .
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T E L O F T HE OLD S
By B GR
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t h e R ev Can on R M I D L E S TO N E , A

H RI T IANIT Y OT H ER FAIT H E y m t Rl i
. . . . .

C S AN D S An i n Co p ara i ve ig
W
ssa

By AR T A
. e on .

t he R e v S T CL D D
H UR H B RIT AIN
. . . I IS D LL , . .

T H E C C ES IN V ols . I an d II
By A R P R ( f m ly M t U i ity ll D m)
. . .

t h e R ev L U MME D D as er of Co ur ha
H ARA T ER RE IG ION
. LF E D , . . or er n v ers eg e, .

C C AN D L
By E AR (H d M t Et ll )
.

t h e R ev. M
t h e HO N DW D LYT I E LTON , ’ ’
A ea as er of on Co eg e

M I IONAR Y M ET H O D PAU OUR

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SS S , ST L S OR
By R A A M (A t Mi i y
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t h e R ev LL E N , A u h or of ss onar

R U E FAIT H H OPE
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T HE L OF AN D
By P t Rl T l y D D U( ity Oi tf d R i P f
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t he R ev . . L O IT L E v ,
. . Can on of Ch r s C h urc h , and eg us ro essor
of ) h eo og in t he ni vers of x

H RU E I FE OV
as ora or .

T E L OF L AN D L E
By RL Y
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the R ev OTTLE D D
R U E WOR K WOR H IP
. . . . .
,

T HE L OF AN D S
By R O Y
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th e R ev L TT L E D D
REE D T H EIR H I T OR Y NAT URE ,
. . . . .

T HE C S S AN D US E
By HAR d l Di ity )
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t he R e v M ( t S MI TH, A Lec urer at t he Lon Co leg e of vin

H RI T O G Y PA U ( H l P E y )
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TH E C S LO O F ST L u sea n ri z e

By N R R M ( t Pi i H l Du m)
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t h e R ev S . .
J O WE LL OS T ON , . A . La e r nc p al of S t . o hn s
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Th f ll wi g w k
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RE I
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PREByENT IO U E D U AT ION
F TdUREy B R Y
S C PA T A UT H ORI T Y
M I DD E A G
H H : I TS S ,
IN T H E
AN D F R E E T O UG T
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t h e R ev Pre be n By F WB .

t he R ev
L ES .

H RI T D D.
. ar . E N O L D S. . . . U SS E DE ,

UR H O UT I D E H E M PIRE
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THE C
By H R DA Y
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th e R e v C HA LE S E '
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th e R ev C . . . VE B I c c s, D D . .
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T HE NA T URE F
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Full rti ul r f th i Libr r my b bt i d fr m h Publi h
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pa c a so s a y a e o a ne o t e s er .

N E W YOR K F L E MI N G H R E VE LL C O M P A N Y : .
.
 A PO C R Y P HA

T HE I R OR G I I N TE AC H I N G , AN D
C O N TE N T S

T HE REV .

‘
w . O . E . O S T E R LE Y , D D . .

E XA M IN IN G
“
C HAP YA O APO RHY PPHA
L

S OC I E T
IN

OP
T

THE
TH E B IS O OF
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L O O
ND

LON D O N
N ; W AR DE N
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OF THE
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NE W Y O RK CH CA I GO
F LE M IN G H . R E VE L L C OM PANY

A ll r ih
g ts reserved
6S 70 o
09 8
 P R E FA C E

IG N S h ave n ot b ee n wa nting during t h e l a st few yea r s

5 O f a n in c r ea sing int e r e st b o th in wh a t is c all e d t h e

A p oc ryp h a as well as in t h e b ody Of lit e r a tu r e m a inly ,

O f an a p oc a ly p ti c c h a r ac t e r whi c h g oe s und e r t h e n a m e Of
,

the Ps e ude p ig r a p h a.

N ot able am ong these signs are t w o Of an outst a nding

C h a r ac t e r
. Th e f ounding O f t h e Int e r n a ti on a l S oc i e ty for
t h e P r om oting O f t h e S tudy of t h e A p oc r y p h a w as an
im p or t a nt e vent in this c onn ec t i on t h e f ounde r t h e R e v , .

H e r b e r t P e ntin is t o be sin ce r e ly c ong r a tul a t e d on t h e

,

su cc ess with whi c h his e ffor t s h a ve b ee n c r own ed ; t h e

su p p or t acc or d ed by m any Of our l eading s c h ol a r s h as d oubt
less b een ve r y g r atifying t o him F e w things h a ve d on e
.

m or e t o f ost e r int e r e st in t h e subj ec ts whi c h t h e S oc i e ty

h as a t h e a r t th a n t h e p ubli c a ti on Of its qu a r t e r ly j ou r n a l ,

The I n tern a ti on a l journ a l of Ap ocryp ha . This m ag azin e

m ak es its a p p e a l t o all g r a des Of r e a d e r s an d if t h e g r ea t e r
stress i s l a id u p on t h e p op ul a r sid e t h e ed it or h as his g ood
,

r e as ons f or thi s ,
f or it is t h e g e n e r a l r e a de r w h o d oe s n ot
e t und e r st a nd th a t t h e A oc r y h a an d t h e P se u d e i
y p p p
r
g p a h a t og e th e r f o rm a n in d is p e ns a bl e link b e tw e e n t h e

Old an d N ew Te st a m e nts .

Th e s ec on d outst a nding S ig n w as t h e p ubli ca ti on l a st

yea r by t h e Oxf ord U nive r sity P r ess Of t h e t w o sum p tu ous
v olum e s e ntitl ed The Ap ocry pha a nd P seudep ig rap ha of the Old
Testa m ent i n E n gli sh with i n tr odu c ti ons an d cri t i ca l a n d
,
 PREFACE

e x p l an a t ory n ot es t o t h e s e ve r a l b ooks e dit e d in c onj un c ti on

, ,

with m any s ch ol ars by R H Ch a r l es Li t t D D D This

,
. .
,
. . .

is t h e m ost el ab or a t e thing Of t h e kind e ve r p ublish e d i n

a n y c ount r y an d t h e d ebt t o C a n on Ch a r l e s ow e d by all
,

l over s Of l ear ning is g r e a t ind ee d Th e v olum e s ap p e a l .

p r im a r ily t o t h e s c h ol a r th ough t h e g e n e r a l r e a d e r w ill find

,

in th e m a ve ry g r e a t de a l whi c h h e will b e abl e t o a p p re

'

c iat e . Th e dr awb a c k f or m ost p eop l e is th e i r e x p e ns e

, , ,

Obvi ously i n e vit abl e ; it is the r e f ore t h e m or e t o b e re

, ,

r e tt e d th a t t h e U niv e r sity P r e ss Could n o t see its w a y t o

g
ublish t h e v a r i ous b ooks i n s ep a r a t e a s w ell as in th e i r
p ,

c o ll e c tiv e f or m
,
.

Sign s su c h as the s e are full Of p r omis e an d t h e gr owing ,

int eres t whi c h th ey b e t ok e n is ver y wel c om e .

Th e p r e s e nt wr it e r as one Of t h e W a r d e n s O f t h e a f ore
,

m en ti on e d S oc i e ty an d as on e Of C a n on Ch ar l e s f ell ow
’

l ab ou r ers in t h e w or k j ust r e ferr e d t o h as b ee n e mb old en e d ,

t o w r it e t h e f oll owing p ag e s with t h e Obj ec t Of p r e ssing

h om e t h e im p or t a n c e of on e d ep a rtm e nt Of t h e subj ec t as a
wh ol e ( th ough with out wh olly l osing sight Of t h e o th er ) ,

viz .
,
the A p oc ry p h a an d m or e e s p eci ally wh a t is i n
, , ,

v olve d by t h e study O f this Th e ve ry unf ort un a t e titl e .

whi c h h as c lung t o this b ody O f lit e r a tu r e sin c e t h e

da ys O f St J e r om e l a r g e ly a cc ounts f or t h e a ttitud e Of
.
,

sus p i c i o n with whi c h i t is Oft en r eg a r de d ; but wh e n on ce

it is r ealiz e d th a t t h e t e r m A p oc ryp h a as ap p li e d t o
“
,

th e s e b ooks d oes n ot c orr es p ond t o wh a t is n owa d ays

,

unde r st ood by t h e w ord “

a oc ry h al
p p this a t t itud e Of ,

sus p i c i on will dis ap p e a r .

Th e study O f th e s e b ooks Op e ns up v a ri ous qu esti ons

whi c h dem a nd c on si de ra ti o n S O mu c h so t h a t t h e stude n t ,

s oon com e s t o rea liz e th a t im p or t a nt as t h e study of t h e

Ap oc ry p h a is m ore im p or t a nt still is th a t whi c h this s t udy
,

i nv olve s Th e b ook h e r e p r es e nt e d is i nt end e d t o illustra t e

.

t his with t he resul t t h at P ar t I Pr ol eg om en a occu pi es

 desi r es x p re ss his sin ce r e th anks t o t h e
to e

h a ving r e a d c a r e fully th r ough t h e

b ook in m a nusc ri p t as well as in p r oof an d f or h a ving Offe r ed
,

m a ny sugg esti ons .

W O E
. . . O E S T E R LE Y .

H ATC H END ,
1914 .
 C O NTE NTS

P AR T I

P R OLE GO M E NA TO THE AP OCR YP HA

C H AP TE R I
THE HE ENI T I M OVE M EN T
LL S C

I H ll i m i i S ul r A p t
e en s n ts ec a s ec

I I H ll i m i i R li g i u A p t
.

e en s n ts e o s s ec

S um m ry
.

CHAP TE R I I

HE ENI T I I N F U EN E U PON T H E J EW O F P A E T INE

LL S C L C S L S

I H ll i m d J d m
e en s an u aIs
I I Th E
.

e sse n es

S umm ry
.

C HA P TE R I I I

HE ENI T I I N F U EN E U PON T H E j w O F T H E DI PER ION

LL S C L C E s S S

I Th D i p r i e s e s on

I I H ll i ti I flu R ligi
.

e en s c n en c e on e on

III Th S p tu gi t
.

e e a n

I V P h il f Al x d ri
.

o O e an a

S umm ry
.

CHA P T E R I V

TRA E O F G REE I N F U EN E T H E O T E T A M EN T
C S K L C IN LD S AN D IN

T H E A PO R Y P H A C

I R fr t h Gr k i h O ld T t m t
e e e n c es o t e ee s n t e es a en

I I Tr f Gr k I flu O ld T t m
.

a c es o i h ee t n ence n t e es a en

I II T r f Gr k I flu ryp h
.

. ac e s O i th Ap ee n ence n e oc a
.

( )
a Th e d o c tri ne of xi t
t h e p re f th -
ule s en ce o e so

( b) Th d c tri f imm rt li ty
.

e o ne o o a

( c) T h e d c t ri o ne of th b d f th b dy
e a n e ss O e o

( d ) T h e c re t i a on f h o w rl dt t e f f rm l o ou O o e ss

m tt r a e

(e ) S ig ns Of the i flu
n f S t i p h il
e nc e O p hy o c o so

Su mm ry a
 CO N TE N TS
PA E
G

HAP T E R V C

A PO C A YP T I M OVE M EN T
L C

I T h B gie i g f h Ap lyp ti M v m nt
e nn n s O t e oc a c o e e

II lyp ti t
.

Th Ape oca s s

I II T h D tri n l T hing f h Ap lyp ti L i t r tur

.

e oc a e ac o t e oc a c e a e

( ) I nd ivi d u li m
.

a a s

( b) P r ti ul ri m
a d U iv r li m
c a s an n e sa s

( ) T h d tri
c ef h M oc ih ne O t e ess a

d
( ) T h d tri n e f t h Fu
oct ur L i f
V e o e e e .

S i mm a ry

C H A P TE R VI
TH E S C RI B E S

T tm td
(a ) T h e O ld es a en a ta

ryp h d
( b) Th e A p oc a a ta

m ur h r p rti ul r
(0) S o e f t e a c a s

S umm ry a

C H A P T E R V II

P H ARI EE S S A DD U EE
S AN D C S

I Th M ing f t h T rm
e ea n P h ri
O e e s a se e s

S dd u
.

a ce e s

( ) P h ri a a se e s

( b) S dd u a cee s

I I T h S ur e o ce s

J p hu
.

o se s

( b) R bbi i l ur a n ca so c es

( Th N 0 T tm t e ew es a en

(d ) T h Z d k i t Fr gm t
.

e a o e a en s

I II T h D tri e f th
oc P h ri n es O d S d du e a se es a n a cees

( ) Th d tri
.

a f th L w
e oc ne O e a

( b) T h d t ri f G d
e oc ne o o

( ) T h d t ri
c f h e Fu tur L if
oc ne o t e e e

( d) T h S dd etti tu d r g rd i g b li f
a uc se an a e e a n e e in
xi t n f g l d p i i j
e s e ce O an e s an S r

( ) T h d tri
e f h e M ih
oc ne O t e e ss a

( f ) Th S dd u ed h aJ wi h C l d r
ce e s a n t e e s a en a

I V S m S ub i d i ry C
o e i d r ti n
s a ons e a o s

S umm ry
. .

C H A P T E R VIII
O RI G IN O F T H E O TE T A M EN T C ANON LD S

I Th H br w C e e i it P r
e t F rm
an on n s e sen o

II T h I d f C
.

e ea o a an on

I II Th F rm ti n f h H br w C n n
.

e o a o o t e e e a o
IV T W h m t h Fi l Fixi g f h H br w C
.

o o w as e na n o t e e e ano n
S umm ry
.

a
 M i g f h T rm Ap k yp h
Th e ea n n o t e e o r os

Th C xi b tw t h T rm G
e o nn e on d A p k yp h
e e en e e s a n az an o r os

H h T rm Ap ryp h
ow t e em t b p p li d oc a
"
ca e o e a e to
S r d B k f t h S d R nk
ac e oo s o e e co n a

V Th R d ing
e f Un ea i lB k O can on c a oo s

S umm ry
.

C H AP TE R X

U N ANONI A
C BOO K ( I I) TH A PO A Y P T I L I T ERA T U RE
C L S . E C L C

P r limi ry R m rk
e na e a s

( ) Th B k f E n h
a e oo O oc

( b) Th S ibyl li e Or l ne ac es

( ) Th T t m t
c e f t h T w lv P tri r h
es a en s o e e e a a c s
f
( d ) T h P lm ef S l m n sa s o o o o

( ) T h B k f Jubil
e e oo O e es

(f ) Th A ump ti n f M
e ss o o o ses

(g ) Th A in fI ih
e scen s o o sa a

( h) Th B k f t h S r t h
.

e oo f E o e ec e s o n oc

( i ) T h S yri Ap
e lyp f B ru h
ac oca se o a c

( 1) Th A p lyp f M (Th L if f A d m ad E )
e oc a se o o se s e e o a n \ e

( k ) Th Gr k A p e lyp f B ru h
ee o ca se O a c

C H A P TE R X I
THE W I D O M L I T ERA T U RE
S T H E J EWI H C ON EP T ION O F ; S C

WI DO M S

I Th W i d m Li t r tur
e s o e a e

I I Th O rigi f h H br w C p ti f W i d m
.

e n o t e e e on c e on O s o

I II Th J wi h C p ti f W i d m
.

e e s once on o s o

S umm ry
.

C H A P T E R X II

DO T RINA TEA H IN G O F T H E A PO R YPH A

C L C C

Pr limi ry R m rk
e na e a s

( ) T h d tri
a e f G d oc ne o o

( b) Th d t ri e f th L oc ne o e aw

( ) Th d tri
.

6 e f Si oc ne o n

( d ) Th d t i e f Gr d Fr
oc r n e w illO ace an ee -

( ) T h d t ri
e e f th M oc ih ne o e e ss a

( f ) Th d tri e f h Fu tur L if
oc ne o t e e e

( h) D m l gy
e ono o

S umm ry a
 P AR T I I

I NT R ODU CT I ON TO T HE B OO KS OF THE
AP OC R YP HA

IN T RO D U T OR Y
C

C H AP T E R I

TH E W IS D O M OF J E S US ,
THE S ON OF S I A H
R C ;
E C CL E IA T I U S S C S

I T h T i tl f t h B k
e e O e oo

I I T h A u th r d h i B k
.

e o an s oo

I II Th D t f t h B k
.

e a e O e oo

I V T h O rigi l L gu g f t h B k t h r tly f u d
.

e na an a e O e oo ; e ece n o n

H br w M u ri p t
.

e e an sc s

V Th A u t h ri d e d R vi d V r i o f E
ze l i ti u an e se e s on s O cc e s as c s

d tri l t dp i t i E l i
. .

“
VI Th . S dd e a uca
e an oc na s an o n n c c es

ti as cus

VI I Th P h ri i Ad d i ti
e t oE
a l i ti u
sa c on s c c es a s c s

V II I Th V lu B k f t h S tu dy f t h N w
.

f th
e a e O e oo or e O e e

T t m nt
.

es a e

C H AP T E R I I

BOO K O F TO B I T
I T h S t ry f A h i k t h W i
e o o c ar e se

I I Th R l ti hi p b tw n t h B k f Tobi t d t h
.

e e a on s e ee e oo O an e

S t ry f A h ik Wi
.

th
o o c ar e se

I II Th C t nt f t h B k f T bi t
e on e s o e oo o o

I V T h R li gi u S t d p i t f t h W ri t r
.

e e o s an o n O e e

f th B k i I t gri ty d P l f Or g
.

V Th D t e a e o e oo ts n e an ac e O i in

VI T h V lu N w T t m t S tu d y
.
,

. f th
e B k f
a e o e oo or e es a en

C H AP T E R I I I

THE BOO K O F J U D I T H
I C nt t d C h r t r f t h B k
o en s an a ac e o e oo

I I V ri ty f F rm f t h Ju d it h S t ry
.

a e O o O e o

I II Th T hi g d P urp f th B
.

e eac n k an o se O e oo

B k
.

I V Th D t f the a e O e oo

V Th O i gi n l L gu g
. o

. e rf th B k a an a e o e oo
T HE ADD I T ION T O T H E BOO K F E T H ER
S O S

I Th N tur d Obj t f h A ddi ti

e a e an ec o t e on s

I I A u t h r h i p d D t f t h A d d i ti
.

. o s an a e O e on s

C H A P T E R VI
P RA Y ER O F M ANA E SS S

I Th C t t f h Pr y r
e on en s o t e a e

I I T h O rigin f h P r y r
.

e o t e a e

I I I Th D t f h Pr y r
.

e a e o t e a e

gu g whi h h w b
.

I V T h \V i
. e d h L
r t er an t e an a e In c e r te

C H A P T E R VI I

F IR T BOO K O F M A A B EE
S CC S

I T itl d A u th r hi p f h B k
e an o s o t e oo

I I Th D t f h B k
.

e a e o t e oo

I II T h Origi l L gu g d L i t r ry C h rat r f h
.

e na an a e an e a a c e O t e

B k
.

oo

I V Th S ur
e of th B kce s o e oo

V T h Hi t ry f t h M S truggl
. .

e s o b o e ac c a e an
z e

( ) Th C q u t f Al x d r h Gr t id h
.

a e on es s O e an e t e ea ar t e

f h i E mp ir
,

d i i Iv S o n O s e

( b) T h rigin l u f h truggl h l d r hi p
e o a ca se o t e s e t e ea e s

f M tt thi
,

O a a as

( ) T h l d r hi p
c e f Ju d
ea M b u r li g i u
e s O as ac ca a
e s e o s

lib rty ur d e se c e

( d) T h l d r h i p f J
e ea th n t h
e s t bli h m t O ona a ; e es a s en

f th H mO n h ig h p ri t h d
e as ea
o na -
es oo

( ) Th l d r h i p f S im
e e ea e s o on

C H A P T E R VIII
G REE K E RA ( [ 3 ] E dr )
Z I s as

I T h T i tl f h B k
e e O t e oo

II C t t f h B k
.

on e n s O t e oo

II I Th H br w E r h Gr k E r E dr
.

“
e e e z a,d t e ee z a, an 2 s as

H i t ri i ty f t h B k
.

I V Th e s o c O e oo

V T h P urp B k
.

e f th o se o e oo

VI Th S t ry f t h Th Y u g M f Driu B dygu rd
.

’
e o O e r ee o n en O a s o a

f h B k
.

VI I T h D t
. e a e o t e oo
 CO NTE N TS
PA G E

H AP TE R I X C

BOO K O F W I D O M (Th W i d m f S l m n)S e s o o o o o

I Th T i t l d A u t h r h i p f t h B k
e e an o s O e oo

I I Th D t f t h B k
.

e a e O e oo

II I T h Q u ti f C mp i t A ut h r h i p
.

e es on O o os e o s

I V Th P urp whi h t h B k Wri tt n

.

ef o se s or c e oo w as e

V T h I flu S t P ul
.

. e f hn B k en ce O t e oo on . a

CHAP TE R X
S E ON D BOO K O F M A
C A B EE CC S

I Th O rigi f h B k e n O t e oo

I I Th C t t f h B k
.

e on en s O t e oo

II I C mp ri b tw n M b
.

o a d
so n e ee I an 2 ac ca ee s

H i t ri l V lu M b
.

IV Th e s of ca a e O 2 ac c a ees

V Th P urp f th B k
.

e ose O e oo

VI T h I t gri ty f t h B k
.

e n e O e oo

l L gu g f t h B k
.

VI I Th D t ed O i gi a e an r na an a e O e oo

V III T h i flu n T t m nt Wri t r
.

. e f th B
n ke N ce O e oo on ew es a e e s

C H AP T E R X I
THE BOO K O F BAR U H T H E E PI T E O F J ERE M IA H
C ,
AND S L

I S h rt A unt f h B k d i t C nt nt
o c co O t e oo an s o e s

II E x mi ti f h C mp n nt P rt f h B k
.
,

a na on O t e o o e a s O t e oo

( ) Th B k f C f i ( i iii 8 )
.

I e oo o o n e ss o n s —

( )A S g w rd f urag m t (iii g iv )
. .

2 a e s
’
o s O e n co e en —
4
( 3) A M g f g d h r (iv 5 9 )
. .

e ssa e O oo c ee —v

E p i tl f J r mi h
. .

Th e s e O e e a

CHAPT E R X I I

E RA A PO A Y P E ( [ 4 ] E d
Z C L ) S 2 s ra s

I Th T i tl f h B ke e O t e oo

I I Ch p t r i ii
.

a e s

I I I C h p t r xv xvi
. . .
,

a e s

C mp t P rt f Ch p t r
. .
, .

I V Th e o on en a s o a e s I II — x I v

V T h Vi i R i i g fr m h
.

e f th M s on O S e an s n o t e ea

VI T h E gl Vi i n
.

e a e s o

VI I T h S l t hi l A p lyp
.

e a a e oca se

V II I A E r L g
.

. n d z a e en

IN DE E
X S

G rl
ene a

P a ssag fr m t h O ld T t m t
es o e es a en

P a ssag fr m t h A p ryp h
es o e oc a

P assa g fr m h P u d p igr p h
es o t e se e a a

P assa g fr m t h N w T t m nt
es o e e es a e

f m R bbi ni l L i t r t ur
’

P a ssag es ro a ca e a e
 I n t ro d uc t o ry

HE b oo k he r e p re se nt e d is di v ide d int o t wo p art s '

t h e first whi c h is so m e wh a t l o ng e r t h a n t h e se co n d
, ,

de a ls wit h p re limin a ry qu e st i o n s ; t h e se co nd is occ u p i e d

wit h s ome acc ount o f t h e n at u re a n d co nt e nt s o f t h e b oo ks
c o m p rise d und e r t h e t e r m A p o c r yp h a To th o se wh ose
.

s t udie s h a ve n ot be e n co n ce rn e d wit h e a r ly J e wi sh un c an on i
c al lit e r at ure it m a y a p p e a r th a t m a ny o f t h e subj e c t s

dis cusse d in Pa rt I are in ap p r op r i at e or at an y r a t e un nece s

,

s a r y be cause t he y l e a d ap p are ntly far aw ay fro m t h e

, , ,

m a in subj e ct t o be dealt wit h S t ude nt s o f t h e Ap oc ryp h a

.

will kn ow h owe ve r t h at a re ally in t ellige nt a n d a de qu at e

, ,

study o f t hi s b o dy o f a n c i e nt lit e r a t u r e n e ce ssit at e s r e sear c h

int o a numbe r o f t op i cs whi c h do n ot a t fi r st sight ap p e ar
t o sh ow a di r ec t c o nn e xi o n wit h t h e m a in subj e c t . N e ve r
t h ele ss for t h e b e n e fit o f t h o s e w h o h a ve n ot m a de a study
,

of t h e A p oc r y p h a it m
,
a
y be we ll t o j ust ify a t t h e out se t
t h e in c ursi o n int o t h e m a ny sid e is su e s d e a lt wit h in t h e
-

Prol e g o me n a ( P art I )by sh owing t h a t t h e c o n side r at i o n

o f t h e m is r e ally indi s e ns a bl e for a
p p r op e r unde r st a nding

o f t h e Ap oc ry p h a ,
it s origin an d it s mi son d é tre
,
’
.

N ow o n e o f t he first t hings t h a t must st r ik e an y int ellige nt

re ade r o f t h e b ooks o f t he Ap oc r yp h a is t h e e xt r aor din a ry
v ar i et y of t he ir c o nt e nt s We h a ve in t h e Fi r st B oo k o f
.

M acca be e s g e nuin e hi st or i cal r e c or d s o f t h e high e st value

i n t h e Se co nd B ook o f M acca bee s on t h e oth e r h a nd we
, ,
 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPH A
h a ve a mixt ure of h is t ory an d fi ct i o n I n t h e Firs t ( or .

Thi rd ) B ook o f Es dra s we get p ort i o n s of t h e ca n on i c al

S cr i p ture s side by side wit h r e cords fr om ot h e r s our ce s ;
a n d str a ng e t o say t h e l a t t e r are p r o b ably in s o m e p art i cu
, ,

l a r s m or e t rustwort hy th a n t h e corre sp onding p ort i o ns in

t h e f or m e r . I n Th e Re st o f Est h e r an d t h e Pr aye r o f
M a n asse s we h a ve a ddit i ons t o b ooks o f t h e c a n on i c al
S crip tu re s whi c h are e difying t h ough l ar gely t h e wor k o f
,

t h e im a gin at i o n ; whil e i n t h e a ddi t i o ns t o t h e B oo k o f

D a niel n a me ly Th e S o ng o f t h e T h ree H oly Childre n
, , ,

Th e Hi st or y o f Sus a nn ah an d B el an d t h e Dr a g on w e h a ve
, ,

e x a m p l e s o f fi ct i o n whi c h a re n ot a lw a ys e difying Of .

a n e nt i r e ly diffe r e nt c h a r a ct e r is t h e f a s c i n at ing st o ry o f

a br a ve an d p at r i ot i c w o m a n t ol d in t h e B oo k of Judi t h
, ,

in whi c h t he wr it er s p owe r o f dr a m at i c n ar r at ive is we ll

’

e xhibit e d . I nt e re st ing f r o m o ther p o i n t s of V i e w is t he

h omely t al e t ol d in t h e B ook of To bi t wit h it s de ve l op e d ,

a nge l ol o gy a n d qu a int d e m o n ol o gy Bu t wh at is in m a ny
.

r e sp e c t s t h e m ost im p or t a nt b oo k in t h e wh ol e coll e ct i o n
is t h at fine e x a m p l e o f t h e P a l e st ini a n Wisd om Lit e r at u r e ,

t h e Wisd o m o f B e n Si r a ( Ec cl e si a st i c us ) whi ch
-
ap ar t , ,

fr o m it s subj e c t p r ope r give s us mu c h i nt e r e s t ing inf or m a

,

t i o n re g a r ding t he co n d it i ons of J ewi sh life an d m a nne rs

du r ing a p e ri o d o f whi c h w e h ave ot herwise bu t m e a gre
sour ce s of kn owl e dg e B aru c h a g ain is val u abl e a s c on
.
, ,

t aining a liturgi ca l p ie ce of co nside r abl e a nt iquity Very .

im p ort a nt t oo an d of gre at int ere st is t h at striking p r odu ct

, , ,

o f H e ll e nist i c J e wish wisd o m

-
The Wisd o m of S ol om o n
, ,

as it is call e d t his b o o k Offe r s an i llust r at i on of t h e p ro

f ound influ e n ce whi c h t h e G r ee k sp iri t h a d u p o n t h e J e ws of
t h e Dis p e rsi o n .A n d l a st ly we h a ve wh at is in s ome re sp e c t s
, ,

on e of t h e fin e st b ooks be l o nging t o t h e A oc al y t i c Li t e r a
p p
t ure ii ( iv ) Esdr a s re ve aling as it d oe s in a wo n de rful
. .
,

w a y t h e m or al an d r eligi ou s s p e c ul at i on s of a n e arn e st mi n d
see ki n g aft e r t h e t ruth an d cl aiming t o h ave rece ive d rev el
,
 TH E BOOK S .
O E T HE APO CRYPHA

a nswers t he se an d m any ot he r qu e sti o ns w h i ch arise as

to
'

s oo n as t h e study of t hi s b ody of a n c ie nt J e wish sacr e d

lit e r at ure is under t ak e n .

Th e firs t C h ap t e r d e als wit h t h e H ell e nist i c M ove m e n t .

S o me co n side r at i o n o f t h e w ay in whi c h t he G r ee k S p i r it
influe n ce d t he wor ld in ge ne r al f r o m t h e t hird ce ntu r y B C , . .

o n w a r ds is alt oge t he r n e ce ss a r y be caus e t h ere w as n o

,
.

dep ar t me n t of life in whi c h t h e e ffe c t s of t his influ e n ce

we re n ot t o be dis ce r ne d F or our p re se n t p u r p ose t h e .

w ay i n whi c h H ell e n ism a ffect e d r eligi ous t h ough t is O f ,

c o urs e an e x cee dingly im p ort a n t subj ec t f or c o n sid e r at i o n :

,

N ow t h e H ell e nist i c M o ve m e n t syn c hr o niz e d wi t h t h e

e n t ire p e ri od during whi c h t h e Ap o cryp h al Li t e r a t u re
w as p r odu ce d I t comm e n ce d as a r e sul t of t h e con qu e s t s
.

of Al e x a nd e r t h e G r e at an d e x te nd e d w ell in t o t h e t im e s
,

of t h e Em p ir e within t h at p e r i o d we re wri tt e n t h e e arli e s t

a n d t h e l at e st of t h e b oo ks of t h e A p oc ryp h a vi z Th e , .
,

Wi sd o m of B e n Sir a a b ou t B C 1 70 an d Th e Ap ocalyp se
-

, . .
,

of Ezr a a b ou t A D
,
100 Th e H ell e n ist i c M o vem e nt w as
. . .

t hus as i t we re t h e int ell e ctu al an d religi ous a t m osp h e re

, ,

O f t h e w or ld du r ing t h e wh ol e of t h e p e ri o d in whi c h t h e

writ e r s of t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a live d N o ap ol ogy .

i s n ee d e d t h er e f o r e f or be ginning our s t udy wi t h a bri ef

, ,

c onside r a t i o n of t h e H e ll e ni st i c M o ve m e nt .

Sin ce like oth er g r eat m o ve m e n t s t his on e w as a vi t al

, ,

p r oce ss whi c h a ffe c t e d t h e wh ol e w o r ld t h e J e ws a s j us t , ,

hint e d c ame unde r i t s sw ay We h a ve t he re f ore d e vot e d

, .
, ,

t w o C h ap t e r s t o H e ll e ni st i c influ e n ce u p o n t h e J e w s Th e .

e xt e n t an d e ffec t of this influ e n ce u o n t h e J e ws of P al e s t i n e

p
w a s n ot t h e sa me a s u p o n t h e J e ws of t h e Dis p e rsi o n so ,

t h a t this p a r t of our subj ec t h as t o be d ealt wit h unde r t wo

heads I n di scussing t h e f ormer w e t ou c h u p on a f a ct or
.

i n t h e di sc ussi on Whi c h will c om e be f ore us a g ai n an d a g a in

a s we r oc ee d n a m e ly t h e J e ws as t h e l f t h e L aw
p , , p pe o e o .

W e r eferre d j ust n ow t o various sch ools of t h ough t of whic h

p i on sh i
p of whi c h c he c ke d a n d ul t im at e ly st a m p e d
t h e Law ,

out H e ll e ni st i c influ e n ce u p o n t h e J e w s of P a l e st in e t h ough

, ,

n ot unt il t h a t influ e n ce h ad so p e r m e a t e d t h e ir minds t h a t

s o me of it s el e m e nt s be ca me in c orp or at e d in t o or t h od o x
Jud a ism As will be see n l at e r t he se f ac t s hel p t o e xp l a i n
.
,

mu c h t h at i s writt e n i n t h e b ooks of t h e Ap ocryp h a .

But dist i nct as t h e m arks we re whi c h t he influ e n ce of

‘

Hell e nism l e ft u p o n t h e J e ws of P a l e st i ne a n d u p o n s o m e
of th e i r lit e r a t ure t h a t influ e n ce w a s f ar l e ss u p o n t h e m t h a n
,

u p o n t h e J e w s o f t h e Di sp e r si o n I n dealing wit h t his .

a r t of our subj e c t a p r elimin a r y s ec t i o n is d e vo t e d t o s o m e

p
ac coun t of t h e Di sp e r si o n sp e c i a l re fe re n ce be ing m a de
,

t o Al e x a nd r i a t h e m o st im p o r t a nt ce ntr e of t h e Dis p e rsi o n

, .

Th e m o st n ot abl e a n d f ar r e a c hing re sul t o f H e ll e n ist i c

-

influe n ce h e re i s t o be see n in t h e f a c t t h a t it w as t h e b i rt h
p l a ce o f t h e S e t u a gint
p t h e G r ee k Old Te st a m e nt ; sin c e
,

it is in t his Ve r si o n of t h e S c r i p t ure s th a t t he b ooks of t h e

Ap ocr yp h a we r e i n cor p or at e d it st a nds t o reason t h at
,

s ome a ccount of it i s n e ce ssa r y : Wh il e t h e S e p tu a gint

w as t h e m o st striking lit e r ar y p r odu c t of t h e H ell e nist i c
M ove m e nt in t h e Di sp e r si o n Phil o of Al e x a nd r i a w as it s
,

m ost n ot abl e p e r s o n a lit y ; a s ec t i o n de vot e d t o him c a n ,

there f ore n ot be out of p l ace

, .

I t w a s p o i nt e d out a b o ve t h at He ll e ni st i c i n flu e n ce w as
t o be dis ce rn e d in th e s ac r e d l it e r a ture of t h e J e ws . This
i s a subj e c t u p on whi c h differe n ce s of Op i ni o n e xist e sp e ci
,

a lly in r e g ard t o s om e of t h e l a t e r b oo k s of t h e Old Te st a

me nt ; but it c an n ot well be ign ore d in de aling wit h t h e

books of t he Ap oc r yp h a so t h at in Ch ap t e r I V we e x a min e
,

t h e qu e s t i on of t r a ce s of Gr ee k influ e n ce i n t h e Old Te s t a me nt
an d i n t h e A ocry h a
p p .
 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Furth e r w e h a ve r e fe r r e d t o t h e f ac t t h at in t h e A p oc
,

ryp h a signs of t h e e xi st e n ce o f v a ri ou s t h ough t t e n de n c i e s

-

are t o be dis ce r n e d t h e att itude of e xt re m e l oy alt y t o t h e

Law w as on e o f th e s e ; a n o th e r w a s r e p r e se nt e d by t h e
A p oc alyp t i c M o ve m e nt Q uit e a p a r t f r o m t h e fac t th a t
.

w e h a ve in Th e A p o c alyp se o f Ez r a a r e m ar k abl e p ro
du c t of t h e Ap ocalyp t i c M o ve m e nt whi c h w o uld of it se lf
,

be su ffi c ie nt t o d e m a nd s o m e a c cou n t of t his m o ve m e nt
h ere t he re i s t h e furthe r f a c t t h at s om e i n sigh t int o t h e
,

religi ous m ove me nts of a p e r i o d is indis p e ns abl e t o t h e

t r u e u n derst a nding of a n y b ody of lit er a ture be l onging
t o su c h p e r i o d I t is f or thi s r e a s o n t h a t w e h a ve de vot e d
.

a c h ap t e r t o t h e c o nsid e r a t i o n of t h e A p oc aly p t i c M ove

m e n t an d t o a b r i ef surve y of t h e d oc t r in al t e ac hing of
t h e Ap ocalyp t i c Lit e r a tu r e it will be f ound t o be of re al
int e re st if t h e g e n er al re sult s of t h e d o ct r in a l t e a c hing of
t hi s lit e r ature be c omp are d wit h t h a t of t h e b ooks of t h e
A p oc r yp h a whi c h is m ore fully d e al t wit h i n t h e l as t
,

c h a p t e r ( X I I ) of t h e Pr ol e g om e n a .

Th e th ought t e nd e n c i e s t o whi c h r e fe re n ce h as be e n
-

m a de a n d e ach of whi c h h as be e n e mb odie d in lit e r a ry

,

f or m h a ve a hist ory be hind t he m d at ing at l e a st fro m

, ,

t h e t im e of Ezr a h ow t he s e d e ve l op e d i n P a l e s t in e during
t h e f our c e nt u r i e s whi c h p r e ce d e d t h e a dve n t of Ch r ist i s
a difi i cult an d int r i ca t e but n o ne t h e l e ss f a s c in a t ing
, ,

study a n d a lt oge t he r indis p e ns abl e alike for t h e unde r

,

st a n ding of t h e Ap oc r yp h a a n d of t h e N ew Te s t a m e n t .

S c r ibe s of di ffer e n t ki n ds Ck a ssi dzm Ap ocalyp t ist s Ph ar i

’

, , ,

see s an d S a ddu cee s h ow did t h e y come int o be ing

, Wh a t
we re t he ir diffe re nt s p e c i al m e nt a l an d religi ous at t itu de s
Wh at w as t hei r r el at i onshi p t o e ach ot he r ? The r e are
intri cat e p robl e ms involve d i n su ch qu e st i ons a n d t h e ,

st udy of t h e Ap oc r yp h a bri n gs us f ace t o f a ce wit h t he m

t h at suffic ie ntly e xp l ai n s t he re aso n why Ch ap t ers V—VI I
are d e v ot e d t o t h e dis cussi on of t h e m .
whil e it be gi n s i n t he Old Te st a me nt is c o nt inu e d i n t h e
,

A p ocryp h a so t h at it must be t reat e d a s a wh ol e ; t h e

,

quest i o n of ca n on i cal or un ca no ni cal b o oks must n ot be

a ll owe d t o int e rfe r e h e r e .

Th e l a st c h ap t e r ( X I I ) on t h e d oc t r in al t e a c hing of t h e
,

Ap ocryp h a re quire s n o furt he r wor ds h e re ot he r t h a n t o

,

sa y th a t t h e st udy o f t his subj e c t is ve r y n e ce ss a ry fo r

foll owing out t h e de vel op me n t of d oct r ine f r o m t h e Old

Te st a me nt t o t he N e w .

This t he n i s t h e e x p l a n at i o n a n d j ust ifi ca ti o n for t h e

, ,

m a ny dis cussi o ns in t h e P r ol e g o me n a whi c h see m at

fi r st sight t o l e a d far aw a y f r om t h e m ain subj e c t in h a nd .

The se h a ve it i s t ru e a n int e re st a n d an ap p l i cat i o n f ar

, ,

be y o nd th at o f t he ir rel a t i o n t o t h e Ap oc ryp h a but t h at

, ,

it may s a fely be assum e d will n ot be re g arde d as a d r awb a c k

, ,

or as a r e as o n f or m aking t h e dis c ussi on of th e m h er e

u n n ece ss ar y .
 PA RT I

P R O LE GO M E N A T O THE

AP O C R Y P H A
 TH E BOOKS OF TH E APOC RY PHA
in t e gr al p r t o f t h e G re e k Old Te st a m e n t whi c h is it s e lf
a ,

on e o f t h e m os t s t riking p r o du ct s o f t h e H e ll e nist i c M o v e
“

me n t in t he d om a i n of lit er at ure .

A w ord must be s aid at t h e o utse t re g arding t he use o f

t h e t e rms Hellen i c a n d Hellen i sti c I t is n ot always e asy .

t o b e s t ri c t ly l ogi c al or c o nsis t e n t i n t h e w ay i n whi c h o n e

e m p l oys t h e s e t h e fund ame nt a l di ffe r e n ce be twe e n t h e t w o
is t his : Hellen i c culture re fe rs o f c ou r se t o t h e p ure G r ee k , ,

c iviliz at i o n r eligi on e t c e xist ing p r e vi ous t o t h e comin g

, ,
.
,

of Al e x a n de r t h e Gr e a t ; Helleni sti c culture r e fe r s t o t his

C iviliz a t i o n as i t a p pe a r e d a f t e r h a ving a bs o r b e d n um e r o us

e l e m e nt s in t h e d om a i n b ot h of t h ought a n d r eligi o n fr o m

n on Gr ee k s ou r ce s a ft e r t h e c o ming of Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t
-
.

H elle n ist i c c ulture e xe r c ise d a gr e at e r an d wide r i n flu e n ce

up on t h e w orl d t h a n H e ll e n i c be ca use by abs orbing alie n ,

e l e m e nt s i t w as a bl e t o b e co m e a w orld c ul t u r e Th e t e rms -
.

h ave t hus a dist in ct an d cl e arly de fine d differe n ce Bu t .

i na smu c h as H elle nist i c c ul t ure is b a se d u p on an d h as as it s

c hi e f C h ar a c t e rist i c H ell e ni c c ul t ur e i t is s om e t ime s con ,

v e ni e n t t o use t h e t e r ms H e ll e nism a n d H e ll e ni c i n a wid e

an d in clusive s e n s e as so us e d i t is e quiv al e n t t o t h e t e rm

Greek wit h ou t r es t ri ct i on t o an y p art i c ul ar a ge

,
.

I . H E LLE N I S M IN I TS S E C U LAR A S PE CT
By t h e H ell e nis t i c M ove me n t is m e a n t t h e p r oce ss whe r e
by t h e su p re m ac y of t he Gree k l a ngu a ge an d o f Gr ee k cul “

t ure ge ner all y be c a me e s t ablishe d du r ing t h e p e ri od r oughl y ,

sp e aking fr om B C 3 0 0 t o t h e be ginning o f t h e Chri st i a n

, . .

era t h a t is t o say fr o m t h e t im e wh e n Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t
, ,

h a d c om p l e t e d his vi c t or i ous c are e r 1 t o t h e t im e wh e n t h e

1
fir t vi t ry w i
His s 3 34 th riv r Gr ni u wh r
c o as n B C on e e a c s, e e

v r m t h g n r l f D riu I 3 3 3 m t h d
. .

h e o e ca e e e e a s o a s n ca e e e c i sI v e

vi t ry t I u wh n D riu h im l f w d f t d I 3 3 A l x
.

c o a ss s, e a s se as e ea e n 2 e

n d r m r h d Vi t ri u ly d wn t h t f S yri
.

a e a c e I
c o
33 h o s o e coa s o a n 1 e

b m m t r f E gyp t ; d l t r i n t h m y r h in fli t d
.

e ca e as e o an a e e sa e ea e c e
on t he H adri a n an d t h e An t o n ine s s a ys for e x am p l e
ag e o f , ,

Th e gl o ry o f cl a ssi c ar t h ad al m os t va n ishe d and

yet
'

wi t h ou t be ing abl e t o p r odu ce a n y w or ks of cre at ive g e n ius ,

t h e in e xh a us t ibl e vi t ali t y of t he H ell e ni c S p iri t o n ce m or e

ass e rt e d it se lf Aft e r a l ong e cli p se t h e rhe t ori cal c ul t ure

.
,

o f G r e e ce vig or ously a ddr e ss e d i t s e lf i n t h e r e ign of H a d r i a n

t o t h e con qu e s t o f t h e we s t Her t e ac he rs a n d S p iritu al .

dire ct or s indee d h ad l ong bee n i n e very f amily o f n ot e

, ,
.

Her s op hist s we re n ow s ee n h ar a ngui n g c r owds i n e ve ry

t own fr o m t h e D on t o t he Atl ant i c Fr o m t h e e a rl y .

ye ars of t h e seco nd ce ntury c an be t r ace d t h a t gre a t com

bi ne d m o ve me n t o f t h e N e o—Pyt h a g ore a n an d Pl at o n ist

p hil o s op hi e s a n d t h e r e n o v a t e d p a g a n ism whi c h m a d e a

l as t st a nd a g ai n s t t h e con que r ing Chur c h i n t he re igns of

Jul i a n an d The od osius .

But t h e i n flue n ce of H e ll e nism did n ot s t op he re various

writ e rs h ave sh ow n t h a t t h a t i n flue n ce p e rsis t s e ve n up
t o m ode r n t ime s an d B e va n s t a t e s n ot hing bu t t h e l i t e r a l
2
,

t rut h whe n h e s ays t ha t what we call t he We st er n sp iri t

i n our own day is re ally H ell e nism r e i n car n at e ” 3
.

I t is well t o re aliz e on t he othe r h a n d h owe ve r t h at

, , ,

t h e r oot s o f t h e H ell e nist i c M o ve m e nt r e ac h e d b a c k s om e

wh a t fu rt he r t h a n t he t ime o f Al e x a nde r We must l oo k .

a cru hi n g d f t g in D riu t k in g B byl n d S u

s e ea a a on I a s, a a o an sa n

nt i n u d h i vi t i i n P r i During t h n x t fi
.

33 0 h e co e s c or e s e s a e e ve

y r h w u p i d i t h f urt h r t fight in g wi t h inv ri bl

.

ea s e as oc c e n e e e as a a e

u H di d u d d n ly i 3 3
,

s c c e ss e e s e n 2

R m S i ty f mN t M
. .

1
o an oc e A li ro
p p 4 if er o o a rcus ure us,

g W n dl n d Op i t p p d t h w rk f W il
. .

S ee , e e a c 2 — 1 1 , an e o s o a
m i t r f rr d t by him
. .
, , . .
, .

ov z e e e o .

Th e H ouse o f S eleucus, I , p . 17 .
1 4 THE BOOK S OF THE APO CR Y PHA

to At he n s for t h e re al be ginnings o f t h e M o ve me n t t h e ,

fu r t her d e vel op me n t o f whi c h Al e x a n de r s c onqu e st s did

’

so mu c h t o f o rw a rd I t w a s t h e A t t i c se a p owe r whi c h
.
-

firs t br ough t ab out t h e con di t i o n s unde r whi c h t h e ide a

o f a p an H e ll e ni c c ultu r e c o uld t a k e f orm a n d ult im a t e ly
-

be come re alize d Th ough Athe n s decl in e d wit h t h e r i se

.

o f t h e M ace d o ni a n p owe r an d c e a se d outw a r dly t o p l a y

,

an y c o ns p i c u ous p ar t in t h e gre a t d r a m a o f t h e w or ld s
’

his t ory yet Att i c ide al s an d co n ce p t i o ns live d on an d c on

,

t i nue d t o be t h e inn e r m ot ive p owe r in t h e p r op a g at i o n-

o f t h e n e we r c ultur e S o t h at t h e H e ll e nis t i c M o ve me nt
.

gre w an d de vel op e d f r o m Att i c a n t e ce de nt s .

The n a g ain alt h ough t h e r i se o f t h e H e lle nist i c M o ve me nt

, ,

is rightly a ss oc i at e d m ore p ar t i c ul arly wit h t h e n a me o f

Ale x ande r it is but sim p l e j ust i ce whi ch co m p e ls us t o re c all
,

t h e f ac t t h a t t h e M ace d oni a n e m p ire whi c h f o r me d t he ,

b asis of Al e x a nde r s fu t u r e wor ld p owe r owe d it s cre at i o n

’
-

t o his f athe r Phili p ( B C 3 5 9

,
. I t w as only t hr ough
.

s t re n u ous st r uggl e s with Th r a c i a ns Illyri a ns an d At he ni a n s ,

th at Phili p fin ally co ns o lid at e d his kingd om an d t hus m ade ,

t h e ne ce ss a r y p r ep a r at i o ns for his s o n s gr e at e r w ork

’
Th e .

de c isive b attle of Ch aer one a in B C 3 3 8 wh e n Phil i p d e fe a t e d

,
. .

t h e alli e d f or ce s o f Ath e n s an d The be s m

,

a
y l e gi t im at e ly ,

be p o in t e d t o a s on e of t h e p re limin ary d e t erminin g f act or s

whi c h p re p are d t h e w ay for t he H elle n ist i c M ove me n t
I n t h e fi r s t inst a n ce t h e influe n ce o f t h e n e we r H ell e ni sm
w as of c ou r se e x e r c i se d by m e a ns of t h e G r ee k l a ngu a ge
, , .

Bu t it w as a f or m o f Gree k whi c h diffe re d in m a ny re s p e ct s

fr o m t he ol de r At t i c Gree k t h ough b ase d on t his ; it is
,

n ow kn own by t h e n a m e o f H ell e nis t i c Gr ee k I t w as .

t he lit e r a ry l a nguage o f t h e co sm o oli t a n H ell as cre at e d

p ,

by t h e ge nius of Al e x a nder The c h ange . from Att i c

Gree k] h ad be gu n ind ee d be fore Al e x an de r Eve n X e n o .

p h on all ows hims elf t o m a ke free use o f w ords o f p r o vin c i al

origin a n d t o e ml oy Att i c w ords wit h a n ew conn ot at i o n
,
p
 TH E HEL LE N I STI C MOVEM EN T I 5

an d t he w r it i n gs Ari st ot l e m ar k t he O pe ning o f a n e w
of

in t h e hi t or y o f t h e G r ee k l a ngu a g e The di sc o ve r y
” 1
e ra s .

an d st udy o f imm e nse numbe r s o f G r ee k pa pyr i an d ostra k a

(p o t sh e rds ) h a s sh o w n t h e f a ll a c y univ e rs a ll y p r e v a l e nt a ,

ge ne r at i o n a g o o f S p e a king o f Biblical Gree k i e t he

,
”
,
. .
,

G ree k o f t h e S e p t u a gint an d o f t h e N ew Te st a me nt as ,

t h ough i t we re a for m o f G r ee k p e c uli ar t o t he Bibl e t o ,

be se p ar at e d off f r om e S e p t u a gin t
“
p r o f a ne Gr ee k Th .

a n d t h e N e w T e st a m e nt w e r e wr i t t e n in a l at e form o f

Gree k i e H e ll e nist i c Gree k whi c h as we h a ve j ust see n

, . .
, , ,

c a me int o vo gu e du r ing t h e f o urth ce n tu ry B C an d o u . .

wards This l at e G ree k in cluding t he Gree k of t he Bibl e

.

is in t h e word s o f De i ssm
,

,
an n ne i t he r g ood n or b ad ; ,

it be ar s t he st a m p o f it s a ge an d a sse rt s it s ow n dist in c t ive

p osi t i o n in a g r a du a l p r oc e s s o f d e v e l op m e n t in t h e l a n gu a g e ,

whi c h be ginning in t h e e ar li es t t ime s h as l ast e d d ow n t o

, ,

t he p r e se n t da y L at e Gree k h as s t ri p p e d off mu c h th at
.

w as c us t o m a r y i n t h e e ar li e r p e r i od a n d it co n t a ins g e rms ,

of fu t u r e d e vel op me n t s d e st in e d t o be c o m p l et e d i n m ode rn

Gree k We m . a
y t h e n s p e a k of a ce rt ai n p e culi arity an d
, ,

uniformi t y in or igin al Bibl e Gree k bu t s ol ely as Op p o se d ,

t o e arli e r or l a t e r p h a s e s o f t h e hist ory of t h e l a n gu a ge n ot ,

as Op p o se d t o p r o f a ne Gr e e k ” 2
.

I t w as t hr ough t he c o nqu e st s o f Al e x a n de r t h at t he w ays

were m a de cl e a r an d wid e for t his l at e r form o f t he Gree k
l a ngua ge t his H elle nist i c Gree k t o fi n d an op e ning in all
, ,

dire ct i on s a n d t o be e m p l oye d as a comm on m e a ns o f

c om
,

muni cat i o n i n e ve r in cre asing me a sure Cl ose u p o n -

.

t h e s ol di e rs foll owe d t h e m e r c h a nt s n or did i t t ake l ong ,

be fore col onis t s ca me an d se ttle d d own in t he newly con

quere d t e rrit or i e s an d wh e n on ce col onie s of Gree k s pe a k -

1
S w t
e e, I n troducti on to th e Old Testa m ti en n Gr eek ( 1 st p . 294

i f th G k Bi bl p 6 int r ti n g
.

The P h l ol ogy o e r ee e, 1 S ee a l so a n e es

rt i l by M F J n T h L n gu g T tm
. .

a c e . o e s, e a a e of t h e N ew es a ent ,

rt ly R i w O t b r
.

in th C hu h Q
e rc ua er ev e , c o e , 1 9 13 , pp . 1 1 3 — 1 33 .
 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
ing e
p po el we re e st a bli she d t e ac h e rs s oo n c a m e an d t oo k
,

up t h e ir ab od e in t h e n e w s e t tl em e n t s N e w Gree k c it ie s .

thus ar os e in whi c h p r ac t i cally o nly Gree k w as s p oke n ;

with t h e e mp l oyme nt o f t his l angu a ge it f oll owe d in a
n atura l c ourse t h at t h e influ e n ce of t h e G r ee k s p irit an d ,

with i t Gree k forms o f t h ought an d Gree k ideals m a de i t self ,

felt I n t hi s w ay Al e x a nder s a mbit i o n w as a t t aine d for

’

h i s ide a l w as n ot o nly t o c on qu e r l a nd s ; h e d e si r e d als o

‘

th a t t h e h e art s an d minds o f m en s h ould be br ough t und e r

t h e d o min a t i o n o f t h a t G r ee k cul t ur e whi c h w as de s t in e d

t o a ffe c t t h e religi o n t h e phil o s op hy t h e li t e r at ure an d
, ,

t h e art o f m a nkind for all t im e Al e x a n de r w as a wor t hy

.

u il o f his gr e at t e a c h e r Ar is t ot l e
p p ,
.

I t i s p e r h ap s n ot always suffici e nt ly r e alize d t h at t h e

, ,

H ell e nist i c M o ve me nt coin c ide d t o a l arge e xt e nt wi t h an

e p oc h whi c h w as in so m e n ot a bl e r e s p e ct s on e o f diss olu t i on .

I n t he d om ai n of l e arning for e x am p l e t h e older G ree k

, ,

ide a of t h e p ossibilit y o f a singl e mind a ssimil at i n g t h e

wh ol e c on t e n t o f kn owl e dge h ad b ee n dis c arde d ; for i t
h a d co m e t o be s ee n t h at t h e sum of kn o wl e dg e in it s m a n i
fold r a mifi cat io ns w as far t oo gr e at t o be a c quire d by an y
one m an h owe ve r l e a rn e d an d t h a t s e c i a list s mus t de v ot e
, , p
t hemse lve s t o differe n t dep art me nt s of l ear ning He n ce .

a r ose t h e g r a mm ari a n a s w e ll as t h e r h e t ori c i a n t h e his t ori a n ,

a s we ll a s t h e m at h e m a t i c i a n whil e t h e ,p hil o s op h e r occu p i e d

his s p ec i l p osit i o n
a 1
Th e sc h ol ar t h e r e for e w h o de si r e d
.
, ,

t o g a i n s o m e insight int o m o r e t h a n on e o f t h e v ari ous

br a n c he s o f kn owl e dge n o l onge r we nt a s i n e ar lier d ays , ,

t o on e t e ac h e r w h o w as su p p ose d t o p oss e ss e n c ycl op aedi c

l e arning but h e s t udie d unde r a gr a mm ari a n in or de r t o
,

l e arn gr amm ar unde r a rhet or i c i a n in orde r t o l e arn rhe t or i c

, ,

under a p hil os op h e r in or de r t o l e a rn p hil os op hy an d so on , .

This n e we r syst e m h ad al r e a dy f or ce d it self t o t he fron t

s ome t im e be fore t h e ac tu al pe r i od wit h whi ch we are de al ing ;
1 Cp . Kr ii ger Op , . ci t .
, p .
9 .
s c ie n ce s g o e ac h a l o ng t he li ne of t he i r own de vel op me nt .

Wh a t w as t hus p rep are d by t he se gr e at p hil os op he rs an d

their foll owers w as act e d u p on an d g re atly de vel ope d during
t h e H e ll e nis t i c p e r i o d p r op e r N owhere was t his more t he
.

c a se t h a n in Al e x a ndri a t h e c ity o f Al e x a nd e r s fou n ding

’
.
,

I t w as in Al e x a ndri a t h at dur i n g t h e t hi rd ce n t ury B C . .

t h e ex act s c i e n ce s r e ac h e d t h e h e igh t o f t he ir de vel op m e nt .

All th a t w a s a c qui r e d t hr ough t h e in ce nt ive give n l a t e r

by t h e study of t h e e x act s ci e n ce s o f a nt iqui t y during t h e
Middl e Age s t hr ough t h e m e dium o f Ar abi c t r ansl at i ons ,

an d during t h e R en a i ssan ce by m e a n s of n e wly dis cove r e d

Gree k origi n al s o f t h e a n c i e n t cl assi c s w as i n t h e m a i n due ,

t o t h e ac hi e ve m e n t s wr ough t du r ing t his ep oc h 1

Th a t .

Al e x a ndri a S h ould h a ve be e n during t h e H elle nis t i c p e r i od

, ,

t h e ce n tre o f t his int e nsive int e ll e c tu al a ct ivit y will be

,

se e n t o h a ve be e n a f act o f gre at im p ort a n ce whe n we co me

t o s p e a k o f t his c i t y a s h a ving b e e n a ls o t h e ce nt re of t h e
J e wish Dis p e rsi o n .

Al e x a n dri a w as h owe ve r bu t t he gr e at e s t e x am p le of
2
, ,

m a ny othe r n ew c it ie s f ou n de d by Al e x a nde r or t h r ough ,

his i n s p i r at i on whi l e a far gre at e r numbe r whi c h were al re a dy

,

i n e xist e n ce we re h e ll e nize d t hr ough his inst rume n t al it y .

Wi t h r e g ard t o t h e se l att e r a f act of gre at im p or t a n ce mu st

be n ot ed ; on e e ffec t o f t he e ntry o f H e ll e n ist ic influe n ce
i nt o t h e c ivi c life of t h e b arb ari a ns w as t h at t he G ree k
ca m e t o kn o w an d unde rs t a n d his fe ll ow cre at ur e s of o the r -

n at i on alit ie s h e saw t h at t h ose wh om h e h ad always bee n

t augh t t o desp ise as n ot mu c h be tt e r t h an semi c ivi lize d -

1
Cp . W e n dl an d Op ci t p 54
ity fo u n d e d i n
.
, .
, . .

2
Th e c w as B C . .
33 1 .
 THE BOOK S OF TH E AP OCRYPHA
s a vage s al so h ad the i r forms o f c ulture whi ch likewi se
,

b oast e d of a h oary a nt iquit y The Gree ks were t h ere for e

.
, ,

le d t o s t udy t h e m e t h o ds o f t h ough t t h e c us t oms an d t h e

,

be li e fs o f t he se b arb ar i a ns wi t h t h e r esul t t h at c o nt em p t
”
,

w as t urn e d t o a d m ir at i on an d t h e Gree ks ca me t o re g ar d
,

b arb ar i a n s as broth e rs Cyni c an d S t oi c p h iloso

'

t he .

h er s t h e R ouss e a us o f H e ll e nism as Kr u g e r ve r y h ap p ily

p
c alls th e m S p ok e of an d t augh t a br o th e rh ood of m
,

a n a n ew

t hing ; an d a cosmOp oli t an i sm hi th ert o

, ,

an d w on d e rful ,

u n he ard o f c ame in t o be ing

,
.

Bu t if t h e mingling t oge t he r of Gree k an d b arb ari a n

w as t h e me a n s o f cr e at ing a c osm Op olit an i sm i n t h e be s t
,

se nse n o l e ss c h ar act eristi c o f t h e H ell e nis t i c p e ri od is t h e

,

fact t h at t h e im p ort a n ce of t h e individu al c a m e t o be re co g

n i ze d. The H ell e niz at i on o f b arb ari a n c i t i e s re fe r re d ,

t o j us t n ow m e a n t t h at t h e se at t a in e d t o a s t at e o f s e mi
,
-

indepe n de n ce in all c a se s o f t his kind t h e l ocal g over n m e n t

of t h e c ity w as fr a m e d on t h e Gr ee k m od e l t h e p ar t whi c h
t h e p e op l e t oo k i n t h e p olit i c al a ss e mbli e s an d i n t h e a n nu al
e l e ct i ons h a d t h e n a tur a l e ffec t o f m a king t h e m fee l t h a t

the y h ad a re al in t e re s t an d a de fini t e p ar t t o p l ay i n t he
a dmi n ist r at i o n o f a ffa i r s . I t is e a sy t o unders t a nd h ow
t h e re s ul t of t his w as t h e e m p h a sizing o f t h e im p ort a n c e o f
e ac h individu al Wh e r e t h e individu al whil e cl a iming
.
,

an d e xe r c ising his r ight s o f c it iz e nshi p d oe s n ot l o se sight

,

o f his re s p o nsibilit i e s an id e a l co mbin a t i o n is offere d

,
This .

individu alism o f t h e t rue an d g e nuine typ e t h e G r ee ks g ave

t o t h e w orld ; i t is an e x a m p l e of t h e se n s e of p r op ort i o n
whi c h w as a p e culi arly H ell e ni c tra i t .uring t he He ll e n
D ~

i st ic p eri od t h er e for e individu alism ca me t o i t s ow n

, ,
.

N ot un c on n e ct e d wit h t his subj e ct of individu alism w a s

t h e p hil os op hi c al t e a c hi n g o f t h e H e ll e nis t i c p e ri od The .

m ai n int ere st in t h e p hil os op hi c al syst e ms o f t his t ime

ce ntre d in e thi c s ; a n d e t hi cal t e a c hing c on ce r n s t h e i n

dividu al first an d f ore m os t I t was t h e e t hic al sys t e m of

.
 THE B OOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA

t ai ne d . The c rit i cal f ac ul t y l i gh t i t

, t he r s
ea o — n l n on e

a p e a rs as t h e sen se of proporti on t h e e e of p r op ort i o n s ns

p
c omm o n se nse b al an ce of j udg e me n t t he
’
in po liti cs , ,

se n se o f p r op ort i on in be h a vi our whi c h dist inguishe s wh a t ,

is see ml y for t h e occasi o n an d t he p e rs on c on cern e d ; t h e

se nse o f p r op ort i on in art whi c h e limin at e s t h e r e dund ant
,

an d k ee p s e ac h d e t a il in i t s due sub or din at i o n t o t h e wh ol e .

How p r omi ne n t t his a sp e c t o f t h e c r i t i c al f a c ulty w as with

reason an d ro orti on
t h e Gree k s th e ir l a ngua ge itself sh ows p p
Th e H e ll e ne s P olybius
’

are e x p r e sse d by a c o mm o n w ord .

,

s ays di ffe r m ai nl y i n t his re s p e c t fro m ot he r m

,
en t ha t ,

t he y keep t o wha t i s due in e ac h c se a

1
.
’

Imp ort a n t as it is t o g a i n s ome lit t l e insigh t i nt o H e ll eni sm

i n i t s se cul ar a s p e ct so t h at on e m ay r e a lize t o s o m e e x t e nt

t h e n ature of t h e influe n ce whi c h i t h a d u p on t h e w or ld i t ,

is st ill m ore i mp or t a n t for our p re se nt p u r p ose t o con sider

it fro m t h e r eligious p oin t of vi ew To t his w e mus t n ow .

de vot e s ome li t tl e att e nt i on .

II . H E LLE N I S M IN I TS R E L IGI O U S A S PE CT
It h aslre ady be e n p o in t e d out th at t h e H ell e nist i c M ove
a

me nt coi nc ide d with a n e p oc h whi c h w as in m a ny r esp e c t s

on e o f diss olut i o n t his is dist in ctly t he c ase in t he d om ain
of r eligi on Th e hi st ory of religi o n o ffe rs nume r ous e x a m p l e s
.

o f t h e fac t t h at th e r e a rr ive ce r t a i n
p e r i ods i n which for one ,

reaso n or a n ot her t h e t ra ditio n al form of fait h cease s t o

,

e xe r c ise i t s p owe r o ve r l arge s e c t i o ns o f t h e p e op l e On e .

of t w o t hi ngs the n f oll ows : e ithe r r e ligi on give s p l a ce t o

s cep t ic ism or else t he old belie f is a d ap t e d t o t he al t ere d

,

S p iri t u al an d int e ll ectu al c onditi o ns whi c h h a ve su e rve ne d

p .

Among t h e Gree ks of this p e r i od w e find bot h p roce sse s at

work t h ough a d ownr ight athe ist i c p ositi o n is t h e e x cep t ion
, .

I ndee d one o f t h e m ost int e r e st ing an d sig nifi ca n t fact s in

,

Bv
e a n , The H ouse o f Se l eucus, pp .
9, Io .
 THE HELLE N ISTI C MOVEME N T
this con ne xi on is tha t t h e p hil os op hy of t h e He ll e nist ic
p e r i od in S p it e o f its c rit i cal a tt i t ude t o w a rds r eligi ous beli e fs
, ,

very s oo n de vel op e d in t o the ol ogy That is su ffic ie nt t o .

S h ow t h a t whi l e t here w as a t e nde n c y i n cert ai n c irc le s t o

,

o ur s co rn on r eligi on t h e H ell e ni st i c p e ri od w a s ve ry far

p ,

from be ing on e o f irreligi on .

Th e att itude o f t h e culture d cl a sse s t owa r ds t h e n at i ona l

religi on di ffe re d o f course fr om th at o f t h e m asse s ; t h e
, ,

c riti cal s p i r it a n d biting s a r ca sm of t h e p hil os op h e rs a gr e a t ,

deal of whi c h w as wh olly just ifie d h ad t h e e ffect o f m a king ,

it im p o ssibl e for e duc at e d p e op l e t o a ccep t t he old be lie fs

in t he w a y in whi c h t his h ad be e n d one hithe rt o The .

reli gi ous ide a s t aught by t h e p hil osop he rs we r e i n t h e m ain , ,

alt oge the r subve rsive o f th o se whi c h t r a dit i o n h a d h a nd e d

d own ; n e ve rthel e ss t o t h e cultur e d it would h a ve co m e as

,

a r eli e f t o be t aught a s w a s d on e by t h e E i curaean s for

p
e x am p l e t h at a m
,

, an w a s n ot g o dl e ss be c a use h e d e st r oye d

be lie f in t h e p op ul ar g ods but t h a t t h e g odl e ss m an w as h e

,

wh o im p ut e d t o t h e g ods t h e p op ul ar co n cep t i o n s co n ce r ning

the m 1
. N ot t h a t t h e E p i curaea n s we r e irr eligi ous ; E p i c u
rus did n ot at t a c k t he belie f in t h e g o ds as su c h on t h e
2

c o ntr ary h e be lie ve d in t he m him self an d re g arde d t h e

, ,

u n ive rs alit y o f t hi s be lie f as a p r o of t h a t the y act u ally

e xi st e d Bu t h e r e fuse d t o sh are t h e ge ne r al ide as ab out
.

t hem i n the ir rel at io n t o t he wor ld an d t aught t h at the ir ,

int erfe re n ce i n t h e affairs of m e n w as a t hing n ot t o be th ought

o f sin ce n othing c oul d be w ors e for m en t h a n t o fe e l t h a t a t

e ve ry t urn t h e y might be h a m p e re d in th e i r d oings by t h e

gods Th at E p i curus stre nu ously co mba t e d t h e fat alist i c

.

theor y o f t h e St o ic s can be re a dily underst ood Wh at h e .

de si re d a b ove all t hings t o do w as t o free m en fr om t h e

fear of t h e g ods ; belie f i n the m h e t aught w as n ecess ary , ,

1 Cp We n d l a n d Op ci t p 10 7
lif ti m t hu in i d lm x t ly wi t h
.
, . . . .
,

2 B C
34 1 —2 0
7 h is e e s co c ed a os t e ac

t ha t Zn
.
.
,

of e o .
 THE BOOK S OF TH E APO CRYP HA

for t h e ful ne ss o f h ap p ine ss ult im at e ly t o be e nj oye d i n

t he ir p re se n ce bu t there w as n ot hing i n t he m t o be a fr a id o f .

On e o f t h e very im p ort a nt t hings whi c h p hi l os op hy did

for r eligi o n in t his a ge w a s t h at it all e g or ize d an d g a ve a ,

n e w m ea n ing t o t h e a n c i e nt myt hs a n d t h er e by m a de
1
, ,

t he m of p ract i cal r eligi ous value at a t im e whe n t he n ew

m e nt a l outl ook would othe rwise h ave nece ssit at e d t h e dis
c arding al t o ge th e r of b ot h t h e subs t a n ce a n d fo r m o f t h e

t raditi on al beli efs As it w as t h e t ime h on ou re d myt hs

.
,
-

were n ot r e j ect e d in sp it e of t h e awake ning t o new met h ods

of th ough t an d of e ver—in cre a sing en light enme n t t his
cl e a r e r m e n t a l a t m osp h e r e h a d t h e e ffec t of tr a nsf orming

t h e e sse n ce of t h os e myths whil e r et a ining t h e i r f orm , To .

give det a il e d e x am p l e s of t h e w ay in whi c h this t r a n sfor m a

t i on w as c arrie d out c a nn ot be undert ake n here i t woul d ,

c arr y us t oo f ar a fi eld bu t r efer e n ce ma

y be m ade t o We nd
l a nd s work ( p p 1 1 5 — 1 2 7 ) already r e ferre d t o an d U se ner s
’
.
,
’

Gettern a m en wh ere mu c h int ere st ing inform at i on can be

,

obt a in e d ; r e fe r e n ce s t o t h e origin al auth or itie s are give n

i n abund a n ce e sp e c i ally in t h e l ast n am e d b ook
,
-
.

Bu t t he m os t s t riking f act or i n t he dom a i n of religion of , ,

t h e H ell e nist i c M ove m e n t is t he reli gi ous syncreti srn whi c h ,

w as so p r of oundl y c h ar a ct e r ist i c of this p e r i od Within .

t h e wide c i r cl e o f H ell e n iz e d c it ie s a n d s t a t e s a va ri e t y o f
n at i o n al it ie s e a s t ern a s w ell as we s t ern were rep r e s e nt e d ;
, ,

a n d j us t a s t h e inh a bit a n t s of t h e s e h a d b e co m e uni t e d a n d

h a d l e a rn e d t o l ive a t p e a ce wit h on e a n ot h e r so did t h e ,

var ious a n d num er ous n at i on al de i t i e s COm e t o b e r e g ard e d

n ot o nl y wi t h t ol e r a n ce but al s o wi t h f a vour by m
, en t o

wh om t h e y h ad hi t he rt o be e n unk nown .

Th e in t e rmingling o f r a ce s br o ugh t a b o u t t h e in t e rmingling

o f b eli e fs Wo nde rfully illustr a t ive of t his are t h e religi ous
.

1
Thi h d i t i t ru t m xt nt t
s a , s e, o so e e e n p l ace i n e arli er t im es
ak e

as w ll bu t t i t h w y i whi h i t w
e no n e a n c a s d on e d uri n g t h e H el le n i s

t ic p ri d
e f whi h i t w
o , o h t i ti c a s c ara c er s c.
 TH E HEL LE N I S TI C M O VE ME N T

a ss oc i at i on s whi c h forme d t he c h ar act e rist i c t yp e o f reli gi on

during t he H ell e n ist i c p e r io d a n d it is a s t riking f ac t t h at
a m o ng t h e m e mbe rs o f t h e se r e ligi ou s a ss oc i a t i o ns or guilds

n ot o nly Gree ks bu t fo re ign e rs a n d t h e s e t o a p re p o n de rat

, ,

i n g de gree be l onge d 1
, While und oub t e dly p olit i c s h ad .
, ,

a g oo d de a l t o d o wi t h t h e fu r th e r a n ce o f r e ligi ous sy n

c re t i sm
2
it s m a in m ot ive p owe r w as t he p ie t y o f individu al s
,
-
.

With t h e kn owl e dge o f t h e e xist e n ce of hit hert o unk now n

g ods a n d g o dde sse s ca me als o t h e de si re t o do h o m a ge t o
t he m p rob ably t he r e w as al s o t h e c o nvi ct i o n a m ong m a ny
t hat u nl e ss t he se ne wly f ound de it i e s we r e d uly h o n oure d
, ,

e vi l c o n se qu e n ce s wo uld e n su e Th e d e sire t o p a y fitt ing .

h on our t o a g od is sh own by t h e num er ous at tribut ive

n ame s whi c h w e re fre qu e ntly a dd re sse d t o him by his
de vot ee s ; an d in orde r t o m ake up for an y un c o ns c i ous
omissi o n t h e su li a n t w ould a dd Or by wh a t v r o th r
pp e e e

t itle t h ou de si r e st t o be c all e d Al t a rs we r e als o f re qu e ntly .

de di cat e d t o unkn own g ods l e st a w or shi p p e r sh oul d ,

b r i n g d own u p o n himsel f t h e wr at h of s o me d e it i e s o f wh os e
e xi st e n ce h e w a s u n a w a re
3
.

Th e r e sult s o f this re ligi ous syn c r e t ism whi c h w as b r ought ,

a b out by t he H e ll e nist i c s p irit w ere far re a c hing i n t h e ir ,

-

e ffe c t ; t hus as an e x a m p l e it is w ort h m e nt i o ning t h a t

, ,

a ty pe o f m o n oth e ism w as t a ught t his ce nt r e d i n t h e c ult

of Ty c h e an all e rv a ding F a t e a n d t h ough ve r y infe r i o r
p
-

t o t h e m o n o the i sm o f t h e J e ws it sh o we d n e ve rthe l e ss , , ,

t hat t h e r eligi ous inst in ct w as be coming m or e e x p a nsive

1
Cp K ae rst Op ci t II i pp 2 79 ff
i ne ra l ubj
. . . . . .
, , ,

3
S ee K a e rst Op ci t II p 2 79 ; a n d on t h e ge s ec t
F ri dl nd er i ty h p I Im i
. . . .
, , , ,

R ev G e a H ellen i s and C hr st i a n c a

8 wh r r f r n rigin l t h
. . . .
, ,

3 W en dl and Op c it p t
12 e e e e e ces o o a au o

wil l b f und r mind d f A t xvii 3 wh r S t

. . .
, , ,

ri t i e s e o W e a re e e o c s 2 e e

P ul p l t r whi h h h d n wi t h t h i n ri p t i n
. . .
,

a k f s ea s o an a a c e a se e e sc o

T unk n wn g
o an o o d O t h wh l
”
ubj t f l t r d d i t d
n e o e s ec o a a s e ca e

u n k n wn g d imm n d l f v lu bl m tt r wi ll b
.

to o o s an e se ea o a a e a e e

f un d i N rd n A g
o n o e
’
s n ostos Th eos, p p .
3 1 — 12
4
24 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCR YPHA

an d w as sse rting it self in a m ore r at i o n al w ay t h a n h ad

a

hi t he rt o obt a ine d out side o f Jud a ism N or must w e f org e t .

t o a dd th a t wit h t h e highe r co n ce p t i o n o f t h e D e ity o f ,

whi c h this w as a symp t om t he r e a r o se a m on g t h e m or e

,

deep ly religi ously minde d a l o nging for fell owshi p wit h

-

God t oge the r with t h e i ne vit a bl e co nse qu e n ce a m or e

, ,

de vel op e d be lie f in t h e futu r e life .

Th e H e ll e ni st i c M ove m e nt th e r e f ore c o nside r e d a t it s

, ,

be st an d ap ar t alt oget he r fr om t h e p oint of vi e w o f p ure

,

c ul t ur e c on st itu t e d a n
,
imme nse st r ide f or w ard in t h e
e n l arge n ing an d d e ve l op m e nt of r e ligi ous t h ought a n d be li e f .

I t is di ffi cult t o e x a gge r at e i t s imp or t a n ce for an d e ffe c t ,

u p on religi on an d the r e f or e u p o n all r eligi ous li t e r atur e

, , ,

during t h e p e r i o d whi c h w e sp e c i ally h a ve in Vi e w Of .

this we sh a ll h a ve m ore t o say in e st im at ing t h e influ e n ce

an d e ffe c t o f H e ll e n ism u p on t h e J e ws an d t he ir r e ligi o n .

S U MMA R Y
Th e r oot s of t h e H ell e nist i c M ove ment must be s ought
in t h e condit i o ns br ought ab ou t by t h e ri se of t h e Att i c
se a p owe r
-
The w a y w as t hus p re p ar e d for t h e vi c t ori e s
.

of Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t wit h wh ose n am e t h e sp re a d o f
,

t h e H ell e nist i c M o ve m e nt is m ore p art i c ul arly a ss oc i at e d ,

by h i s f a th e r Phili p ; it w as t hr ough t he e xert i ons of t h e

,

l att e r t h at t h e M ace d o ni a n Emp ire was co ns olid at e d .

Th e i n flue n ce o f H e ll e n ism w a s i n t h e firs t ins t a n ce

, ,

e xe r c is e d by m ea ns o f t h e s p r e a d o f t h e Gr ee k l a ngu a ge

but it w as a form of Gree k whi c h di ffe re d i n m an y p art i cul a r s

fr om cl a s si cal Gree k an d is kn own n owad a ys by t h e n ame
,

o f H e ll e nist i c Gr ee k This is t he l a ngu a ge i n whi c h t h e

.

S ep tu a gi n t and t he N ew Te s t a m e nt are writ t e n ; but it

w oul d be a mis t a ke t o S pe ak o f it as Bibli cal Gree k ”
,

be cause i t was i n n o se nse use d sp e c ifi call y for t h e Gree k

o f t h e Bibl e but w a s t h e ordin a ry l a n gu a ge use d in e ve r y
,

d ay i nt e r course an d w as de ve l op e d fr o m t h e o ld er f orm
,
 T HE HELLE N I STI C MOVEME N T 25

of Gree k It s wide p re val e n ce is p r o ve d by t he dis co ve ry

.

o f g r e a t numbe rs o f pa pyr i an d ostra k a on w h i c h t his n e we r

form of G ree k occurs .

The H e ll e n ist i c M ove m e n t co in c ide d w it h an ep oc h whi c h

w as i n m a n y re s p e ct s on e o f diss olu t i o n so t h at it s influ e n ce
, , ,

be g a n t o s p re ad at a t ime whe n m e n s minds w ould be lik e ly

’

t o wel c ome it s n e we r a n d br oade r o utl oo k u p o n t he w orld .

Th e gre at e st c e nt re o f H ell e nist i c cul tur e w as Al e x a n dri a

but t his was onl y on e t h ough t he m ost striking e x a m p l e
, ,

o f t he H ell e n iz at i o n t h at w as g o ing on i n m a ny o t h e r c iti e s .

Th e H e ll e niz at i o n o f th e se c i t ie s m e a n t t h a t t he ir c ivi c
g ove r n me nt w as fr a me d u p on t he Gree k m o del ; b ar
b arian s an d Gr ee ks t hu s f ound t h e ms e lve s
p oli t i c ally

u p on an e qu alit y an d t h e kn owl e dge of one a n ot her brought

,

a b o u t i n t his w a r sul t d i n t h e xis t e n c e o f a cosm o ol i

y e e e p
t ani smwhi c h w as n e w t o t h e world .

O n t h e othe r h a nd t h e di r e ctly p e rs o n a l p ar t whi c h e ac h

,

individu a l felt t h at he h ad t o t a ke as a cit ize n i n t h e a dmin

i st rat ion o f a ff a irs e m p h a size d his im p ort a n ce a n d t his
, ,

was on e o f t h e co n t ribu t ing ca use s whi c h m a de individu alism

a c h a r a c t e r ist i c o f t h e H e ll e nist i c e ri o d I ndividu a lism
p .

w as f ost e re d furth e r by t h e p hil o s op hi ca l syst e ms o f t his

, ,

p e ri o d whi c h ce nt re d in e thi c s for e t hi c a l t e ac hing c o n ce rns

t h e i n dividu a l first an d fore m ost .

Th e influe n ce o f H ell e nism w as s ee n in p olit i c s s c i e n ce , ,

p hil os op hy an d lit e r a ture Th e c r it i c al f ac ult y o f t h e

.

Gree ks m ade t he m r ealist s I n t he ir e st im at e of m

. e n an d

things t he Gree ks we re guide d by an inn at e an d s tr ongly

m ar ke d se nse of p rop o rt i on .

I n t h e dom a i n of religi o n i t is t o be n ot e d first t h a t , ,

Hell e nist i c p hil os op hy s oo n de vel op e d int o t he ol ogy ; t h e

He ll e nist i c p e ri od was t he re fore n ot one o f i rreligi o n
, ,
.

But t h e c rit i cal a t titude o f t h e p hil os op he rs t owards t he

t ra di t i on al religi on m a de i t im p ossibl e at an y r at e for t he
,

c ul t ure d c l ass e s , t o be li e ve i n it as h e re t of ore I t w as

.
,
26 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
h owe ve r all t o t h e g oo d t h a t t he e ss e n ce o f t h e a nc i e n t
,

myt hs w as t ra nsfor m e d whil e t h e ir f orm w as re t aine d .

Anot her an d m ost im p or t a n t f a ct t o be n ot e d is t h e r e ligi ous

sync re t ism whi c h w as a c h arac t e r i st i c o f t his p er i o d ; t h e
int ermingling o f r a ce s brought a b out t h e int e r mingling o f
w orship Th e H ell e ni st i c M o ve m e n t w as t h e m e a ns o f a
.

g r eat de vel op m e nt o f r eligi ous t h ough t an d t h e r e sult a nt

e ffe c t on t h e r eligi ous lit e r a t u r e o f t h e a ge is di ffic ult t o

e x a gge r a t e .
28 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA

influ e n ce u p on t h e J ews of P a l e st in e will n a t u r a lly ap p ly

a ls o t o t h e J e ws o f t h e Di sp ersi o n .

Du r ing t h e t w o ce n t u r i e s whi c h p r ece d e d t h e ap p ea r

a n ce of Al e x a nd e r u p o n t h e w orld s st a g e t h e J e ws a s a
’

n a t i o n h a d b ec o m e m or e a n d m or e t h e p e op l e o f t h e La w .

Fr o m t h e t im e o f Ezr a o nwa r ds this t e nd e n c y h ad in c r ea s e d

with e ve r gr owing vo lum e
-
Ez r a h a d set his h eart t o
.

s ee k t h e L aw of t h e L ord a n d t o do it a n d t o t e ac h i n , ,

Isr ae l st a tut e s a n d j udg e m e n t s ; his e ff or t s w er e c r own e d

1

with a gre at m easur e of su cce ss By t his m ean s it w a s .

s ought t o p r e s erve t h e J ewish r eligi o n a n d J ewish e thi c s

un c o nt amin a t e d by e xt e rn a l influ e n ce s wh et h er t hr ough ,

c nt c t with f or e ign p e Op le s or wit h t h os e w h o a l t h ough

2
o a ,

t h e y b e l on g e d t o t h e J e wish r a ce w e r e n ot f a ithful t o t h e
ordi n n ce s of t h e L aw This s ep a r a t i o n w a s su cces sful
3
a .

at firs t but wit h t h e r is e an d r ap id s p re a d of H e ll e n is m

it b e c a m e in c re a singly di ffi c ult t o m a int a i n e s p ec i ally a s ,

t h e influ e n ce o f t h e G r e e k s p i r i t w a s wit h t h e e x cep t i on of ,

Egyp t n owh e r e st r ong er t h a n on t h e e a st e r n sh or e s of t h e

,

M e dit e rr a n ea n Gir t a b out by a Gr ee k p op ul at i on t h e

.
,

P a l est ini a n J ews in s p i t e of Ezra s a dmir a bl e org a niz a t i o n

,
’

c ould n ot e n t ir e ly r e sis t t h e a ss a ul t s of H e ll e nism I t is .

p r o b a bl e t h a t n ot m e r e ly t h e Gree k l a n gu ag e bu t a ls o ,

Gr ee k p hil os op hy e x e rt e d a c h arm on s om e of t h e c l e ar e s t
,

J ewish in t e ll ec t s But w e are within t h e b ounds of a c k n ow

.

l e dg e d f a c t in a ss e r ting t h a t t h e a r d our of Jud aea n p i e t y ,

at l e a s t i n t h e high es t c l a ss gre a t ly c ool e d i n t h e a g e ,

subse qu e nt t o Ezra s a n d in ascrib i n g t his t o G r ee k

’
x
,

” 4
influ e n ce s .

Of f a r r chi n g im p or t an ce t o t h e J e ws of P a l es t in e
— ea
,

t h ough o nly indirect ly w as t h e b at t l e of I p sus ( B C 3 0 1 )

, . .

f or on e o f t h e r e sult s of t his b a t tl e w as th a t a m ong t h e

t e rrit or i e s assign e d t o t h e h ous e of Pt ol e my a c c ordin g t o ,

1
Ez r vii
a x 10 11 1
S ee E z r ixa 1, 2
E r x hy m
. .
, . . .

3 Cp .
7z a . 1 .
4 C e ne , job and S ol o on , p . 18 1 .
 IC I N FL U E N CE U PO N THE JEWS 29

t he tt le m e n t a gr ee d u p o n aft e r t h e b a tt le w as P a l e st in e
se
‘

C l Syri a) a n d th e r e f o ll o w e d f or this c o unt r y a t a n

( oe e -

y ,

r a t e a p e ri od o f c om p ar at ive p e ace whi c h l a st e d for ab out

,

a hundr e d y e a rs
1
I t w a s i n t h e m a in du r ing t his ce nt ury
.
, ,

t h a t t h e qui e t an d p e a ce ful p r oce ss o f H e ll e niz a t i o n a m o ng

t h e J e ws w e nt on Th e wi se p oli c y a s it w a s u p o n t h e wh ol e .
, ,

of t h e Pt ol e mys t ow a r ds t h e J e ws did mu c h t o f a v our this

p r o ce ss T h e J e ws w e r e p l a c e d u o n t h e sa m e f oo t ing a s
.
p
t h e Egyp t i a n subj ec t s t h e y w e r e p e r mit t e d a bs o lut e fr e e
do min t h e e x e r c is e o f t h e ir r e ligi o n a n d r e ligi o us c ust o ms ;
i n p olit i c a l m a t t e rs a l so t h e J e ws f ound t h e ms e lve s in a
p osit i on of p e r f ec t e qu alit y wit h th e ir f e ll ow subj ec t s
-

indee d so mu c h w er e t h e y t ru st e d t h a t t h e y n ot i n fre
,

qu e nt ly f orm e d g a r r is o ns i n t h e r o ya l f o r tr e sse s ; o f t h e
e xist e n ce t o o of J e wi sh s oldi e rs in t h e Pt o l e m a i c a rmi e s
, ,

w e h a ve co nt e m p o r a r y e vid e n ce 2
F a v ou r abl e t rea t m e nt .

was a ls o a c c ord e d t o t h e J e ws by S e l e u c us in t h e n o rth e r n

p a rt s o f Sy r i a ; th e y w e r e f or e x a m le
p h e r e t o o gr a nt e d , ,

t h e p rivil e g e o f t h e right s o f c it iz e nshi p This kindly .

1
It my
w ll t r l l h r t h f ll wing f t t t h d t h
a be e o ec a e e e o o ac s a e ea

of Al x nd r i e 3 3 hi
a m p ir w d ivi d d t hu m ng h i
e n B C 2 s e e as e s a o s

g n r l Ant ig n u b t in d t h p r vin f Gr t r P h ygi

. .

e e a s : o s o a e e o c es o ea e r a,

Ly i c a, d P m p hyli an S l u u B byl n i P t l my E gyp t ;

a a e e c s, a o a o e

Ly im hu H ll p nt ; d C nd r M d ni ( p J
,

s thac s, e e es o an a ssa e a ce o a C o

p hu A t i q X I I i ) In nt w r h w v r w nt m ng
.
,

se s, n . I c e ssa a s, o e e e on a o

th rul r Bu t i n lli n g in t A nt ig n u w
. . .
, ,

ese 3 e s B C 0 2 an a a ce a a s o s as

md r t h r r n w d by t h f ur t h r k in g
. . .

a e, or a e d i th f l e e e e o o e s an n e o

l win g y r r ul t f t h b tt l f I p u t h k in gd m f A nt i
,

o ea as a es o e a e o s s, e o o

mm n wi t h t h t h r rul r h d um d t h t i t l
,

g o n us(h i e, n co o e o e e s, a a ss e e e

o f k in g) m t fin l d T h vi t ri u lli d ivi d d h i
ca e o a a en e c o o s a es e s

k in g d m m n g t h m lv t hu S l u u g t S yri p r p r ;
.

o a o e se es s : e e c s o a o e

L y im hu
s ac l rg p t i n f A i Mi n r C n d r M d ni
s, a a e or o o s a o a ssa e a ce o a

d Gr whil t t h E gyp t i n k ingd m f P t l my w d d d

,

an e ec e e o e a o o o e as a e

C l S yri
ce e -

( t h w v r wi t h u t p r t t fr m S l u u ) whi h
a no o e e o a o es o e e c s c

r m in d i t h p i n f t h P t l my f nt ury ; i t w
, , ,

e a e n e o ssess o o e o e s or a ce as

fin lly nq u r d by A nt i hu I I I (t h Gr t ) t hr ugh hi
a co e e oc s e ea o s

vi t ry t P n i ( d i t t hu r v rt d t t h S y i n
,

c o a a as B C an s e e e o e r a

k in g d m
.

Cp S h h t r S t di jud i m (S n d S ri ) p 7
.

1
.
i c ec e ,
u es n a s ec o e es , . 2 .
30 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYP HA

tr ea t m e n t whi c h t h e J e ws r ec e ive d w ould n a tura lly h ave

h ad t h e e ff e c t of in c lining t h e m f a v our ably t ow a r ds t h e ir
rule rs a n d t his w as in its elf a n ot unim p or t a n t f a c t or i n
t h e n ew c o nditi ons by m e a ns o f whi c h Gr ee k c ultur e w a s
e x e r c isin g i t s influ e n c e u p o n t h e m .

Ag a in it w as t h e p oli c y o f t h e Egyp t i a n kings t o f os t e r

,

free int e r c ours e b e tw ee n th e ir H e ll e ni c a n d A si at i c sub

c hi e f m e a n s wh e r eby t his w a s p r o m o t e d w a s
j ec t s ; t h e

by p l a nt ing G r e e k s et tl e m e n t s i n P a l est in e— f oll owing

h ere in t h e e x a m p l e of Al e x a nd e r 1—
whi c h r e sult e d in t h e
ris e of a numb er o f n e w Gr ee k c it i e s i n t h at country t h e
Gr ee ks a n d M ace d oni a ns wh o co ns e qu e nt ly b ec a m e s e ttl ers
th er e c o nst itu t e d b e for e l on g a num er ous an d influ e nt i a l
e l e m e nt in t h e o
p p ul a t i o n 2
; i n m a ny c a s e s t h e y c h a ng e d

a c ity whi c h h a d hith e r t o b ee n wh olly S e mit i c int o on e

whi c h b ec a m e p r e d omin a nt ly Gr ee k e x a m p l e s o f t his

are R a hi a
p G a z a A sca l o n Az ot u s C aes a r e a Pt ol e m a is
, , , , , ,

a n d o th e r s N or w a s t his c o nfin e d t o W e st e rn P a l e st i n e
.

m a ny c iti e s in E a st e rn P a l e st in e as w ell b e ca m e ce n t r e s of
Gr ee k influ e n ce I nva r i ably in c a se s of t his kind t h e l o cal
.

g o ve r nm e n t of t h e c it y w as f r a m e d on t h e Gr ee k m od el ;
t his m e a nt t h e ind ep e nd e n t o rg a niz a t i o n of l arg e muni c i p al
c ommunit i e s whi c h a s S ch ii rer o int s o ut w a s of fund a
p, ,

m e nt a l im p ort a n ce i n t h e p olit i ca l lif e of P al e st in e ; t his

wa s h e c o n t inu e s
, ind ee d n o n ove l t y i n P a l est in e wh er e
, , ,

f r o m of old t h e l arg e t owns of t h e Philis t i n e an d Ph oen i c i a n

c oa st s h a d f o rm e d ce nt r e s o f o lit i c a l life Th influ e n ce
p e .

of H e ll e nism m a rks h o w e ve r a turning , p o in t in,

this r e s p ec t -

a ls o . F or on t h e on e h a nd it e ss e nt i ally t r a n sf o rm e d t h e
, ,

e xist ing c o mmunit i es whil e on t h e oth e r i t f ou n d e d

, , ,

n um e r o us n e w o n e s a n d m a d e t h e muni c i a l c o mmuni t i e s in
p
g e n e r a l the ba si s of the poli ti ca l orga n i za ti on of the coun try
in a f ar m or e th or ough m an n e r t h an b e f or e Wh er ever .

1
H e h a d for x mp l e a e , se tt l e d M n i a ns i n S a m a ri a
ac e d o

furt h r Gr t i
, .

1
S ee e , o e, Th e H story of Greece X p p 20 8
, , . ff .
 T IC I N FL U E N CE U PO N THE J EWS 31

H e ll e nism n etr at e d— e s pe c i al ly on t h e Phil ist ine c o a s t s

pe
a n d t h e e a st e rn b o und a r i e s of P al e st in e be y o nd t h e J o r d a n

— t h e c ou nt r y dist ri c t s we r e g r ou e d a r ound singl e l a r ge

p
t owns as t he i r p olit i cal ce ntre s E ac h of su c h co mmunit ie s .

fo r m e d a c om p a r a t ively inde p e nde n t wh ol e m a n a ging ,

its own int e r n a l a ffa ir s ; it s d epe nde n ce u p o n t h e rul e r s

o f Sy r i a c o n sist e d o nl y in t h e r e co gnit i o n o f t h e ir mili t a r y

su p r e m ac y t h e p a ym e nt o f t a xe s a n d ce rt a in othe r p e r
, ,

form a n ce s At t h e h e a d o f su c h a He ll e nist i cally or g a nize d

c omm
.

u nit y w a s a d em oc r at i c se n at e of se ve r al hu n dre d
m embe rs ” 1
I t c a nn ot be d oubt e d th at t h e or g a niz a t i on
.

on Gr ee k m od e ls o f t h e l oc al g o ve r nm e n t o f J e wish c it ie s

must h a ve br ought a ne w m e n t al outl oo k t o t h e J e ws Th e .

olit i c a l a sse mbli e s a n d a nn u a l e l e c t i o ns in whi c h e a c h

p
i n di v idu al t oo k h i s p ar t must h a ve t e nde d t o give t o t h e J e w
a s e nse o f his p e r so n a l im p ort a n ce su c h as h e is n ot like ly

e ve r t o h a ve e x p e r i e n c e d be f ore I n t h e p a st hi st o r y o f
t he J e wi sh St a t e a reg i m
.

e h a d obt a in e d in whi c h t h e ord in a r y

’

individu a l w as r e g arde d a s of littl e or n o accoun t ; t h e

va st bulk of t h e p e op l e t oo k n o p ar t n ot e ve n t h e m o st ,

humbl e e ith e r di r ec tly or indi r ec tly in t h e co ndu c t o f

, ,

a ffa irs ; t he y h ad n o voi ce e ve n in t h e sm alle r worl d of

l ocal m at t e rs ; t he y we re me re c i p h e rs wit h ou t a nyt hing
in t h e sh ap e o f c ivi c r e s p o nsibility I ndividu al re sp on .

sibili t
y h a d it is tr u e bee n insi st e d u p o n i n t h e d o m a in o f
, ,

religi on by Ez e kie l ; but it w as a n e w role t h at t he J e w

2

w as n ow c a ll e d u p o n t o fill in t his individu al c a p a c it y .

As a me mbe r of a c ommunit y or g a nize d acc or ding t o Gree k

1
Op i p p 5 7 5 8 G rm n d I I p 9 5 Cp l J p hu
ci t II — e a e a so ose s,

A t i q XIII xiii 3 B ll j d I I xxi 9

. . . .
, , , .
, . . .

n e u
t h J wi h S t t xi t d t h p rin i p l f li d ri t y
. .
, , , . .
, , . .

2
S l ng o o as e e s a e e s e e c e o so a

r m in d i f r
e a e Bu t
n n t h n ti n i d
o ce d wh n a s soo as e a o s ea e

t h b nd th t uni t m i rg ni m f n t i n l li f
.
,

e o s th a di e en n e o a s o a o a e a re s

so lv d t h n t h i d f i nd ivi d u l r p n ibili t y m i nt imm

e , e e ea o a es o s co es o e

di t p r ti n (E p i t Bi bl p 4 3 d by W R b rt n ’
a e o e a o x os or s e, 1 e o e so

N i ll )
. . .

co .
32 THE BOOK S OF THE APOC RYPHA
ide a s h e w ould feel t h a t h e h ad a re al p ar t t o p l ay an d s ome
c o nt ribut i o n t o offe r f or t h e g e n e r a l w e lf a r e ; h e w oul d
kn ow t h a t his d ec isi o n w ould g o t ow ards a ff e ct ing for g oo d
or i ll t h e c o ndit i o ns und e r whi c h h e a n d his fell ows live d .

Su c h a n ew e x p e r ien ce c oul d n ot f a il t o g e n e r a t e in t h e J ew
a n ew s e n se o f p e rs o n a l r e s p o nsibility a r eal iz a t i o n of duty
,

t owards othe r s n ot only of his own ra ce an d t hu s de ve l op

, ,

a wide r o utl oo k an d a d ee p e r insigh t int o t h e world o f his

surr oundings .

An ot he r t hing whi c h mus t h a ve ap p e al e d str o ngly t o t h e

im a gin at i o n o f an ori e nt al p e op l e like t h e J e ws t h ough it ,

w o uld h a ve a ffec t e d t h e m in a ve r y di ffe re nt w ay w as t h e ,

int e re s t an d f a s c in a t i o n a fforde d by t h e sh ows an d p ro

ce ssi o n s a ss oc i at e d wit h t h e a nnu al Gr ee k fe s t iv a ls Th a t .

su ch sigh t s h ad a n allu r ing e ffe c t an d indee d s om et hing

,

m or e u p o n s om e c o nside r a bl e se c t i on of t h e p e op l e is
,

e vid e n t f or t h e first b oo k o f M acca be e s sho ws us t h a t t h e

,

qu e st i o n of t h e a d op t i o n o f Gree k p olyt he ism w as firs t

r a ise d in J udm a by ap o st a t e J e ws t h e ms e lve s t h e p a ss a g e ,

t o whi c h w e sh all h a ve t o re fe r a g a in l a t e r is 1 M a c ca be e s
,

i 11 f
. . I n t h o se d ays [ i e in t h e d ays of Ant i oc hus E p i
.

h a n e s ] ca m e t h e r e f ort h out o f I sr ae l tr a nsgr e ss ors o f t h e

p
L aw an d p e rsu a d e d m a n y s a ying Let us g o an d m ak e a
, , ,

c o ve n a nt with t h e G e n t il e s th a t are r ound a b out us ; for

sin ce we p art e d fr o m t he m m a ny e vils h ave be f all e n us And .

t h e s a ying w as g oo d in t h e ir e ye s . And ce r t a i n of t h e
e o l e w e r f o rw a rd h r e in a n d w e n t t o t h e king a n d h e
p p e e , ,

g a ve th e m li ce n ce t o do a f t e r t h e ordin a n ce s of t h e G e nt il e s .

And t h e y buil t a p l a ce o f e xe r c ise gymn asium in J e ru

s al e m according t o t h e l aws o f t h e G e nt il e s ; an d t h e y
m a de t he ms e lve s un c i rc um ci ze d
,
an d f ors ook t h e h oly
co ve n a nt an d j oin e d th e ms e lve s t o t h e G e n t il e s
,
an d s old
,

the mse lve s t o do e vil I t is r ightly p oint e d out t h at i n

t his t h e p r om ot ers h ad n o d oubt a n e ye t o t act i c s in t he
w a y t h e y c h o se t o in augur a t e th e ir ca m p a ig n .A gymn a
 U PO N THE J EWS 3 3 N FLU E N CE

pp e l s p e i al ly t a y u t h d if
a t h J e
e wish c o o an e

b w n v r t o p g n p r c t i c s t h n t h e futu r
e o o e a a a e , e e

Th gymn sium w
’
1
i n t ruth e of t h a a s, , on e e

m ost p ot nt me a ns whe r by t h Gr k s p i r it w f st re d
e e e ee as o e ,

es pe i lly m ong t h s
c a nt r ing u p n m nh d Mr
a o e e e o a oo . .

E dw yn B e va n writ e s so int e re st ingly on thi s subj ec t an d

so mu c h t o t h e p o in t th a t w e c a nn o t r e f r a in f r o m qu ot ing
,

his w ords He s ays : Th e g ymn asiums we re a s mu c h of

.

t he e sse n ce of a Gree k st at e as t h e p olit i c al a s se mbli e s ;

the y e x p re sse d fu n d ame nt al t e n de n c i e s o f t h e Gree k min d
it s c r a ving for h arm o ni ous be a u t y o f fo r m i t s deligh t
-
,

in t h e b o dy it s u na b a she d fr a nkne ss wit h re g a rd t o e ve ry

,

t hing n at ural Th e gymn a siums als o s e rve d othe r

.

by e nds be side s t h e on e o f b odily t r a ining ; t he y w e re

-

t h e s oc i al ce nt re s i n whi c h t h e life o f a G r ee k y out h g ot

t hose int e re st s whi ch go wit h c om p a ni o nshi p t h e s p ur o f ,

a n d es r i t de cor s
comm o n a mbit i o n s p p ,
Fr o m t h e d a ys .

of Al e x a nd e r a n d his su c ce ss o rs w e fi n d a s a r e gul a r i n st i t u

t ion i n Gree k c it ie s guilds of young men calle d epheboi , ,

att a c h e d t o t h e gymn a sium s an d org a n iz e d und e r st a t e

contr ol A y ou n g m
. a n might r e m a in in t h e r a nks o f t h e

epheboi for a y e a r He w ore a dist in ct ive uniform s ome

.
,

va r iet y o f t h at Gree k c ount r y d r e s s— t h e d re ss w orn for

hunt ing riding t ra velling— whi c h co nsist e d o f a b r oa d
b r imme d h at chla m
, ,

y s b r
,
o o c h e d a b o ut t h e sh o uld e r s a n d ,

high l a ce d b oot s
-
I n st at e p rocessi On s t h e b ody of
.

epheboi we aring s om e t ime s e ve n c r own s o f g old f orme d a

, ,

bril li a nt c lust e r in t h e s p e ct a cle ” 2

I n a l a rge v ar ie t y o f .

ways t h e re fore i n e ve r y day life Hell e n ism affe ct e d an d

, ,
-

influ e n ce d t h e J e ws o f P al e st i ne .

This influe n ce w as fu r the re d by t h e p owe rful high p rie st ly -

art y t h s o ns f Z d k — t t h t a l l t h m mb e rs of
p ,e o a o n o a e e

1 F irw t h r
a ea e an d Bl ack T he F i r st B ook f M a cca bees
o p . 60
mbri dg Bibl
, ,

(Ca e e )
jr lm
.

2
e usa e un der the H gh p i -
ri ests, p .
35 .
34 TH E BOOK S O F TH E APOCRYPHA
t his p ar ty were n ece ss ar ily p r i e s t s wh o were t h e p olit i ca l —

l e a de r s o f t h e p e op l e an d at t h e s a me t im e i n f a v our of Gr ee k
c ultur e Th e ac t ive an d a ggr e ssive c h a m p i o n shi p o f
.

H ell e ni sm by t his p a r ty be g a n wi t h t h e a dve nt of Ant i oc hus

E p i p h an es t o t h e Syr i a n t h r o n e i n B C 1 7 5 Th e high p r i e s t . . .
-

at t his t im e w a s Oni a s I I I bu t h e w as n ot a su pp ort e r

o f H ell e ni st i c influ e n ce a m o ng h i s p e op l e h e w a s t h e r e for e , ,

drive n awa y by his b r ot h e r J e sus a t h or ough g o ing H ell e n ,

-

i st w h o c h a nge d his J e wish n a m e f or t h e G r ee k J as on

,
1
.

Th e s eco nd b oo k o f M a c cab ee s give s us an accoun t o f wh a t

h ap p e n e d whi c h may be accep t e d as subs t a nti ally corr ec t
,

in iv 7 — 1 7 it is s a id
.
,
But wh e n S e l e u c us die d an d Ant i o ,

c hus w h o w as c all e d E p i p h a n e s su ccee d e d t o t h e kingd o m

, , ,

J a s o n t h e br ot he r of Oni a s su p p l a nt e d his br ot her in t h e

, ,

high p r i e st h o od p r o mi sing in a p e t i t i o n t o t h e king three

-

hund r e d an d t hre e s c or e t al e n t s o f silve r b e side s e ighty ,

t al e nt s fr o m a n ot her fund in a ddit i on t o whi c h h e under

t ook t o p ay a hundre d an d fift y m ore if h e w as commissi one d ,

t o set up a gymn a sium an d e p h e b e um an d t o r e gis t e r t h e ,

And whe n t h e king

'

J e rus al e mit e s as c it iz e ns of An t i och ?

h a d give n his a ss e nt J a s o n at o n ce e x e r c ise d his i n flu e n ce

,

in orde r t o bring ove r his fell ow cou n tr yme n t o Gree k -

w ays o f life a n d s ee king t o o ve rt h r ow t h e l a wful

m ode s of life h e in tr odu ce d n ew c ust oms f or bidde n by t h e

,

Law ; h e d e libe r at ely e st abli sh e d a gymn a sium unde r t h e

C i t a de l it s e lf a n d m a de t h e n obl e st of t h e y oung m
,
e n we a r

t h e p e t a sus 3
And t o su c h a he igh t did t h e p a ssi on for
.

G r ee k f a shi o ns r ise an d t h e influx o f f ore ign c us t oms , ,

t h a nk s t o t h e surp assing im p ie t y of t h at g odl e ss J a s o n

n o hi gh
p r i e
-
s t h e th at t he
p ri e st s w e r e—
n o l ong e r i nt e r e st e d

1 S ee J osep hu Bu hl r D i T bi
Ant qs, i .
, XII ,
v . 1 se e a so l e e
’
s e o a

den d diun p p 8 ff
e On i a den
J p hu A ti q X I I iii y t h t i A nt i h t h J w
. .

2 s
ose s, n 1, sa s a n oc e e

h d p rivil g u l h M i r
. .
, ,

a q t te f t
es h d n en d G a k o ose o e ac e o a s an ee s .

A br
3
d brimm d h t whi h
oa -
th m rk f H rm w t h
e a c as e a o e e s, as e

b dg f t h p l t (wr t ling h l )
,

a e o e a e s ra es -
sc oo .
36 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
indi cat e t h e di ffe r e nt de p a r t me nt s of life i n re fere n ce t o
whi ch t he se fore ign G ree k w ord s be ca m e c u r re n t ; t he y
in clude c ivil g o ve r nme nt t h e a r my j u r isp rude n ce p ubli c
, , ,

inst itu t i o ns su c h as h eathe n g a me s t h e t he at r e t h e b aths , , ,

a nd ubli inns a r c hi t e c tu r e in g e n e r a l l a st i c a r t musi c

p c , p , , ,

writing t r a de a n d indust r y t h e c o in a ge sys t e m p rovi sIon s

, , , ,

c l ot h e s fu r nitu r e a n d d o m e st i c ut e nsils ; in a ddit i o n t o

,

t his we find t h a t t h e f orm at i o n o f m a ny p r0 p e r n a me s is

Gree k an d th a t mult i t udes o f Gree k words we re a d ap t e d
,

whi c h e x p r e ss ide a s o n m a ny var i ou s subj ect s S ch ii rer .

gives t h e foll owing summ a r y o f t h e w ay in whi c h H e ll e nist i c

c ul tur e a ffe c t e d t h e e ve r y day l ife o f t h e J e ws o f P al e st in e
- .

I t f ashi o ne d in a p e c uli a r m a nne r t h e o rg a niz a t i o n o f t h e

st a t e le gi sl at i o n t h e a dminis t r at i o n o f j ust i ce p ubl i c
, , ,

a rr a ng e m e nt s ar t an d s c i e n ce
, tr a de a n d indu st ry and
, ,

t h e c ust o ms of d a ily life d own t o f a shi o ns a n d o r n a me nts ,

an d thus im p r e s se d u p o n e ve ry d e p a rt m e nt o f life wh e r e ve r ,

” 1
it s influ e n ce re ac he d t h e st am p of t h e Gree k mind
,
.

F r o m wh a t h a s be e n s a id it is e vide nt t h a t H ell e nist i c

influ e n ce u p o n t h e J e ws of P al e s t in e w as ve r y m ar ke d for ,

alth ough it is diffic ult

p e r h a p,
s im p o ssibl e t o t r a ce st e
p ,

by st e p t h e p r og r e s s o f t his influ e n ce f r o m i t s in cep t i on .

w e are a bl e t o se e p l a inly e n ough h ow p r o foundl y i t mus t

h a ve a ffe ct e d t h e J e w s Th e qu e s t i o n h owe ve r a ris es
.
, ,

a s t o wh e t h e r t h e r e ligi ous be li e fs o f t h e J e ws w e re influ e n ce d

by Helle ni sm Th at a l ar ge numbe r of J e ws p ri or t o t h e
.

M acc ab aea n struggl e g a ve up the ir t r a dit i on al be li e f i n t he ir

p u r suit a ft e r e ve r yt hing t h a t w a s Gr ee k is cl e a r fr o m t h e

e vi de n ce o f t h e b oo ks o f t h e M a cca be e s ; bu t t h e p oin t i s
r a the r a s t o wh e t he r Jud a ism as a fa it h w as in a n y w ay
p e r m a n e ntly a ffec t e d by t h e H e ll e nist i c s i r it
p Re stri c t ing .

ou r s e lve s a t
p r e se n t t o P a l e st ini a n Jud a ism w e m a
y say
with out h e sit at i o n t h at it s fu n d am e nt a l t e n e t s r e m a ine d
unt ouche d but a s re g ar ds va r i ous be li e fs whi c h in p r oce ss ,

p ci t II i p 3 0 G e rm an e d I I p 5 7
1 0 . .
, , . .
, .
, . .
 THE J EWS 37

of t im e be ca me p a rt an d p ar c e l o f Jud a ism it w as diffe re nt

, ,

it ca nnot be de nie d t h a t the se of whi c h me nt i o n wi ll be ,

m a de p re se ntly do wit ne ss t o t h e ac t i o n o f e xt ra n e o us i n
,

flue n ce s p e r m a n e nt i n t he ir e ff e ct o f whi c h He ll e nism w a s

, ,

on e . I n n o p e ri o d s a ys Wellh ause n w a s Jud a ism so

, ,

fruit ful as in t his I t w as like Isl am o f co m p le x ap p e ar

.
, ,

a n ce f ull o f a nt i n o mie s r ece p t ive like all t h at i s living

, , ,

u nsyst e m at i c o nly t o be unde r st oo d in its hi st o r i c al se t t ing

, .

It w as onl y p r ac t i c al re ligi o n whi c h w a s r ule d by a p e d a nt i c

sp i r it an d by s tr i ct di sc i p line i n t h e d om ai n o f be li e f an d
religio u s co n ce p t i o n a c uri o u s f r ee d om w a s pe r mitt e d ,

alth o ugh c e rt a i n fund a m e n t a l d oc trine s we re rig orou sly

” 1
shie lde d The diffic ul t y o f e st im at ing t o wh a t e xt e nt
.

J ew ish r e ligi ous t h ough t a n d p r a c t i ce were affec t e d by out

side influe n ce s is very c o n side r a bl e n ot l e ss di ffi c ul t is i t
t o de t e r min e wha t o u t side influ e n c e h a d a ffec t e d a give n
be lie f or c u st om We are de a ling s p e c ifi c ally wit h Hell e n
.

i st i c influe n ce s but t h e s e coul d be a n d we re e xe r c ise d

, , ,

b ot h di r e ctly an d indi re ctly I t mu st be r e m e mbe re d th a t .

t h e c o ndit i ons unde r whi c h t h e J e ws live d du r ing t h e p e r i o d

with whi c h w e are de aling viz in t h e mid st o f sur r ounding ,
.
,

n ati o ns whi c h h a d all m o re or l e ss c ome unde r He lle nist i c

, ,

influe n ce s an d a m ong wh o m t h e de ve l op me nt o f cul tu r e

,

an d r e ligi o n h a d be e n an d w as p r ocee ding a p a ce — i t must

, ,

be re me mbe re d t h a t t he se c o ndit i o n s we r e on e o f t h e c o n se
q ue n ces o f t h e H e ll e nis t i c M o ve m e nt Fu r the r t h e qu e s
?
,

t io n mu st a lw ays be b o r n e in mind as t o whe t he r so me

e a st e rn tra i t whi c h w a s a bs o r be d by Jud a ism h a d n ot fi r st

be e n a ssimil a t e d by Helle n i sm wit h i t s st r o ngly syn cre t i st i c

t e nde n c y an d t he n t a ke n up by Jud a ism t h r o ugh thi s Gree k
,

c h a nn e l Eve n in t he ca se s i n whi c h e ast e r n el e me nt s we re

.

di rec tly t ake n up int o Jud a i sm must we n ot see in su c h ,

1
I sra e t li i sch e
'

un d 7i i di sc h e Gesc h i c h te , pp 29 7 f
wh i d i t h p r di ng h p t r b u t r ligi u
. .

3 Cp . a t w as sa n e e ce c a e a o e o s

syn c ret i srn b in g

e a c h r t ri t i f t h H ll ni t i M v m nt
a ac e s c o e e e s c o e e .
38 TH E BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
J e wi sh syn c re t i sm at an y r at e t h e indire ct re sul t o f He ll e n
i st i c influ e n ce Thi s re a dine ss t o a cce p t wh a t ot he r
r eligio ns h ad t o offe r w as of t h e e s se n ce of t he H elle nist i c
S p i r it . As ill u st r at ing t hi s l a tt e r p o int w e m ay m e nt i o n

t h e subj e c t s of J e w ish a ng e l ol o gy a n d d e m on ol o gy ; it
may be re ga r de d a s ce rt a i n t h at t h e l a t e r J e wish ide a of
a nge l s t h e n a m e s o f whi c h t h e J e ws t h e mse lve s d e s c r ib e
,

a s o r i gin at ing in B a byl o ni a t h e op p o sit i o n be twee n g oo d

,

an d b ad a nge ls t h e l at t e r be ing subj e c t t o a p e r s o n a l h e a d

, ,

t h e d u ali sm be t wee n t h e r e a lms o f ligh t an d d arkn e s s in ,

a w o r d t h e wh ol e be li e f in t h e e xis t e n ce o f g oo d a n d e vil
,

s p i r it s w as due t o t h e influe n ce o f P a r see ism I n t h e d om a in

,
.

o f e sch at o l o gy e xt r a n e ous influe n ce s were ve ry m ar ke d ,

th ough it i s n ot e a sy alw ays t o de c ide t h e qu a rt e r fr om

whi c h t he se c a m e As B ert h olet s ays : . J e wish e sch at o
l ogy h as be c ome t he ve ry mee t ing p l a ce o f for e ign e le me n t s -
.

I t is e s pe c i ally t h e me r it o f P r o f B ousset w h o in ge ne r al .
,

h a s de alt m o st su cce ssful ly wit h our p r obl e m t o h a ve sh o wn ,

cl e a r ly t h a t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f a t r a n sce nd e nt a on whi c h ,

in augur a t e d by a unive r s al j udg e me nt of t h e world rep l ace s ,

t h e aeon o f t hi s p r e se nt w or ld diffe rs so wide ly fr om t h e ,

e x p e c t a t i o n o f a M e ssi a n i c futur e whi c h e sse nt i a lly co n ce r ns

I sr ae l al on e an d o n t h e wh ol e wi ll o nl y be e n act e d on t h e
, ,

st age o f t hi s p r e se nt e a rth t h a t t he y ca nn ot h a ve s p rung

,

fr om t h e sa me root And h e re co n side r ing t h e ide a s a bout

.
,

p e ri o ds o f t h e wo r ld r e su rr e c t i o n ge n e r al j udge me nt u n ive r
, , ,

sal c on fla gr a t i on a n e w w o r ld, an d e ve rl a s t ing life we , ,

h a ve first t o t ake int o account influe n ce s fro m P arse e ism ,

mi xe d with B a byl o ni a n el e me nt s o nl y in c ide n t ally Gree k ,

ideas .
1
B ousse t h owe ve r be li e ve s t h a t in t h e
, ,

d om a in o f J e wish e s c h at ol o gy G r e e k influ e n ce p re d o min at e d

o ve r t h a t o f t h e e ast t h ough h e full y r e c ogni ze s t h e i n flu e n ce
,

o f t h e l a tt e r ? Re g arding t h e J e wish be li e f o f t h e i m mor

1
Tra n sact i on s f
o th e I n terna ti ona l C on gr ess f or th e H i story f
o

R eli gi ons, I ,
pp . 2
76 f , 1 Op
. cit .
, pp .
4 8 f
8 .
 J EWS 39

d o ubt t h at for t hi s t h e
be no

we r e inde bt e d m a i nly t o Hell e nism t hough t he de ve l op ,

me nt o f t his int o t he d o c t r ine o f t h e re sur rec t i o n o f t h e

body i s J e wi sh Th a t t he n e w m a t e r i al t hus a b sor be d
.

be ca me int e gral a n d p e r m a ne nt e le me nt s of Jud a i sm is t o

be see n by t he ir p re se n ce in R a bbi ni c al lit e r at u r e .

But t h e influe n ce o f He ll e nist i c or ot he r e xtr a Jud a i c -

thought on t h e religi o n o f t h e J e ws c a nn ot be re st r i c t e d t o
th ose p o in t s o f doct r in e on whi c h as in t h e c ase of t h e o n e s
,

j ust e nume r at e d t h at influe n ce w as dire c t All r e ligio us

,
.

d oc t r in e s are so int e r re l a t e d t h a t t h e de ve l op m e nt or
-

m odifi cat i on o f on e c a n s car ce ly f a il t o a ffe c t ot he rs i n on e

w a y or a n o t he r a n d t hi s is a b o ve al l t r u e r e g arding t h e
, ,

d octrine o f God We sh a l see l a t e r t h a t a m o ng t he J e ws

.
l

of t h e Di s e r si o n t h e d oc t r in e o f God w a s di r e c tly a ffe c t e d

p
by G ree k p hil os op hi cal t h ought in t h e ca se o f t h e or th o d o x
Jud a ism o f Pal e st ine this w as n ot so ; but t he re is r e a s o n
for be li e ving t h a t i n d i rec tly t h e d oc t r ine o f God w a s e ve n ,

nw
[ll eo hc
ih in P al e st ini a n Jud a i sm a ffe c t e d by b ot h Gree k a n d o r ie nt a l
,

t hought The de vel ope d a nge l ol o gy whi c h be c a me a

.

ch a r a c t e r i st i c o f or th od ox Jud a ism h a d i t s sh a r e In m oul ding

t h a t co n ce p t i o n o f d ivine t r a ns ce nde n ce whi c h w as on e

a s e c t o f t h e J e wish d oc t r in e o f Go d t h e t e a c hing c o n ce rn
p
in g th ose se mi divine su p e r hum a n be ings w h o ac t a s G o d s
’
-

int e r me di a r ie s a n d are His a ge nt s in c a r rying out t h e divine

,

will on e ar th is one whi c h i s n ot un co nn ect e d wit h t h e

1
,

de vel op e d a nge l ol ogy of l a t e r Jud a ism ; on e h as onl y t o

think of t he p l ace a n d ac t ivity a ssign e d t o Mi c h ae l t o r e alize
th a t t hi s is so .

Wh at h as be e n s a id is a l so t r u e o f t h e d o c t r in e o f t h e
resu rre c t i o n for whi c h Jud a i sm w a s inde bt e d t o Hell e ni sm
he re it will su ffi ce t o p ut t h e que st i o n : How co uld t h e
d oct r ine o f God n ot be a ffe c t e d by be li e f in imm or t alit y ?
1
F o r de ta i l s se e Oe st e rl e y an d B ox , ii
The R el g on and Worsh ip
of the S y n ag ogue , p p . 195 — 2 2 1
40 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA

Th e qu e st i o n will be suffic i e ntly a n swe re d by com p aring

t h e Old Te s t a m e nt d oc trin e o f Sh e ol wit h t h e d oc trine
o f t h e r e surr ec t i o n .

Fu r the r signs o f Gree k influ e n ce are t o be dis ce rn e d i n

s o m e o f t h e b oo k s o f t h e Old Te st am e nt a n d o f t h e Ap oc
r yp h a ; an d t h e Ap oc a ly p t i c M o ve m e nt must be s p e c i a lly

c o nside r e d .But sp e c i a l c h ap t e rs will be de vot e d t o t h es e .

I n c o n c lu si o n it is n e ce ssa r y t o m a ke a b r ie f re fe r e n ce
,

t o t h e typ e o f H ell e ni sm whi c h gre w up in Sy r i a for t his , ,

t oo i s a m at t e r o f s o m e im p o r t a n ce
,
Att e nt i o n h as al re a dy
.

be e n d r awn t o t h e syn cr e t ism whi c h w as a c h a r act e rist i c

o f t h e H ell e ni st i c p e r i o d on e o f t h e r e sult s o f t his w as t h e

a b sor t i o n o f m a ny o r i e nt a l e l e m e nts by H e ll e nism wh e r e by

p
it w a s a ffec t e d for t h e w or se ; an d t h e H ell e nism o f t h e
e a st be ca m e a ve r y d i ffe r e nt t hing f r o m t h e H e ll e nism of

G ree ce I t w a s e sp e c i ally in Sy r i a t h at in cours e of t im e

.

a d e g e n e r at e f orm o f H e ll e nism p re v a i l e d we h a ve r e a s o n
t o be li e ve s a ys B e v a n
, ,t h a t it w as j us t in Syri a t h a t
Hell e nism t oo k a b ase r form Th e a s ce t i c e le m e nt whi ch
.

sa ve d i t s l ibe r t y f r om r a nk ne ss t e nd e d h e r e m or e th a n an
y
whe r e e l se t o be for g ott e n Th e g a me s t h e sh ows t h e
.
, ,

a b a nd o nm e nt o f a life whi c h r a n ri ot in a gr a t ifi c a t i o n of

t h e s e n se s g r o ss e r or m or e r e fin e d t h e s e m a d e up t oo mu c h
, ,

o f t h e H e ll e nism whi c h c h a ng e d t h e f a ce o f Syr i a i n t h e

l a st c e nturi e s b e f or e Ch r is t . Th e p e op l e of th e s e c i t i e s
‘
,
’

a hist o r i a n wr ot e ,
a b o u t a hund r e d y e a rs be f or e Ch r ist ,

a re r e li e ve d by t h e fe r t ilit y o f t h e i r s o il fr om a l a b ori ous

st ruggle for e xist e n ce Life is a c o nt inu ous se r ie s o f s oc i al

.

fe st ivit i e s The i r gymn a siums t he y use a s b at hs whe r e

.
,

t he y a n oin t t he m se lve s wit h costly o ils an d myr r hs I n

ma tei a ( su ch is t h e n a me the y give t he p ubli c
.

t h e gra m
ea t ing h all s
-

) the y p r ac t i call y live filling t he mse lve s t he re

,

fo r t h e be tt e r p a r t o f t h e day with r i c h f o o ds a n d win e

mu c h th a t th e y c a nn ot e at t he y t a ke a wa y h om e The y .

fe a st t o t h e p r e va iling musi c o f st r ings Th e c i t i e s are

.
a bly e a r lie r t h a n t hi s e xtr a ne o us influe n ce s we re al re a dy ,

a ffe c t ing t h e J e ws f or He c at aeus o f Abde r a ( B C 3 0 6 —2 8 3 )

, . .

be ar s wi t ne s s o f h ow m a ny J e ws we re influe n ce d by f ore ig n
ways He s a ys
. U nde r t h e d omin a t i ons whic h we re
e st a blish e d in l at e r t im e s [h e h a s be e n w r it ing a b ou t M osa i c

t ime s ] n a mely t h at of t h e Pe r si a ns a n d t h a t o f t h e M ace

, ,

don i a n s wh o ove rth r e w t h e Pe r si a n rul e t h e J e ws g r e a tly ,

m odifie d t he ir t ra dit i o n al or din a n ce s t h r ough t he i r c o nt a c t

wit h st r ang e r s ” 2
.

O r i e nt a l an d He lle ni st i c influ e n ce s we r e t hu s b ot h at
wor k in influ e n c ing t h e J e ws of P al e st in e in m a ny direc t i o n s
t h e fu si o n o f t he se t w o influ e n ce s t oo k p l a ce a n d t h e re sul t ,

w a s t h a t a d e b a s e d f o r m o f H ell e ni sm w a s p r o du c e d On .

t h e o n e h a nd t h e n H e ll e nism wit h t h e m a ny g oo d qu al it i e s
, , ,

whi c h we re inh e re nt in it b r ought a be n e fi c i al influ e n ce ,

t o be a r u p o n t h e J e w s o f P a l e st in e but on t h e o the r h a nd , ,

it s e ffe c t for t h e r e a s o n give n w as e vil so t h a t w h e n t h e

, ,

g re a t re a c t i on a g a in st He ll e ni sm t o o k p l ace it w as fost e re d ,

by e thi ca l a s we ll a s re ligi ous co n side r a t i o ns .

II . T HE ES S E NE S
[L I T ERA T U RE L u iu —
c s, D er E ssen i s mu s in se i n e mV erh dltn i ss cu m
j d th m ightf i
.

u en u L oo t C ol oss p p 3 49 4 1 9
a n s, —

M Fri dl and r m m
.
,

e e Z ur E n steh i g sg esch i ch te des C h ri sten th u s,

ii p p rm n d
.
,

pp 9 8 —1 2
4 S c h ii re r II 18 8—218 Ge a e

M Fri d l nd r D i
. . . .
, , ,

II pp 65 80 ;
1— 6 e a e e r el i g i é sen B w g
e g e un en

rt i l H t ing
. .
, ,

E ssen e s
’

pp . 1 14 1 6 8 -

( 9 5 ) th
1 0 e a c es in as s

1
j erusa le mu
r th H ig h pri t n de e -
es s, p p 4 1 f a n d se e L e c t ur e I II
m wri t r b k S t i i
.

8 5 — 1 18
’
In th e sa e e s oo o cs a n d S c ep t cs p p

Q u t d by R in h T t d r mi if
. .
, ,

2
rela t
’
o e e ac ex es a uteurs g recs et o a ns s

j uda i sm
,

au e , pp . 20 f .
 THE
”

TH E BOOK S OF APOCRYPHA
Di ct o f Bi bl d i t h
th e e an n e j ew i sh E n cycl .
, by F . C C on y b e a r e
.

K hl r r p t iv ly ]
.

an d o e es ec e .

Th e n ame Esse n e is in all p r ob abilit y de r ive d f r om t h e

Ar a m a i c wo r d whi c h is t h e e quival e nt o f t h e H e b re w Chassid
Pi ous Th e q uest i oh a s t o wh e t he r an y sig n s of
He ll e ni st i c influe n ce are t o be dis ce r n e d i n Esse nism is on e
u p o n whi c h mu c h d i ffe re n ce of op ini on e xist s a m ong s c h ol a r s .

A m assive lit e r atu re u p o n t h e subj ec t e xis t s To g o int o .

mu c h de t a il he re w ould be out o f t h e qu e st i o n w e can only

r e fer t o a few p oint s whi c h m ake it di ffi cult t o be lie ve t h at
Esse nism w a s un i n flue n ce d by H ell e nism 2
.

The r e are und oubt e dl y a numbe r o f f act s re g arding

, ,

Esse n e be lie f an d p r a c t i ce whi c h S h ow h ow un J e wish t h e y -

we re in s ome r e s p e c t s t h ough a s J os ep hus s a ys t he y we r e , , ,

J e ws by r a ce 3
Phil o w h o i s our e a r lie s t aut h or it y r e g ar d
.
,

ing t h e Esse n e s s a ys : I n t h e firs t p l ace t he se m, e n live ,

in vill a ge s a vo iding t h e t owns on ac count o f t h e sinful n e ss

,

t h at r e igns i n t he m ; for t he y kn ow t h at j us t a s dise a se

a r ise s th r ough unwh ol e s o m e a i r so t oo in c ur abl e infe c t i o n , , ,

t o t h e s oul t hr ough in t e r cou r s e

” 1
This with dr a wing .
‘

f r o m t h e w or ld is e lse wh e re e x t oll e d by Phil o wh e n h e s p e aks

1
S ee f or o t h e r t h e ori e s
r g rdin g t h d riv t i n f t h n m e a e e a o o e a e,

L igh tf t C l i
,

oo p p 3 4 9 ff
, o oss a n s, . .

Z ll r y
2
e e Th y xhibi t im p rt nt r l t i n hi p t
sa s e e so o a a e a o s o

th eN P yt h g r n t h t w
eo -
a nly um t h t t h y r
o ea s a e c an o ass e a e a ose

und r t h i nfl u n f O rp hi P yt h g r n
e e e ti i m
ce d
o b c a o ea a sc e c s an su se

q u nt ly ft r t h f rm t i n f P yt h g r n p hi l hy
,

e a e N e o
p a o o a eo -
a o ea o so

d p t d m ny d t ri n (O tl i
,

f G k P h i l p hy p
,

a o e f it a o s oc es u n es o ree oso

) d i gr wi t h t hi ; h
.
,

W n dl n d ( 0 p i t p 9 n t
e a c 1 1, o e 2 sa e es s e

b li v i t im p r b bl b in g hyp t h i i n u ffi i nt ly up p rt d
. . .
,

e e es o a e as e a o es s s c e s o e

by t h f t e ac s

B ll j d I I viii
.

e u 2

Q d m p b ii 4 5 7 J
. .
, , . .

p hu (B ll jud I I viii 4 ) y
4
ua o n ro ose s e sa s,

rt i n i t y bu t mn y
. .

th r h nd t h t th y h v
. .
, . .
, , .

on th e o e a , a e a e n o o n e Ce a c a
f t h m d w ll i n v y i t y bu t v n i f t h y di d liv i n i ti
,
"

o e e e er c e e e e c es

in th ti m f J p hu t h y k p t nti r ly t t h m lv f h
e e o o se s, e e e e o e se es, or e
sa y l wh r f t h m t h t
s e se e e t h y liv by t h m lv t h y
o e a as e e e se es e

mini t r s et n t h r (A t i q X VIII i
on e o a o e n .
, , .
44 THE BO OK S or THE A POC R Y PHA

for asGod ca nn ot h a ve an y imme di at e int e r course

t h e e vil w or ld a nge ls a c t a s His int e r m e di a r i e s
,
Thi s p ar t .

o f Ess e n e be li e f i s l a rg e ly due t o P e r si a n influ e n ce Fu r t her .

,

J ose p hus t e lls us t h at t h e se ct o f Esse n e s a ffirms t h a t

“

f at e g o ve r ns all t hings an d t h at n ot hing be falls m

.

,
e n b ut

wh a t is according t o i t s de t e r min at i o n 1
O n t his p o int
t h e E sse n e s an d t h e S a ddu cee s we re a t opp osit e e xt r e m e s ,

while t h e Ph ar isee s occu p i e d a middl e p o sit i on be twee n

t he t w o .

Of gr e a t imp ort a n ce w as t h e t e ac hing o f t h e Esse n e s on

t h e r e surrec t i o n
“
Th e Op ini o n is str o ngly h e ld a m o ng
.

t h e m s ays J ose p hus

,
t h at b odi e s are cor ru p t ible an d
, ,

t h a t t h e m att e r t he y are m ade o f i s n ot p e rm an e n t ; bu t

t h a t t h e s ouls are imm ort al an d co n t inu e f or e ve r an d , ,

t h at t he y com e out of t h e m o st sub t l e air an d are unit e d ,

t o th e ir b o di e s a s t o p ris o ns int o whi c h t h e y are d r a w n by

,

a c e r t a in n a tu r a l e nt i ce m e n t but t h a t wh e n t h e y are set

f ree f r o m t h e b onds o f t h e fle sh t h e y t h e n a s re l e ase d fr o m , ,

a l ong b o n d a ge re j oi ce a n d m ount u p w a rd And th e i r

, .

O ini on is lik e t h a t o f t h e G r ee ks t h a t g oo d s ouls h a ve t h e ir

p ,

h abit at i o n b ey ond t h e oce a n i n a r e gi on t h at is n e it he r ,

op r e ss e d wit h st orms o f r a i n or sn o w n or wi t h int e n s e

p ,

h eat bu t t ha t this p l ace is su c h as is re fre sh e d by t h e ge n t le

,

brea thing of a we st wind t h at is p e r p e t u ally bl owing f r om

t h e oce a n ; whil e th e y all ot t o b a d s o uls a d ark a n d t e m

p e st uous de n full o f n e ve r ce a sing p unish m e n t s

” 1
,
-
This
be li e f whi c h J os ep hus him self r e g a r d s a s due t o Gree k
,

influe n ce i s di r e c tly op p ose d t o t h e d oc t rin e o f t h e re surrec

,

t i on o f t h e b ody whi c h w a s a t e ne t o f or th od o x Jud a ism .

U n J e wish fu r th e r w as t h e f a c t th a t t h e Esse n e s w ould

-

, ,

n e ve r e n t e r t h e Te m l e f or fea r o f be co ming c ont a min a t e d

p
with t h e c r o wd s t h e re so t h at t he y d i d n ot offe r s acrifi ce s
t h ough on t h e oth er h a nd t he y se nt offer ings t o t h e Te m p l e
, , .

A n ti q XIII v 9
1
.
,

B viii
. .
,

1
ell .
j ud .
,
II , . 11 .
 WS 45

in Esse nism w as um J e wi sh in c h ar a c -

t er w as t h a t in s om e r e s p e c t s it w as a m y s t e ryT r e l i i
g n o

e ac h c o mmunity h a d a ce ntr a l h ou se a r o und whi c h t h e

bre t hre n of t h e O r de r dwelt ; in t his h ouse t he y m e t fo r

th e ir r eligi ous o bse rva n ce s ; on e o f t he se w as a c o m o n m

m ea l at t his me al S p e c i a l h oly g ar me n t s we re w orn whi c h ,

we re p ut o ff a g a in wh e n t he we a re r s re tu r n e d t o w o r k ;
a
p r i e st o f f e r e d u p p r a y e r b e f ore a n d a ft e r t h e m e a l Wh en .

e ve r a n e w c a ndid a t e s o ught a dmi ssi o n int o t h e O r d e r h e

h ad fi ss a t h r e e y e a r s n o vi c i a t e
’
r st t o a t h en o n be ing
p ,

a dmitt e d h e u nd e r we nt a f o r m o f b a p t ism a n d h a d t o t a k e
, ,

s ol e mn oa th s t o o be y t h e rul e s o f t h e Orde r an d t o keep

it s s e c r e t s ; h e h ad als o t o swe a r t o o b se r ve s e c r e c y
re g a r ding t h e n am e s o f t h e a ngels in wh om t h e m e mbe rs
o f t h e O r de r b e li e ve d As t h e Esse ne s live d e nt ire ly for
.

t h e life t o co m e t he y we r e mu c h occ u p ie d i n a tt e m p t ing

,

t o p e n e t r a t e t h e s ec r e t s o f t h e fut ure ; inde e d t h e y we re ,

ac c r e dit e d wit h t h e facul t y of f o re t elling t h e fut u re

J ose p hus s a ys t h a t t he y we re se ld o m mist a ke n in t he ir
l
ou
s shave h
tier
p r e di c t i o n s ,
a n d giv e s t h r e e int e r e st ing e x a m p l e s o f t he
corr e c t n e ss o f t h e
p r op h e c i e s
1
.

I n a numb e r o f r e s p ect s th e r e fore t h e Esse n e s diffe re d

, ,

fund am e nt ally in f a it h an d p r ac t i ce f r o m o r th o d o x Jud a ism

bu t in t he ir st r i c t m on ot he ism in t he ir high r e sp e c t for t h e ,

L aw o f M o se s e s p e c i ally i n t h e m at t e r o f S a bb a t h ob se r v
,

a n ce an d in t h e ir f r e que nt u r i fic a t i o n s t h e y w e r e t h or
, p ,

oughly J e w i sh .

Whil e it se e ms t he n imp o ssible n ot t o re cognize in t h e

, ,

Esse n e M o ve me nt t o s om e c onside r abl e e xt e nt t h e r e sult

of H e ll e nist i c influ e n ce it is e vide n t t h a t oth e r e xtra
,

J e wi sh influe n ce s n ame ly o r ie nt al a l so h ad a sh a re in m o uld

, , ,

ing it F r ie dl ande r s p e a ks o f E sse nism a s a h a rm oni ous

.

bl e ndi n g o f t h e M o s a i c a n d He lle ni c sp i r it ” 1
p e r h a s
p
1
A n ti q XIII xi 2 XV x 5 X VII xiii 3
B
.
, , .
, , .
, , . .

1 D ie rel eweg ung en , 8

.
p . .
 THE B OOK S OF THE
‘

46 A POCRY PHA
this d oe s n ot t a ke suffi c ie n t a c cou nt o f t h e o r ie nt al i n flu
e n ce s wh e r e by Esse nism w a s und o ubt e dl y a ffe c t e d ; at

t h e s a m e t im e it is ce r t a i n t h a t H ell e nism wit h it s str ongly

,

syn c re t i st i c t e nde n c i e s a b sorbe d o r i e nt al e l e m e nt s p r i or

,

t o it s m ore p r o n o un ce d e xt e n si o n in P al e st in e in whi c h ,

c a se e a st e rn influ e n ce w ould onl y h a ve b ee n indi r e ct whil e ,

t h a t of H elle n i sm would h ave be e n t he m or e imme di at e .

S U MM A R Y
Th e sep a r at i on of t he J e ws fr o m t h e out side w or ld whi c h
w as br ough t a b out t h r ough t h e e x e rt i on s o f Ez r a an d t h o s e
w h o f oll owe d him an d whi c h h ad t h e e ffe c t o f p r e se rving
,

t h e p e op l e fr o m e x tr a ne ous influ e n ce s w a s o nly su c ce ssful

,

for a limit e d p e r i o d o f t im e . For wit h t h e ri se an d r ap id

s p re a d o f t h e H ell e nist i c M ove m e n t c a m e t h e bre a kin g
d own o f all t h e b ar r i e r s whi c h h ad be e n so l ab ori ously set
up an d t h e J e ws lik e t h e r e st o f t h e w orld o f t h os e d a y s
, ,

c a m e und e r t h e sw a y o f t his i rr e sist ibl e

p owe r so s t r o ngly
,

e x e r c ise d on t h e e ast e rn sh ores o f t h e M e dit e rr a n e a n

'

H ell e nis t i c influ e n ce u p on t h e J e ws w as e x e r c ise d i n an

int e n sive m a n ne r during t he ce n t u r y o f c o m p ara t ive p e ace
for t he ir count r y whi c h w a s o n e of t h e r e sult s o f t h e b at tl e
,

o f I p sus ( B C. . Th e co n side r at e t r e a t m e n t a ccor de d

t o t h e J e ws by t he ir rul e rs during t his p e ri o d w as c al cul at e d
t o h el p f o rw ar d t h e p r oce ss o f H e ll e niz at i o n Th e p oli c y
.

o f t h e Egy t i a n king s o f s e tt ling Gre e ks a n d M a ce d o ni a ns

p
i n P ale st ine r e sul t e d in t h e rise o f m a ny G r ee k c itie s t h e r e .

B ot h in We st e r n a n d E a st e rn P al e st ine c ivi c life w a s fr a m e d

u p on t he G r ee k m ode l ; a m arke d individu ali sm a m ong
t h e J e ws w as on e o f t h e r e sult s o f t his .

Hell e ni st i c influe n ce w a s e xe r c ise d fur t he r by me a ns

, ,

of t h e a nnu al ce l e b r a t i o ns o f t h e Gr ee k fe st iv a ls t he
gymn asium a n d all th a t t his involve d be ca me a st ill gre at e r
m e a ns for t h e sp re ading a b r oad o f this influe n ce .
 HELLE N I STI C I N FL U E N CE U PO N TH E J EWS 47

The fac t t ha t t h e p owe rful high p ri e stly p a rt y f a vo ure d

-

t h e H ell e nist i c M ove m e nt did mu c h t o f o rw ard it .

Thus by t h e t ime t h a t Ant i oc hus E p ip h an e s ca me t o

,

t he Syri a n t hr o ne in B C 1 7 5 mu c h o f wh a t w as e sse nt i ally

. .

Hell e ni st i c h ad be c ome ine r adi c a bly r oot e d i n J e wish m ode s

o f life a n d th ought so mu c h so t h a t wh e n t h e gr e a t r e a c t i o n
,

a g a inst He ll e nism a r o se in t h e sh a p e o f t h e M ac c a b aea n

re volt it w as in m a ny di r e ct i o n s p owerl e ss t o e ffe ct a re t ur n

,

t o t h e Ezr a ide a l .

One e ff e c t o f t h e d ee p an d wide s p re a d influe n c e o f t h e

H ell e nist i c M o ve me nt is t o be see n in t h e l arge n umbe r o f
G r ee k wor ds whi c h a s t h e H e b r e w o f t he Mishn a sh ows
, ,

h a ve bee n in c or p o r a t e d int o t h e He bre w l a ngu a ge .

As t o Gree k influe n ce u p o n t he reli g i ous beli ef o f t h e

J e w s o f Pal e st in e it did n ot dire ctly a ffe c t it s fund a me nt a l
,

t e ne t s ; but in one w a y or a n ot he r in c onj un c t i o n with

,

othe r e a st e r n influ e n ce s it did a ffe c t Jud a ism as a f a it h in

,

some r e s ec ts
p . A ng e l o l o gy a n d d e m o n ol o gy whi c h Jud a i sm
,

a bs o r be d f r o m t h e e a st we r e e l e me nt s t h e in cor p o r a t i o n
o f whi c h m
,

a y so far b e r e g a rde d as due i ndi rec tly t o

t h e H e ll e nist i c M o ve me nt in th a t t h e Gree k s p i r it in eul
c at e d,
a n d se t t h e e x a m p l e o f syn c r e t i sm a n e x a m p l e
,

f oll owe d by t he J e ws n o l e s s t h a n by ot he r p e op l e s unde r

t h e sw a y of H ell e nism I n t h e d o m a in o f e s ch at ol ogy
.

both Gree k a n d E ast e r n influ e n ce s a ffec t e d t h e J e ws whi c h

o f t h e t w o w as t h e m o r e p ow e r ful is n ot e a sily de c id e d .

As re g ards t h e be li e f in t h e futu r e life o f t h e J e ws t h e signs

of Gree k influe n ce are p l a i nly dis ce rnibl e .

This influ e n ce c a nn ot be re stri c t e d h owe ve r t o t h e p o int s

, ,

m e nt i o n e d be cause t h e int e r r el a t i o n of d oc t r in al t e ne t s
-

is su c h th at t h e de vel op m e nt or m odifi ca t i o n o f o n e d ogm a

a ffec t s ot h e rs a n e x a m p l e o f this is t h e w a
y in whi c h t h e
l at e r a nge l ol ogy a n d de m on ol ogy o f t h e J e ws a ffect e d t he ir
d oct r ine of God .

The ch ap t e rs on Traces of G ree k I nfluence s i n t h e Old

M ove me nt sh ould be r e a d in co nj un c t i o n with t h e subj e c t
o f t his c h ap t e r
.

Th e E sse n e M o ve m e n t w a s t h e o ut c om e o f m a i n ly H e ll e n
i st i c but a ls o o f E a s t e r n influe n c e s
, , .
 CHAPTER I I I

H e ll en i st i c I n fl uen c e up on t he Je w s o f t he
D i sp e rsi o n

[L I T ERA T U RE — S ta d e 0p ci t v ol II S c h ii re r II ii p p
rm
. . . . .
, , ,

2 1 9 —3 2 7 , Ge a n ed III pp 1— 1 8 8 ; B e rt h ole t D ie S t ll g e un
j m R in h
. .
, ,

der I sra eli ten un d uden eu de n F re den e ac

T mi j uda i sm
,

Grecs Ro a n s rel a ti s a u
f e (18 95 )
’
extes d a uteur s cl

jd
\Vil l ri c h d G i h u en d mk k bdi h E h b g
un r ec en v or er a a sc en r e un
8 9 5 ) S w t I t d ti t th Ol d T t m t i G
,

1 e e, n ro k ( 9 )uc on o e es a en n ree 1 00

M Fri dl an d r D i lig i é B w g g
e e pp e 35 64 re sen e e un en 2 —2

( 9 5 ) by t h m u t h r G hi ht d j di h A p l g ti k
. .
,

1 0 e sa e a o esc c e er u sc en o o e

Ch i t t m ( 9 3 ) B t D i R l igi
,

l V g
a s hi ht dor esc c e es r s en u s 1 0 o usse e e on

j d t m i m t t m tli h Z i t lt ( 9 3 ) H r k
,

d es u en u s n eu es a en c en e a er 1 0 a n ac

Th M i i i f C h i ti i ty I p p 3 6 ( 9 8 )
,

e d E p ss on a n x a n s on o r s an 1— 1 0

li g i h i h tli h P bl md S p i tj d th m
.
, ,

B th l t D
'

er o e g a s re on s esc c c e ro e es c u en u s

Th R l ig i h i p f th
,

O t l y d B es er e d W an ox , e e on an o rs o e

Sy g g napp o ue ,
4 W nd l nd Op i t p p 9
11 — 1 20 e a c 1 2

f ll wi n g rt i l R m y J w i th
. . . .
, ,

211 d th an e Tho o a c e s, a sa e e s n e

Cr A i ti Ci ti E p it ( J n u ry
,

”
asc o -
is a th c e s,9 ) n e x os or a a 1 0 2

Di p r i t h j wi h E Di p r i n i H t ing
,

as o a y l n e e s nc c s e s o n as s

f t h B i bl ( x t r v lum ) d t h E y l B i bl
.

Di t e . o e e e a o e an e nc c . .

I THE D I S P E R S I O N .

PRELI M I N ARY m t t r t b d lt wit h is t h e Dis a e o e ea

p e i f th J w
rs o n its r igin
o d x t nt ; e ft r e s, o an e e a e

whi h we
c tu r n u tt nt i n t t h s p i l h r t r ist i
c an o r a e o o e ec a c a ac e cs

of t h e Dis p r si n J ws e d t h e influ n e of H ll nism u p n

o e ,
an e c e e o

Th e fi r st be gin n ings o f t h e Dis p e rsi o n on a l arg e s ca l e

are t o be se e n in t h e de p ort a t i o n t o Assyri a o f of

t he i n h abit a n t s o f S a m a r i a by S arg on in B C 7 2 2 I n . . .

49
 THE BOOKS OF TH E APOCRY PHA

2 Kings x v u 2 3 it is s a id . S o I sr ae l w as carri e d a w ay out

of t h e ir o wn l a nd t o Assyri a u n t o t his d a y ( C p 2 Kings .

xvii 6 xviii
. Th e g e n e r al re fe r e n ce t o t his o cc u rr e n ce
.

give n in t h e Old Te st a me nt is su p p l e me n t e d by an i n scrip

t i o n of S a r g on s in whi c h it is s a id ’
I be si e ge d a n d ca p ?

t ure d S a m e r i n a ( S a m a r i a ): p e op l e dwelling in t h e
mids t o f it I c arri e d off Fift y c h a r i ot s I coll ect e d a m on g .

t he m a n d all owe d t he m t o h ave t h e re s t o f t h e ir g oods

” 1
.
,

A fu r the r de p ort at i o n on a l ar ge r s cal e t ook p l ace wh e n

N e bu ch a dne zz ar carr ie d c ap t ive t o B abyl on t h e bul k of
t h e n at i o n of Jud a h in B C 5 97 ; t his w a s su p p l e m e nt e d . .

by fu rt he r dep ort at i o ns i n B C 5 8 6 a n d 5 8 2 ( se e 2 Kings . .

xxiv 1 4 — 1 6 ; x xv 1 1 2 1 J er lii 1 5 2 8
. .
,
S om e fiv e . .
,

or S i x t h ou sa nd e xil e s r e t urn e d t o P a l e s t in e in B C 4 3 0 ; . .

but a b out a ce n t u r y l a t e r in t h e r e ign o f Art a x erxe s I I I ,

( O h ) t he re w as a n ot he r de p ort at i o n a numbe r of J e ws
2
c u s , ,

be ing t r a n sp o rt e d t o Hyr ca ni a on t h e C a s p i a n S e a an d , ,

B abyl o ni a 3
The gr e a t m a j orit y o f t h e s e e xil e s an d th e ir
.

de s ce nd a n t s were c on t e n t t o r e m a in in t he ir n ewh om e s ,

a n d m a ny s e t t l e m e nt s o f J e ws a r o se in B a byl o ni a the c e ntr e

fr om t h ese ce n tre s t he y e m
,

o f t h e E a s t e r n Dis e r si o n ; i
p
grat e d i n all dire ct i ons a n d i n cou r se o f t ime t h e c hi e f ce ntr e
,

o f t h e Di s e rsi on c a m e t o be Egy t a n d of t h e s e Egy t i a n

p p p ,

se ttl e me n t s Al e x a nd r i a b e ca m e t h e m os t im p o rt a n t Th e .

e a r li e s t m e n t i o n whi c h w e h a ve o f J e ws se ttling in Egy t

p
is in on e o f t h e A r a m a i c p apyri found a fe w ye a r s a g o i n
El p h ntin e
e a 4
t he se p apyri consist of offic i al d ocume nt s
—
d ecree s o f t h e Pe rsi a n g ove rn me nt an d p ubli c o r din a n ce s
1
Fr m l b i n ri p t i n f un d t N i m d ;
o a s a -
P in h
sc Th o o a rou see c es, e
Old T t m t i th L ig ht f th H i t i l R
es a en n d f A y i
e d o e s or ca ecor s o ss r a an
B by l i p 3 6 3
a on a , . .

1
H r ign d fr m
e e
35 8 3 3 8
e o B C —

Sy llu i 4 8 6 ( d D i d f )
. . .

1
n ce s, . e . n or .

4Th n i nt J eb i t u t d t t h
e a c e u t h rn xtr mi t y f m ll
, s a e a e so e e e o a s a

i l nd i t h N il b t w n t w d th mile l ng t f b l w
s a n e e, e ee o an r ee s o no ar e o

p p i t e A ou n t h n i nt S y é
,

th fi t t
“

e rs ct a d ~
c a ara n o os ss a , e a ce en .
52 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOC RYPHA
we re a ss oc i at e d t h e p ri e s t s w h o re p re se n t e d t he col ony i n ,

all de alings wit h t h e suz e r a in p owe r h e se n ds r e g ul a r r e mi t

t a n ce s t o t he ce ntr al g o ve rn m e nt a n d re ce ive s i n st r u ct i o n s ,

i n all t hings c o n ce rning t h e col ony f r o m t h e s a tr ap of t h e

p r o vin ce Sid e by S id e wit h t h e c ivil org a ni z a t i on is t h e

milit ary regi m

.

t h e f or ce is divide d i nt o com p a ni e s c all e d

’

a ft e r t h e n a m e s o f t h e ir offi ce rs t h e s oldi e rs o f t h e g a rris o n

e ac h h a ve a sm a ll p o ss e ssi o n of l a n d t he ir offi ce is here di
t ary ; whe n n ot e nga ge d i n war t he y see m t o h a ve led a
co mf ort a bl e an d p l e a s a nt life c o n ce r ning whi c h t h e p apy ri
—

give a numbe r of de t a ils Th ough t h e col o ny w a s n ot a .

l arge on e i n al l p rob abili t y n ot a m ount i n g t o m ore th a n

,

a hund r e d s ouls t h e f a c t of i t s e xis t e n ce is n ot wit h ou t

,

im p o rt a n ce for t h e s t udy o f t he Dis p e rsio n 1

.

Whe n t h e Pe r si a n Emp i r e w as co nqu e r e d by Al e x a nde r

t h e Gre at m a ny J e ws e mig r at e d fr o m Pe rsi a t o t h e w e st
, ,

a n d s e t tl e d d own i n t h e ce n t r e s o f Gr e e k c iviliz a t i on ; n or

did it t ake very l ong be f ore t h e re w as s car ce ly an y p a rt

of t h e c ivilize d w orld of t h ose d a ys i n whi c h J e wish se ttl e

m e n t s did n ot e xist Th e gre a tly e nl arg e d c h a nn els of

.

comm e r ce e s p e c i ally by se a r ou t e s
,
a t tr a c t e d m a n y fr o m-

t h e int e ri or t o t h e coa s t s Th e n e wly found e d G r ec i a n .

-

c i t i e s r e nde re d a tt r ac t ive by all t h e ac hi e ve m e nt s o f G r ee k

,

ar t a n d c ivil iz a t i o n be ca m e f a vo uri t e r e s or t s
, H e n ce for th .
,

tr ade r el at i ons t h e de sire t o see t h e wor ld s oo n als o p olit i cal

, ,

c o nsid e r a t i o ns a n d ( w e m a w e ll su o s e )a c e rt a i n co n s c i o us
y pp
or u n c o ns c i ous c r a ving f or c ul t u r e b ec am e op e r at ive in ,

p r o m o t ing t h e dis p e rsi o n o f t h e J e ws o ve r t h e C ivilize d

1
i
unt f t h x v t i n t E l p h nt ine d uring
A de t a l e d acco o e e ca a o s a e a

th y e r 9 6 9 8 i giv n i t h Z i t h ift f u dgypti h S p h

ea s 1 0 —1 0 s e n e e sc r r sc e ra c e,

l xlix T h m t l b r t w rk ubj t i S h u ’
vo th e os e a o a e o on e s ec s ac a s

A m
. .

ra d i h P py sc d O t k
e i i ndi h M i li td k l i
a r us un s ra a a us e n er sc en r o on e

E l ph ti A x ll nt m ll r w rk i E d M y r ’
eu e an ne n e ce e s a e o s e e s

ti whi h h b n t r n l t d
.

D er P py a
f d E l ph
rus un e on e an ne c as ee a s a e

i nt E ngli h A v lu bl t x t b k f t u d nt i U g d
o s a a e e oo or s e s s n na
'
s
A m
-
.

ra di h P pyrusc eE l ph ti a s a us e an ne
 I N FL U E N CE U PO N T HE J EWS 53
1
Ab ou t middl e o f t h e se co nd ce nt ury B C
t he . .

t he S ybilli ne Ora cles ( iii 2 7 1 ) be a r wit ne ss t o t h e wide dis

.

e rS Ion o f t h e J e ws i n s a ying t h a t e ve r y l a nd a n d e ve ry
p
se a is full of t h ee t h e l a ngua g e is hy p e r b oli c but t e st ifi e s , ,

ne ve rt hele ss t o t he ubiquit y o f t h e J e ws at t his t ime

,
.

S omewh a t l at e r St r a b o ( c i rca B C 6 0 — A D 2 0 ) g i ve s t he . . . .

foll ow ing e vide n ce : The se J e ws are al re a dy g ott e n int o

all c it i e s an d it is h a r d t o find a p l a ce i n t h e h a bit a bl e

e a r th t h a t h as n ot a dmi tt e d t his tribe of m

,

en an d is n ot ,

” 1
p o sse sse d by it .

Th e m o st im p ort a n t ce nt r e fr om e ve r y p oint o f vi e w ,

n ot o nly o f t h e Egy p t i a n but of t he wh ol e Di sp e r si o n

, ,

wa s Al e x a nd r i a AS w e h a ve see n t h e nu cl e us o f a J ew ish
.
,

o ul a t i o n h a d e xist e d in Egyp t f or ce n tu r ie s be f ore t h e

p p
t ime of Al e x a nde r Whe n Ale x a nd r i a w as f ounde d J e wish
.

se ttl e r s we r e at o n ce at tr ac t e d t o it be c a use e qu al p r ivi le ge s

wit h all ot he r c it iz e n s we r e a cco r de d t h e m ; r e fe re n ce is
m a de t o this in l a t e r t ime s in a n e di c t o f Tibe r ius i n whi c h
i t is s a id Sin ce I a ma ssu re d th a t t h e J e ws o f Al e x a ndri a ,

call e d A lexa n dr i a n s h a ve be e n j o int inh a bit a nt s i n t he

,

e arli e s t t im e s wit h t h e Al e x a nd r i a n s a n d h a ve o bt a i ne d ,

from t he i r kings e qu a l p rivil e ges wit h t he m a s is e vide nt ,

from t he p ubli c r e c o r d s t h a t are in t he ir p osse ssi o n a n d ,

t h e e di c t s t he m se lve s a n d t h a t a ft e r Al e x a nd r i a h a d be e n

subj e c t e d t o our e m p i re by August us t he ir r ight s a n d p r ivi ,

l e ge s h a ve be e n p r e se rve d by t h ose p re side nt s w h o h a ve a t

dive rs t ime s be e n se nt t hit he r ; a n d t h a t n o di sp ut e h ad
be e n r a i se d a b o ut t h ose right s a n d p r ivile ge s I will .
,

t he r e fo re t h a t t h e n at i o n o f t he J e ws be n ot de p r ive d o f
,

the ir r ight s an d p r ivil e ge s but t h a t t hose r ight s and

1
G ut h e Bi bl I
in t h e E n cy cl 1 1 10

Q u t d i J p hu A ti q X I V vii M xv 6 4
.
, .
, , .

1 —2
o e n ose
p s, n 2 C 1 a cc 1

fr m whi h i t n t h t J wi h tt l m nt xi t d t n ly
. . . .
, , , ,

o c b c an e se e a e s se e e s e s e no o

i
n E gyp t bu t l i S yri A i M in r
a so l ng t h M dit rr n n
n a, s a o a o e e e a ea

d l wh r
, ,

t
c oas , an e se e e .
 54 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRY PHA

p r ivil ge s whi c h the y forme rly e nj oye d be p re se rve d t o

e

t he m . I n a n ot he r p l a ce J ose p hus t e lls us t h a t

t h e J e ws o f Al e x a nd r i a h a d se t a p a r t f or t h e m a p a rt i c ul a r

l a c e th a t t h e y might l ive with ou t b e i n g p ollu t e d [ by t h e

p ,

G e nt ile s ] a n d we re t he re by n ot so mu c h int e r mixe d wit h

,

for e igne r s as be for e t his w as d o n e by t h e su cce ss or s

o f Al e x a nde r
?
O n t h e othe r h a nd Phil o s a ys t h at t h e ,

ll
J e ws l ive d in a p rt s a o f t e ity in his d y ; t h e e a r li e r
h c a
3

e x c lusive n e ss o f t h e J e ws w ould n a tu r ally be t o so me ,

e xt e nt b r ok e n d own in cours e o f t im e wh e n l iving in G e nt il e

,

su r r oundings e s p e c i ally i n su c h a ce nt r e as Al e x a nd r i a
, ,

whe re J e ws o f weal t h a n d s oc i al p o sit i o n live d w h o wo uld

d e sire t o a va il the mse lve s o f t h e high c ulture e nj oye d by
t he i r G e n t ile fell ow c it ize ns -
.

Alth ough Al e x a ndri a w a s by far t h e m o s t im p ort a nt

c e ntre o f t h e Di s e r si o n n o t o nly in Egy t bu t in t h e wh ol e
p p ,

c ivil iz e d w o r ld o f t h o s e d a ys th e r e we r e m a ny ot h e r sm al l e r ,

s e t t le me nt s o f J e ws in t h a t countr y ; Phil o s a ys t h at t h e
o n e milli o n J e ws w h o dw e lt in Egy t w e r e t o b e f ound i n
p
e ve ry a r t o f it f r o m Liby a t o t h e Ethi o i a n f r o nt i e r 4
p p .

Of t h e m a ny ot h e r l a nds in whi c h J ews we re sett l e d w e

c a nn o t S e ak h e r e t t
p i mus su ffi c e t o s a
y t h at n o c oun t ry
w a s wit h out th e m 5 .

H E LLE N I S T I C I N FL U E N C E O N R E L IGI O N
II .

I t h as be e n p oint e d out a b o ve t h a t a m o ng t h e G re e ks
th e mse lve s t h e e ffe c t o f t h e n ew sp i r it due t o t he H ell e nist i c
M o ve me nt w a s ve r y g rea t u p o n t h e m en a n d wome n o f t h e

c ultu r e d c l a ss e s but t h at u o n t h e m a ss e s it did n ot e x e r c ise

p ,

mu c h influ e n ce To a l a rge e xt e n t this is al s o t ru e o f t h e

.

1
Q u oted in J o se p hu s, Ant q i XI X v 2

B ll xviii
. .
, , .

1
e j ud II 7
m
. .

M ng y
, , . .

3
I n F la ccu 8 (e d a e II p
um
,

M ng y
. .
, ,

4 I n F l a cc , 6 (e d a e II p
ful l il ii
.
, , .

5 F or de ta s see S ch ii re r I I , , .
pp . 2 1 9—3 2 7, Ge rm n
a cd .

,
I I I, p 1— 1 8 8,
p .
 E NISTI C I N FL UE N CE U PO N THE JE WS 55

J e ws o f t h e Di spe r si on for gre atly a s t he y were influe n ce d

by t he G re e k S p i rit t h e p o int mus t be em p h a size d th a t
,

thi s ap p l i e s p rim a r ily a n d m a inly t o t he c ulture d c l asse s

, , ,

li tera ti p hil o s op h e r s an d t h e like

, N o d o ubt indire c tly .
, ,

othe r C l a ss e s we r e t o a g r e at e r or l e ss e xt e nt a ls o a ffe c t e d ,

but so far a s t h e fund a me n t al d oct r ine s o f Juda ism we re

c on ce r n e d t h e bulk o f t h e J e w s o f t h e Dis p e r si o n we r e
, in ,

t h e m a in t ru e t o t h e tr a dit i o ns o f t he ir f at he r s i n S p it e o f
,

the ir G ree k su rr oundings a n d in S p it e o f t h e fa c t t h a t in

,

ot he r re sp e c ts th e y we re e nt i r e ly u nde r t h e sw a y of t h e

G ree k sp i r it N ot o nly did t he y p a y a nnu ally t he h al f

.

she ke l t o t h e Te m p l e aut h or it ie s i n J e rus ale m for t h e m a i n

t e n a n ce o f t h e s ac rifi c i a l syst e m but a s a r ul e c ir c um c isi o n ,

was i nsist e d u p o n t h e s a n c t ity o f t h e S a bb a t h w as o bse rve d

, ,

a n d t h e g r e a t fe st iv als we r e re gul a r ly ce l e b r a t e d Va st .

numbe r s m a de p il grim a ge s t o J e rusa l e m t o kee p t he t h ree

p r in c i p a l fe a st s T a be r n acl e s P a s so ve r a n d We e ks Eve n
1
.
, ,

Phil o w h o in min d an d c h a r ac t e r w as far m ore of a Gree k

,

p hil os op he r t h a n a J e wi sh R a bbi in si st s on t h e n ee d o f ,

obs e rving t h e dist in c t ive m a rk s o f Jud a ism ?

It is n e ce ss ar y
t o p o int t his o ut by w ay o f p re f a ce o t h e r wi se f r o m wh a t ,

we h a ve t o say fu r th e r u p o n t h e subj e c t t h e r e a d e r might be

le d t o su p p o se t h at a t al l e ve nt s t h e m o r e c ul ture d a m ong
, ,

t he J e w s o f t h e Dis p e r si o n a n d e s p e c i ally t h o se o f Al e x a n
,

d r i a l o st t ou c h wit h Ju da i sm alt oge t he r ; t his n o d oubt

, , ,

h a p p e n e d in m a ny c a se s but as c o m p a r e d wit h t h e m a ny
,

th a t re m a in e d J e ws in re ligi o n t he se we r e t h e e x cep t i on s , .

Ne ve r t hel e ss in t h e c a se of g re a t n umbe r s tra dit io n al

, ,

Jud a ism be c a m e t r a nsfor me d To be gin wit h utt e r ly .

,

u nlike t he i nt ole r a nt a tt it ude o f t h e Pal e st ini a n J e ws t o

war ds t he G e nt ile s t h e J e ws of t he Disp e r si o n l oo ke d u p o n
,

t h e l ar g e r wo r ld of t h e i r su rr ou n ding s w it h int e re st a n d
sym p athy ; th e ir re ligi ous i nt e r e st s we re n ot so e ntirely
1
Cp J p hu B ll J ud VI ix
ose s, e 3
f urt h r IV f t hi h p t r
. . . .
, ,

1
S ee e o s c a e .
56 THE BOOK S O F TH E APOCRYPHA

a bs or be d i n th e ir own vie w of t hings th at th e y could n ot see

an d a p p rec i a t e t h e e x ce ll e n ce o f Gr e e k t h ought a n d p hil o

S op hy t h e i r mind s we r e op e n t o re ce ive an d t o be influ e n ce d

by wh at w as g oo d a n d tru e wh e re ve r it w a s t o be found ,
.

Th e Dis p e r si o n J e w w a s a J e w at h e a rt t h ough n ot ac c or d ,

ing t o t h e Ph a r is a i c st a nd a r d an d c onvin ce d of t he p re ,

e min e n ce o i h i s ow n f a ith bu t h e w a s n o n e t h e l e ss r ea d y
,

t o r e nde r due j ust i ce t o t h e O p ini o ns a n d c o n vi c t i o ns o f

h i s Gr ee k n e ighb ours ; t h e int e r e st ing e vide n ce r e g a r ding
t his give n in t he L etter of A ri stea s ( 1 2 1 1 2 2 ) is w or th
1
,

qu ot i n g he re : Re g ar ding dis cu ssi on s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s

of t h e L aw t h e y p oss e ss e d g r e a t a p t itud e The y st r u c k .

j ust t he r ight b al a n ce for th e y di scarde d t h e h ard lit e r al ne ss

,

of t h e l e tt e r an d w e r e m o d e st with r e g a r d t o t h e ir o w n
,

wisd om a n d we r e r e a dy t o h old argume nt t o list e n t o t he

, ,

Op ini o ns o f ot h e r s an d t o co nsid e r t h or oughly e ve ry qu e st i on

,

th at migh t be r a i se d Thi s br oa d—minde dn e ss w a s on e

.

o f t h e r e sult s o f unfe t t e r e d c o nt a c t wit h t h e out e r w orld .

Bu t a re sult a s re m a rk abl e a s it w a s im p ort a n t foll owe d

, ,

for in co m p aring his r eligi o n with t h e v a r i ous be lie fs of t h e

G e nt ile s t h e J e w of t h e Disp e rsi o n b e ca me c on vi n ce d i n
, ,

a w ay whi c h hith e rt o h a d n ot b ee n o ssibl e t h a t b ot h in

p ,

f a ith an d p r ac t i ce Juda ism w as in so far a s it s fu n d am e nt al s ,

we r e con ce r ne d imme a surably p ure r a n d t ru e r i n m ost

, ,

r e sp ect s t h ough n ot in all t h a n a nyt hing t h at t h e G e nt ile s

, ,

could O ffe r He fe lt th e r e fore t h at h e h a d s o met hing t o

.
, ,

say a n d give t o t h e w or ld whi c h c o n ce rne d all m en H e n ce .

a r os e t h ose mis si o n a r y e ffort s so co n t r ary t o t h e S p irit o f

,

e x c lu sive n e ss whi c h C h ar act eriz e d t r adi t i on al Jud a ism ,

but whi c h we re c r own e d with a co nside r abl e m e a su re of

su cce ss Ye t a g r a ve a n d subtl e d a n ge r lu r ke d he r e for
.
.

t h e J e w o f t h e Di sp e r si o n ; i n his de si r e t o m a ke Jud a ism

Thi d um nt b l ng r ughly t b u t t h y r
1
s oc e e o s o o a o e ea B C I oo ;
th ugh S h ii w ul d p l i t nt ury rli r ; m ny m rn
. .

o c re r o ac e a ce ea e a ode
sch l r h w v r d i gr wi t h him i t hi
o a s, o e e , sa ee n s .
 U PO N TH E J EWS 5 7
as a t tr ac t ive as p o o ssibl e t t he Ge nt il s h p r s nt e d it
e e e e ,

with su c h m odifi c a o a c t i ns t h t it oul d o l ng r b

n o e e ca e ll d
ge nui ne Jud a i sm e e . U nd r t h influ n of t h H ll ni t i
e ce e e e s c

S p i r it t h e r igi dity o f t h e Law w a s sm o oth e d d own a n d s om e ,

J e wish be l i e fs ap pe are d i n a s ome wh at m odifie d f orm ; 1

m an y c o nve r t s did n ot do m ore t h a n keep t h e di e t ary l aws

a n d o b se r ve t h e S a bb a t h a n d t hi s w as a c quie s ce d in Th e .

re a ct i o n o f t hi s u p on t h o se w h o thus p r e se nt e d a f orm of
Jud a ism whic h w a s t o s ome e xt e nt s p u r i o us c a nn o t well ,

)
122 is w
oth
r h a ve be e n with o ut it s con se qu e n ce s sin ce t he ir ac t i o n ,

mu st ne ce ssa r ily h a ve affe ct e d t he ir ow n f a ith in the ir religi o n

an d t h e i r ide a s u p o n t h e im p o r t a n ce o f t h e ir r e ligi o u s rit e s
?

I f a s we h a ve see n syn c re t i sm affe c t e d P al e st ini a n

, ,

Jud a ism we sh all e x p e ct t h e s a me t o h a ve be e n t h e c a se

wit h H elle n ist i c Jud a ism ; this w as indee d S O a n d t o a , , ,

mu ch gre at e r e xt e nt Thu s t he ir c on ce p t i o n o f God w as

.
,

e nri c h e d wit h n e w ide a s fr o m b ot h Pl a t o ni c a n d t o a g r e a t e r ,

de g ree f r o m St o i c p hil os op hy e g t h e d oc t r ine of Divin e

, ,
. .
,

Imm a n e n ce t o whi c h we S h all re fe r in de al ing wit h t he signs

,

of G r e e k influ e n ce in J e wi sh r e ligi ous lit e r a tu r e ( Ch ap t e r

‘

V) wh e r e we sh all see als o t h a t t h e J e wi sh c o n ce p t i o n s o f

,

t he n a tu r e o f m a n w a s g r e a tly influ e n ce d by G r ee k
p h i loso
p h i c al t e a c hing Ag a in t h e Dis p e r si o n J e ws comm e nde d
.
,

the ir S c r i p t u r es t o t h e he a t he n wor ld by me a n s o f int e r p re t

ing the m all e g o r i cally ; t h e re a l se n se o f S c r i p tu r e would
oft e n be e nt i r e ly e x p l a i n e d a w a y by t his m e th o d This .
,

t oo sh ow s t h e influ e n ce o f t h e H e ll e nist i c s p i r it for t his

, ,

me th od o f int e r p re t a t io n w as b o rrowe d f r o m t h e St o i c s
wh o h a d be e n i n t h e h a bit o f all e g or izing t h e Gree k myt hs .

1
Cp . B o usse t , ii
D i e R el g on des j uden thu s p p m 40 5 ff
Wh e n h i fir u hri t i ni t y v n
. .
,

1
we fin d t a t n t h e st c ent ri es O f C s a e e

orth d x R bbi w r t b f und w h h ld t h t B p t i m wi th u t

o o a s e e o e o o e a a s o

C ir um i i n u ffi d f
c c s o
pr lyt w my w ll k wh t h r t h
s ce or ose es e a e as e e e

r ul t f t h H ll ni t i p iri t w
es o e t nt ribu t ry u
e e s cf s as no a co o ca se o

su h l p fr m t r di t i n l J u d i m
c a a se o a o a a s .
 TH E BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPH A
Fin ally it is wo rt h p o inting out t h a t e ve n in P al e st ine
, ,

as indi c a t i o ns in s om e l a t e r Old Te st a m e nt a n d o t h e r b oo ks

S h ow t he re h a d for ge n e r at i on s be e n a t e n de n c y t owa rds

,

mit ig a t in g t h e im p o rt a nce o f t h e s ac r ifi c i al syst e m ; t h e

‘

e ffe c t o f t his i s likely t o h a ve be e n p r op or t i on a t ely gr ea t

a m o ng t h e J e ws o f t h e Dis p e rsi o n w h o w ould m or eo ve r , , ,

h a ve f ound di ffi c ult i e s i n obse rving m a ny o t h e r p r ece p t s o f

t h e L aw Th e re sult w
. oul d h a ve be e n t o m a k e th e m a ll

t h e m or e sus ce p t ibl e t o t h e f o r e ig n c ult s an d p hil os op hi ca l

syst e m s whi c h m et t h e m on e ve r y side ; h ow gr ea t t h a t
su sce p t ibility w as h as be e n ill ust r at e d i n an e xt r aor din ar y
m a nne r by t h e re ce ntly f ound p apyri re fe r re d t o a b ove .

N o on e as B e rt h olet h as t ru ly r e m a r ke d c an u n de rs t a n d
, ,

t h e re ligi on of t h e J e ws— a n d t his ap p li e s t o t h e J e ws o f

t he isp ersi o n e ve n m ore t h an t o t h ose o f P al e s t in e
D
with out a full in t ellige n ce of t h e ir a s t onishing f acul ty of
a ssi mil a t i o n ; t his a ssimil at i o n e ve n g oing t h e le ngt h of
a c t ive ly su
p p or t ing h e a t h e n c ult s or a s t h e r e ce n tly dis ,

c o ve r e d p apy ri o f Ass o u a n h a ve i nf orm e d us of swe ari n g ,

by a n Egyp t i a n g odde ss .

III . THE S E P TU A OI N T
On e of r e sul t s of t h e H elle nist i c M ove me n t t h e
the ,

im p or t a n ce o f whi c h ca nn ot be e x a gge r at e d w as t h e Graeco ,

J e wi sh lit e rat u re t o whi c h it g a ve bi r th I t is imp ossibl e .

t o d e al h e re wit h t h e wh ol e m a ss of t h at li t e r at ur e ? e ve n

i n t h e m ost c u r s or y m a nn e r n or is t his n e ce ss ar y for our ,

p r e se nt p u r p o s e We must re st r i c t ou r se lve s in t his

? “

s e c t i o n t o a b r ie f m e nt i o n of wh a t S ch ii rer c alls t h e foun da

t i o n o f all J udaeo Hell e nis t i c c ul t u r e n am e ly t h e G r ee k
-

, ,

1
T
ra n sa ct on s o i f i
the T h rd I n tern a t on a i lC g on ress for the H i story
of ii
R el g on s I , , p . 2 77

l t wi t h i n hur r iii p p 5 6 3
.

1 I
t i s d ea Sc e , II , . . 1 — 20 ; Ge r m a n ed .
,

I II , pp .
4 2 0 —
6 33 .
 TH E BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA

of b ooks t h ough t h e e vide n ce is fr a gm e nt ary i t m

t he ,
a
y ,

be s a fe ly st a t e d t h a t m os t Of t h e m if n ot all we r e tr a n sl a t e d , ,

be f ore t h e be ginning o f t he Ch r ist i a n era Ryl e h a s sh ow n .

t h at t he re is e vide n ce for belie ving t h at Phil o ( ab out B C . .

2 0 — A D 5 0 ) u t iliz e d all t h e b ooks of t h e Gr ee k Old T e s t a

. .

me nt wit h t h e e x cep t i on of Est he r E ccl e si a st e s S ong o f

, , ,

S ongs an d D a ni el 1
.

Thi s g re a t p r o du c t of H e lle nist i c influe n ce u p o n t h e J e ws

is see n t o be all t h e m ore S ignifi ca nt whe n it is re aliz e d
t h at in t h e fift h ce ntu r y B C t h e A r a m ai c l a ngu age as t h e . .
,

re ce ntly f ound E lep h an t i n é papyri S h ow w as t h e l a ngu a ge ,

sp oke n by t h e J ews of Egyp t an d n ot on ly w as t his t h e

or din arily S p ok e n l a n gu a g e but i t w as als o t h at in whi ch ,

lit e r ary w or ks wer e wri tt e n ?

Yet i n t h e cou r se o f n ot
mu ch m ore th a n a ce n t u r y t his w as dis p l ace d by Gr ee k ;
a n d e ve n in t h e syn a g o gu e s G r e e k w a s t h e l a ngu a ge us e d .

F or s o m e t im e n o d o ub t t h ough a p p a re ntly n ot f or ve ry
, ,

l ong t h e H eb r ew S cri p t ure s we r e t r a n sl at e d by word o f

,

m outh int o A r a m a i c in t h e syn a g ogu e s of t h e Dis p e r si on ;

but wh en t his l a ngua ge fell i n t o di suse Gr ee k h ad t o be use d
an d ult im at e ly it w as found n e c e ss a ry t o h a ve t h e S c r i
p
ture s t h e mse lve s in G r ee k ?
S o far a s we are h e r e co n ce rn e d t h e gr e a t im p or t a n ce ,

o f t h e Gr ee k Old Te st a m e n t li e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t it h as give n

us t h e b ooks o f t he Ap ocr yp h a The se will be de alt wit h .

sep ar at e ly in P a rt I I so t h at it will n ot be n e ce ss ary t o ,

sa y a n y t hing a b ou t t h e m n ow fur t he r t h a n t h a t t h e g e n e r a l

p urp o se f or whi c h t h e y we re writ t e n w a s t o e x p a n d s o m e

of t h e alre a dy e xist ing b oo ks o f t h e H e br e w S c ri t ure s or
p ,

1
P h lo i and l
H o y S cr p ture i , p .
32 see l
a so S w e e,t Op .

ci t .
, pp . 25 f .

1
M y r D P py f u d
Cp . e e , er a rus n von E lep ha n ti n e, p 1 9
t h f ur t h r hi t ry u gi b ur
. .

F 1
or f th S e e s o o e ep t a nt a n d f or t h e la o s
f Aq uil S ymm hu Th d t i bv rig wt
,

a n d a o e all o f O en S
’
o a, ac s, eo o on , e e s

b k lr dy m nt i n d h u ld b n u lt
,

oo , a ea e o e , s o e co s ed .
an d t he Wisd o m are a ddit i on s t o t h e Wisd om
B oo k of

Lit e r at ure of t h e J e ws .

As re g ards t h e im p ort a n ce a n d far re ac hing influe nce of -

t h e S e p tu a gint w e c a nn ot do be tt e r t h a n qu ot e t h e w or ds
,

i n whi c h De i ssm an n h a s so su c c in c tly a n d ye t so a de qu a t e ly , ,

e x p re ss e d t his : Ta ke t h e S e p tu a gint in y our h a n d an d ,

you h a ve b e f o r e y ou t h e b oo k t h a t w a s t h e Bibl e o f t h e J e ws
o f t h e Di sp e r si o n a n d o f t h e p r os e lyt e s f r o m t h e h e a t h e n

t h e Bibl e o f Phil o t h e p hil o s op h e r P a ul t h e A p ostl e an d , ,

t h e e a r lie st Christ i a n missi o ns ; t h e Bibl e o f t h e wh ol e

Gree k sp e a king Ch r ist i a n wo r l d ; t h e m othe r of influe n t i a l
-

d aught e r ve r si o ns t h e m oth e r o f t h e Gree k N e w Te st a

-

” 1
me nt .

IV . P H I LO OF A LE X A N DR IA
[L I T ERA T U R E — S i gfri
e ed , i
P h l o von A lexa n d i a r a ls A usleg er des A ll en
Testa m en tes ( 1 8 75 ) i ht d O H lt m
o z a nn in S ta d e
’
s Gesch c e es

I r l II p p 5 I I iii p p 3
.

V lk o es 55
s ae( 8 8 8 ) S h ii 2 1— 1 1 c re r , 21

G rm n d I I I p p 6 3 3 7 6 K r ug r P h i l d j
. . .
, , ,

38 ph o un us
—
1, e a e 1 e ose

j d t m ( 9 6 ) VVi d i h D i F é mmig
. .
, , ,

l Ap l g t
a s d o o e en es u en u s 1 0 n sc e r

h it P h il l H rt
,

e pp 4 9
’
o s
5 S J A H — ee a so a
'
s

ri f rt i l nt i t l d P hil f A l x nd ri i t h j wi h
. . . .

”
se es o a c es e e o o e a a n e e s

Q t rly R i w v l
ua r e x x t h d l wi t h t h
ev e o s xv u xvnI 1 e se ea e

wri t ing f P hi l L u t rb h rt i l P hi l i t h j wi h
. . .
,

’
s o o a e ac s a c e on o n e e s

E n cycl .
,
X , pp . 6

As t h e S e p tu a gin t is f r om our p re s e nt p o int of vie w t he , ,

m ost im p ort a n t p r o du c t of t h e H e ll e nist i c M o ve me nt so ,

a m ong Gra e c o J e w ish w r it e rs is Phil o t h e m o st r e m a r k a bl e

-

wh o m this M o ve me nt b r o ught f or th N o J e w w as so .

imme r se d i n t h e sp i r it of Gree k wi sd om n or did m ore t o ,

try a n d h arm o nize G r ee k a n d He b r e w t h ought .

1
Th e P h lo ogy i l f
o the Gr eek Bi bl e, p . 8 .
 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCR Y P HA
Th e l arge numbe r o f his w or k s whi c h h a ve c ome d own
t o us owe th e i r p r e se rv a t i o n t o t h e p op ul a r ity t he y e nj oye d
a m o ng t h e e a r ly Chur c h F a th e r s f or by t h e J e wish l e a d e r s
,

Phil o w as n ot re g a rde d as or th od o x his w or ks we r e t he re f ore ,

u n acce p t abl e t o t he m ; s o m e of t h e Chur c h wr it e r s e ve n

we nt so far as t o S p e a k of h i a s a Christ i a n m .

S ca r cely a nyt hing is kn ow n wi t h ce rt ainty a b ou t h i s

life He must h a ve be en b or n abo ut B C 2 0 or the r e a b out s
. . .
,
'

f or h e t oo k p a rt in a n e mb a ssy t o C a li g ul a in A D 4 0 wh e n . .
,

alr e a dy s om e wh a t a dv a n ce d i n y e a rs ; h e r e fe rs t o t his i n

his wor k D e L ega ti on e a d Ca yum§ 2 8 i t is als o me n t i on e d

’

1
, ,

by J osep hus ? wh o s p e a ks of Phil o as a m a n e min e nt on

all a ccount s b r ot h e r t o Al e x a n de r t h e Al ab a r ch a n d on e
, ,

”
n ot unskilful in p hil o s op hy This is p r act i cally all t h at
.

is k now n of him ap ar t fr o m wh at his w orks re ve al of t h e

man ; but t h e y do n ot c ont a i n an y biogr ap hi cal det a ils .

Phil o w a s a t ru e J ew h e h ad a n unb ounde d ve n e r a t i on

f or t h e Old Te s t a m e n t S c rip t u r e s a nd e s p e c i al ly for M o se s
,

a n d t h e P e nt a t e u c h m ost of his w or ks are c o n ce r ne d wit h

t his l a t t e r N ot o nly did h e l oo k u p o n t he H e bre w S c r i p
.

ture s as h a ving be e n ve r b ally insp ire d bu t h e als o be lie ve d ,

t h i s t o h a ve b e e n t h e c a s e wit h t he m i n t h e ir G r ee k f orm
. .

His ve ne r at i o n f or t h e J ewish S c r ip tu re s on t he on e h a nd , ,

a n d his l o ve f or t h e
p hil o s op hy o f t h e Gr e e ks on t h e o th e r ,

le d him t o t h e co n vi ct i o n t h a t b ot h c o nt a in e d a n d wit n e sse d

t o on e a n d t h e s am e t rut h He be li e ve d t h at t h e Gree k
.

p hil o s o p h e rs h a d u se d t h e Old Te s t a m e nt w r it ings a n d t h e s e ,

h e e x p l a in e d on t h e all e g or i cal syst e m wit h su ch free d o m

t h at h e w as abl e t o e xtr ac t f r o m t he m an y m ea n ing h e
de sire d by t his m ea ns his ow n p hil os op hi cal sy st e m
be ca m e a co mbi n at i o n o f Gree k p hil o s op hy an d J e wish
t he ol ogy ?

1
Co h n an d iti n
W e n d la n d s ed
’
o
1
Ant q i viii ft
X VII I . 1 .

p hi l p hy whi h P h i l x u i lly t h
. .
, ,

p o n d s i s essent
3 “
Th e oso c o e a e

po p u l r Gr k p hil
a p hy
ee bl n d o so , a e o f P l t n i m P yt h g r n i m
a o s ,
a o ea s ,
 63

Re g arding t he p hil os op hy of Phil o hi s co n ce p t i o n of God ,

for m s n at ur a lly t he st art i ng p o int H ere h e h olds on t h e -

.
,

on e h a nd t h a t so a bs olut e is t h e p e r fec t i o n of God S O

, ,

t r a n sce nde nt is t h e divine m aj e st y a n d t he re fore so fa r ,

re m o ve d fro m all t h a t hum a n t ho ugh t is c ap a bl e of t h a t

man ca n re ally k now no mor e
,

God is sim p ly in c o n ce iva bl e

t ha n t h at God i s h e c a nn ot kn ow wha t God is But on .
,

t h e o t he r h a nd sin ce He is p e r fec tly g ood a n d all p owe rful

,
-

sin ce He is t h e C re a t o r a n d U p h olde r of t h e w or ld t h e ,

Fin al C au se o f all t h a t is or e ve r c a n be it f oll ows t h a t ,

t he r e must be a c e a sel e ss ac t ivity on Hi s p a r t ; t h e w o r ld

of His c r e a t i o n must occ u p y His t h ought a n d ac t i o n The s e .

t wo f old co n ce p t i o n s o f Go d— t h e t h ought o f His be ing

-

o ut sid e o f a n d a b o ve t h e w o rld imme a sur ably su p e ri or t o ,

r
ev l i the
ea o it and t h e t h ought t h a t He i s a c t ive in t h e w or ld a re cl e a r ly
,
—

in com p at ibl e o n e wit h t h e ot he r Th e w ay in whi c h Phil o .

s ought t o ge t o ve r t he obvi ous c o nt ra di c t i o n he re invol ve d ,

w as by a ssuming t h e e xist e n ce of int e r m e di at e be ings .

His t e ac hing on t his subj ec t w a s n ot n ew but it h ad n e ve r ,

be fo re be e n S O t h or oughly a n d syst e m at i c ally tre at e d .

The se int e r me d i a t e be ings Phil o c all e d p owe rs ( dun a m

e i s) t he y a re p r o p e r t ie s o f God a n d ye t Hi s se rva nt s ful ,

fill ing His will in t h e wo r ld All t he se p o we r s a re co m p re .

o eoh
nth er,t he nde d in o ne n a mely t h e L og os or Wo r d o f God t h e
,
”
, ,

L og o s is a ls o s p o ke n o f as t h e wisd o m an d r e a s o n of God ,

a n d t h e m e a ns wh e r e by t h e w o r ld w a s c re a t e d Bu t b o t h
1
.

I n re sp e c t of t he p owe rs j ust me nt i o ne d a n d o f t h e ,

Lo g o s it se lf t he re i s un ce r t a int y a s t o t h e p e rs o n a lity
,

an d i i m ligh t ly m d ifi d by t h H br w b li f i n G d
S to c s S o e e e e e e o

( E dwy B v n S t i
,

n e d S p ti
a p o cs an ce cs ,

f im p rt n C h ri t i n t h l gy t n t i th t i
.
,

1
It i s o f o a ce or s a eo o o o ce a n

se v r l p g ( L ightf t C l i
e a assa es d P h il m
se e p 6) oo o oss a n s an e on , . 21

P h il i nt rp r t t h im g f G d t m n t h L g
,

o e e s e a e o o o ea e o os so

th t a wh n i eG ,i 7nm i i d t h v b n r t d in
en . . 2 th an s sa o a e ee c ea e e

im g i t m a t h t h w r at d i t h li k n f t h
,
”
a e o f G d o , e ns a e as c e e n e e ess o e
64 THE BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
’

at t a c h e d to t he m ; t his
b ou nd t o be t h e c ase for if
w as ,

th e r e w as t o be e ve n t h e se mbl a n ce o f a s olut i o n o f t h e
op p osing co n ce t i o ns c o n ce rning God r e f e rr e d t o a b o ve
p ,

Phil o h ad t o c on ce ive o f t h e L o g o s a s l e ss t h a n a p e r s o n a l
be ing dis t i n c t f r o m God an d m ore t h a n a n im p e r s on al ,

divi ne at tribut e a n d t h e s a m e ap p li e s t o t h e oth e r p ower s .

Ot he r wis e i t w ould be I n co n ce ivabl e t h a t God c oul d be

e r so n al ly p r e s e nt an d ac t ive in t h e w o r ld whil e i n His
p ,

n ature He w as wh olly su p e rio r t o it a n d on a ccount of , ,

His t r a ns ce nde n t h olin e ss c ould n ot come in t o imme di at e ,

a n d d ir e c t c o nt a c t wit h it The Logos ”

. is furt h e r , ,

acco rding t o Phil o t h e m e di a t or a n d t h e a dv oca t e o f m

, , en , ,

a n d t h e e x i at or o f si n s ; h s a ks o f it t h high
p e p e a s e

p r i e s t i n su c h ca s e s i t is di ffi c ul t t o g e t a w a y fr o m t h e

t h ought o f p e rs o n ali t y a t t ac hing t o t h e Lo g os O n the .

o th e r h a nd it is c o n ce ive d o f a s dist in c tly im e rs o n a l wh e n

, p
de sc r ibe d a s t h e ide a o f ide a s an d t he
“
a r c h e ty p a l
,

id e a ” 1
. M ost st riking of all is t h e f act t h at i n a n umbe r
of
p a ss a g e s Phil o give s t h e L o g o s t h e t itl e o f firs t
b orn son an d onl y b e g ot t e n
”
, bu t t h e signifi ca n ce o f
-

su c h t itl e s d ep e nds of c ours e u p o n t h e p a ss a ge s i n whi c h

, ,

t h e y occur ?

In his d oc t rin e of sin Phil o t eac h e s th a t e vil is inh e r en t

in m a tt er ; h e n ce t h e b ody with whi c h t h e s oul is c on ,

n ec t e d is t h e s ou r ce o f sin in man Th e subj ug a ti on of

, .

t h e p a ssi ons is t h e on e a n d on ly wa y t o virtu e bu t this

ca n on ly be br ough t a b ou t by m e a ns of G od s h el f r He
’

p o ,

is t h e Au t h or o f wh a t e ver i s g ood in m an Th e re for e .

t h e high e s t vi rt u e can on ly be a t t a in e d by a c l ose c om

mun i on with God Kn owl edg e is e x ce ll en t bu t e ve n t h e
.

1
De M i gra ti on e A bra ha mi , 18 , q u
by L u t rb h
t
o ed a e ac .

1 On t h e wh l ubj t o e s ec of th er l t i n b tw n t h P hil ni n
e a o e ee e o a

an d th e J h nnin L g
o a e o os do c t ri n es R evill
see L d t i d e, a oc r n e a

m
L og os da n s l e q ua tr i e e eva ng i le et da n s l es oeuvres de P h i lon
’

( 1 8 72 )
B ald e n sp erg e r D er P rol og des Vi erten E va ngel i u s
, m
 PH ILO 65

l s t a tt achm e nt t o wisd o m is l e ss e xce ll e nt th a n Wal kin g

C o es

with God for only so can m

,
an r ece iv e t h e fuln e ss o f divin e

illumin a ti on Phil o t e ac he s th a t thi s divin e illumin a ti on

.

is ac c or de d t o m an whil e in a st a t e of un c o ns c i o u sn e ss ;

so th a t whil e h e l a ys mu c h str e ss on t h e fr ee d o m o f t h e

will thi s high e s t st at e t o whi c h m

,
a n ca n a tt a in is s ol e ly

a tt r ibut a bl e t o divin e gr ac e .

Th e s e d oc t r in e s of Phil o an d w e h a ve only r e ferre d t o

,

ina
cc t
ou
nof t h e m or e im p o rt ant are t o a gr ea t e xt e nt due t o Gree k i n
,

flue n ce Pl a t onis m Pyth ag or ea nism St o i c ism an d Cyni c ism

, ,

h a ve all c ont r ibut e d t o Phil o s p hil osop hi ca l syst e m ; but

’

t o S h ow this in d e t a il w o uld b e out o f p l ace h e r e for it w ould ,

t a k e us t oo far a fi eld We mu st cont e n t ou r selve s with st a t

.

ing t h e fac t for d e t a il e d p r oof r ecou r s e mu st be h ad t o th ose

works whi ch t r ea t S p e c ifi cally of Phil o an d of his t e ac hin g ?

S U MMA R Y
In de alin g with He ll e nisti c in flue n ce u p on t h e J e ws o f
t h e Dis p e rsi o n i t w as n ece ssa ry t o m a ke so m e r e fe re n ce
fi r st t o t h e Di sp e r si o n it se l f an d its e x t e nt du r ing t h e p e r i o d
unde r c onside r a ti on I t b e ga n as ea r ly a s t h e e n d o f t h e
.

e ighth c e ntu r y B C with t h e f a ll o f t h e n o r th e r n kingd om

. .
,

a n d t h e d e or t a ti o n t o A ssy r i a o f m a ny th ous a n d s o f
p
Israe lit e s whi c h foll owe d Th e f a ll of t h e s outh e r n kingd o m
.

w as t h e c ause o f a fu r th e r st e p in t h e p r oce s s of dis p e r si on .

Th e c o mmuniti e s whi c h c on se qu e ntly c a m e int o e xist e n ce

in B abyl oni a for m ed ce nt r e s f r om whi c h t h e J e ws e mig r a t e d
in all di r ec ti ons We h a ve t h e e vide n c e of t h e Old Te st a
.

m e n t th a t su ch cent r e s e xi st e d in Egyp t by t h e mid d l e o f

t h e sixth ce ntu r y B C if n o t e a r li e r . . C ont e m p o r a r y d oc u
, .

m ent a r y e vide n ce whi c h h as r e ce ntly c o m e t o light S h ows

, ,

th a t a c ol ony of J e ws w a s se ttl e d a t El e p h a n tin e du r ing

t h e fifth ce ntu r y B C Aft e r t h e c on qu e sts o f Al e x a nd e r
. .
,

m any J e ws e mig r a t e d f r o m t h e e a st t o we st e r n ce nt r e s of
1
F or t h e i n fl u enc e o f P hi lo u p on S t P a ul see Th a c k e ra y Th e
i mp r
.

im
,

R ela t f
on o S t P a ul to C on te
. o ar
y jewi sh Th ought p ass
,
66 TH E BOOK S OF TH E APOCRYP HA
G r ee k c iviliz a ti on an d va r i ous w r it e r s t e s t ify t o t h e ubiquit y
,

of t h e J e w s Al e x a nd r i a w as t h e m ost im p or t an t ce nt r e
.

of t h e Dis p e r si o n f r o m e v e r y p oint of vi ew .

Th e c ultu r e d J ews w e r e m o r e influ e n ce d by t h e H ell e n

i st i c M ove m e n t th a n t h e m a s se s ; b o th h ow e ve r h e ld in
, ,

t h e m ain t o t h e fund a m e nt al t e n e ts of t r a diti on a l Jud a ism

'

N e verth e l ess ap a r t from th es e an d in S p it e of the i r Obser v

, ,

a n ce,
t r a diti on al Jud a ism b ec a m e l ar ge ly t r ansfo r m e d .

Th e t ol e r a nt a ttitud e of t h e Dis p e r si on J e ws t ow a r ds t h e
’

G e ntil e s w a s in m a r ke d c ont r a st t o th a t of t h e J e ws o f
P al e stin e U nlik e th e s e l a t t e r ag a in a vig or ous missi on ary
.
, ,

p p r o a g a nd a w a s ca r ri e d on by t h e J ews o f t h e Dis p e rsi on .

The re lay h e r e h owe ve r a subtl e d ange r ; for t h e de si r e

, ,

t o m a k e Jud a ism a t tr ac t ive t o t h e G e ntil e s r e sult e d in

r e qui r ing but s canty obse rva n ce of its p r ac ti ces f r o m th e m
this r e ac t e d unf a v ou r ably u p on t h e J e ws th e mse lve s .

Furth e r a st r ongly syn c r e t isti c a ttitud e c h ar ac t eriz e d t h e

,

J e ws of t h e Dis p ersi on e ve n th e i r c on ce p ti on of God w as

influ e n ce d by t h e t ea ching o f t h e G r ee k p hil os op h er s Th e .

a ll e g or iz a ti o n of S c ri tu r e w as a n o th e r m a rk o f H ell e nisti c
p
i n flue n ce Th e r ece n t ly f ound Ass ou a n p apy ri o ffe r a
.

st r iki n g e x a mp l e of t h e a s t onishing faculty of assimil a ti on

p oss e ss e d by t h e J e ws .

One of t h e m os t im p ort a nt p r odu c ts of t h e He ll e nisti c

M o ve m e nt w as t h e S ep tu a gint for whi c h w e h a ve t o th an k
,

t h e J e ws of t h e Dis p e r si on Th e o r igin of t h e n a m e of
.

t his Gr ee k Ve r si o n of t h e H e b r e w S c ri p tu r e s is t o be f ound
in a l e ge nd c ont ain e d in t h e L etter of A ri stea s In all .

p r ob a bility t h e e nti r e b ooks o f t h e H e b r e w C a n on w e r e

tr a n sl a t e d int o Gree k by t h e b e ginning of t h e Ch r isti a n era .

Th e m ost im p o r t a nt p o in t a b ou t t h e S e p t u agin t so far ,

a s w e a re h e r e c on ce rn e d is th a t it h as give n us t h e b ooks
,

o f t h e A oc ry h a
p p .

Am ong G r esco J e wish w r it e r s n one c an c om p a r e in

-

im port anc e wi th Phil o of Al e x an dri a His gre a t ai mwas ,

 CHAPTE R I V

T rac e s o f G re e k I n fluen c e i n t he O ld
T e st am en t an d in t he A p o c r y ph a
[LI T ERA T U RE S t h b k i t d i n t h f tn t ]
.
—
ee e oo s c e e oo o es

I . RE FE R E N CE S T o THE G R E E KS I N THE O L D TE S TAM E N T

H ERE s m f w p s g s in t h Old T st m ent
are o e e a sa e e e a

whi c h wit n e ss t o a kn owl e dge o f t h e Gree ks on t h e

p art o f t h e J e ws t h e s e m a
y be brie fly allude d t o by w ay
o f in tr o du c t i o n .

Th e H e b r e w f or m for t h e l a nd o f t h e I o ni a ns or Gr ee ks , ,

i s ja va n t his is me nt i one d t hough wit h out furt her det ail , ,

in Ge n e sis x 2 1 Chr o ni cle s i 5 7 As e arly a s t he e igh t h

. .
, .

ce ntu r y B C t h e G r ee ks p r e ss e d f or w ard t o t h e e a st Ag a in
1
. . .
,

in t h e l am e n t at i on for Tyre ( Eze k xxvii 1 3 ) i t is s a id : . .

J ava n Tub al an d M e sh ec h t h e y were t hy t r affic ke r s ;

, ,

t he y t ra de d with t h e p e r s on s of men an d ve ssels of brass

f or t hy m e r c h a ndise ( cp als o ve rse This subj e ct is
.

r e fer re d t o a g a i n in J oel iii ( Heb iv ) 6 —8 in a w oe p ro . . .

,

n oun ce d a g a in st Ty r e a n d Zi d o n a n d t h e Philis t i n e s Th e ,

c hild r e n a ls o o f Jud a h an d t h e c hildr e n of J e rus al e m h a ve

s old unt o t h e s o ns of t h e Gr e c i a ns t h a t migh t r e m ov e

y e y e ,

the m far f r o m t he ir b or de r t he se l ast wor ds far “

,

fr om t he ir b order sugge st t h at t h e re fe re n ce is t o t h e G ree k

”
,

c ol o ni e s in t h e f ar w e s t F r om t h e fifth ce nt ury B C on
. . .

1
Cp . Ed . Myr
e e , Gesch i ch te des A lterthu ms, I , pp .
4 9 0 ff .

68
 K I N FL U E N C E IN BOOK S 69

wards Syri a n sl a ve s a m ong wh om J e ws must be r e c kone d , ,

were mu ch s ough t a ft e r by t h e G r ee ks ?
I n Is a i a h xxiv .

i t is p r ob abl e t h at t h e s ongs of p r aise whi ch t h e

“

J ews in far coun t rie s r aise in h o n our of J a hwe h were t he

re sul t of Al e x an de r t he Gre at s vi ct ori ous m ar ch t hr ough ’

Asi a Mi nor i n B C 1
M e nt i o n is m a de of J ava n in
. .

I sa i ah lxvi 1 9 it is t he re re c kon e d am ong t h o se n at i o ns t o

.
,

wh om t h e gl o ry of J e h ova h sh al l be decl are d ; a cc ording

t o Ze c h a r i a h ix 1 3 — 1 5 on t h e oth e r h an d Jud a h an d
.
, ,

E p hr aim are t o be J e h ova h s instrume nt s for t h e p u n ishin g

’

of t h e s o ns of J a v a n A n d once m ore i n D ani el viii 2 1 .

, , .
,

x 20 xi 2 t he re are re fe re n ce s t o t he Graeco M ace d on i a n

.
,
.
,
-

e m p ir e .I n a ddit i o n t o t he se t he re are t wo or t hree re fe r

e n ces t o t h e Gr ee ks in t h e S e p tu a gin t whi c h are n ot wit h out

signifi ca n ce I n I s a i ah ix 1 2 ( 1 1 ) i t is s a id t h at Syr i a fr o m
. .

t he e ast a n d t h e H e ll e n e s fr om t h e we s t are t h e de s t r o ye rs
of I sr ae l ; i n t he He bre w t e xt Phil ist ine s st a n ds for
Hell e nes whi c h is d oubtle ss t he r ight re a ding but t he
,

Se p t u a gi nt re nde ring is of int e re st as sh owing t h at whe n ,

reeks
ionsorG
t h e tr a n sl a t i o n w a s m a de t h e re a l d a n ge r f or t h e J e ws w a s
, ,
,

t h e G r ee k n a ti o n Th e s a me be li e f e vide n tly unde rlie s

.

t h e S e p t u a gint f orm o f J e re mi a h xxvi xlvi i n t h e . .

He b re w )1 6 Le t us aris e a n d le t us r e tu rn t o our p e op l e
t o our f a th e r l a nd f r om t h e f a ce o f t h e H e ll e ni c sw ord
,

t he Heb r e w whi c h h as a g a in t h e corr e c t r e a ding h a s

, t he ,

op re ssing sw or d inst a d o f t h e H e ll e n i c sw o rd The

p e .

s ame sub st itut i on for t he He bre w word occ urs a g a i n i n

t he S e p tu a g in t o f J e r e mi a h xxvi i l i n t h e H ebre w )1 6 . . .

The se p r ac t i cally e xh a ust t h e a c tu al r e fe re n ce s t o t he

Gree ks i n t h e Old Te st a me nt but tr ace s o f G ree k influe n ce
are p r ob a bly t o be disce rn e d in o the r dire c t i o ns .

This influe n ce is o b v i ous i n t h ose ca se s t h ough t he y are ,

bu t few in numbe r in whi c h Gree k word s are ad ap t e d ; ,

1
Cp . Ro b t n
e r so S mi t h i n t h e E n y cl c B itr x 111 p .
70 5 .

B
.
, ,

i
,

1
B ox ,
T he ook o
f I sa a h,
p 1 13 . .
70 THE BOOK S O F TH E APO CRYPHA
t his oc urs nl y in t h B ook f D ni l wh r
c o e o a e , e e a fe w Gree k
wor ds f mu i l inst r um n t s ap p r i n
or s ca e ea an ar a mi a ze d

f r m viz p
o ,
té i ymphb i in D ni l iii 5
sa n r n, s n a, a e .
,
an d k a i thros
in iii 7 ( cp als o iii 1 0 1 5 ) t h e form of t h e word psa n tér i n
. . .
,

i s int e r e st ing be c a us e t h i s f orm al ongside o f t h e Gr ee k

,

sa lté r i on p r o ve s t h e influ e n ce o f t h e M a ce d o ni a n di al e ct
p
whi ch subst it ut e d n for l ” 1
.

II .T RA CE S O F G R E E K I N F LU E N CE I N THE OL D T E S TAM E N T
Th e que st i o n a s t o t h e e xis t e n ce or o t h erwise o f H e ll e n
i st i c influ e n ce in ce r t a i n o t h e r b oo ks o f t h e Old Te s t a me n t
is a di ffi c ul t on e u p o n whi ch mu ch diversity of O p ini on
e xist s a m o ng s c h ol a rs .

We t u rn firs t t o t h e Ps alms Th e m aj ority o f s c h ol ars .

are a gr ee d t h a t a numbe r of t h e Ps al ms be l o ng t o t h e Gree k

a n d Macc ab aea n e r a s an d if t his is so t h e p o ssibility of Gr ee k

1
,

influe n ce b e i n g dis ce r ne d in t h e m must be re cognize d I t .

is a lw ays p re cari ous t o b ase co n clusi ons u p o n wh at is

a ssum e d t o be t h e p oliti c a l S itu at i o n d e p i c t e d in an y p art i c u

lar p s alm ; but c o n side r a t i o ns o f a n oth e r c h a r a c t e r m a

y
well indi cat e t h e age t o whi c h a p s alm in all p r ob ability
be l ongs for e x a mp l e t h a t t he co ndit i o ns whi c h form t h e ,

b ac kg r ound o f m a ny o f t h e Ps alms are t h ose brought

a b out t hr ough co nt a c t with H ell e nism du r i n g t h e e ri o d
p
of t he Pt ol e m a i c an d S e l e u c id r ul e is r o v d by t h f a t
p e e c

t h at in a numbe r o f t he m a p l a int ive cry or v e he m e nt ,

de nu n c i at io n is u tt e re d n ot onl y on acco unt o f t h e d omin a

,

t i o n o f t h e he ath e n but a ls o be ca use wi t hin t h e J ew ish

co mm
,

unity itse lf a re ligi ous cl e f t h as occ urre d ; so t h at

1
K mp h u n i
a Bi bl I
a se 9 n the E n cy cl 10 0

giv bu t t w
x mp l R b t n S mi t h ( Th Ol d T t
. .
, , .

1
To e o e a es : o e r so e es a

m t i th j w i h C h h p
en n e ft r h vi n g x min d t h
e s urc a e a e a e e

ubj t r fully y t hu l d by n urr n

, .

s ec ca e W sa fs e a re s e a co c e ce o

rgum nt t ign t h ll t i n f P lm m
,

a e s o ass l d th e co ec o O sa s x c —C an e co

wh l P l t r t t h rly y r f t h M b
. .

p l ti
e f th
on o e o e sa e o e ea ea s o e ac ca ee

so v r ignt y Brigg (Th B k f P l m I p p

e e . i ) ign
s e oo o sa s, xc xc ass s
l rg n umb r f t h P lm t t h Gr k p ri d
. . .
, ,

a a e e o e sa s o e ee e o .
 BOO KS 71

a re f a it hful
t ho se w h o are r e ne g a de s an d wh o are
an d ,

fore c l a sse d wit h t h e G e nt il e s

,
?
Whe n it is re alize d
t he re i s n o p e r i od in J ew i sh hist o r y e x ce p t ing t h at ,

re fe rre d t o d uring whi c h co nditi o ns su c h a s t he se

,

obt a in e d it will be g r a nt e d t h a t t h e r e is a m p l e j u st ifi c a t i o n
,

for a ssigning t h e Ps alm s in qu e st io n t o t h e G ree k p e r i o d .

We a gr ee t he re fore wit h F r ie dl ande r in his be lie f t h a t

, ,

t he co nfli c t be twee n t h e g od fe a r ing p i ous Isr ae lit e s a n d -

, ,

t he g odl e ss wit h whi c h t he s e P sal m s are full r e ally r e fle c t s

, ,

t h e a tt itud e o f t h e c h a m p i o ns o f t h e ol d o r t h odo xy whi c h ,

w as f ound e d by Ezr a t ow a r ds t h e r i sing t id e o f H e ll e ni sm

,
?

He ll e nist i c influe n ce as r e flec t e d in ce r t a in o f t he Ps alm s

, ,

the re for e is o n ly t o be see n wit h ce rt a int y in t h at th e se

,

wit ne ss t o a st a t e o f a ffai r s wit hin t h e co mmunity o f I sr ae l

brought a b out by t he s p re ad o f t h e G r ee k S p i r it ?
gnzed
recoi It
I n t h e n e xt p l a ce w e l oo k at t h e Pr o ve r bs He r e it i s
.

t h e fi r st nin e c h ap t e r s wit h whi c h we are c o n ce r ne d t he r e

I S a g e n e r a l c o n se n sus o f O p ini o n a m o ng m o d e rn s c h ol a r s t h a t

the se c h a p t e r s fo r m t h e l a t e st p or t i o n o f t h e b oo k Th e .

m ar ks o f H ell e ni st i c influ e n ce a re brie fly as foll ows Fi r stly ,

i n di vi dua li sm; Wisd o m c r i e s for e x a m p l e in viii 4

°

.
, ,

U nt o yo u 0 m en , I ca ll
my v i i t t h n f m
, ,

An d o ce s o e so s o en .

Ag in i n ix 4 6 h e r i
a .
— s c es
:

VVh i im p l l t him t urn i hi t h r ;

oso s s e e n e

A f him t h t i v i d f u nd r t n d in g h
s or a s o o e s a s e sa ith to him ,

C m f my br d
,

o t y e, ea e o ea

A d d ri nk win whi h I h v min gl d

,

n f th o e e c a e e

L v im p l n d liv
.

ff y
ea e o e s e o e s, an e,

A d w lk i f u nd r t nd ing
,

n th w y a n e a O e s a .

1
Cp i ht d V lk I l ii p 5
S t a de Gesc h c e es o es sra e 21

Gri h i h P h i l i m m
. . .
, , ,

1
ec p
sch i A l t T
e t t p p 5 f
oso e en es a en 2

Fri d l an d r i hi b k ju t r f rr d t m ny t h r ign
. .
,

1
e e n s oo s e e e o , see s a o e s s

Gr k i n fl u n i n t h P lm (p p 5 5 8 ) i t i p r b bl t h t
,

Of —
‘

ee e ce e sa s 1 s o a e a

m i righ t ; i t h r t hi i d ub tf ul
.

In so e h c a se s e s n o e s s s o .
72 TH E BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA

H e re in o t he r S imi l ar p a ss a ge s it is t h e i n dividu al
,
an d ,

w h o is of im p o r t a n ce n ot t h e n a t i o n a s in e a r li e r d ays , , .

S e co ndly un i versa li sm; Wisd om s a ys ( viii 1 5 1 6 )

,
.
,

By m k i g r ign e n s e

A d p ri n d r ju t i
,

n ces ec e e s ce

By m rul r rul
.

e e s e,

A d n bl n v n ll t h ju d g o e s, e e a e es of th e ea rt h .

There is h e r e n o re stri c t i o n t o t h e rul e rs o f t h e J e wi sh

n at i o n ; Wisd om is for all m en an d h er sw a y i s w or ld ,

wide for th ose wh o will h a ve h er :

l v th t h t l v m ;
I o e o se a o e e

A d th nth t k ose d ilig nt ly h ll fi d m (viii

a se e In e e s a n e .

A t hi r d m r k f H ll nist i c influ n a is t h
o ll g i l
e e e ce e a e or ca

for m whi h p p rs
c in t hisa b k ea d s p i lly i n t h e first oo ,
an e ec a

n in h p t rs ; t h m s t striking x mp l f t his is t h
e c a e
1
e o e a e o e

str g w m n s p ke n of i n c h p t r ii n d els ewher

an e o a o a e . a e

W hi h f r k t h t h fri n d f h
c y uth
o sa e e e o er o

A d f rg tt t h t h v n nt f G d ;
,

n o e e e co e a o o

F h h u i n lin t h u nt d t h
or er o se c e o ea

p t h u nt t h ( ii 7
,

A d h n d d er a s o e ea . 1

This s tr ng w m n a is u n d oubt e dly n

e o ll g r i l
a a a e o ca

p rs
e o n ; h is p r
s es n ifi t i n f t h
a n w H ll nist i
e o ca o o e e e e c

sp irit whi h o it s b d ide e n ou r ge d u nbridl d li n

c ,
n a S ,
c a e ce ce

a nd l d w y f r om God
e a a w h v s e n b o ve t h t t h r 1
e a e e a a e e

w as d b s d f rm f H ll n ism whi h w
a e a e o sp i lly
o e e c as e ec a

p r s
e en t i n Sy r i This int e r p r taa t.i n o f wh t w s m nt e o a a ea

by t h st r ng w m n w s t h t f s m of t h e
e a e o a rly a a o o e ea

Chur h F t h rs c Tha writ r f t h s

e
?
h p t r s is t hus e e o e e c a e ,

p r b ably u n ns i usly influ n d by t h m or

o co c o x ll n t , e ce e e e ce e

t i t of t h H ll nist i s p irit but is fully liv t i t s d ng e rs

ra s e e e c ,
a e o a

an d w rn his r d r s g i n st t h m
a s ea e a a e .

C p 0 H l t m nn i
1
A l lg mi h i ht i Ei
’
. . O k o z a G n l n en s e e ne esc c e n n ee

d t ll
a rs e g un II p en ,
95 . 2

C p F ri d l an d r Op
.
,

2 . e it p 7 e c 2

S t mt i
.

g C l m nt f A l x nd ri v 9 q u t d by
, .
,
. .

1
e . . e e o I e a a, ro a e s, 2 o e
Fri dland r Op i t p 7 3
.
,

e e ,
. c .
, . .
 I N FL U E N CE
‘

OF GR E E K I N o T B 0 0 KS 73
. .

a fo urt h m ark H ell e nist i c influ e n ce is t h e of

ti on of Wi sdom; t h e cl a ssi c a l p ass a ge is viii

fr om whi ch a few ve r se s m
.

a b e qu ot e d
y
T h e Lo r d p o ssesse d m e i n t h e be gi nn i n g o f H i s w a y ,

Be fore H i s work s o f old .

I w as se t up fr om e v e rl ast i n g fro m t h e b e gi nn i n g , ,

O r e v e r t h e e a rt h w as

W hen H e e sta bli sh e d t h e he a v ens I w a s t h er e :

W h e n H e se t a c ir c l e u p on t h e fa ce of t h e d ee p
,

Then I w as by H im as a m ast er work m an

.

A n d I w a s d a ily H i s d e ligh t
, ,

Th at su c h t h ought s are due t o Gree k influ e n ce s ca r ce ly

a dmit s o f d oubt
?

We c ome n e xt t o t h e b ook of J ob I n r e fe r e n ce t o t his .

O H olt zm a nn s ays wit h mu c h f or ce t h a t in t his b oo k w e

.

h a ve t o do wit h a r eligi ous p hil os op hi c al w or k ; an d so -

far a s w e kn ow t h e Is r ae lit e s n e ve r e vin ce d an y i n cli n a t i o n

,

for p hil os op hy u nt il t h e y ca me in co nt ac t wit h H ell e nism .

Fu r the r we mus t dr aw att e nt i on t o t h e f ac t t h at t he b ook

,

of J ob h a s as i t s b ac kg r o u n d t h e f or m o f a n o ve l whi c h ,

flourish e d e ve ryw he re a m o ng t he G ree ks an d t his is on e

o f t h e c l e a r e st S igns of t h e individu ali st i c t e nd e n c y whi c h

p re d o mi n at e d at t his p e r i od M oreove r t h e f or m ,

of di a l ogu e whi c h i s p e c uli a r t o t his b oo k r e c e ive s t hus a

n e w signifi ca n ce we h a ve h e r e wit h o ut d oub t a H e b r e w , ,

imi t a t i o n of t h e p h ilOS O p h i c di al ogue o f Pl at o ; a n d h ere

on e sh ould r ec all h ow Pl a t o me dit at e d u p o n t h e c ause s
o f hu m a n su ffe r ing an d h ow h e t oo ap p r e c i a t e d t he gr a n
, , ,

de u r an d be a uty o f t h e wor ld ” 1
Th e a uth or o f t h e b oo k .

o f J ob t a ke s u
p a p osit i o n o f a nt a g on ism t owa rds t h e old
ort h o d o xy re p re se nt e d by t h e t hree f r ie nds a s well as
, ,

t owa r ds t h e n ew H ell e nist i c S p i r it t he ult im a t e co n s e que n ce

W
ir
e inil
f a
n
o f whi c h must a s h e s ee s l e a d t o a th e ism u r a d sim l
,

, p e n
p e, , .

C p S t a d e Op c i t
1
I I p 2 1 6 ; O H o l t z m ann Op c i t II p
F ri e dl ande r Op ci t p p 79 if
.

29 7 ; M
. . .
, , , .
,
. .
, , .

. . . .
, , .

1
Op . c it .
, II , p .
35 1 .
74 THE B OO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA

His p osit i on is thus in t his r e sp e c t S imil a r t o t h a t of t h e, ,

a uth o r o f P r o v e r bs i — ix F r i e dl ande r see s i n t h e three

. .

f r i e nds t h e p i o u s o n e s o f t h e Ps alms
?
Fur t h e r w e ,

h a ve in t h e b oo k o f J ob a c o n cep t i o n of Wisd o m s o m ewh a t

simil a r t o t h a t o f Pr o ve r bs ; in t h e l ong p a ss a ge xxviii ,
.

1 2— 28 Wisd om is c on ce ive d o f as G o d s co Op e ra t or see

,
’
-

s
e p e c i ally v e r s e s 2 0 —
27 bu t u nl ike t h e t e ac hing of Pro verbs
on t h e subj e c t t h e r e is n ot t h e int im a t e r e l at i o nshi p e xis t i n g

be twee n Wisd o m a n d m
,

en ; th e re is on ly a b r ie f allusi o n
t o t his i n ve rse 2 8 .

I n t h e b ook o f E ccl e si a st e s i t is held by m a ny s ch ol ars

t h at tr ace s o f G r ee k p hil o s op hy are t o be discern e d Tyl e r .
,

for e x a m p l e sh ows t h a t t h e p a ss a ge iii 1 8 whi c h give s

, , .
-
,

a ca t al ogue o f t im e s an d se a s o ns is an e c h o o f t h e t e ac hing ,

of t h e St o i c s t h a t m e n sh ould l ive a cco rding t o n a t ure

?

Ag ain t h e t h ough t co nt a ine d i n iii 1 8 1 9

,
t h at .
,

whi c h be f all e t h t h e s o ns o f m e n b e f a ll e t h be a s t s ; e ve n

on e t hing b e f a ll e t h t h e m : a s t h e on e di e t h so di et h t h e

m
,

ot h e r ; y e a th e y h a v e,
a ll o n e br e a t h ; an d an h a t h n o

p r e e-
min e n ce a b o ve t h e be a st s ; f or a l l is v ani ty
is ce r t a i n ly i n acco rd a n ce wit h t h e E p i cure a n t e aching
r e g arding t h e m or t ality o f t h e s o ul B ar t o n argu e s s t r o ngly
?

a g a i n st t h e s e vi e ws but coge n t as m a ny o f his argum e nt s

1 ‘

are , the y are n ot convin c ing i n e ve ry c ase t his ap p lie s

e s p e c i a lly t o wh a t h e s a ys in r e fe r e n ce t o t h e p a ss a g e iii ,
.

18 Koh ele t h s d e ni al o f imm or t ali t y di ffe rs fr om

’

,
19 :

t h e E p i c u r ea n de ni al His is but a p a ssi n g d oub t ; i t i s

.

n ot d ogm at i c ally ex p r e sse d an d at t h e e n d ( xii

7 ) his , .

1
Op ci t p 10 7 Fri e d la n d er s ’
co nt ent i ons mb t d by
a re co a e

im m tl i h Z i t lt
. . .

mi m
.

K rug r j
,

e ,
H ell en s us un d uden tu n eutesta en c en e a er ,

pp . 22 ff .

1 E ccl esi a st es ,
p p 1 1 ff . h e is foll owe d by P l mp t i u re n h i s E cclesi
a stes ; S i gfri
e i
ed d H
P red g er un o esh li d e d H up t an a K oh eleth
d Fri d l an d r h l d t h m vi w
, , ,

K r ii g e r an e e o e sa e e

f urt h r H u p t Op i t p 6
.

1
S ee e a c

B k f E l i t p p 34 43
. .
, , .
, .

1
The
‘
oo o cc es a s es, .
— .
76 THE BOOKS OF THE APO CRYPHA
in R abbini c H e b r e w for infide l or e ve n a the i st Che yne .
” 1

d oe s n ot h owe ve r be li e ve i n an y tr a ce s of G r ee k influ e n ce
, ,

whe t he r E p i cu r e a n or St o i c in t h e b ook I do n ot see , .

,

h e s ays ,
t h at w e must a dmit e ve n a va gu e G r ee k influ e n ce .

Th e inqui r in g sp i r it w as p r e s e nt in t h e c l a ss o f wise m en

e ve n b e f o r e t h e Exil e a n d t h e c i r c umst a n ce s o f t h e l at e r
,

J ew s we r e f r o m t h e Exil e o nwa r ds well fitt e d t o e xe r ci se

, ,

a n d d e ve l op it H ell e ni c t e ac hing w a s in n o w a y n e ce ss ary

.

t o an a r d e nt but u nsy st e m at i c t hinke r like K oh el e th

” 1
.

I t is l a r ge ly a qu e st i o n of t h e p r ob a bilit i e s of t he ca se for ,

in dis c ussing t h e wh ole qu e st i on o f t h e p re se n ce or ot h e r wi se

“

o f t r a c e s o f H e ll e ni st i c influ e n c e in s o m e o f t h e l a t e r b oo ks

o f t h e Old Te st a m e nt
3
w e mu st k ee p be fo r e our minds t h e
,

f a c t o f t h e sp r e a d of t h e H ell e n i st i c S p i r it f r o m t h e de at h
o f Al e x a nd e r t h e Gr e a t o nw a rds a n d t h e w a y in whi c h ( a s ,

w e h a ve se e n in a p r e vi o us c h ap t e r ) it a ffe c t e d t h e J e ws in
m a nifold di r e ct i o ns Th e im p ort a n t e vide n ce o f 1 M acca
.

be e s i 1 1 is w or t h r eca ll i ng h e r e :
. I n t h o s e d a ys c a m e
t he re f or th out o f Is r ael t r a nsg re ss or s o f t he L aw a n d p er ,

sua de d m a ny s a ying Le t us g o a n d m a ke a c o ve n a nt wit h

, ,

t h e G e nt il e s t h a t are r ound a b out us for sin ce w e p art e d

f r o m th e m m a ny e vils h a ve be f alle n us Tw o p oint s c ome .

out c l e ar ly h e r e t h er e w as e vide ntly a s tr o ng He ll e n ist i c

p a rty a m o ng t h e J e ws in P al e st in e S i n ce th e se t r a nsgr e ss ors
ca m e f o rth out of I s r ae l
'

o f t h e L aw t h e p a ss a g e als o
sh ows t h a t s o m e t ime p r e vi ously r el at i ons h ad e xis t e d
b e twee n t he s e H elle nist i c J e ws an d t h e G e n t il e s a s t he ,

w r it e r s ays sin ce we p art e d f r o m t he m ”

'

Th e M a cca .

b wa n r ising w a s t h e r e f or e t h e c ulmin a t ing p o int o f a m

,
l

, ,
o ve

m e nt t h at h a d be e n g o ing on l ong be for e v iz a c o nfli c t ,

.
,

b e twee n o rth o do x an d H elle nist i c J e ws t he l at t e r be ing ,

su p p o r t e d by t he rul ing p owe r s or if confli ct is t oo stron g

1
Op ci t .
p 262
1
Op ci t p 2 71

m gin w u ld l i rl i r t h
. . .
, . .
, .

1
F ew we I a e, o d a te E cc es as es t ea e a n the
m i dd l t hird nt ury i
,
‘

e of the ce B C
. . at the ea r l est .
 OF G REEK I N FL U E N CE I N OT . . BOOK S 77

t he n let us say a t an y r a t e Op p o sing t e n

use , , ,

de n c i e s I t i s m ore o ve r hi ghly p r ob a ble t h a t t h e a c t io n

.
, ,

o f Ant i o c hu s E p i p h a n e s in see king t o st a m p out Jud a ism

wa s l a r g e ly p r o m p t e d by his kn o wl e dge o f t h e e xist e n c e o f

c o nside r a bl e numbe r s o f J e ws w h o we r e in sym p a t hy with

h i s p l a n ; t hi s se e ms cl e a r fr o m 1 M acc a bee s i 1 3 wh e r e .
,

we r e a d fu r t h e r And ce rt a in o f t h e p e op l e we re fo rward
he re i n an d we nt t o t h e ki n g Ant i oc hus E p i p h an es) ,

a n d h e g a ve t h e m li ce n c e t o d o a ft e r t h e o rdin a n ce s o f t h e

G e n t il e s I f t h e J e ws o f P al e st in e we r e t hus surrounde d
.

by Ge nt il e s an d we re as we h a ve a lre a dy see n t o be t h e
, ,

ca se ,
st r ongly influ e n ce d by t h e H e lle nist i c s p irit whe t he r ,

ort h od o x or n ot it woul d be accor ding t o e x p e c t at i o n t o

,

find m a r ks of t his influe n ce in t h ose b ooks o f t h e Old Te st a

me nt whi c h b el ong t o t h e Hell e nist i c p e r i od I n t h e p a rt ie n .

la r ca s e o f E c c l e si a st e s it is g r a nt e d t h a t a n a l ogie s be t wee n
G r ee k p hil os op hy an d it s ide a s e xi st ; it ap p e a r s t o us
1
,

the r e fo r e m ore p r o b abl e t h a t t h e se ide a s in vi e w of wh at

, ,

h a s j u st b e e n s a id we re due t o t h e influ e n ce o f Gree k t h ought

,

r athe r t h a n t h a t the y we re indep e nde ntly re ache d .

I I I T R A CE S O F G R E E K I N FL U E N CE I N THE A P O CR P HA
. Y
Th e r e are onl y t wo b ooks of t h e Ap oc r yp h a whi c h come
i n t o co nside r at i o n he re but t he y are t h e t w o m o st im p or t a nt
, .

First w e h a ve t h e Wisd om o f B en Si r a or E ccl e si a st i c us -

.

B e n Si r a w a s a n o r t h o d o x J e w ; but i n s p it e o f t his h e
-

be tr ay s in his b oo k t he influe n ce t h a t G r ee k c ultu re h ad

u p o n him an d is t hus an in t e re st ing e x a m p l e o f t h e w ay
i n whi c h t he He ll e nist i c S p i r it wo r ke d u p o n m
,

e n un c on

sc i ousl y He w r ot e his b oo k wit h t h e p ur p o s e a m o ng

.
,

oth e r s of de m o nst r a t ing t h e su p e r i o r ity o f J e wi sh o ve r

,

Gree k wisd om so t h at f r o m t his p o int o f vi e w E ccl e si a st i cu s

may be re g arde d as a n ap ol oge t i c work
,

Th e t r a ce s o f H ell e n is t i c influ e n ce i n t his b oo k are t o

1
C h yn
e e, Op . c it .
, p . 26 5 .
78 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA

be fo und in ge ne r a l co n ce p t i o n r at he r t h a n in de finit e fo rm
for e x a m p l e t h e id e nt ifi ca t i o n o f vi rtu e wit h kn owl e dge
,

is a dist in ctly He ll e nist i c tra i t a n d is t re at e d in t his b oo k ,

a s a xi o m a t i c N o l o nge r are divin e an d hum a n wisd o m

.

l ooke d u p o n as t h ough Op p ose d t h e on e t o t he ot her as ,

h a d be e n t h e c a se in d a ys g o n e by B e n Sir a t e a c h e s a n d -

this is c h ar ac t erist i c o f t h e Wi sd o m li t e r ature ge n e r a lly ,

t h at wisd om is t h e on e t hing o f all ot he rs whi ch is indis

e ns a bl e t o him w h o w ould l e a d a g odly life Th a t t h e re
p .

is n o Op p osit i on be twee n divi ne an d hum a n wisd o m was

a d oc t rin e for whi c h B e n Si r a w a s I nd e bt e d wh e th e r dir e ctly
-

or indir e c t ly is n ot t h e p oin t t o t h e influ e n ce of H ell e nism , .

I n t his b oo k t h e e vil o f wi c ke dne s s i s r e p r e se nt e d as

lying in t h e f act t h a t wi cke dne ss is folly an d th e re for e ,

e ss e nt i ally op p ose d t o Wisd o m ; on t h e oth e r h a nd t he ,

J e ws a s a b ody we r e fa i t hful t o t h e T o r ah or L aw wh o se , ,

o r din a n ce s w e r e binding b e ca us e i t w a s t h e r e ve al e d will

o f God ; t he r e for e i n or de r t o re c on c il e this t r a dit i on al

,

t e ac hing wit h t h e n ewer t e a ching t h at Wisdo m is m a n s ’

m a in re q ui re m e n t Wi sdom be ca me ide n t ifi e d wit h t h e T o r ah

,

t h e fe a r o f t h e L ord t h e O bs e rva n ce o f t h e T o r ah ]
is t he be ginning t he highe st f or m ] o f Wisd o m This .

is t h e found a t i o n st on e of t h e J e wi sh Wisd om lit e r at ure ;

-

a n d it f orm e d t h e r e co n c iling link b e t w ee n Jud a ism a n d

H ell e n ism i n this d om a in 1

This ide nt ifi cat i on is n owh e re
m ore e vide nt th a n i n E ccl e si a st i c us ; t h r ough out B en
Sira in cul c at e s t h e n ee d o f ob se r ving t he c omm an dme n t s
o f t h e La w whi c h is m a n s high e s t wis d o m
’
but t h e Law is ,

t h e e x p re ssi o n o f t h e divin e wisd om so th a t h e t ruly s a ys

If thou
ir wi d m k p t h mm n dm nt
d es e s o ee e co a e s,

A d th
n L r d will giv h
e fr ly u nt t h (i
o e er ee o ee .

Fu r the r t h xist n e f t h e influ n o f G r k p hil o p hy

, e e e c o e ce ee so

1
S ee th p r
e nt wri t r E l i t i u i t h C m
e se e b i dg Bi bl
’
s cc es a s c s n e a r e e,

p . xxv .
 GREEK I N FL U E N CE I N APOCRYPHA 7 9

a m o ng s ome of t h e cul ture d J e ws of P al e st in e i s re fle ct e d

i n t he boo k in t h a t B e n Sira contr o ve rt s t he fat alist i c -

hil o s o hy o f t h e S t o i c s se e f or e x a m p l e su c h a p a ssa ge
p p , ,

a s t h e fo ll owing :

S ay Fr m G d i m y t r n gr i n
n ot , o o s a s e ss o

F t h t whi h H h t t h m d H
or a t c e a e a e e no

It i H t h t m d m t
.

S y t a no t umbl s e a a e e o s e,

th r i n d f vil m ( xv
,

F or e e s no ee o e en . 1 1,

The S t i c e nume r t i n f t h hum n se n se s se e m s t o h a v

o a o o e a e

be n in t h mi n d o f o e wh adde d t h s words ft r xvii 4

e e n o e e a e .

The y me n ] rece ive d t he use of five p owe rs t he

five se n se s ] o f t h e L or d ; but as sixt h He a ls o ac c orde d
the m t h e gift o f u n derst a nding ( n ous) a n d as a se ve nt h t h e ,

Word ( logos) t h e int e rp re t e r o f His p owe rs

,
”
.

I n one p ass age B e n Si r a utt e rs words whi ch s ou n d r at he r

-

a n e c h o o f E p i c ure a n p hil os op hy
:

G iv e n ot ul t t hy rw so o so r o

t t hy l f b m u n t d i d wi t h r
,

A d l t
n e no se ec o e s ea e ca e

H rt j y i li f f m
.

ea -
o s e or a an ,

A d hum n gl dn
n p r l ng t h d y
a a e ss o o e a s

E nt i t hy l f t h t hi n h rt
.

ce d se an soo e e ea

A d b n i h v x t i n fr m t h
, ,

n a s ; e a o o ee

Fo r so rr w h t h l in m n y
o a s a a

A d th r i p r fit i v x ti n
,

n e e s no o n e a o

E n vy d n g r h rt n d y
.

an a e s o e a s,

A d n xi t y m k t h ld u nt im ly
n a e a e O e

l p f h rfu l h rt i li k d i nt i
.

Th e s ee o a c ee ea s e a es

A d hi f d i
n gr bl unt him (xxx
s oo s a 5 e ea e o . 2 1— 2 a c co r d in g
t t h H br w )
,

o e e e .

I n summing up t h e t r a ce s o f Gre e k influe n ce u p o n B e n

Sir a Pro f I sr ae l Le vi says :
,
. Th e f a t a list i c p hil o s op he r s
whose O p ini o n s h e c o nt e st s we r e d o ubt l e ss t he St o i c s a n d
t h e p hil oso p hi c a l dis c ussi o n s inst itut e d by him w e re i n n o
v at i on s an d p r ob a bly b o rr owe d His c r it i c isms o f s ce p t i c s .

a n d w ould be free t hinke r s are fu r the r e v iden ces o f h i s

-

knowl e dge o f H ell e nism a n d s ome o f h i s vi e ws fi n d cl ose

a n al ogu e s in Euri id e s N o t o n ly d o s h sh r h r t r
p e e a
. e c a a c e
 THE BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA

i st i c ide a s wit h Gr ee k t r a ge di a ns a n d m or al ist s but

t he ,

h e e ve n h a s t h e s a m e t a s t e f or ce r t a in co mm o n t op i cs su c h ,

as f a ls e fri e n dshi p t h e un ce rt a int y o f h ap p i n e ss an d e sp e c i

, ,

a lly t h e f a ul t s o f w om e n Th e im p r e ssi on o f Gree k influ e n c e

.

is stre ngt h e ne d by t h e p r e se n ce of a p olish quit e f ore ig n

t o H e b r e w lit e r a tu r e
” 1
This m ay or m ay n ot be s om ewh a t
.

o ve r st a t e d but t he r e c a n s car ce ly be a ny d oub t t h at

, ,

a lth ough t h e Jud a i c e l e m e nts in t h e b ook p r ep ond e r a t e t o

a n o v e rwh e lming d e g r ee ye t H e ll e ni c tr a i t s are t o b e dis,

ce rn e d t o a c e r t a in e xt e nt Pro f L e vi s ee s t h e r e sul t s o f . .

G r ee k in flu e n ce in s om e o th e r direc t i ons in t h e b ook t hus

h e s a ys th a t t h e c ust o ms whi c h h e B en Sir a )d es c r ib e s -

a re t a k e n f r o m Gr ee k r a t h e r th a n fr o m H e br e w s oci e ty ;

thus h e m enti ons b an qu e t s a cc om p a ni e d by brilli ant c on

vers ati on a t whi ch musi ca l i n strum e nts w e r e h eard an d
1
, ,

o ve r whi c h p r e sid e d t h e m a st e r o f t h e fe a s t At the ’

.

sa m e tim e it is o nly r igh t t o p oin t out th a t s o m e sch ol a rs

d e ny th a t th e r e are an y signs of G ree k i n flu e n ce i n t h e b ook .

We tu r n n ow t o t h e b ook of Wisd om whi c h as a p r oduc t of ,

t h e J ud a ism of t h e Dis p e rsi on is full of t h e H e ll e nisti c S p iri t , .

Th e b e s t w ay t o d ea l wi t h t his int e r e s t ing bu t s om ewh a t

in t ri c a t e subj ec t will be t o illus tr a t e by qu ot at i ons t h e
di ffe r ent Gree k p hil os op hi cal idea s con t a in e d i n t h e b oo k ,

an d th e n t o indi c a t e t h e t ea c hing of t h e G r ee k p hil os op h e rs

in eac h c ase in this w ay t h e influen ce of Gree k p hil os op hy

in t h e b oo k will b e cl early s ee n .

( ) a The doctri n e
f o the p re—exi stence o f the soul .

Th a t this is t a k e n f or g r a nt e d is cl ea r fr om th e words
in viii 1 9 2 0 :
.
,

1
j wi h E y l X I 3g
e s nc c oa

Thi i x gg r t i n wh t B S ir y i
. .
, ,

1
s s an e a e a o a en -
a sa s s

S p k O ld r f
ea i t i t hy p rivil g ;
e e or s e e

Bu t b di r t i n un d r t nd ing d hi nd r ng
, ,

e sc ee e s a an e n ot so

S p k 0 y ung m
.

i f th u m p ll d
,

ea o t an , o ar co e e

S umup t hy p h y mu h i li tt l (xxxii 3 i n H br w )
,

s eec , sa c n e .
— 8, e e
A nd g ai n I n xv
a , . (5 , t h oug h ne e r p re e
-
xi st e n ce IS n ot

nece ss arily imp lie d

Wh en the soul
‘

w hi ch w as l e nt hi m h l l g in b
s a a a e de m a nde d .

An d n ce m ore i n r e fe re n ce t o t h e f oolish
, o , m an wh o m an u
f ac ture s id ols i t is s a id ( xv 1 1 ) , .

B u h w ign r nt f Him t h t m ul d d him

e ca se e as o a o a o e

A d f H i mt h t i n p ir d i nt hi m t iv ul
,

n o a s e o an ac e so

A d br t h d i nt hi m vi t l p iri t
,

n ea e o a a S .

A g r t d e l dep e nds h ere u p on t h e qu s t i on of au t h or

ea a e

shi p , a t an y r a t e u p on t h e p oi nt
or f vi ew f t h e writ e r ; o o

fo it wi ll be n ot i c d th a t t h first f t h s qu t a ti on s om e s
r e e o e e o c

from p r t i of t h e b k whi l t h e l st tw o e from p r t ii

a . oo ,
e a ar a .

W will p k f t h e p oi n t of vi w f t h writ r wi t h out

e S ea o e o e e

assuming th t ith r a tw ewrit er s is i n qu s t i n

e on e or o e o .

Th r e e are t w o p oints of Vi ew r p r s n t d in th e s e v ers s ; e e e e e

t he rdin ry J wish b li e f is ex p r ss d by t h words :

o a e e e e e

N ow I w s a hi ld g ood by n tur
a c d a g d s ul f ll t o a e , an oo o e

my l t o ,
well s by t h t w oth r qu t ti ns On
as a e o e o a o .

th e o th r h nd a p int of vi w influ n d by G r k th ought

e a ,
o e e ce ee

a
pp e ras in t h w rds : N y r
e th r b ing
o g d I m a , a e ,
e oo , ca e

i nt o b ody u d fil d
a I t is w ll t p oint ut fi r s t th t
n e e . e o o a

acc ording t o t h or din ry J wish b li f th r

e wa o Cl r a e e e e e s n ea

co nc p ti n of y di ff r n b e tw n s ul a d S p i it ; t h
e o an e e ce ee o n r e

H br w w r d f
e e s oul is ep he h but this w rd d s
o or n s
°

o oe

or r p ond p r p r ly t it m n s
’
n ot c es s oul o m ns
e o ea a a

own s lf his p r s n lity in luding his b ody ; wh t w

e , e o a , c a e

u n d r st nd by b dy
e a d s oul is x p r ss d i n H b r w by
o an e e e e e

this w or d ep he h nth t wh n this is t r nsl at d by s ul

s , so a e a e o

misunde rst a nding ; t h e H ebre ws h a d n o

cor r e s p o n ding t o t h e Gr ee k som a ( b ody) n or did ,

G reek p sy ch e (soul ) c orr esp ond with t h e H ebre w

hé sh ; t h e H ebrew w ord whic h c om e s n e ar est t o
82 THE BOO K S O F THE A POCRYPHA

p sy che would be n é shd mah (brea th ) ,

or p ossibly r ua ch
s
(p )i r it ?
T h e w ords th e r e f or e N ow I w as a c hild g ood
, ,

by n a tu r e an d a g ood s oul f ell t o my lot m ean sim p ly th at ,

h e w as by n a tu r e a g oo d c hild an d b ec a m e a ls o a g ood m
,

an ,

by G od s m erc y is im p li e d
’
This t r a diti on al f a ith t h e
.

writ e r sup p l em ents on ac c ount of t h e insigh t i n t o Gree k

,

p hil o s op hy whi c h h e h a d g a in e d by a dding : Or r a th e r , , ,

b eing g ood I c am e int o a b ody un defiled

,
h e m ea ns
th er eby th at his s oul (in t h e G r eek n ot t h e H eb r ew s e ns e , , ,

f or h e d oes n ot i n clud e t h e b ody ) e nt e r e d in t o a b ody un

defile d h e thus e x p r ess e s his b eli ef in t h e p re exis t e n ce of -

t h e s oul But an int e resting p oint t o b e n ot e d h ere is

.

th a t t h e wr i t e r while a c c ep ting one G r ee k d oc tri ne (t h e

,

p r e e -
xis t e n c e o f t h e s oul ) p r e udi a t es a n o t h e r i n t h e s am e

breath f or by S p ea king of a b ody un defiled h e s eems t o

,
“

b e d enying t h e Pl a t o ni c d oc tr in e of t h e b ody b e ing a hind

r a n ce (see b el ow) As t o Pl at o s t e ac hing on t h e p re
.
’

e xist e n c e of t h e s oul this h as b ee n so well summ e d up by

,

Z e ller th a t w e c a nn ot do b et t e r th a n give it in his w or ds :

Th e s oul of m an is in its n a tu r e h om og e n e ous with t h e s oul

of t h e u n iv e rs e f r om whi c h it S r ings

m
, p B e ing O f a S im p l e .

an d in corp or e a l n at u r e it is by its ow e r of s e lf o v e m e n t
p
-

t h e origi n of m oti o n in t h e b o dy ; ins ep a r ably con n e c t e d

with t h e idea of life i t h as n eith e r en d n or b egi n ning As
, .

t h e s ouls h a ve d es ce nde d fr om a high er w or ld in t o t h e

e arthly b o dy th ey r e turn a ft e r d ea th if t he ir live s h a v e
, ,

b een p ure an d d ev ot e d t o high e r obj ec t s t o this high e r ,

world whil e th os e w h o n ee d c or r ec ti on in p a rt und erg o

,

p u nishm e nts in a n o t h e r w or ld a n d i n p a rt mig r a t e thr ough

t h e b odi e s of m
,

en an d a nim al s I n its e arli er e xis t e n c e .

our s o ul h as s ee n t h e id e as of whi c h i t is r emi n d e d by t h e

” 1
sigh t of th eir s en su ous C op i es .

1
Cp E c c
. l i
es a s e st xii 7 an d th e d u t r t urn t t h rt h
s e o e ea

it iri t r t urn t g v it
.

G d Wh
”
as w as , an d the sp ( rua ch ) e o o o a e .

1
Outli nes o f Gr k P h i l
ee osop hy ( E n gli h tr n s a s a l ti n o pp, 5 f . 1 2 .
,
84 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA

h as al r
dy b ee n d ealt with in P a r t I c h ap ix (j)
ea , . .

i nflu e n c e of G r ee k th ough t is t o be dis cer n ed i n such

ass ag e s a s t h e f oll owi n g :
p
Co urt t d t h i n t h rr r f y ur li f
no ea e e o o o e

N i t h r d w u p n y ur lv
e e ra d t ru t i n by t h w rk
o f y ur
o se es es c o e o s o o

h nd a s ;

B u G d m d t d th
e ca se o a e no ea

N i t h r d ligh t t h H wh n t h wi k d p ri h ( i
,

e e e e e e e c e e s . 12,

F righ t u n i imm r t l ( i
or eo s ess s o a .

Th e r ef r e n e h ere is t o S p i r i t u al d eath t h e s oul s l oss Of

’
e c ,

t ru e life h re ft er Ag ai n : e a .

Bu t t h ul f t h righ t u e so i th h nd f G d
s o e eo s a re n
“

e a o o

t rm nt h ll t u h t h m (ii i )
,

A d n no o e s a o c e . I .

Th y t h t t u t Him h ll u n d r t nd t ru t h
e a r s on s a e s a

A d t h f i t h ful h ll bi d wi t h Him i
n e a lv s a a e n o e ;

B u gr
eca d m r y
se t Hi
a ce h n an e c a re o s c o se

A d H w ill gr i u ly vi i t H i h ly n ( iii 9 p xv
,

n e ac o s s s o o es .
, O . .

And , on c e m ore
In co rrup t i on brin g t h n r t G d (vi e ea o o .

Of su c h p ass a g es M en z e l s ays : Wh o d oes

n ot i n r ea di n g
“

th em recall t h e Pl at oni c p ass ag e jam

,

,
bl a d P hae d p p 6 3 0 . . .
,

To qu ot e Z ell er ag a in i n his summing up of Pl at o s

’
6 90 ? 1

hil os o hy A S t h e s oul in i t s t ru e n a t ur e b el ongs t o t h e

p p
w or ld a b ove t h e s en s es an d i n t h at only c an fi n d a t ru e ,

an d l a s t ing e xis t ence t h e p oss e ssi on of t h e g ood or h app i ,

n ess whi c h f o rms t h e fin al g oal of hum a n eff or t can on ly

b e Ob t a in e d by e l e v at i on int o t h at high er w orld .

Th e tru e missi o n of m an th er e f or e li e s i n th a t e s cap e fr om , ,

this w orld whi ch t h e Th ewt et us I 76 A ident ifi es wi t h

, ,
’

a ssimil at i on t o t h e divi n e n at ur e .

(c) The doctri n e of the badn ess of the body .

I n ix 1 5 1 6 i t is s aid :
.
, ,

1
M e nz el ,
0p . ci t .
, p .
58 .
1
Z ll r
e e ,
0p . ci t .
,
p . 15 5 .
 ll f r o c a es .

l b ur
a o

P r ac tic a lly all c omm e nt a t or s are agree d th a t vers e 1 5

is b as e d on a p ass ag e i n Pl at o s P haedo (8 1 C) wh ere t h e
’

hindr a n ce of t h e b ody i S sp ok en of t h e verb a l S imil a riti e s

.

are t oo st riki n g f or this t o b e d e n i e d Th e t eac hi n g is .

,

m oreove r in ag r eem ent with th at f ou n d e ls ewh er e i n t h e

,

wri t ings of Pl at o : Th e b ody is t h e g r a ve an d

ris on of t h e s o ul whi c h h as r e c e ive d its i r r a ti on a l e l e m e nt s
p ,

th r ough c ombin a ti on with it an d is t h e s ou rce of all d esire s ,

an d all dist ur b a n c e s of int e ll ec tu a l ac tivity thus Z ell er

sums up Pl at o s t eac hing on t h e subj ec t
’
?

(d) The crea ti onf of fthe world er out o or ml mtt

ess a .

Th e t e r m f orml ess m att e r is a Pl a t o ni c on e ; but

this d oc t r in e w as t aught by t h e St oi c s as w ell as by Pl a t o ,

so th a t w e c a nn o t say t o whi c h syst em t h e a u t h o r of Wisd om

w a s imm e di a t e ly ind ebt e d in writing th e s e w ords :

F or Thin e a ll
po e
-
w rf ul h a nd
Th t r w rl d fo rml ess m tt er ( xi
,

a c eated t h e o o ut o f a .

In S p ea king of wh at Pl a t o m ea nt by t h e t e rm m a tt er
By Pl at o s m a tt e r w e h a ve t o unde r st a nd
’
Z ell er s ays :
n ot a m ass filling s ac e but s ace its elf H e n e ve r m e
p p , n .

ti ons it a s th a t out of whi c h but o nly as t h at in whi c h , ,

things a r is e A c c or ding t o him b odi es are f or m e d wh e n

.
,

cer t a in p or ti ons Of s p ac e are thr ow n i n t o t h e S h ap e s of t h e

f our el em e nts Th a t it is n ot a corp ore al m ass out of whi c h

.
,

th ey a ris e in this m anner is c lea r fr om t h e ass e r ti on th a t

wh e n th ey c h ang e int o on e a n ot he r th ey are b r oke n up
int o th ei r sm all est p lan e dim ensi ons in or der t o b e com
p o und e d a n e w out of th es e T O c arry this th e or y out
.

s t ri c tly w as difficult an d in a n oth e r p l ace ( Ti m3 0 A 5 2 D f .

, , .
,

1
Op ci t 15
. .
,
p .

5 .
86 THE BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA

6 9B ) h e rep re s ents t h e m att e r a s if t h e D e ity wh en ,

g ag e d in t h e f orm a ti on of t h e el em e nts h ad f ound all ,

is visibl e al r e a dy in e xist e n ce as a c h aoti c m ass m oving

with out r ul e
” 1
.

e i nfluen ce of S toi c p hi losop hy

?
( ) g
e S i n s o
f t h
M ost c omm e n t a t or s f r om G r imm o nw ar ds h old th a t t h e , ,

id ea of t h e A n i m a M un di or W or l d S oul of St oi c p hil os op hy , ,

is t o b e dis c ove r e d in su c h p ass age s as t h e f oll owing :

B u t h p iri t f t h L rd fill t h t h w rl d
ec a se e s o e o e e o ,

A d t h t whi h h l d t h l l t hi n g t g t h r h t h k n wl d g
n a c f o e a s o e e a o e e o

v ry v i (i
e e o ce .

Th e ll p rv ding h r t r
a -
e f Wisd m d s r ib d in vii
a c a ac e o o ,
e c e .

2 2 24 —
c nt ins ,
simil r th ught
o a a a o :

F or th r i i h e e p iri t q ui k s f u n d r t n d in g h ly
n er a s c o e s a o ,

Al n i k i nd m ni f l d
,

o e n a o

S ub t il fr ly m vi n g
, ,

ee o

Cl r i u tt r n u np llu t d
, ,

ea n e a ce , o e

Di ti n t t h t nn t b h rm d
,

s c a ca o e a e ;
L vi n g wh t i g d k n u n hi n d r d
,

o a s oo ee e e

t l vi n g t w r d m
, , ,

B fi en e c en o o a an ,

ur fr f m r
,

S t df t ea as s e, ee ro ca e ,

Al l p w r f ul ll urv yi n g
,

-
o e a -
s e

A d p n t r t i n g t hr ugh ll p iri t
, ,

n e e a o a s s

Th t aq ui k f u n d r t n d i n g p ur
a re ub t il c o e s a e, s

W i d m i m r m bil t h n y m ti n
.
,

F or s o s o e o e a an o o ;
ll t hi n g by r
.

Y ea , h p s d th e d p t t the rv a e n f an e n e ra e a s e a so o

p ur n ( p l vii 7 viii
e e ss c . a so . 2 ,
.

An t h r St oi c d o t in is t h t f t h m t b lism of
o e c r e a o e e a o

l m nts
e e e by t h e h l p f whi h t h w r it r f p rt ii
,
e o c e e o a .

e nd v u r s t r ati n liz t h mi r l s of t h Ex dus

ea o o o a e e ac e e o .

Th m t b lism f t h
e e a l m nts t t h e o d f p rt o e e e e a en o a

s ys H lm s
a is t r d by E P fl i d
o e ,
3
t H r litus ace . e erer o e ac ,

an d t him dir tly r th r th n indi r tly th r ough t h

o ec , a e a ec e

St oi c s , on a cc o unt of the a llusi on in c h ap t er xix . to three

1
Op .
-
ci t p 1 47

Z ll r Op
. . .
,

1
Cp e e ci t pp 229 —
25 5 ; W en d l a n d D i e H el l i ti
en s sch

R em
.

i h K lt
, . .
, .
,

sc e u ur pp . 1 1 0 —1 1 5 .

3
Op . ci t .
, p .
5 32 .
88 THE B OO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA

t he Old Te s t am ent ; in a few s ca t t e re d p ass ag e s ja van ,

t h e H ebr ew f orm f or t h e l and of t h e I on i a ns (i e Gr eeks ) . .

,

is f ou n d Th r ee int eresting inst a n ce s of vari a t i on fr om t h e

.

H ebr ew occur in t h e S ept u agi n t t h e w ord Gree k b eing

substitut e d f or Philistin e in on e c as e an d H ell en i c ,

sw or d f or O p p r e ssi n g sw ord i n t w o oth er s Th es e .

d elib er at e alt er a ti ons were m ade b ecaus e it w as b e li e ved

by t h e Greek tran sl a t or t h at t h e real d an g er for t h e J ews
lay i n t h e s p r ea d of t h e Gr ee k S p i r it In t h e B o ok of
.

D ani e l a few G r eek n am es of musi ca l i n s t rum en t s h ave b ee n

a d op t e d .

T r ace s of Gree k influ e n ce are t o be disc ern e d i n all p ro

b abi li t y i n s om e of t h e Ps alms f or th ey witn ess t o a s t a t e
,

Of aff a irs br ough t a b out by t h e w orking of t h e G r ee k S p i r i t .

I n t h e fi r s t n in e c h ap t er s Of Pr over bs t oo th ere are m arks

, ,

of H ell en i c influ e n ce e g i n dividu alism

,
. . u n ivers alism , ,

t h e use of a ll eg ory a n d t h e hy p ost at iz at i on of Wisd om .

I n t h e B ook of J ob t h e s am e i n flu e n ce m a
y b e dis c e r n e d
i n t h e p h il OS Op hi c cast of t h e s p eec h es in its imi t at i on ,

in f or m of Pl at o s di al ogu es an d i n t h e f ac t t h a t t h e b ac k
’

gr ound of t h e b ook is cast in t h e f orm of a n ovel whi c h w as ,

lik ewis e imi t at e d fr om t h e Greeks As t o E ccl esi as t es

.
,

Op ini ons di ffer a s t o wh e th e r it e xhibits direc t b orr owi n g

f r om S t oi c an d E p i c urea n th ough t ; bu t it c e r t ainly con

t ains a n al ogi es with G r ee k p hil os op hy .

I n t h e A p oc r yp h a on ly t wo b ooks com e int o c onsid e r at i on ,

but th ey are t h e t wo m ost im p ort an t E cc l esi as t icus was .

w r itt en wi t h t h e p urp os e am ong oth e rs of d em ons t ra ting

, ,

t h e su p er i or i t y of J ewish ove r G reek wisd om ; at the

s am e tim e B en Sira Oft e n sh ows hims elf influ ence d uncon
,
-

y it m
,

sci ousl a
y b e by
, t h e l a tt e r a l t h
, ough t h e Jud a i c e l e

m ents in t h e b ook p rep onderat e t o an overwh elming degree .

Th e B ook of Wisd om a p r o du c t of t h e Jud aism of t h e

, is D
p ersi on is full of t h e H e ll en ic S p iri t ; t his com e s out v e r y
,

c l ea r ly i n t h e tr ea tm ent of t h e d oc tr i n e s of t h e re exis t e n ce
p
-
 CHAPTE R V

T he A p o c al y p t i c M o ve m e n t
[L I T ERA T U R E — T oy j uda s im and C h ri st i a n i ty , pp 2 —
37 4 14 (1 8 9 1)
S hl tt r
, .

I sra el Geschi ch te
’
c a e s von A lexa n der d Grossen bi s
j m im
, .

H a dri a n B o usse t , D i e R eli gi on des uden t u s

n eutesta m tl i
en ch en Z ei ta lter , pp . 195 — 290 B o usset
i l j di h gi
,

D ie jitdi sche A p ok a lyp t k Vo z, u sc e E sch a tolo e

von D a n i el bi s A k ba i ( 190 3) M Fri dl an d r D i e e e rel B eweg un

m g
. .
,

gen pp . 2 2— 77 Gr e ss an n , D er U rsp run der

li i h judi h E h t l g i
i sra e t sc -
sc en sc a o o e O e st e rl e y Th e D oc
f th L t Th i g ( 9 8 ) S h ii
,

t i r ne o e as n s 1 0 c r er , I I i n p p 4 4— 1 5 1
G rm n d I I I p p
. .
, ,

5 8 4 07 ( 9 9 ) O t l y d B Th
e a 2 — 1 0
e . es e r e an ox , e

R li gi f th S y g gu p p
.
,

e d W hi p
on an 7 45
ors 54 o e na o e, 2 — 2 2 2 —2

C h rl E h t l gy H br w J w i h
.
,

a es, d C h i ti sc a o o e e , e s an r s an

( 9 3 ) Burk i tt y wi h d C h i t i
,

1 1 Ap lyp ( 9 4 ) Me s an r s an oca ses 1 1 ac

rt i l E h t l gy i n H ti n g E y l f
,

C ll h
’ ’
u oc s a c e on sc a o o as s nc c o

R l i gi v p p 3 73 3 9
.
,

e d E thi on an cs, . .
— 1

I THE B E GI NN I N G S O F THE A P OCA LY PT I C M OVE M E N T

.

H E fundam e nt l id as whi c h ul t im at ely d vel p d a e e o e

i n t J wish A p o alyp ti c g o b ac k t o a h oary anti

o e c

q ui t y M any of t h s e id s a e p r es ent in
. e f or m e ea r on or

a n ot h er in t h Old T s t m ent ; but t h e diff r nt s our s

e e a e e ce ,

s om und ubt dly indig e n ous

e o th r s e xtr n us wh e n c
e ,
o e a eo ,
e

th es e id s e m n t d h av i n ll p r b b i lity a mu h
ea a a e e, a o a ,
c

l ong er his t ry b hind th em With t h hist ry n d d vel op

o e . e o a e

m ent of r ly A p o lyp ti c th ough t w e a e ot h er conc r n ed

ea ca r n e e ,

si n ce ou obj c t is nly t o d e l with j wi h A p oc alyp ti c

r e o a e s ,

a d this m r ly in its br o d
n e e utlin s as i t ap p ar s i nwh at is a o e e

c all e d t h A p o lyp ti M ovem n t

e ca c e .

Wh e n S p ec ifi c ally J ewish A p oc alyp ti c co mm en ce d it is

90
 THE BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA
‘

92

h ere was a m ess ag e f or hi mi n p arti c ul ar as well as for t h e

n at i on at l a rg e .

We h ave s aid t h at i n t h e p re Macc abwan era t h e t en -

den ci es whi c h i n l a t e r y e ar s h ad t h e effec t of c a lling i nt o

e xist en c e t w o a n t ag on is t i c p ar t i e s w er e al r e a dy r e s ent ;
p
we h ave a ls o s aid th a t t h e J ews as a whole w ere m or e or
l ess imbu e d with t h e H e ll e nisti c S p iri t ; let us e x p l ai n
our m ea ni n g a li tt l e m or e fully N ot all t h e J ews at t his
.

p e ri od wer e H e ll e nisti c a lly in c lin e d th ough t h e bulk w er e , ,

a n d t h e i nfluen ce w a s m or e or l e ss u p on all bu t t h ere w as

a mi n ority of t h e n a t i on whi c h h a d f oll ow e d i n t h e w a k e

of th os e wh o S i n c e t h e t im e of Ezr a an d N e h e mi a h h ad

clun g t en ac i ously t o a r igid Obs erva nc e of t h e Law ; n ot

th at t h ey wer e wh olly uni nfluence d by t h e H ell en is t i c
S p iri t ,
an y m ore t h a n t h e m or e t h or ough g oing H ell en is t i c -

J ews as a b ody w ere r eally disl oya l t o t h e Law Thi s .

min ority consist e d of th os e w h o w er e c all e d t h e Pi ous

on es or Cha ssidi m ; it w as c onn ec t e d w ith t h e S c rib e s
1
, ,

f or in t h e im p or t ant p ass ag e 1 M a cc ab ee s vii 1 2— 1 4 i t is

And th ere w ere g a t h ere d t og e th er un t o Alci m
, .
,

s aid us a n d

B acc hides a c om p a ny of s c rib e s t o s ee k f or j usti ce And , .

t h e Ch assidim w e r e t h e first a m ong t h e c hildr e n of Isr ae l th at

s ought p eace of th em I t w as t h e Chassi di m wh o
.

in p os t M accab aean tim es d e vel op e d i n t o t h e distin c t p arty

-

of t h e Ph a r is ee s t h e p a rty of r igid or t h od
, y l eg a lis t i c , ,

e x c lusiv e a n d n arr ow
,
O p p os e d th e n t o t h e ideas of t his
.
, ,

min ority we r e t h os e wh o were led by t h e g over n ing c l ass e s

an d t h e f a mily of t h e High Pri e st ; men wh o wer e t h e
f r i ends of H ell en isti c c ul t ure an d wh o we re n ot l eg alisti c
,

i n t h e s ens e t h at t h e Chassi di mwe r e Th es e r ep res en t e d .

wh at in p os t M accab aean t im e s b ec am e t h e S adducaean

-

p a r t y. I t c a n n ot h ow e v e r b,
e t oo str ongly i n sis t e d u p on
,

th at as already p oi nt e d out in p re M acc ab aean t im e s

, ,
-

th ere was n eith er a S adducaean n or a Ph aris ai c p arty Th e .

1
The sa m e as t h e A ssi d aaa n s r f rr
e e ed to in I M ac c a b ee s ii .
42 .
in t e rest w as A p oc alyp ti c We feel c o nvi n ce d th at t h e .

e vid e n ce con c e rning t h e v ari ous r eligi ous th ought t e nd e n c i e s -

i n p re M accab aea n t im es t ake n as a wh ol e su p p ort s M

-
, , .

Fri e dl and er s cont e nti on th a t

’
t h e gr ea t m a ss Of t h e
e o l e t h e multitud e s (A m h a arez) r e m ain e d b e f or e a n d
p p
-

a f t e r [i e of t h e M accab aea n st r uggl e] und e r t h e s p ell of t h e

. .

H ell e nisti c s p irit an d as in t h e ca s e of t h e ruling p a rti es

, ,

th ey t oo h ad a ls o in p ost M accab aean tim es th e ir t eac h ers

, ,
-

Pi ous on e s Th es e t each ers w ere t h e Chassi di m

,

a n d th eir
’
.

” 1
a n d t h e c r e a t ors of t h e a oca ly ti c lit e r a tur e Th ese
p p .

A p oc alyp tists th e re f or e h a d this in c o mm on with t h e

, ,

Ph ar is ees th a t b oth we r e des ce nde d f r om t h e Pi ous o n e s ,

’

or C hassidi m ; o nly a s Fri e dl an d e r p uts it

,
wh e r e as t h e ,

Ph ar is ees were t h e b odily d es c e nd a nts of t h e p re M acc a -

bae an Pi ous on es t h e A p oc alyp tists w e r e th ei r S p iritu al

’

d es ce nd a nts t h e f or m e r t r a nsf or m e d t h e f a ithfuln e ss t o t h e

L aw of th e ir f or e f a th e r s int o l eg a l bu r d e ns t h e l a t t e r cl ung ,

l oy ally t o t h e sim p l e b eli ef of th os e s elf s am e f ore fa th er s -

a b e li e f whi c h w as n ot blu rr e d by int r i ca t e l e a r ning a n d a

su p er abunda nt or al traditi on ; th ei r s w as a p i e ty on
’

t h e c ont r a ry whi c h was b or n of t h e S p i r it of t h e tim e s an d

, ,

the r efor e su c h as w as c h a rac t e r isti c of t h e c omm on f olk

” 1
.
,

I t will n o d oubt st r ik e s om e as in cong r u ous th a t t h e

, ,

Ph ar is ees with their c irc ums c rib ed a nti H elle nisti c vi ew s

,
-

an d t h e A oc al y tists with t h e ir e nl a r g e d urvi e w an d p re

p p , p
H e ll enistic ideas sh ould b e s aid t o h ave p oss ess e d a c omm on
,

a n ce stry ; but th e r e are t w o f ac ts whi c h a re Of th e ms e lv e s

su ffic i ent t o sh ow t h e p r ob ability of this h aving b ee n t h e

c as e : b e li ef in a futu r e life a m ong t h e J ews w as l a r g ely
due t o Gr ee k t h ought ; it w as one of t h e m a i n th e m es o f
1
D ie rel . B eweg un ge n ,
p . 22 .
1
Op . ci t .
, p . 23 .
94 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
a p oc a lyp t i c t ea c hing ; but it w as al s o on e of t h e m ost
p r o mi n e nt t e n e ts of t h e Ph a ris e e s w h
, o d e v e l o e d it fr om
p
t h e Pl a t o ni c d oc t rin e of t h e imm or t a lity of t h e s oul t o a
d efinit e b e li ef in t h e r e surr ec ti on of t h e b ody Th at t w o .

s ch ools of th ought di ffe ring in s om e vit al res p ec ts sh ould

, ,

n e v e r th e l e ss b e in agree m en t i n di ffe r ing fr o m t h e n o rm a l

t eac hing of t h e Old Te st am ent on su c h a S p ec i al an d p ec u

li arly im p or t a nt subj ec t a s th a t of t h e fu t u r e lif e ce r t a i nl y ,

p o i n ts t o a n o rigin a lly id e n ti ca l
p a r e nt a g e W e h a v e.l a id
s t ress on t h e f ac t th a t in p re M acc ab aea n tim es t h e J ewish
-

n a ti on as a wh ol e w as m or e or l ess influ en ce d by t h e H ell e n

, ,

i st i c s p i rit ; on e s ec ti o n of t h e p eop l e w ould b e influ e n c e d

i n this w ay a n oth e r in t h a t Thus a s an e x am p l e t h e
, .
, ,

Cha ssi di mw e r e influ e n ce d by t h e H e ll e nisti c t eac hin g on

t h e futur e life but t h e ruling c l ass e s we r e n ot th ey c lung ,

t o t h e Old tr a diti on al t eac hing a s c o nt a in e d i n t h e Old

Te s t am e n t O r ag ain am ong t h e C hassidi m were m a ny
.
,

w h o wer e influ e n c e d by t h e free r an d m or e t ol e r a nt a tm o

s p h ere of t h e G ree k S p i ri t agreei n g in t his with t h e r uling
,

c l a ss es, but di ffering f r om th os e with wh om they we r e in

s om e oth er r es p ec ts in agreem e nt S O th a t wh e n l a t e r
.
, ,

c l ea r ly d e fin e d p arti e s c am e int o e xis t e n ce th e y w ould n ot ,

n ecess a rily di ffe r on all p oi nt s an d Ph a ris ee s an d A p oca

lyp t i st s agree d as a wh ol e u p on t h e subj e ct of a b e li e f i n
t h e futur e lif e th ough as w e sh all see v a r i ous Op ini ons on
, , ,

c e rt a in p oints c on c e r ni n g t h e futur e life w e r e h e ld by t h e

A p oc alyp t ists .

I n a n oth e r r e s p e c t w e m ay se e a n inn e r p r ob ability of

t h e Ph a r is ee s a n d A p oc alyp tists h a ving a comm o n a n c e stry .

Th e Chassi di m a s th e i r n am e im p li e d w e r e int e ns ely re

, ,

lig i ously mind e d ; t h e z eal for t h e L aw of Som e w as on e

w ay in whi c h th eir eag e r y e ar ning t o do s om e thing f or God
c ould find v e nt ; t h e st e adfa st g a z e u p on t h e w or ld t o
com e of oth e rs w as t h e e x p r e s si on of a l onging t o b e n e ar e r

God . P e r s on a l religi on w as t h e or igin t h e f oun da ti on ,

 '

96 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

ing t h e n ewe r c on c ep ti ons whi c h t h e S p i r it of t h e ag e h ad

b r ought int o b e ing This occa si on e d a c on t inu al c onfli c t
.

of th ought in th e ir minds th er e w as a const a nt e n d ea vour

t o h arm oniz e t h e old a n d t h e n ew ; an d i n c ons equ e n ce
t h ere oft en r e sult e d a com p r omis e whi c h w as ill ogi c al an d
'

c o ntr a di c t o r y .

This in c onsist e n c y Of t eaching is th ere f ore n ot o t h er , ,

th an might be ex p ec t e d unde r t h e c irc umst a nce s ; n or .

di d it r ea lly a ffec t t h e g r ea t r ol e th a t t h e A p oc a lyp t is t s

p l a y e d as t h e true p rop h ets of th e p eop le i n this th e y f oll owe d

in s om e im p ort a nt p a r ti c ul ars t h e p r op h ets of Old f or if ,

n ot in t h e s am e s e ns e as th es e t h e e x p r essi o n of t h e n ati o n a l

c ons c i e n c e ,
t h e A p oca lyp tis t s S p ok e t o t h e h e ar ts o f t h e
e
p p o l e in t h e n a m e o f G o d If. u p o
, n t h e wh ol e t h e ir w or ds ,

were a ddr esse d m or e t o individu al m en th a n t o t h e n at i on

a s a singl e wh ol e i t w a s a w e l com e sig n t h a t t h e individu a l

,

w as coming t o his own Th e A p oc alyp t is t s c a m e wi t h a

.

m ess ag e of c omf or t an d h op e t o t h e God fearing bid di n g -

,

them b e of g ood c h ee r f or th ough t h e w orld was c ru e l an d

d a r k th ough they w ere t h e vi c tims of Op p ressi o n an d
,

ty r anny th ough th e i r lot h ere w as a h a rd on e an d th e y

,

were l anguishing in a dve r sity yet this w or ld an d all t h e

,

f ashi on of it w as p a ssing aw ay s oon very s oon t h e brigh t , ,

future w ould d awn t h e G rea t D eliverer w ould c om e an d

, ,

s orr ow an d sighing w oul d p ass aw ay :

Bu t wi t h t h e righ t eo u s H e will m a k e p ea ce
A n d will p r o t e c t t h e e l e c t
,

A n d m e r c y sh a ll b e u p on t h e m
,

A n d t h e y sh a ll a ll b e l on g t o G o d
A n d t h e y sh a ll b e p r o sp e r e d
,

A n d t h e y sh a ll a ll b e bl esse d
,

A n d H e wi ll h e l p t h e m a l l
An d ligh t sh a ll a p p e a r u nt o t h e m
,

An d H e will m a k e p e ac e wi t h t h e m ( 1 E n oc h i
,

Th e j oy ous h op e th a t wa s thus h eld out mus t h ave h a d a

1
Th e q u t t io n s
o a f r mt hi s b
o k
oo a re fromC ha rl e s transla tion
’
,
b oth . So A p oc alyp tis t s m
t h at ay b e truly d e s c rib e d
th e
’
as xup h olders of t h e p e op l e s f a ith But th ey ca m e t oo .
, ,

wi t h t h e thund er of denun c i a ti on ag ainst t h e g o dl e ss w h o

in th eir abu n d a nt p rosp e rity s ought on ly th eir ow n p l eas ur e
an d c a re d n eith e r f or t h e h o n our of God n or for t h e s orr ow

of t h e g odly f or su c h a futur e n ear app r oac hing of fe a rful , ,

n e ss an d t e rr o r w as p r e di c t e d by t h e A p oc a ly p tis t s

An d wh n i e d u n righ t u n
s n an d bl p h my eo s e ss a n as e

A d vi l n
n i n ll k i n d f d d in r
o e ce a s O ee s c e ase ,

A d p t y
n a d t r n gr
o s as i n d u n l nn in r
an a s ess o an c ea e ss c e a se ,

A gr t h ti m nt h ll
ea c as m fr m h v n u p n ll t h
se e s a co e o ea e o a e se ,

A d t h h ly L r d wi ll
n e o m f rt h wi t h wr t h d h t i m nt
o co e o a an c as se e

To ex u t ju d g m nt u p n t h rt h
ec e e e o e ea .

In th d y vi l n
o se a h ll b t ff fr m i t r t
s o e ce S a e cu o o s oo s,

A d th r t
n e f u nrigh t u n
oo s o t g t h r wi t h d i t eo s e ss o e e e ce

A d t h y h ll b d t r y d fr m u n d r h v n ( E n h x ii 7
,

n e s a e es o e o e ea e I oc c .
,

Th e m in c on c rn of t h e A p caly p tis t s w s thus w ith t h

a e o a e

future with t h e w orld t o c om e wh ere in all t h e in equ aliti e s

, ,

an d in cong r uiti e s of t h e p r e s e nt w or ld w ould b e p ut r ight .

But f r om this it f oll owe d th a t m ost of wha t th ey t aught

wa s c h a r ac t eriz e d by a sup ern a tura l colouri ng in whi c h
mu c h t h a t w as ex ag g e r a t e d an d fant as t i c w as mix e d up
wi t h sublim e con cep ti ons an d e t ern a l truths Th ey l aid .

grea t st r ess u p on t h e a n t ith esis b e tween t his w or ld a nd

t h e n e xt b e twee n t h e Olamh a zeh ( this w or ld) an d
,
-
,

t h e Olam ha bd (t h e w or ld whi c h is t o c om e ) Th e ir
-
.

vi ew of this w or ld w as wh olly p e ssimis t i c ; th ere w as

n othi n g t o be h o ed f r om it ; ind ee d its b a d n e ss e ntir e
p , ,

a n d ir r e t r i e v a bl e a s c ont r ast e d with t h e gl ori ous w or ld

,

t o c om e wh e r e i n no e vil might abid e i n v olve d t h e Ap oc alyp

.
,
98 THE BOOK S OF THE A POC R YPHA

t i st sin t eac hing whi c h w as of t h e n a ture of du alism Ag a in .

,

th a t whi c h w as t o c om e t r a ns ce nde d hum a n e x p e r i e n ce ,

so th a t in t h e gr ea t d r a m a of t h e e n d t h e A p oc a lyp tists

d ep i c t m an as st a nd i ng in p a ssiv e aw e i n f ac e of t h e m ar

v ellous an d su p e r n a t u r a l oc c u rr e n ce s whi c h ar e t h e n t o t a k e

p l ace m a n s rOle a s an ac t iv e a g e nt c ea s e s
’
su p e rn a t ur a l
b eings are G o d s inst r um e nts in ful filling His wi ll t h e s ce n e i s
’

l aid in H ea ve n or in t h e S ki es n ot on ea rt h Th e future is
, , .

t o b r ing with it a n ew w or ld or d er wh er e i n all t hings will -

b e di ffer e nt t h e old or d e r is t o dis ap p ea r f or e ver

,
I n all .

this t h e d omin a nt n ot e whi c h s ounds th r ough ou t is t h at of

th e p
su ern a tura l .

At the b a s e of t h e wh ol e p ositi on t ak en up by t h e A p oca

lyp t ist s in th ei r t eac hin g w as a d oc t rin e of determ i n i sm ,

whi c h must b e b r i efly allude d t o for t h e r ecogniti on of this ,

is ess e nti a l t o t h e u n der st a n ding of t h e subj ec t Th e .

A p oca lyp tists st a r t e d with t h e abs olut e con vi c ti on t h a t t h e

wh ol e cou r s e of t h e w or ld f r om b egin n i n g t o en d b ot h as ,

r eg a r ds its p hysi cal c h ang e s an d a ls o in all th a t c on cern s

,

t h e hist or y of n ati ons th e ir g r owt h an d d eclin e an d of

, ,

indi vidu als g ood an d b ad t h e innum er abl e occ u rr e n ces

, ,

of e v e r y d e s c r i p ti on an d t h e v e r
y m om e nt of th e ir h ap p en

ing i n a w or d t h e e nti r e c onstituti on an d cou r s e Of t h e

—
,

w or ld an d all th at is in it wh e th er r eg ard e d as g é (t h e
t h e H eb r e w eretz) or as oi k oum
,

p hysi cal ea r th z en é (t h e

inh abit e d w or ld t h e H eb r e w té bé l) w as in e ve ry r es p ec t
z
,

p r e d e t e r min e d by G o d b e f o r e a ll tim e T h e w o rds in .

2 (4 ) Es d r a s iv 3 6 3 7 p r e s e n t a b eli ef c omm on t o t h e
.
,

A p ocalyp tists
h t h w igh d t h g i t h b l n
F or H e a e e e a e n e a a ce,

A d by n umb r h t h H n umb r d t h
n e a n e e e e se a so s ;

N i t h r will H m v
e e t ir t hi n g
e o e n or s s,

T ill t h m ur p p i nt d b fulfill d
e e as e a o e e e .

On th s w r ds B ox w ll r m arks
e e o e Th t im s a d p ri ods
e e e n e

of t h e w o r ld s hist or y h a ve b een p r e d e t r mi n d
’
of t h e c ours e e e
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Wi th y ur im p ur m u t h g in t
o e o s a a s Hi s gr ea tn ess
h d h rt d y h ll fi d
.

O ye ar -
ea e , e s a n no p ea c e .

And a g ai n in xc ix
,
. 2 of t he s am e a p oc a lyp s e
W oe to t h e m t h a t p erv er t t h e w o r d s o f u p righ tness
An d t ran sgr e ss t h e e t e rn a l l a w (cp a l so x c ix I 4 S i b O ra c iii
,

. .
, . . :

On the th e r h a nd t h e r eward t o b e acc orde d t o t h os e wh o

o ,

a re f a ithful t o t h e L aw is Of t e n s p ok e n of ; t his may be

illustr at e d f r o m a n ot h er b ook 2 (4) E sdra s of l at e r dat e , , ,

bu t i n this as i n s om e ot h er p oin t s of d octr in e t h e A p oc a

l yp t i st s b e li e ve d an d t a ught a like wh et h e r b el onging t o
a n ea rly or a l a t e d a t e ; in ix 7 2 of t hi s b ook t h e
—1
. .

r o mis e of s al v a t i on t o th os e w h o k eep t h e L aw is f oll ow e d

p
by a p r op h ec y of w oe t o t h os e wh o h a ve ign ore d i t And
e v e ry on e t h a t S h al l th en b e s a v e d a n d sh all b e abl e t o ,

e sc ap e on ac c ou nt of hi s w o r ks or hi s f aith by whi c h h e

h a th b e li eve d— su c h S h all survive from t h e p eri ls af or es ai d ,

a n d sh all see My s a lva ti o n i n My l an d an d within My ,

b or d er s whi c h I h ave s a nc t ifi e d for Mys elf e t ern a lly Th e n .

sh all th ey b e am az e d th at n ow h ave abus e d My ways t h ey

shall abid e in t h e t o r m en t s whi c h t h ey h ave S p urn e d an d
desp is e d F or all w h o f a il e d t o recog n ize Me i n th eir life
.

tim e a l t h ough I deal t b ountiful ly with them an d all wh o

, ,

h ave defi e d My L aw whi l e t h ey yet h ad lib er t y an d whi l e

, , ,

l ace of r e e nt a n c e w a s still Op e n t o t h e m g a v e h d
p p n o ee , ,

but s corn e d i t t h es e mus t b e br ough t t o k n ow af t er dea t h

—

by t orm e n t (cp vii 8 3 viii . Th e L aw is al s o sp ok en

.
,
.

o f as t h e light in whi c h n ot hing can err (Syri ac A p oc of .

B aru c h xix . an d in t h e s a m e b ook (li x 2 ) r e f er enc e is .

m a de t o t h e l am p of t h e e t e r n al Law All su c h p ass ag es .

,

an d th e y c o uld b e e n orm ously i n cr ea s e d S h ow t h a t t h e ,

Ap ocalyp t ists h ad a high ve n era ti on f or t h e Law alth ough ,

th ey did n ot ac cep t t h e Ph ar is ai c int e rp re t a ti on of i t

I n on e r esp e c t h owe ver it m
.

ay b e g at h ere d t h e A oc a
, , p ,

ly p t i st s w ere at on e with t h e Ph a ris ee s i n th eir m et h od of

 THE AP OCALYPTISTS
leg a l bs erv ance an d t h a t w as i n t h e m a tt e r Of asceti c
O ,

i f or th e s e ar e fre qu en tly e x t oll e d a n d a re c l e a r ly

p r ac t ces ,

reg ard ed as hi ghly m e r it ori ous I n one b oo k it is s t a t ed .

,

for ex am p l e t h a t a m ong th os e w h o are writt e n an d i n

,

s c ribe d ab ove in h ea ven a re t h e S p irits of t h e h umbl e ,

an d of th o se w h o h av e affli c t e d th e i r b odi e s ( 1 En oc h
c vi ii . Elsewh ere i t is s aid : Le t us f as t f or t h e s p ace
of thr ee d ays ,a n d on t h e f ou r th le t us g o i nt o a ca v e

whi c h is i n t he fi eld an d le t us di e ra the r th a n tra nsgre ss

,

t h e c omm ands of t h e L or d of l ords t h e God of our f a th e r s ,

( Assum p ti on O f M o s e s ix I n 2 (4) Esdr a s as ce ti c

.

r a c ti ce s a r e o ft e n s ok e n of see e g v i 3 2 v i i 1 2 5 ix 2 4
p p , , . .
, .
, .
, .
,

a n d oft e n els ewh r

?
e e

L astly on e oth e r p oin t m

,
a
y b e m e nt i on e d h e re n a m e ly ,

t h e g e n e r ally s p eaking un i versali sti c a tti tude of t h e A p oc a

, ,

lyp t ist s ; th ey are n ot consist e n t in this but n orm a lly ,

th ey embrace t h e G e ntil es e qu ally with th e ir own n a t i o n

i n t h e divin e s c h e m e of s alvat i on ; t h e wi c ke d w h o a re
e x c lud e d a re n ot r e stri c t e d t o t h e G e ntil e s but t h e J e ws ,

e qu ally with th e m sh all su ffe r t or m e n t h e r e aft e r ac cor ding

t o th e i r d es e r ts .
( S ee on this subj e c t t h e n e x t s ec ti o n) .

Th es e are th en bri efly t h e m ain p oints whi c h illust r a t e

, ,

t h e p e r s on al c h a r ac t e r isti c s an d g e n er a l m e n t a l a ttitude of
t h e A p ocaly p tists But this will be fu r the r illustra t e d
.

by gl a n c ing a t t h e m ore im p or t a nt d oc t r in es in c ul ca t e d
in t h e A p ocalyp ti c Lit eratu r e ind eed on e c ann ot p rop e r ly ,

s ep arat e t h e d oc t rin al t eac hing of t h e a p oc alyp s es fro m

t h e m e nt a l st and p oi n t of t h e writ e rs but for t h e s ake of
c onv e ni e n ce i n e num e r a ting th e ir m a i n p oints of d oc t rin a l
,

t each in g we p rop ose t o t ab ul a t e thes e i n a s ep ara t e s ec t i on

, .

I I I THE
. D OC T R I N AL
T E A C HI N G O F THE A P OCA L PT I C Y
L I TE RA TU R E
We h ave alr eady p oi nte d out t h at con sis t e n c y of t eaching
1
Th ugh thi b
o s ook is l a e t it r fle t
e c s ea rli r th ugh t
e o an d p r ac ti ce .
 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA -

is n ot t o b e l ook e d for a m ong st t h e A p oc alyp t ists as a

wh ol e ; it is w ell t o r eit era t e this h er e f or i n r e fe rring t o ,

t h e m a in p o ints of d oc t r in e a s t aught in t his lit er a t u r e

e x a m p l e s o f this will c om e b e f o r e us I t is n ot our i n t en .

ti on t o give a n exh austive a cc ount of t h e d oc t rin al t each ing

of t h e A p ocaly p t i c Lit er a t ur e our obj ec t is t o m a k e s om e

b r i e f m enti on of t h e m o r e S p e c ifi c ally c h arac t e r isti c p o in t s of

d oc t r in e occ u rr ing in t his li t e r atu r e .

(a ) I n di vi duali sm .

I t is on e of t h e m ar ks of H ell enis t i c influ en ce wh en w e

find th a t Individu alism oc cu p i es an im p ort a n t p l ace in
t h e t eaching of s om e of t h e b ooks of this li t er a tur e This is .

m ar kedl y t h e c as e in t h e B ook of 1 En oc h wh ere t h e im p or t ,

a n c e of t h e in di vidu a l is o ft e n insist e d u p on n ot t h e n a ti o n

a s su c h bu t t h e r igh t eous an d e l ec t t h e
, p l a nt of right ,

e ousn ess a s i t is ca ll e d in x 1 6 lxxxiv 6 sh a ll i n h e r i t t h e

. .

e t e r n a l r ew a rd Thus it is s aid I n Ci v I
. I swea r t o you .

th at in h eave n t h e an g els rem emb er you for g ood b ef or e

t h e gl or y of t h e G r ea t On e ; an d y our n am e s are wri t t e n
b e f ore t h e gl or y Of t h e G r eat On e Th e r e d em p t i on of
”1
.

t h e w or ld is t o b e br ought ab out t hr ough t h e right e ous

and e l ec t individu als t h e e t e r n a l s ee d p l a nt
, This -
.

is on e of t h e d omin at ing t h oughts of this b ook an d als o fi n ds ,

e x p r e ssi on in o t h er s of t his lit er a t ur e ; i t is one a s Fri e d ,

l ander s ays whi ch did n ot e m an a t e f r om Ph aris ai c s oil

, ,

but w as a p r odu c t of J ewish H ell enism ?

I n ac c ord a n ce
with t his individu al re sp on sibility is s tr ongly em p h asiz e d ;
,

a v e r y p oint e d p a ss ag e in this conn ec t i on is 2 (4 ) Esdr as

vi i. 1 0 2 1 05 —
wh er e t h e s eer a sks t h e a ng e l :
, If I h ave
f ound f av our in thy sight S h ow m
:

,
e t hy s erva n t this , ,

a ls o : wh e th e r in t h e D ay of Judge m e n t t h e righ t e ous sh all

b e abl e t o int e r c e de for t h e ung o dly or t o e ntr ea t t h e M os t ,

High i n t h eir b eh alf— f ath ers f or s on s s on s f or p arent s ,

1
Cp a l so t h e v e rses whi c h fo ll o w a n d x l v uI I lv ii i 1 4 e t c
.
—

g
, . . .
, ,

1
Die rel . B ewegun en
p . 2
5 .
10 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

c hi ldr en of m en sh all b ecom e r igh t e ous an d all n at i on s ,

sh all offe r ad or a ti on an d sh al l p ra is e Me an d a ll S h a ll ,

wor shi p Me in xlviii 4 i t is s a id of t h e S on of Man th at

.

He sh all b e t h e Ligh t of t h e G e n t il e s (see als o xi 1 2 .

, ,

xlix 1 1 2 5 x c 3 0 x ci 1 4 Sib Orac iii 7 0 2— 72 6 Syr

.
, .
—
, .
, .
, . .
, .
, .

A p oc of B a ru c h xiv 1 9
. . so t oo I n t h e T e s t a m e n t
, ,

of t h e Tw e lv e P a tri a r c hs L e vi ii And by t h ee an d
'

11 .

Jud ah sh all t h e L ord ap p ear am ong m

,

en s avin g every ,

r ace of m en .

I t is in t er esting t o n ot e th a t i n qui t e a n umb er of

p a ss a g e s i n s e v e r a l of t h e s e a oc a ly p ti c b ooks a bl e nding
p
of t h es e t w o a ttitud e s s eems t o fi n d e x p r e ssi on ; thus i n ,

t h e T e s t am e n t of t h e Tw e lve P a t r i a r chs L e vi xiv 3 , .

,

Israel is r eg arde d as su p er i or t o all ot h e r n a t i ons but t h e ,

s alva ti on of t h e l att er is a wai t e d an d Is r a el is t o b e t he ,

m eans th er eof My c hildren b e ye p ure as t h e h ea ve n i s

, ,

ur e r t h a n t h e ea rt h a nd e w h o are t he lights of Isr a el sh all

p y ,

b e a s t h e sun an d m oon Wh at will t h e G ent iles do

.

if ye b e d ark en e d t hrough t ransgressi on ? Y ea c u r s e s ,

will com e u p on y our r ace an d t h e light whi c h w as given ,

t hrough t h e Law t o light en you an d e very man ye sh all ,

desire t o d es t roy an d t eac h y our c omm a ndm e n t s con t r ary

,

t o t h e ordin an c e s of God N ot e ss e n t i ally di ffe r e nt is t h e

.

t h ough t c ont ain ed i n t h e Syr i ac A p ocalyp s e Of B a ruch

lxvii 5 . And at th a t tim e aft er a li t tl e in t e rval Zi on will
, ,

a g a in b e build e d an d its Offe r ings will a g a in b e r e s t ore d

, ,

an d t h e
p ri ests will r e t ur n t o th eir mi n istry an d als o t h e ,

G en t il es will c om e t o gl or ify i t ”
This t eaching was n ot .

m erely t h eoreti c al i t ex p re ss e d wh a t t h e A p ocalyp t ists

, ,

urg e d on by t h e i n flu en ce of t h e H ell enis t i c S p i r it were ,

a c tu a lly striving t o bring ab ou t ; t h ey desired t o m ake

Jud aism a w or ld r elig i on whi c h c ould b e embrace d by all
-

t h e G e ntil es ; h e n ce t h e missi on a ry p r op ag a nd a whi c h

th ey initi at e d an d car ri e d out an d of whi c h a l ar g e p ar t ,

of t h e ir li t er a r y ac t ivity f o rm e d t h e ex r essi on A c c o rd
p .
J ew an d G e ntil e we r e c onst antly b e ing b r ought int o p er
s on al t ouc h with on e an oth e r m a n with m an a n d m a ny
,

J ews cam e t o l ea rn th a t t h e distin c ti o n b e t wee n t h e p e op le

of God an d t h e
“
h ea th e n w or ld was a wr ong on e un ,

fitt i n g i n t h e sigh t of God unj us t t o m en, H e n ce a r os e .

t h e a pp r e h e nsi on of t h e tru e di stin c ti o n t o b e dr a w n a m ong

men a distin c ti on be t ween t h e r ight eous an d t h e ung odly
, ,

irre s p ec t ive alt og e th er of n a ti on ality or r ac e ; an d it is

this distin c ti on whi c h finds su c h abund ant exp ressron I n
t h e A p oc alyp ti c Lit e r a ture This r e ligi ous c o n cep ti on
.

reg ar ding hum anity re sult ed in t h e n atu r al c ou r s e in t h e

, ,

desire t o p r ocl aim t h e n am e of t h e tru e an d on e Go d t o

a ll m en S O th a t a ll might h a v e t h e c h a n c e o f kn owing Him .

Th e A p oca lyp tists ins p i r e d in l a rg e m e a sure by t h e t e ac hing

,

of s om e of t h e g r ea t e st r o h e ts w e r e th e r e f or e t h e gr e a t
p p ,

missi on ari e s a t this p e ri od ; an d this w as t h e c ombin ed

r e sult of t h e unive r s alisti c a ttitud e br ough t ab out by
t h e influ en c e of t h e H e ll e nisti c S p i r it a n d t h e full e r a pp re
h en si on a n d m e aning of t h e t e ac hing of p r op h e ts su c h as
th os e wh o wr ot e t h e l at t e r h alf of t h e B ook of Is ai ah an d
t h e B ook of J on ah .

(c) The D octri n e o f the M essi ah .

We n e d t g int ll t h d t ils of M essi ni t ching

e no o o a e e a a c ea

given i n t his li t r tur mu h of it is simil r t o th t f un d

e a e c a a o

i n t h e Old T st m n t e d in t h e A p o ry p h ; it will b
a e an c a e

suffi i ent if w p oin t out wh t is m or S p e ifi lly h ra t r

c e a e c ca c a c e

i t ic
s .Th e m os t im p ort ant p oin t u p n whi h t lay str ss o c o e

i s t h t r a ns e nd nt al c h a r ac t r f t h M e ssi h I n 1 En h
e c e e o e a . oc

t h e M ssi h e
pp ar s s O
a W h eais divin
a f o H e h
ne His o e, r as

p lace u p n t h t hron e f G d :
o e o o
106 THE BOOKS OF THE AP OCRYPHA
“

On t h a t d a y Mi ne E l ec t O n e sh a ll si t u p on t h e Thr one O f Glo ry (xlv '

m
.
‘

He is Judge a n d S avi ou r ,
an d is e nd owe d wi t h all wisd o
F or i n t ho se
y t h E l t O h ll ri
da s e ec ne s a a se ,

A d H
n h ll h
e s th arigh t u d h ly fr m m n g t h m
C o o se e eo s an o o a o e

dr w n igh t h t t h y h ul d b v d
,

For th d y h
e a as a n a e s o e sa e
?

A d th
n El t O
e h ll i t h d y i t M y t h n
ec ne s a n o se a s S on ro e,

A d H i m u t h h ll p ur f r t h ll t h
n s o s r t f wi d m d u n l
a o o a e se c e s O s o an co se

For t h L r d f S p iri t h t h gi v n t h m t H i m
e o o d h t h gl rifi d
s a e e o an a o e

Him (11
,

. 2,

But as a r ight ous j udg H will con d m n t h wi k ed :

e e e e e c

A d H
n t
e th t hr n f H i gl ry
sa on e o e o s o

m f ju d g m nt w giv n u nt t h S
,

A d th
n e su o f M
e e as e o e on o an ,

A d h
n u d t h inn r t p
e ca se w y d b d t r y d fr m ft
e s e s o a ss a a an e es o e o o

th f e f th ac ert h o e ea

A d th h v l d t h w rl d t r y
,

n wh ose o a e e e o as a

th t S pp r d
.

F or a f M hon o an as a ea e

t d hi m l f u p n t h t h n f H i gl ry
,

A d h
n a s se a e se o e ro e o s o

A d ll vi l h ll p w y b f r Hi f
,

n a e S a a ss a a e o e s a c e,

A d th
n w rd f th t S
e o f M oh ll g f rt h a on o an S a o o

tr n g b f r t h L r d f S p iri t ( lxix 7 9 p lxi 8 )

,

A d b
n e s o e o e e o o s . 2 —2
, c . .
1

I n accor d n e with this divin ch ar c t r of t h M ssi h I s

a c e a e e e a

t h e t e hing f His p
ac xist n c b f or t h e w r ld b g n
o re —e e e e e o e a :

Y ea , b f r th
e o e d th ign w r r t d
e sun an e s s e e c ea e

B f r th t r f th h v n w r m d
,

e o e e s a s o e ea e e e a e,

Hi n m w
s a n m d b f r t h L r d f S p iri t ( xlviii 3 p v r 6 )
e as a e e o e e o o s .
, C . e se

This t hing is by n o m e ns c onfi n d t o t h B k f

e ac a e e oo o

En h in t h Sibyllin O r cl s v 4 1 4 ff f or x m p l i t is
oc e e a e . .
,
e a e,

s id in r f r n t t h e M ssi h th t th r h th m fr m t h
a e e e ce o e a a
“
e e a co e o e

p l ins of h e v n a Bl ss d M
a a with t h e S p t r in H is h nd
e e e an ce e a

whi c h God h ath c ommitt e d t o His c l asp an d He h ath w on f a ir

d omini on o ve r all an d h at h r est ore d t o all t h e g ood t h e
,

w ealth whi c h t h e f o rm er m en t ook

”
I n t h e Te st a m e n t .

of t h e Tw e lv e P a t r i a r c hs Jud ah xxiv 1 it is s a id : No , .

S in sh al l b e f ou n d in H im a n d i n L e vi xviii 10 1 1 are .
,

t h e s tri k ing w ords

1
Cp . xlviii 7 . F or in His nam e th ey ar e sa v ed

l th lm S o l o m on xvii xviii
.

1
S ee a so e P sa s of , .
,
.
10 8 THE BOOK S O F T HE APOCRYPHA
an d s aid by m any ; a n d t h e n orm a l t eac hing of t h e Old
Te s t am ent b or e out t h e t r uth of i t But if it w ere tru e h ow .

c ould G od s right e ousn e ss an d j usti c e b e vindi c a t e d ?

’
So
t h e A p oc aly p t ists t augh t a d oc t rin e of r e t r ibuti on mu c h
in a dvanc e of anything t o b e f ound i n t h e Old Te s t am e nt
d oc t r in e whi c h involved b e li ef i n im
,

a m ort ality an d ,

h ere t h ey w ere ind ebt e d t o H ell enisti c influ en ce ve r y ,

differen t from t h e t radi t i on al Sh eol con cep t i on This -

.

d oc trin e is n owh ere m ore c l ear ly set f ort h th an in 1 En oc h

c iii 1 — 8
. Th e p a ss ag e is s om ewh at l engthy but i n vi ew of
.
,

i ts im p ort an c e it will be w ell t o qu ot e it i n full :

N ow t h er e fore I sw ea r t o y ou t h e righ t eo u s by t h e gl o ry o f t h e
Gr e a t a n d H on o ur e d a n d M igh t y On e i n d omi n i on a n d by H i s
, , , ,

gr eatness I swear t o you :

,

w my t ry
I k no a s e

A d h v r d t h h v n ly t bl t
,

n a e ea e ea e a e s,

A d h v n n t h h ly b k
a e se e e o oo s,

A d h v f u n d wri tt n t h r i n
n a e d in rib d r g r d in g t h m
o e e e an sc e e a e

Th t ll g d
a a d jy
oo n e ss and gl ry pr p r d f th m o an o a re e a e or e

A d w i tt n d wn f p iri t f th w h h v di d i righ t u
,

n r e th o or e s s o o se o a e e n eo s

n ess,

A d wh t m n i f l d g d h ll b giv n t y
n a a o i roo mp n f y ur
s a e e o ou n eco e se or o

l b ur a o s,

A d t h t y ur l t i
n a obu n d ntly b y n d t h l t f t h livin g
o s a a e o e o O e .

A d th
n p iri t
e s f y u w h h v di d i righ t u n
s o o h ll liv d
o a e e n eo s e ss s a e an

rj i e o ce,

A d th i
n p iri t
e r S h ll t p ri hs S t h ir m a m ri l f m
no b f r t h
e s n or e e o a ro e o e e

Gr t O
,

f f th
ace o e ea ne

U nt l l t h g n r ti n
o a e f the w rl d W h r f r
e a o sl ng r f r
o e o e e o e, n o o e ea

t h ir nt um ly
.

e co e .

W oe t y o inn r wh n y h v di d
ou s e s, e e a e e

w l t h f y ur in
,

If y di i
e the n e ea o o s s,

A d th
n wh ose lik y t h t y r g rdin g y u
o ar e e o u, a sa e a o :

Bl d e sse th inn r t h y h v
a re e n ll t h ir d y ;
s e s, e a e se e a e a s

A d
n w th y h v
no d i d i n p r p ri t y
e a d i
e w lth e os e an n ea

A d h v n t ribul t i n mur d r i t h ir li f ;
,

n a t e no se e a o or e n e e

A d th y h v
n e di d i h n ur
a e e n o o

A d j u d g m nt h t h t b n x ut d t h m d urin g t h ir l i f
,

n e e a no ee e ec e on e e e .
 I t will be n oti ce d th a t i n t his p a ss ag e it is only t h e S p i rit
whic h is s p oke n of a s living i n t h e wor ld t o c om e so th a t ,

n ot hing m ore t h an t h e imm ort ality of t h e S p irit is t aug ht

a t eac hing c onsid e r ably i n a dv a n c e of t h e n orm al t e ac hing

of t h e Old Te st a m e nt but ye t it d o es n ot g o b ey ond b eli e f

,

in t h e imm ort ality of t h e S p i r it On t h e oth er h a nd t h e ,

a g e c ont a ins e x p r e ssi o ns of a m a t e r i alisti c kind i n c om

.

p a ss
a tibl e with p ur e ly sp i r itu a l co n c ep ti o n s ; S O th a t a re
p
fl ec tive mind must s oon e r or l at e r h ave b ee n led t o t h e
full e r d oc t rin e of t h e r e surrec ti o n of t h e b ody if his t eac hing
Wa s t o b e l ogi cal .

But h e re a n othe r el em e nt c om e s int o c onsid er a ti on .

C on cep ti ons reg arding t h e Me ssi ani c K ingd o m va ri ed an d ,

t h e subj ec t w e a re dis c ussing w a s C l os e ly c onn ec t e d w ith

th os e va r i ati ons ; for as l ong as t h e M e ssi ani c Kingd om
was con c e ive d of as e xisting on thi s e a r th t h e t eac hing on
t h e life h e r e aft e r i e within t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om w as
,
. .
,

b ound t o t e nd t ow ar ds a b odily exi st e n ce th e n But wh en .

t h e Kingd om cam e t o b e c on c eive d of a s e xisting in t h e

h ea vens m at e ri alisti c ide as r ec ed ed an d m ore S p i ri tu al
, ,

on e s f ound e x r essi on Th e r e s ee m th e r e f or e t o h a v e b ee n
p .
, ,

th ree st ag es of c on cep ti o n r eg a r ding t h e st at e of m a n s

’

n ature in t h e futu r e life : fi r st of all a de vel op m ent of t h e

Old Test am en t Sh eol c on c ep ti on whi c h r e sult e d in t h e b e li e f
-

of t h e imm or t a li ty of t h e s irit 1
th e n wi th t h e e x p e c t a ti o n
p
of t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om of e t e r n a l du r a ti on on this e a r th

rly t h f urt h nt ury Jw f

.

1
As ea d f th
as e en th o e o ce B C e e s o

P l t in b m q u i nt d wi t h t h P l t ni d t rin f i mm
. .

a es e eca e ac a e e a o c oc e o or

t li ty t h ugh i t w
a , o m t im b f r t hi t hi n g w
a s so ept d e e o e s ea c a s ac c e e ,

cp Fri d l an d r G i h i h P h il
. e e , ph i
r ec p sc e oso e . 12 .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
ca m e t h e b eli e f in t h e r e sur r e c ti on of t h e b ody an d l a s t ly , ,

wh en t h e Kingd om of H ea ve n w a s con c e ive d of as e t e rn al

in t h e H eavens a b ove it w as t h e r esurr e c ti on of t h e sp i r it
,

th a t was t aught .

Va r i a ti on of t eaching is als o f ound in t h e Ap oc alyp t i c

Lit er atu r e r eg ar ding th os e wh o a re t o a t t a i n t o t h e future
life s om e tim es i t is t aught th a t all t h e Is r aelit es g ood an d ,

b a d S h a ll r is e th os e t o i nh e r it bliss th es e t o su ffe r t orm e nt

, , ,

t h e G e ntil e s are n ot c onsid e r e d A t oth er tim e s only t h e

.

g ood Is r ae lit es are t o r is e while i t is als o t aught th ough m or e ,

r a rely th a t all m ankind sh all ris e in c luding th eref ore t h e

, ,

G entil es ; t h e r ight eous r is e t o e t e r n al life t h e wi cke d t o ,

e t e r n al t orm e n t An in t e r m e di a t e p e r i od of wa iting b e
.

twee n d eath an d t h e r e su rr ec t i on is a ls o t aught t h e wi c k e d ,

b eing in H a des t h e right e ous i n P a ra dis e But s om e tim e s

, .

th er e is n o m enti o n of an i nt e r m e di at e s t at e t h e r esur ,

r ec ti on f oll owing imm edi at ely a ft er death ?

Th e s e th e n constitut e t h e m os t im p or t a nt doct rIn e s

, ,

c o n c e r ning whi c h t h e A ocaly ti c Lit e r a tu r e h a s s om e thing

p p
S p ec ifi c t o t e a c h Th e d oc tr in e of God d oe s n ot di ffe r
.

m at e ri ally f r om any t hing th a t is t aught in t h e Old Te s t a

m ent an d in t h e A p ocryp h a an d t h e s am e ap p li es t o t h e ,

d oct ri n e of Sin ; t h e d oct rin e of Wisd om will r eceive con

sid erat i on i n Ch ap t e r I X Th e Ang el ol ogy an d D em on ol ogy
.

of this Lit e r a tu r e c e r t a inly S h ow consid e r abl e d e v e l op m e n t

owing t o P e rsi a n influ en c e ; bu t th es e t w o subj ec ts are

n ot of su ffi c i e nt im or t a n ce f or r e s e nt u r os e s t o m er it
p p p p
a n y d e t a il e d tr ea t m e nt .

F or s om e account of t h e b ooks of t his lit er at ure see

Ch ap t er X .

Q u ot a ti on s fro m t h e A p oc a lyp t i c Li t era t ure d e a lin g wi t h t h e

1

subjec t o f t hi s se c t i on h a v e b e e n c o ll ec t e d i n t h e p r esent wri t er s

’

The D octr n ei f
o the L a st Th i n g s,
pp .
7 2 —12 1.
 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

Th e m ain p oints in t h e d oc t ri n al t eac hing of t h e Ap oca lyp

t i c Li t e r a tu r e are : Indivi du alism t h e im p ort a n ce of t h e
,

i n di vidu al b eing str ongly e m p h asiz ed t h e i nclusron of t h e

G entil es in t h e divin e p l a n of s alva ti o n t h e tr a ns ce nde n t al
c h a r a c t e r of t h e M e ssi a h an d t h e t e ac hing c on ce r ning t h e

future life in this l a tt er in con sis t e n c y is f ound s om e t im e s

,

t h e r e surr ec t i on of t h e b o dy is t augh t a t oth e r tim e s o nly

,

t h e imm ort a lity of t h e s oul th ere is als o vari e ty of t e ac hing

o n t h e subj ec t Of t h os e w h o are t o a tt ai n t o t h e futu r e lif e

an d th e ir lot t h er e .
 CHAPTE R VI

T h e S c ri be s

[L I T ERA T U R E — i t i n t th li t r t ur giv n t t h h d f t h
In a dd o o e e a e e a e ea o e

n xt h
e p tcr r
a f r en m y b
e e e m d t S
ceh ii I I 1 p pa 3 6 e a e o c r er 0

S ri b
. .

3 7 9 G rm n d I I p p 3 6 3 4 4 7 ; L i g h t l y L
,

e a e Et d — e es c es, u e
igi h l I eli t Al rt i l
. .
, , , ,

surl e ur or ne c ez esth sra es so e a c es

S rib c d P h ri
es an ( P ri n ) i t h E y l Bi bl
a se es d ce n e nc c . .
, an

S rib c ( E i n t i n) i t h j w i h E y l ]
es se s e n e e s nc c .

T is im p or t ant t h at w e sh ould t ry as fa s p ossibl t o ,

r a e,

p r e s e n t t h e a v il bl e d t co n c
a rning a t h S rib s a a e e c e

in th ir hr on l gi c l or d r ; t h t w uld of c ou r s e b
e c o o a e a o , ,
e

d esirabl in e y s
an but i t is d ubly s wh n
ca e, h r o o e ,
as e e, a

clea r s t at m nt of t h d v l p m nt f t h s crib l l s
e e e e e o e o e a c a s

a d its
n c tiviti s my b
a e h el p in und r s t nding s m of
a e a e a o e

t h e diffi ult qu s t i ns whi c h will

c e o m b f r us in de ling co e e o e a

wi t h t h S ddu s e a d Ph ris s
c ee W S h l l th r f r
an a ee e a e e o e,

st t e t h vid n c hr on ol gi cally s f a my b m ki ng
.
,

a e e e e C o , a ar s a e, a

ou rdedu ct i ons as w e p roc d ee .

(a) The Old Testa m en t da ta .

Firs t as t o t h e use of t h e t e rm S c rib e S op her in

H ebrew an d is us e d i n t h e s ens e of s ec r e t ar y or t h e
,
”

lik e ; i n 2 S amu el viii 1 7 e g am on g D avid s Offic i als

’
. . .
, ,

are r ec k on ed Z ad ok t h e son of Ahi t ub an d Ahim el ec h ,

t h e son of Abi a t h ar wh o w er e p ri e s t s ; an d S e r a i a h wh o
m
, ,

”
was s crib e ( p
c 2 S a xx 2 5 ; 2. Kings xviii 1 8 . . .
,

As a r oyal offi ci al h e h ad va ri ous duti e s h e ac t e d as tr easure r ,

acc ordi n g t o 2 Kings xii 1 1 2 Chr oni cl e s x xiv 1 1 ap p a r .

, .
,

11 3
1 14 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

e ntly in s om e milit ar y c a p ac ity acc or ding t o 2 Kings xxv 1 9 , .

,

J eremi ah lii 2 5 ; in Ps alm xlv 2 a S op her is cl early on e

. .

w h o wri t e s My t ongu e is t h e p en of a rea dy wri t er

”

[ p D
S a h é r a n d fin a lly ,
in Es t h e r iii 1 2 ,viii 9 h e oc en .
, .
,

e p l a ce of t h e P e r si a n king s s ec r e t a ry wh o writ e s
’

p i e s t h
out d ec r ee s .With on e ex cep ti on (P s xlv i n all t h e s e . .

a ss ag e s t h e S c r ib e is s p ok e n of as a r oy al Offi c i al ; th e y a re
p ,

th er ef or e only im p or t ant f or us h ere as sh owing th at t h e

,

ideas of c ounting an d w r iting are conn ect e d with t h e t e rm

S op h er ; an d t h es e are ex ac tly t h e m ea nings con vey e d by
‘

t h e r oot .

Th e th r ee n e xt p a ss a g e s whi c h give s om e da ta r eg arding,

t h e offi c e of t h e S c rib e h a ve a s p ec i al im p or t a n c e b e caus e

,

th ey are p re exili c -

J e r emi a h viii 8 9 : . How do ye say We are wis e

, , ,

a n d t h e Law of t h e L o r d is wi th us ? Bu t b eh old t h e , ,

f als e p en of t h e S c r ib e s h a t h wr ough t f als ely Th e wis e .

men are ash am ed they are dism ayed an d t a ken 10 th e y

, ,

h ave rej ec t e d t h e w or d of t h e L or d ; an d wh a t m ann er of

wisd om is in th em ?
J eremi ah xviii 1 8 : Th e n s aid t h ey C om e an d let us
.
,

d evis e d e vi ce s ag ainst J er emi ah ; f or t h e Law S h all n ot

e rish f r om t h e p r i e st n or c ouns e l f r om t h e wis e n or
p , ,

t h e w or d f r o m t h e p r op h e t .

J eremi ah xxxvi : This C h ap t er is t oo l ong t o qu ot e in

.

full ; it t ells us of B a ru c h t h e S c r ib e wh o wr ot e d own , ,

J er emi a h s w ords u p on a r oll of a b ook

’
i t als o m e n t i ons
G em ar i ah t h e son of Sh ap h a n t h e S c r ib e wh o h ad his
, , ,

c h amb er i n t h e u p p er court at t h e e n t ry of t h e n ew g a t e ,

of t h e L or d s h ous e ( ) r
’
v e rs e 1 0 furth e m e nti o n is a ls o ,

m a d e of Elish am a t h e S c rib e wh o h ad his ch amb e r in t h e ,

.

king s h ous e (vers e 1 2 ) Elish am a w as c l ea r ly a r oy al Offi ci al

’
.

Fr om th e s e p ass ag e s w e g ath er th at S c r ib es we re in exist

e n c e b e f or e t h e Exil e t h a t they cl aim e d t o be wise an d
, ,

t h at t h ey r eg a r d e d th ems e lves as a u t h o riti es on t h e Law

116 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

ac t ivi t y i n a di ffe r e n t s p h ere a lt og et h e r ; bu t w e mus t

lay
t ry an d g et s om e c l e a r ide a s u p on t h e subj ec t of t h e r el a ti on
ship b et wee n t h e S c r ib es an d t h e p r i ests on t h e on e h and
i mon t h e o th e r
,

an d t h e S c r ib e s a n d t h e Cha k a m .

O r igin ally t h e p ri e sts a l on e w ere c on ce rn ed with t h e

L aw ; but t h e L aw c ont ain ed b r oadly s p eaking t w o , ,

e l em e n t s t h e ri t u al a n d t h e m o r a l ; t h e f or m er of th e s e
,

w as m or e e s p ec i ally t h e c o n c e r n Of t h e p r i e s t s ; bu t t h e
l att er h ad a wider i nt er es t an d m any of t h e Cha k am , im
a s w ell a s t h e p ri e s t s oc c u p i e d t h e ms elve s with i t Wh en .

t h e S c r ib es a r os e— i t is n ot p os sibl e t o say p r ec is ely wh e n

this w as bu t it w as b ef or e t h e Exil e t h ey di d n ot as a
,
—
,

b ody r est r i c t t h ems elves t o t h e s t udy of on e or oth er

,

a s p ec t of t h e L aw but ac cor ding t o t h eir b e nt s om e g av e

, , ,

m ore p ar ti c ul ar a tt e nti o n t o t h e s t udy of t h e ritu al Law ,

oth ers t o t h e m or a l L aw so th a t a m ong t h e ty p e s of S CIi b e

th er e ap p ear e d t h e p r i e s t s c rib e su c h a s Ezra an d t h e

-

, ,

wisd om s c r ib e su ch a s w as B en S i r a in l a t e r t im es Bu t
-

,
-
.

t h e C h a k am i m a s a c l ass s t i ll r em ain ed n o l ess t h an t h e

, , ,

p r i e s t s e ac h occ u p ying th ems e lv e s wi th th eir p a rt i cul ar

,

s t udy as t h ey h ad d on e b e f ore t h e S c rib es ca m e int o e xis t

,

I n c ou r s e Of tim e an d th r ough Ez r a s influ enc e

’
e n ce .
, ,

t h e p owe r of t h e S c r ib es gr ea tly in c r ea s e d an d th ey b ec am e ,

t h e m os t i n flu e n t i al l ea d e rs a m o ng t h e p eop l e ; an d by
t h e t im e of t h e M acc ab aea n s t ruggl e t h eir ac t ivi t i es w e r e
wh olly an d ex c lusively abs or b e d in t h e s t udy an d t eaching
of t h e L aw b ot h ritu a l an d m or a l w r itt e n an d or al
, Bu t
,
.

w e h av e a nt i c i p at e d a n d mus t n ow t urn t o t h e evid en ce

,

of t h e p os t exili c b ooks -
.

I n Ezra vi i t h e f oll owing v ers es are im p or t ant

. Ezra
w as a r ea dy s c r ib e i n t h e L aw o f M os e s whi c h t h e
L or d t h e God of Is r ael h ad give n (vers e
, ,
Ezra h ad
se t his h ea rt t o s eek t h e L aw of t h e L or d an d t o d o it an d , ,

t o t eac h i n Is r ael s t a t ut es an d j udg e m e n t s (verse

E zr a t h e p ri es t t he scrib e e ven t he s crib e of t he
, ,
 TH E SCRIBES 1 17

w or ds of t h e c omm an dm ent s of t h e L or d an d of His st a t ut es ,

t o Is r ael Ez r a t h e p ri est t h e s c rib e of t h e Law ,

of t h e God of h ea v e n ( verse s 1 1 1 2 A c cordi ng t o

, ,

v ii 2 5
.
,
A rt ax erx e s gives t h e f oll owing instru c ti ons t o Ezr a
And th ou Ez r a aft e r t h e wisd om of thy God t h at is i n
, ,

thi n e h and ap p oint m agist r a t e s an d j udg es whi ch m

, ay ,

j udg e all t h e p eop l e th a t are b ey o nd t h e rive r all suc h as ,

kn ow t h e l aws of thy God an d t eac h ye him th a t kn owe th

,

t hem n ot .

Th e w h ol e of N e h emi ah viii x is im p ort a nt for our .

—
.

r e s e n t subj ec t w e d r a w S p e c i a l a tt e nti o n t o t h e f oll owing

p
a ss a g e s : Ezr a t h e s c r ib e is a sk e d by t h e eo l e t o
p p p
bring t h e b ook of t h e Law of M os e s in or d e r th a t it migh t
be r ea d t o th e m it th e n c ontinu e s And Ezra t h e p r i est
brought t h e Law b ef ore t h e c o ng r eg a t i on b o th men an d ,

w om e n an d all th at could h ea r with und er st a nding

,
.

And h e r ea d th ere in b ef or e t h e br oad p l ac e th a t w a s b e fore

t h e w a t e r g a t e f r o m ea r ly m or ning until midd a y in t h e
-

r e s e n c e of t h e m e n an d t h e w om en a n d of th os e th a t coul d
p ,

und er st a nd ; an d t h e e ar s of all t h e p e op l e w er e a tt e ntive

unt o t h e b ook of t h e Law (viii 2 In viii 7 9 t h e
.
,
.
—
,

n am e s of thi r t ee n men a re e num er a t e d w h o t og e the r ,

with t h e Le vit es ,
c a u se d t h e p eop l e t o und e r st and t h e

Law . A n d th e y r ea d in t h e b ook i n t h e L aw of God , ,

int e rp r e ting it an d th ey g a ve t h e s ens e an d caus e d (t h e ,

p p )
e o l e t o und e r s t a nd t h e r e a ding A n d N e h e mi ah whi c h
.
,

was t h e Tirsh a th a an d Ez r a t h e p r i e st t h e s c r ib e an d
1
, ,

t h e L ev it e s th at t a ugh t t h e p e op l e s a id unt o a ll t h e p e op l e
, ,

This day is h oly un t o t h e L or d y our God ; m ou r n n ot ,

n or w e e
p . Furth e r in viii
, 1 3 5 1 it
. is s
—
a id A n d o
,
n

t h e s ec ond day we r e g a th e r e d t og e th e r t h e h ea ds of t h e
f ath er s h ous e s of all t h e p eop l e t h e p r i e sts an d t h e L e vit e s
’

, ,

unt o Ezr a t h e s c rib e e v e n t o giv e a t t e nti o n t o t h e w or ds

,

Of t he Law A n d th ey f ound wri tt e n in t h e L aw h ow

.
,

ie 1
Go verno r
. . ,
1 18 THE BOO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA .

th a t t h e L or d h ad c omm ande d by M os es th a t t h e child r e n

of Isr a el S h ould dw ell in b ooths in t h e f e as t of t h e s e v e nth

m onth th e n f oll ows t h e acc ount of h ow t h e p e op l e

w er e t o c el ebr a t e t h e F east of Tab e rn acl es .

Th es e p ass ag es S h ow th a t wh a t ever m ay h av e b ee n t h e

s c rib al ac tivity b ef or e t h e Exil e an alt og e th er n ew p ositi on ,

w as assign e d t o t h e Law an d i t s Obs er va n ce s by t h e s c r ib e

Ezra ? Th e Law n ow b egins t o b e t h e c ent r al p re occ u -

a t i on of t h e S c r ib e s und e r t h e guid a n ce of Ez r a an d
p
N eh emi ah t h e f orm er of wh om is t h e s cr ib e p ar excellen ce
, .

Th e p ri ests an d L e vi t e s are a ss oc i at e d with t h e s c r ib e Ezr a ,

a n d p r e sum ably with t h e s c rib e s i n g e n er a l bu t we kn ow

f r om l at er hist or y th a t t h e study of t h e Law s oon b ecam e t h e
.

sp ec i al c on ce r n of t h e S c r ib es alm ost t o t h e e x clusi on of t h e

p r i e sts . N o t ew orthy is t h e s t r e ss l a id on t eac hing t h e L aw

t o t h e p eop l e a n d a n ew e l e m e n t of f ar r eac hing im or t a n ce

p
-

s ee ms t o b e a dumb r a t e d in N eh emi ah viii 8 wh er e it is .

,

s aid t h a t t h e t eac h ers of Law r ea d in t h e b ook i n t h e ,

L a w of God int e r p r e ting it ; an d t h ey g av e t h e s e ns e

, ,

a n d c aus e d ( t h e p eop l e) t o und e r s t a nd t h e r e a ding It .

is in t er esting t o n ot e th a t t h e H ebrew r oot for t o int er

p r e t h e r e (p r sh) is t h e s am e a s t h a t fr om whi c h t h e
- -

w or d Ph a ris ee com es ; w e sh all dr aw a tt ent i on t o this

a g ain l a t e r .

On e or t w o p ass ag es of l at er d a t e mus t a ls o b e n ot ed ,

f or t h ey are n ot w ith ou t in t er e s t a n d sh e d fur t h er ligh t ,

on our subj e c t :

1 Ch r oni c l e s ii 5 5 : Am ong va r i ous g en eal ogi ca l en u

.

merat i on s occ urs t h a t Of t h e families of s cri bes whic h

dwel t at J ab e z ; t h e Tira thit es t h e Shim eat hi t es t h e , ,

1
Wehv a i nf rm t i n f wh t h p p n d d uri n g t h E xil
e no o a o o a a e e e e

i t l f r g rdi n g t h t hi n g f t h L w bu t i t i di ffi ul t t b li v
se e a e e ac o e a s c o e e e

th t u h
a s c l u rib d l g li t E r ul d h v b n
a z ea o s sc e an e a s as z a co a e ee

i n tiv h i k wl dg f t h L w w
ac e s no e t m r ly t h r ul t f hi
e o e a as n o e e e es o s

co min g t P l tin p E r vii 6

o a es e,Thi E r w nt p fr m
c . z a . : s z a e u o

B byl n d h w
a o , an dy
le i b i n t h L w
a s a re a f M scr e e a o oses .
 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

with t h e h eath en by living am ong t h e m a n d i nt erm a rryi n g

1

with th em an d were th e r ef ore n ot r eg ard ed as tru e Israe lit e s

,
.

But m or e th a n this ; it w ould s ee m th at a m ong t h e exil es

th ems e lves th ere we r e s om e wh o b el ong e d t o t h e p ri e sth ood ,

but th at this was de ni e d by t h e l ea d e r s a m ong t h e e xi l es ;

this is g a t h e r e d f r om Ezra ii 6 1 —6 3 wh e re t h e e num era ti on .
,

of s om e p ri e stly f a mili e s is give n con c e r ning wh om it is

.

s aid : Th e s e s ought th eir r egist e r a m ong th os e th a t were

r ec k on ed by g en ea l ogy bu t th ey wer e n ot f ound ther efore
,

w e re th ey deem e d p ollut e d an d p ut fr om t h e p ri esth ood .

And t h e Ti r sh a th a s aid unt o th em th a t th ey S h ould n ot ,

e a t of t h e m ost h oly things till th e r e st ood up a p ri e s t with ,

Urim an d with Thummim Am on g t h e e xil ed p eop le .

,

t oo w e r e s om e w h o coul d n ot S h o w th e ir f a th e r s h ous e s
’

an d th e ir s ee d wh e th e r th e y w e r e of Is r a el
, (Ez r a: ii .

Thus b oth th os e w h o h ad b ee n living in P al estin e an d s om e ,

of th os e wh o r e tu r n e d with t h e exil e s h ad a g r i ev a n c e , .

This w as greatly aggr a va t e d wh e n Z erubb ab e l r e fus ed t h e

h elp of an y but th os e wh om h e c on sidere d t ru e Israelit e s
i n t h e buil di ng of t h e t em p l e (Ez r a iv 1 5 ) Th e n .

.
—

t h e p eop l e of t h e l a nd weak e n e d t h e h ands of t h e p e op l e

of Jud a h an d t r oubl e d th e m i n building
, ( C p N eh . . .

ii 1 9 iv 1 ft )
.
, . .

A m ore f ar r eac hing caus e of di visi on was th a t of m a rri ag e

-

with f oreign e r s e sp ec i ally with S am arit ans wh o were

, ,

with j us t i ce r eg ar d e d as h ea th e n by t h e bulk of t h e r e turn ed

e xil e s ; i n Ez r a ix 1 2 w e r ea d .
, t h e p ri n c es dre w
,

n ea r u n t o m e s a ying Th e
, e
p po l e of Isr ael an d t h e
, p ri e sts ,

a n d t h e L e vi t es h av e n ot s ep ara t e d t h e ms elves f r om t h e
,

e o l e s of t h e l an ds F o r th e y h a v e t a k e n f th ir
p p . o e

d aught ers for th emse lve s an d for th eir s ons ; so th at t h e

h oly S ee d h ave mi ngl e d th ems elve s wi t h t h e p eop l es of t h e
l ands Yea t h e h and of t h e p rin ce s an d rul ers h ath b ee n
.
,

1
S ee , f or d e t a il s, R yl e, E zra and N ehe mi h a , p . xxxv .
n on -
J ews g e n e r a lly is sh own furth e r by su c h p ass ag es as
,

N eh emi ah vi 1 7— 1 9
. M oreo ve r in th os e d ays t h e n obl e s
,

of Jud a h s e nt m a ny l e t t e r s u nt o T obi a h an d t h e l e tt e r s ,

of T obi a h ca m e unt o th e m F or th e r e w e re m a ny in Jud a h

.

sworn unt o him b ecaus e h e w as t h e son i n law o f Sh ech a ni ah

,
- —

t h e son of A r a h ; an d his son J oh a n a n h a d t a k e n t h e

d aught e r of M eshull am t h e son of B e rec hi ah t o wife Als o .

th ey S p ake of his g ood d ee ds b e fore m e an d r e p ort e d my

w or ds t o him . And a g ain N eh emi ah xiii 2 8 And on e .

of t h e s on s of J oi a d a son of Eli a shib t h e high p r i e st w as

,
-

son i n law t o S a nb a ll a t t h e H o r onit e

- -
Very signifi cant .
,

t oo is t h e l ong p a ss ag e Ezr a x 1 8 44
,
this co nt a ins a list
.
—

of th os e w h o h a d m a rr i e d st r a ng e wiv e s fi r st a re m enti on ed
t h e s ons o f t h e p r i e sts am ong t h ese a few h a d p ut a w ay th ei r
,

wive s (ver s e s 1 8 , but t h e list a s i t c o ntinu es m e nti ons

, ,

th os e p r i ests w h o did n ot d o so ( v er se s 2 0 2 2 ) th en f oll ow —

t h e n am e s of L e vit e s S ing e r s a n d p o r t e r s th e n of Is r a e lit e s

, , , ,

wh o h ad t ake n st r a ng e wive s ; a n d som e Of th e m h ad

wives by wh om th ey h ad c hild r e n (ve rs e Th e a tt em p ts
of Ezr a an d N e h e mi ah t o st o th s lli n s an d t o
p e e a a c e
p ut
a n e n d t o t h e int e rc ou r s e b e tw ee n t h e J e ws an d th os e wh om

th ey r eg ar de d a s h ea th e n we r e thus n ot wh olly su cce s sful

a n d this is f urth e r b or n e out by s e v e r a l p a s sag e s whi c h

r eveal t h e r esist an c e offer ed e g Ez ra x 1 5 , . .

“
But J on a .

th a n t h e son of As ah e l an d J ah a zi ah t h e son of Tikvah

st ood up ag a inst this m at t e r ; an d M eshull am an d Sh ab
be t h ai t h e Le vit e h e l p e d th e m Ag a in in N eh emi ah vi
.
, .

1 0 — 1 4 t h e influ e n ce of S a nb all a t a n d T obi a h u p o n m a ny of

th ose wh o lived i n J e rus al em an d t h e e xist en ce of a p a r ty

,

there Op p os ed t o Ezra is p l ainly indi ca t e d ; am ong th os e

,

b el onging t o this p arty the re are m enti on ed Sh em ai ah ,

 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
t h e p r op h e t ess N oa di ah ,
an d th e re s t of t h e p r op h e ts
(Cp . ls o xiii
a 4 ff ; M a l ii
. 1 0 . . .

Fr om all th e s e indi ca ti ons it is n ot di ffi cul t t o see th a t

t h e e l em e nts f or t h e f o rm a ti o n of a di stin c t p a r ty in O p p o
si t i on t o t h e regi m e of Ezr a a n d N eh emi a h w e r e p r e s e n t
'

f r om t h e v ery b eginning o f t h e r e tur n f r om t h e Exil e .

F or s om e consid e r abl e tim e n o d oubt t h e influ e n c e o f , ,

Ez r a su c c ee d ed in S u p p r essing th ough n ot i n qu e n c hing , ,

t h e Op p ositi o n whi c h h e m et with ; bu t t w o dive r ging

t e nd e n c i es b eca m e r oot e d a m ong s ec t i ons of t h e p eop l e a n d in ,

cou r s e of tim e b or e f r uit in t h e f o r m a ti o n of distin c t p a r ti e s .

Th e distinguishing n ot e s of th es e t w o t e nd e n c i e s can b e
dis ce rn e d with out di ffi c ulty ; on t h e on e h a nd th er e wer e ,

a s can b e s ee n f r om t h e qu o t a ti ons giv e n a b ov e t h e m e mb e rs ,

of t h e a r ist oc r ac y i e t h e high p r i e stly f a mili e s wh o w e r e

,
. .
,
-

f r i endly dis p os e d t o th os e of s emi —Is r aelit e a n d e ve n n on

Is r aelit e or igin Th ey we r e f r om t h e p oint of vi ew of t heir
.
,

a dv er s a r i e s l a x c o n c e r ning t h e Obs erv a n c e of t h e L aw (see

, ,

e g
. N eh xiii 1 5 ff ) th ough n ot n ec e ss ar ily a nt ag onis t i c t o
.
, . .
,

it but only t o t h e Ezra con cep ti on of it ; th ey could f or

, ,

e x am l e
p S h ow th ,a t th e i r f o r e ig n m a rr i ag e s w e r e n ot con

t rary t o t h e L aw whil e Ez r a s r e quire m e n t s w e nt b e y ond

’

t h e Law On t h e oth er h a nd th er e w as Ezr a an d his

.
, ,

f oll owe r s str ongly a dve r s e t o a n y int e rcou r s e b e twee n J ews

,

an d n on J e ws a n d p a infully
-

,
s c r up ul ous r eg a rding t h e
minut e Obs e r v an c e of t h e L aw (see e g N eh x 2 8 ft ) , . .
,
. . .

H e r e th er e f or e w er e t h e t e nd en c i es alrea dy i n exist e n c e
, ,

whi c h as tim e we nt on c ontinu e d t o de vel op until th ey

, ,

b ecam e t h e c r yst alliz e d t e n e ts of d efinit ely Opp os e d p a rti es ,

wh os e w at chw or ds were U nive r s alism versus P a rti c ul arism ,

an d wh os e a ttitud e t ow a r ds t h e Law di ffe r e d in this r e s ec t

p ,

th a t t h e U niver s alists in t e r p r e t e d i t in a limit e d s ens e ,

whil e t h e P a r ti c ul ar ists insist e d on a l ab or i ous obs erva n ce

of it in a ll its minut e d e t a ils whi c h b ec a m e g r ea tly i n c r ea s e d ,

by th ei r m e th ods of int er p r e t a ti on .
1 24 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
t hing to n t is th a t B en Sira r ecogniz es t w o s ou r ce s of t h e
o e -

s c rib e s kn owl edg e t h e study of th es e is wh a t c onsti t ut es

’

t h e s c r ib al ac tivity ; t h e first is d es c rib e d in v e rs e 1 viz , .

,

t h e Law of t h e M ost High t h e wisd om of t h e a n c i e nts an d , ,

t h e p r op h e ts of Ol d ; th a t is t o say t h e P e nt a t eu c h t h e , ,

Wisd om b o ks o a n d t h e
p r p h ti al b ooks
o e c
?
Th e s econd
is d es c rib e d in ve r s es 2 3 v i z dis cou r s es of m
,

, ,
en of r e n own.
, ,

d eep things of p arabl e s hidden m eaning of p roverbs , ,

an d d a r k s ayings of p a r abl e s it is di fii cult t o see t o wh at

t hes e things can re fer u nl ess it is t o t h e dis cussi ons p roverbs ,

an d a h o rism s of t h e kind whi c h ab ound i n B en Sir a s b ook

’

p
-
.

Th a t th ey c ann ot r e fe r t o t h e or a l Law is c l ea r e n ough f r om

t h e d es c ri p ti on its e lf f or t h e o r al Law c a nn ot b e s aid t o
h a ve c onsis t e d of dis cou r s es hidd en m ea ning of p r overbs , ,

or d a r k s a yings Of p a r a bl es B en —Si r a th ough a s cri b e .

, ,

h as n o thi ng t o say ab out an or a l L aw th o ugh h e mus t h a ve ,

kn own of its e xist e n ce yet h e h as a great venera ti on f or t h e

Law th e r e are abund a nt indi c a ti ons of th a t in hi s b ook
,
.

We h ave m or eove r s ee n th a t th ree are s tr ong grou n ds for

, ,

b eli eving th a t an ora l Law w a s in e xist en ce l ong b efor e t h e

tim e of B en Si r a (ci rca B C
—
an d t h e e vid e n ce of s om e
. .

wh a t l a t er tim e s p oints in t h e s am e di r ec ti on We are .

,

th e r e f ore f orce d t o t h e con clusi on th a t B en Sir a r ep r es ents

,
-

a ty p e of s c r ib e w h o v e n er a t e d t h e Law as wri tt e n but re ,

u d i a t e d t h e or al L aw Fur t h e r th ough B en Sir a w a s a g ood

p
-
.
,

J ew t h e H ell en isti c influ en ces whi c h are t o b e f ound i n his

,

b ook an d his g en er ally broad e r m ent a l outl ook m ak e him in

s om e r es p ec ts t h e a ntith esis of Ez r a B en Si r a thus s eems .
-

t o b e l ong t o th os e of wh om we h a v e m a d e m en t i on ab ove
, ,

wh os e t e nden cy w as in an univers alis t i c di r ec ti on an d wh o

c oul d v e n e r a t e t h e Law with ou t f ee ling b ou n d by t h e i n

feren ces whi c h might b e d r awn f r o m its int e rp r e t a ti on .

Th e e vid e n ce of t h e P r ol ogu e t o t h e G reek t r ansl a t i on o f

1
It wil l b r m mb r d t h
e e e e e a t th e H br w r
e e s e ck o ne d t h e hi s t ori ca l
b ook s a m ng t h Pr p h t
o e o e s .
 r d rs
ea e an d l ove rs of l e a rning w h o must be abl e t o
p r ofit th e m whi c h a re with out [i e t h e l a ity m ost lik e ly]
. .
,

b oth by s p eaking a n d writing Th e P r ol ogu e thus c o rr o

.

b ora t es wh a t we l earn f r om t h e b oo k its elf .

B e for e c oming t o 1 M acc ab ee s whi c h i s t h e n ext b ook ,

t o give e vid en c e on t h e subj ec t of t h e S c r ib es a w or d ,

must be s a i d ab out t h e A ssi dwans or C hassidi m? By ,

thes e are m ea nt th os e Pi ous on es f r e qu e ntly m e nti on ed ,

in s om e of t h e l at e r P salms c xlix 1 —9 an d els ewh e r e) .

, ,

wh o c lung t e n ac i o usly t o t h e L aw b o th w r itt e n a n d o r a l , ,

wh e n in t h e thi r d centu ry B C o nwa rds m a ny of t h e J ews

,
. .
,

were b ecoming lax owing l a r g ely t o H ell enisti c influ e n ces

, , .

Th e y we r e a nim a t e d by a st r ong a nti p athy t ow ards e very -

one w h o w as H e ll e ni sti c a lly in c lin e d ; th e y w e r e l eg a lists

in t h e st r i c t est s ens e of t h e w o r d an d p a r ti c ul a r ists Al ,

.

th ough i n exist e n c e b e for eh a nd it w a s o nly during t h e ,

M accab aea n st ruggl e th a t th ey c omm e n ce d t o p l a y an

im p or t a n t role in t h e p oliti cal life of t h e n a ti on Th e
‘

im p or t a n c e of t h e C hassi di mf or our p r e s e nt study is th a t

they are i de ntifi e d with on e ty p e of t h e s c rib es in 1 M acca
b ees vii 1 2 1 3 viz
.
, , . And th er e w as g a th e r e d t og eth e r
unt o Al cim us 1
a n d B ac c hid e s 3 a c om p a ny of s c rib e s t o

seek for j ustic e ; a n d t h e C hassi di mwe r e t h e fi r st a m ong

t h e c hildre n of Is r ae l th a t s ought p eac e of th e m of

Alc im us a n d B a cc hi d e s] Th e e vi de n c e o f this b ook

.

app ea r s a t first sight t o b e confli c ting f or in t h e p ass ag e j us t ,

c it e d th e y a p p ea r as t h e p e a ce ful a r ty whil e in ii 4 3 44
p ,
.
,

th ey are d s ib d as w a r lik e
e c r e 1
I t is p r ob abl e h owe ver
.
‘

, ,

1
A ssi daaa n s a l so wri tt e n H a si d aean s i s m e re ly t h e G r ee c iz e d
fo rm o f t h e H e bre w C ha ssi di m i n t h e A u t ho ri e d Versi on t h e wor d
, ,

i s r e n de re d sa i nt s .
1
M a d e high p ri est by t h e S yri a n k i n g
— .

O n e o f t h e S yri an g ene ra l s p 2 M a c c a b ee s xiv 6

1 .
1 C ‘
. . .
126 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

th at th es e des c ri p ti on s b oth wi t n ess t o t h e t ru e f ac ts of t h e

c ase f or t h e n a tu r a l in c lin a ti o n of th es e stud e nts an d
st r i c t Obs er ver s of t h e Law w ould c l early li e in t h e di r ec ti on
of p eac e ; but as s oo n a s th ey r e aliz e d th a t t h e c h erish e d
obj ec t of t h e ir e xis t e n c e w as im e r ill e d fighting b ecam e a
p ,

n ecessity I t must b e r em emb e r e d th a t t h e Chassi di m

.

an d t h e M ac c ab ees are in n o s e ns e t o be id e ntifi e d ; th e y

were b ot h c h am p i ons of t h e Law an d b ot h t h e e n emi es of
,

H ell e nisti c J ews ; bu t t h e M acc ab ee s were p a t r i ot s p rim

a ril whil e t h e Ch assi di m w er e l eg a lis t s a n d r o vid e d
y , , p ,

th ey were l eft i n p eace t o f oll ow t h eir l eg al s t udi e s an d

O bs er va n ces i t w as of n o g r ea t m om e nt t o t h e m wh e th er
,

t h eir n at i on was indep enden t or a subj ec t r ace -

.

I n t h e B ook o f Judith a lth ough t h e S c r ib e s are n e ve r m

, en

t i oned m a ny d e t ails of wh a t we r e r ea lly t h e r e sults of th eir

,

a c tivi t y are t o b e f ound ; but as th es e are s p ok en of i n

P a r t I I in t h e accoun t th e r e given of t h e B ook of Judith
.

Hi ) we n ee d n ot m ak e an y furth er r e fer en ce t o t h e subj ec t

,

h er e.

(c) S om e further p arti culars .

One or t w o oth er p oin t s r eg arding t h e S c r ib es m ay b e

bri efly m enti on ed As e x p on en t s of t h e Law an d of t h e

.

S c ri p t ure s g en er ally t h e S c rib e s wer e a s a m a tt er of cou r s e

greatly occ u p i e d with t h e H ebrew t ex t of t h es e t h e y thus
b ec am e quit e ap art fr om t h eir ot h er duti es su c h as m aki n g
, ,

C op i e s of t h e S c r i p tur e s t h e gu a rdi a ns of t h e t ex t of S c ri p
,

t ure an d u p on th em d ev olved t h e fur t h er du t y of t h e

,

fixing an d t h e p res ervat i on of t h e Bibli cal t e x t This ve ry .

imp or t an t fun c ti on m arks th e m out as t h e b egin n ers of t h e

t extu a l c r iti c ism of t h e Old Test am e nt .

A furth er p rac t i c al duty whi ch t h e s t udy an d ex p ositi on

of t h e L aw br ought with it w as th a t of a dminist e ring it .

Th e S c r ib e w as a l awy e r in t h e G os p els t h e t w o t e r ms are

syn onym ous for whi c h reas on th ey n ever occ ur t og eth er
, .

I t was as a dminis tr a t ors of t h e Law t h at t h e S cr ib es w ere

128 THE BOOKS OF TH E APOCRYPHA

bu t t h e p re xili c s c rib e w as of a v e ry di ffere n t kind fr o m

-
e

t h e s c r ib e of l at e r t im e s . Ezra w as n ot only t h e firs t s c rib e

i n t h e l a t e r s ens e of t h e w or d bu t w as a ls o t h e in augur at or
,

of t h e s crib al syst e m as g e n e r a lly und e rst ood .

An im p ort a nt p oin t t o n oti c e in t h e ac t ivity of t h e S c rib es

i n t h e e a rli es t p os t e xili c p e r i od is th a t as t eac h ers of t h e
-

L aw th ey in t e rp r e t e d it t o t h e p e op l e .

Fr om t h e comm en cem ent of t h e re tu rn fr omt h e C ap tivi t y

di fferen ces a r os e b e t ween t h e r e t urn e d e xil e s an d th os e
wh om th ey f oun d i n P al es t in e on t h eir r et u r n Th es e .

di ff ere n ces r eveal t h e e xis t en ce of t w o diver ging t en de n c i e s

a m ong m a ny o f t h e p eop l e t h e distinguishing n ot e s of whi c h
,

w er e p ar t i cul arism an d rigid l eg alism on t h e on e h and an d ,

unive rs alism c ou p l e d with a l ess s tr i c t int e rp r e t at i on of

l eg a l r e quirem en t s on t h e oth er Ezr a an d t h os e wh o
.

f oll owe d him we r e t h e u p h old er s of t h e f orm e r t h e high ,

p ri es t ly p arty an d t h eir f oll ow ers of t h e l att er t e nd e n c y .

Th e p r oce ss Of d e vel op m en t i n e i t h e r dir ec t i on can b e dis

cern e d in s om e of t h e l a t e r Old T e s t a m e n t b ooks .

I n t h e A p oc ryp h a we l earn from E cc l esi asti cus t h at a

t yp e of s cr ib e h ad a ris en wh os e e n ergi e s were di r ect e d
t owa r ds t h e ac quisiti on of wisd om whi c h h e w as con cern e d
t o im p a r t t o o th er s ; this t yp e of s c rib e whil e v e n er a t ing ,

t h e Law sym p a thiz e d with t h e unive rs alis t i c r a th e r t h an

,

with t h e p ar t i c ul a r isti c a tt itud e B el onging t o a S lig htly

l at e r tim e are t h e Cha ssidi mor Pi ous on es wh o wer e s t ri c t
”
, ,

l eg alis t s an d of a p ar t i cul ar is t i c t e nd e n c y t h ough th e y we r e

,

n ot
p a tr i ot s in t h e s ens e th a t t h e t y p i ca l Maccab aean s w e r e .

Th e C hassi di mare s p ok en of in c onn exi on with t h e S c rib es .

We are t h e r ef or e led t o t h e con c lusi on t h at b efore t h e

, ,

middl e of t h e s econd c entu r y B C t w o t yp es of s crib e w ere

. .

i n e xist e n ce t h e wisd om s c r ib e an d t h e m or e p arti c ul arly

, ,

l eg al s c rib e C on ce r ning th es e l at t e r wh o are t o b e r eg a r d e d

.
,

a s t h e S c r ib e s in t h e st r i c tly t ec hni c al s ens e an d wh o b ec am e

cl os e l y a ss oc i at ed wi t h the Ph aris ai c p a r t y t h e foll owin g ,

 CHAPTER VI I

T he Ph ari see s an d S ad d uc e e s

[L I T ERA T U R E — W ellh ausen D i e P h a ri sder un d S a dduzder

C h n L ri i g
,

o e es P ha s en s ( 1 8 7 7) B an e t h U r sp run der S a dok der

ii rm
, ,

un d B oeth usd er 18 8 2 ) S ch ii re r I I Ge an
( pp 1— 4 3

r li
. .
, ,

cd I I p p 4 4 7— 4 8 9 ( 1 9 0 7 ) B ert h ol e t D i e S tellun g der I s a e ten

rm lb g n D i R li gi
. .
, , ,

e u den F e de n ( 1 8 9 6 ) E o e e e on san sch a uun ge n

M Fri dl an d r D i
,

der P h a ri sd er e e e rel i g i bsen

B O H lt m
.
,

ewegun gen pp 2 2— 1 1 3 o z a nn N eu
m Z H ol h r
. .
,

ei t e schi ch te,
testa e n tli ch e
g pp 20 0—2 14
(19 0 6 ) sc e

m
.

mu
,

D er S a dd uzd i s s B ii chl er D er g a li ld i sch e A ha -

r it j
,

A es des z we en a h rh un derts Ch w ol son D a s l etzte

mh l Ch i i ix H rt
,

P a ssa a r sti [ A p p en d ] a E cclesi a st cus

B i t ag E tw i h
,

pp 7 3 2 Ch w l
2— 20 o son , e r e z ur n c e

j d t m p p 5 4 ( 9 ) S h ht r
.

l un s esc
g g h i ht d c e es u en u s, 1— 1 10 c ec e

gm t f Z d k i t W k ( l I f D um nt f J wi h
.
,

F ra en s o a a o e or vo . o oc e s o e s

S t ie c a r es O t l y d B Th R ligi d
es e r e an ox , e e on an

W hi p f th S y g g
ors o pp e 39 na H rf rd o ue, 1 2 0 —1 e o

Ph i i m it im d i t mth d
.
,

a r sa s s a L y k y Di
an s e o s e sz ns e

h rl u t rb h
, ,

S dd u d
a ( 9e ) erC I
1 I p p 12
7 8 5 8 3 4 ( 9 3 ) La e s, — 1 1 a e ac

Th S dd u d P h ri A S t u d y f t h ir r p t iv
.
, ,

e a c ee s an a se es o e es ec e

atti t u d t w r d t h L w i S t d i i j wi h L i t t r
es o a s e a n u es n e s er a u e,
i u d i h n ur f P r f K u fm nn K hl r p p 7 6 9 8 ( 9 3 )
ss e n o o o o a a o e 1 —1 1 1

th i y i p r t f l rg r w rk S dd u
. .
,

s essa s a th
a o d a a e o on e a c ee s a n

P h ri a whi h t h w i t r h i p r p r t i n S
se es c e l r e as n e a a o ee a so

rti l S h ht r b k m nti n d b v i
.

B ii hl
’ ’
c er s a c e on c ec e s oo e o e a o e, n

rt rly R i w J n u y 9 3 p p 4 9 4 8 5 ]
,

T h J wi h Q
e e s ua e ev e ,
a ar ,
1 1 ,
. 2 —

I THE M E A N I N G OF THE T E R M S PHA R I S E E S A N D

.

S A D D U CE E S
(a) P hari sees .

T is usu ally h eld th a t t h e n am e Ph a ris ee is d e r ive d f r om

a r oot
(p r sh) m eaning t o s ep a r a t e an d th a t t h e
- -

Ph aris ees t ook th eir n am e or rece ive d it In order t o em , ,

13 0
 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
a re bl am ed as th os e wh o s ep ar a t e th ems elve s f r om t h e ”

c ong r eg a ti on A g a in Hill e l give s t h e comm a nd

.
,
S ep a r a t e
n ot thys elf f r om t h e c ong r eg a ti on (Ab ot h ii SO .

th a t e ve rything p oints t o t h e th eory whi c h would e x p l ai n

t h e n am e Ph a r is ee a s S ep a r a tis t as wr ong A m or e .

r ob a bl e e x l a n a ti on is th a t a l r ea dy hint e d a t by J os e hus
p p p ,

wh o s ays i n B ell jud I I viii 1 4 of t h e Ph a ris ees th a t

.
, , .

t h ey a re th os e wh o s eem t o e x p l ain t h e l aws with ac

c u r ac y H er e w e m
. ay r ec a ll t h e p a ss a g e N e h e mi ah viii 8 , .
,

r efe rre d t o in t h e p r ece ding ch ap t e r wh e r e it is s aid th a t ,

t h e t eac h er s of t h e L aw r ead in t h e b ook in t h e Law of ,

God int e rp r e ting [fr om t h e r oot p r sh] it

,
an d th ey g a v e - -

t h e s e ns e an d c aus e d (t h e p e op l e) t o und erst a nd t h e r ea d

,

ing Furth er in R abbini ca l lit era tu re this r oot p r sh

.
, ,
- -
,

f r om whi c h t h e n am e Ph a r is ee is d erive d is c onst an tly f ound ,

”
us ed in t h e s e ns e of t o ex p l ain e x ound
p or int er , ,

p r et in r
,
e f e r e n c e t o S c r i p tu r e whi c h is e x p l a in e d in t h e

i nt ere s t s of t h e oral Law S O th a t whi l e t h e r oot p r sh .

,
- -

m ea ns b ot h t o s ep arat e an d t o int erp re t all t h e evid ence ,

g oes t o S h ow th a t as us e d i n c on n ec t i on with t h e n am e
Ph ar is ee it h as t h e s en s e of t o in t erp ret or ex p ound ”
.

Th e t e rm Ph aris ee s m ay thus b e s a id t o m ea n e x ound e r s

p
of t h e S c r i p t ur e s in t h e i nt e re sts of t h e or al L aw an d this

is j ust wh at t h e Ph a ris ee s were p a r excellen ce Th eir .

c l os e a ss oc i a ti o n with t h e S c r ib e s a s Oft e n a llud e d t o i n ,

t he G osp els s erv es still furth e r t o su p p or t this V i ew

, .

(b) S adducees .

Wh en t r anslit e r a t ed from its H eb re w f orm t h e t e rm S ad

duc ee s a
pp e a rs a s Z a dd uki m it h as b ee n h eld th a t this

is d r ive d from t h e H br w w or d
”
e e e za ddi k right us
e o
1
, .

Bu t this d eriva ti on is im p rob abl e f or n o a n al ogy e xists ,

f or t his ch a ng e of an i int o u ; bu t e ven ap ar t from this , ,

1
Thi s is th e exp l n t i n giv n by m f t h Chur h F t h r
a a o e so e o e c a e s,

e g E p i p h a n us i H xiv d J r m C mm i M tth xii 3

a er . an e o e, o . n a .
, . 2

w ll by m m d rn h l r
. .
, ,

( S ch ii rer) as e , as so e o e sc o a s.
 An int e r esting x p l a n a ti on offere d h oweve r
e with
, , ,

g rea t diffide n ce is th a t give n by C owley He s ays : In

”
, .

m od ern P e r si a n t h e wor d Z i n di k is us e d in t h e s ens e of

M a ni ch ae a n or in a g e n e ra l s ens e for infidel one wh o d oes
, , , ,

n o t b e li e ve in t h e r e su rr ec ti on or in t h e omni ot e n ce of
p
God . It h as b ee n a d op t e d i n A r abi c w ith t h e m eani n g of
infid el a n d a ls o in Arm e ni a n MasrI di ( t e nth ce ntu r y )
'

, .

s ays th a t t h e n am e a r os e in t h e tim e of M an e s t o d en ot e
his t eac hing a n d ex p l ains th a t it i s de r ive d f r om t h e Z e nd
, ,

or ex p l a n ati on of t h e Av e st a
,
Th e origin al Av e st a w a s .

t h e t ruly s ac r e d b ook an d t h e p e r so n w h o f oll owe d on ly

,

t h e c omm e n t ary w as c all e d a Zi n di k as on e wh o r e j ec t ed ,

t h e w or d of God t o f oll ow w o r ldly t r a diti on i rr e ligi ous ,

.

But t h e t erm ca nn ot h a ve o rigin a t e d in t h e tim e of M a n es

(thi r d c en tu r y A D ) f or t h e Ze n d c omm e nt ar y wh a t e v er
’

, ,

vi ew be t ake n as t o its d at e w as by th en al ready b ec oming ,

unint e ll igible I t must be mu c h e ar li e r a n d h a ve ac qui r e d

.
,

t h e g en e r a l s e ns e of infid el ve r y s o o n Mak ri zi (fif .

t een t h c e ntury ) w h o b orr ows l a r g ely f r o m Masri d i c onfus e s

'

, ,

t h e Zan ddi k a h with t h e S a m a r it a n s a n d S a ddu c e es an d ,

s ays th a t th ey d eny t h e exist e n ce of a ng els t h e re su r re c ti on , ,

a n d t h e p r op h e ts a ft e r M os es wh e n c e it h a s b e e n sugg e st e d
,

th a t Zan ddi k a h is a c orr u p ti on of Zaddii k i m Th e reve rs e .

,

may h owever be t h e case I t is quit e p ossibl e th at t h e

, , .

Persi an word was us ed ab out B C 2 0 0 in t h e s ens e of . .

‘
Z or oast ri an an d if so it might be ap p li ed by Op p on e nts
,
’

t o a p a r ty in Ju dae a w h o sym p athiz e d w ith f ore ign id e as ,

a n d r ej ec t e d b e li e fs whi c h w e r e b eginning t o b e r e g a rd e d as

distin c tively J ewi sh It w ould thus h ave b e en us e d a t

.

fi r st i n a c ont e m p tu ous s ense a n d l a t e r w h e n t h e or igin a l

, , ,

m eaning w as f org ot t en w as i n t h e well kn ow n J e wish , ,

-
1 34 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
m a nn e r tr a nsf orm e d in su c h a w ay as t o b ea r t h e i nt erp re t a
,

ti on S ons of Z a d ok (B én i Z adok ) with a sugge sti on of

right e ous ( Z addi k i m ) It m ay b e m e nti o n e d t h ough ,

e r h ap s a s a m er e c oin c id e n c e th a t Z a n d di k ah is us e d f or
p ,

S a ddu cee s in Arabi c tr ansl a ti ons of t h e N ew Te s t a m e nt ” 1

.

I nt eresting an d m ost ing eni ous as this th eory is it d oes ,

n ot s ee m t o b e a suffi c i e ntly n a t u r a l e x p l an a ti o n ; m ore ov e r ,

i n on e im p ort a nt r esp ec t t h e Zi n di k p r es ent e d a m ar ke d

c ontr ast in p rin c i p l e t o t h e S a ddu c ee f or whil e t h e Zi n di k
w as on e w h o f oll owe d t h e Z e nd or ex p l an a ti on of t h e ,

Ave s t a t h e trul y s ac re d b ook i e

,
wh o r ej ec t e d t h e w ord , . .

of God t o f oll ow w or ldly t ra diti on t h e S addu cee was

”
,

j ust t h e r e ve r s e for h e c lu n g t o t h e w or d Of God an d h e

, ,

r ej ect e d t h e au t h ori t y of t h e ora l tr aditi on i e t h e Ph a ri , . .

s ai c e x p l a n a ti ons an d t ra di t i on s ?
And furth e r as w e ,

sh all see l a t er t h e n orm a l t yp e of S addu cee w as n ot

,

n ece ss arily w orldly or irr eligi ous .

A third Vi ew an d one whi ch m a

y , b e r eg a rd e d as t h e

c o rr ec t on e is th at t h e t erm S a ddu cee s (Zadduk i m

, ) t a k e s
its o r igin from t h e p e rs on al n am e Z ad ok Th e s ons of .

Z ad ok (B én i Z adok )we r e t h e de s ce nd ants of t h e high p ri e s t -

Z ad ok wh os e f amily h ad e x er cis ed t h e p r i estly fun c ti ons

,

from t h e tim e of D avid ( 1 Chr on v 2 7 4 1 xv 1 1 xvi 3 0 ,

. .
—
, .
, .
,

right up t o t h e tim e of A n ti oc hus E p i p h an es wh e n ,

th eir rul e c am e t o an en d ; bu t t h e p ar t y c ontinu ed t o

4

1
E l B ibl iv 4 3 6 Th p r nt wri t r i nju n ti n wi t h
n cy c . . 2 . e e se e n co c o

Mr B w in lin d t p t t hi i nt rp r t t i n ( Th R ligi
.
, ,

ox , as c e o a cc e s e e a o e e on

d W r h i p f th S y gg p bu t fur t h r t u dy f t h
.

an o s o e na o ue , e s o e

ubj t h mp ll d t h m t r vi t h ir f rm r vi w
.

s ec as co e e e o e se e o e e

t h w rd f J p hu A t i q X III x 6 q u t d b l w
. .

1
S ee e o s o ose s, n o e e o .

Cp J p hu A ti q X I viii 7 ; X I I ii 5 iv
. .
, , ,

3 ose s, n 1, IO

hu m d M n l u w h w t f p ri t ly f mily high
. . . . . .
, , , ,

4
A nti oc s a e e e a s, o as n o o es a

p ri t ft r him Al ki m fil l d t h fli ( M vii 5 9 ) t h ugh

,

es a e us e e O ce I acc o

p ri t h w n f Z d k ( J p hu A ti q X II ix
. .
,

a es t f th e as n o o e so s o a o ose s, n

O t h d t h f A l ki m ( M ix 5 4 5 7) t h H m w
. .
, ,

n e ea o us I ace — as on an
e

high p ri t h d b g n ( M c xi 3 3 5 4 ff ; p J p hu
. .

-
es oo e a I ac . v . 0 1 c ose s,

A ti q XIII ii
. .
, ,

n .
, .
136 THE B OO KS OF THE APO CR Y PHA
c urwan i s m
I n s om e wa ys J os ep hus w as we ll e qui p p e d
?

f or giving inf orm a ti on ab out J e wish p ar ti es f or h e b e l ong e d ,

t o an a r ist oc r a ti c p r i estly f amily h e w as r el a t e d on t h e ,

m at ern al sid e t o t h e high p r i est w as br ought up a s a Ph a ri -

see l e a rn e d i n t h e Law an d l a t e r b ecam e intim at ely ac ,

i
q ua n t ed with t h t ac hing o t f h S a ddu cee s an d Ess e n es ?
e e e

But this a dvant ag e is t o s om e e xt ent n eut r aliz e d by his

H ell enisti c l ea ning as well as by t h e f ac t th a t w ar an d
p o liti cs in t e r e st e d him m or e th an qu e sti ons c on ce r ning

J ewish r eligi ous c ultu r e I f his w or ks are t o be us ed with .

e ffec t it is n ece s sa r y t o b r ing int o t h e Gr e ek s ce n er y whi c h

h e p re s e n ts a J ewi sh c ol ou r ing ; on e h a s c onst a ntly t o b e

a sking o n e s e lf a s Le sz yn sk y hum or ously uts it wh e th e r
, p ,

t h e shining a rm our of t h e wa rr i or or t h e c l oak Of t h e

p hil s
o op h e r m a y n ot a ft e r a ll c o nt a in a R a bbi 1
, , .

Th e s ec ond f ac t w hi c h s om ewh a t d et r ac ts fr om t h e v alue

’
o f J os ep hus e vid e n ce is th a t in all p r ob a bility th a t e vid e n c e

i s i n com p l e t e ; f or h e s a ys on t w o occasi ons in his A n ti

q ui ti es (VI I I v 9 X VI I I i ,
wh e n S p ea king of t h e J ew ish
.
, ,
.

p arti e s th a t this subj e c t is d ea lt with in t h e jew i sh Wa r

, ,

b ook t h e s econd but on tu r n i ng t o this (I I viii 1 4)w e find , .

a v e ry s ca nty r e fe r e n ce t o t h e Ph a r is ee s an d S a ddu cee s ,

m ore s canty th a n t h e p a ssing n oti ce s in t h e A n ti qui ti es ;

whil e t h e Ess e n e s t h e l ea st im p or t a nt of t h e three b odi es , ,

a re t r eat e d a t c onsid er abl e l ength A t t h e c l os e of .

t h e c h ap t e r J ose p hus s ay s : This is wh a t I h ad t o say

a b out t h e
ph ilOS Op hic s ec ts am ong t h e J ews On e is .

f orce d t o t h e c on clusi on th a t a con sid er able s ec ti on h as

f or s om e unkn own r eas on b e en l ost 4
an d th a t th e re f ore ,

1
Cp A n t q
. i X xi (7t o w a r d s t h e e n d ) XIII v 9 ; B e l l j ud ,

viii wh r h e sp e a k s o f t h e se t hr e e a s t h e p hi l oso p hi c se c t s
. . .
, , , , . .

II 1 4, e e

m ng Jw
.
,

a o the e s .

1
Vi ta ,
2 .

1 Op . ci t p 16

Thi fir int d by J t B li li i i
. . .
,

4
s w as s t po e os ck e i n di e R e g on sgesch ch te,

r f rr by L y k y p 5
,

p 93 .
, e e ed to e sz ns , . 2 .
t he Tosep hta 1
,
i
ll ti on of additi ons t o t h e Mishn a ;
. e a co e c
.

the se ad di ti ons consist of m a tt e r n ot i ncorp ora t e d in t h e

Mishn a but th ey a re t ake n fr om t h e s am e m ass of fl oating
,

traditi on al m a t eri a l of whi ch t h e Mishn a is m ad e up .

Th e three Midrashi c w o r ks S if ra (a c omm e nt a ry on ,

L e viti cus ) S ifre (a comm ent a ry on N umb e r s a nd D eut er

,

on om y) a n d M echi lta (a c omm e nt a r y on Ex odus ) are als o

, ,

valu abl e s ources ?

C om p a r a tively l a t e a s all th es e s ources
a re— t h e e arli e st b e l ongs t o a tim e a ft e r t h e S a ddu cee s

a n d Ph a r is ee s h a d c e a s e d t o e xi st a s p a r ti e s— th e y are

n everthele ss of high im p or t an ce b eca use they all utiliz e

tra diti on al m a t eri al b el onging t o ea r li e r tim es mu c h of ,

whi c h m ost likely e xist e d in writt e n f or m ; so th at th ey

c ont a i n m an y traditi ons d ating b ac k t o t h e s ec ond
c e ntu ry B C . .

Th e e vi d e n ce c on t ain e d in th e s e s ource s con sists i n t h e

m ain of r ec or ds of controve r si e s on va r i ous t op i c s b e twee n
Ph arisee s an d S addu cees I t is in t h e high est d eg r ee .

im p r ob abl e th a t th es e acc ounts sh ould be fi c titi ou s for

m
,

by t h e tim e th a t th ey we r e in cor p or a t e d in t h e Mishn a t h e

Ph aris ee s h ad l ong t riu p h ed ove r t h e S addu cees ; th e r e
woul d th ere for e h ave b ee n n o p oint in m aking th em up
, ,

they are e vid en tly g en ui n e recor ds ?

1
N ot t o b e wi t h t h T ph é th i t h
co nfu se d
d di t i n e osa e e a o s

m d t R hi C mm nt ry t h T lmu d by hi di i p l w h
.
, .

’
a e o as s o e a on e a s sc e s, o

f
or t hi r s n k n wn
e aso th T ph i t a re o as e osa s s

O t h r R bbi n i l ur f l im p rt n giv n by
.

1
e a ca so ce s, o e ss o a ce, a re e

L y k y Op
e sz ns it p p 3 6 ff c

f urt h r H Ol h Op i t p p 6 tf ; L y k y Op i t
. . .
, , .

1S ee e , sc e r, . c .
,
. 1 . e sz ns ,
. c .
,

pp .
3 6 ff .
138 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

(c) The N ew Testam en t .

This s our ce is so f amil i ar th a t i t wi ll be un necess a ry to

d o m or e th an m er ely m e nti on it .

( )
d The Z a dok i te F rag mt en s .

Th es e are t w o f r agm ents dis c overed a few y ears ag o by ,

S c h ech t e r in t h e C ai r o Gen i zah ?

Th e y b el ong r e sp ec tively
t o t h e el e ve nth an d twe lfth ce ntu r i e s A D an d d ea l with . .
,

t h e r eligi ous b eli e fs an d p r ac ti ce s a s w e ll a s with d et a ils of ,

t h e constituti on of a J e wish s ec t whi c h exis t e d i n D a m a scus

,

du ring t h e s econ d ce n t ury B C ? b ef ore t h e M accab ae an

struggl e This s ec t p oss ess e d i n a dditi on t o t h e Old
.
,

Te s t am en t o th e r s ac r e d b ooks ; i t h ad i t s s p ec i al l aws
,

i nt erp re ting vari ous comm a ndm e nts i n S c ri p t ure ; an d i t

h ad m or e ove r i t s own cal en d ar
, , Th e s ec t l ook e d u p on its elf .

a s t h e r emn a n t t o whi c h God h ad r e v e al e d t h e hidd e n

thi n gs i n whi ch all Israe l e rr e d Th e m emb e r s of this .

s ec t h ad a s p ec i al dislike f or t h e Ph aris ees ag ainst wh om ,

th eir p ol emi c s were direc t ed I n t h e t ex t of on e of t h e .

m an us c ri p ts t h e Ph aris ees are d en oun ce d as t ra nsgress ors

of t h e C o v e n a n t an d v a r i ous o th e r a ccus a ti ons are br ough t

a g a i n s t th em su ch as p olyg amy an d a wrong way of

, ,

obs erving t h e di et a ry l aws an d t h e L e vi t i cal l aws of p u r ity .

Th e Law it is con t end e d w as onl y dis cover e d wi t h t h e

, ,

rise of Z ad ok This an t ag onism t o t h e Ph aris ees s t am p s

t h e s ec t a s r ep re s enting s om e f orm of S adducaean i sm an d
.

this is fur t h e r em p h asiz e d by t h e f ac t th at t h e M essi ani c

.

1
Th e n am e
li d t r m dj i ni ng t h yn g gu i whi h
ap p e o a oo a o e s a o e n c

w r t r d di u d m n u ri p t f t h b k Of t h Bibl whi h
e e s o e s se a sc s o e oo s e e c

h d b n u d i n p ubli w r hi p
a ee se dh d b m w rn ut h r ti l
c o s an a e co e o o e e ca

H br w b k w r l p l d i t h G i h
e e oo s e e a so ac e n e en za

h l d t h t t hi t l iv d i n D m u i n t h v nt h
.

B ii h l
1
c er o s a s se c e a a sc s e se e

or ight h nt ury
e d th t t h
ce m n u ri p t nt i n
A D an a e a sc s co a a

p i t ur r tifi i lly dr wn t r fl t um d n di ti n h rt ly b f r
. .
,

c e a c a a o e ec ass e co o s s o e o e

d t ru t i n nd T m p l Int r ti n g d l rn d
”
th e es f th c o o e se co e e e es an ea e

rti l i t h p r nt wri t r i t nvi n d t h t

.

’
as B ii hl c er s a c e s, e ese e s no co ce a

S h ht r m i n nt nti n h v b n w k n d by i t
’
c ec e s a co e o s a e ee ea e e .
140 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
binding A n d con ce r ning th es e things great qu e sti onings
.

an d di ffe r e n c e s h a v e a ris e n a m ong th e m

” 1
.

This p i ec e of e vi de n ce m ay b e f r a nkly accep t e d as far a s ,

it g oe s n ot only b eca us e in its elf it c on t ains n othing i n

,

t ri n si cally im p r ob a bl e but a ls o b e caus e it is b orn e out by

,

t h e o th e r s ourc e s It S h ows us wh a t was t h e fund am ent al

.

caus e of diffe re n c e b e tw ee n t h e Ph a ris ee s an d S adduc ee s ,

viz as t o wh e th er anything b esid es t h e writ t en Law was

.
,

binding Wh at is p arti cul a r ly n oti ceabl e h e re is t h e f ac t

.

th a t t h e S addu cees n ot t h e Ph aris ees we re t h e r eal Ch am

, ,

i ns f h e Law as su c h ; t h e S a ddu cee s w e r e t h e gu a rdi ans

1
p o o t
of t h e Law in its p u r ity an d d esir e d t o k eep i t f r e e f r om
,

a cc r e ti ons ; t h e Ph a r is e e s we r e b e nt on a t t ac hing t o t h e
Law ordin a n c es of whi c h t h e Law its elf kn ew n othing ,

a n d of m a king b oth e qu ally a uth o r it a tiv e an d bi n ding .

Bu t from this a very im p or t a nt thing r e sults as c h am p i ons

of t h e L aw h ow can it b e s a id as is so oft e n s a id th a t t h e , ,

S addu cees as a p ar ty w ere wor ldly an d lax as reg ar ds

, ,

r eligi ous i n t erests ? I n on e p ass ag e it is t ru e J os ep hus , ,

S p ea ks of t h e opp on e nts of t h e Ph ari s ees a s th os e w h o

O ffe nd a g a inst t h e h oly l a ws (B ell jud I v but t h e . .

, , .

cont e xt S h ows th a t by th e s e w e r e m ea n t t h e l aws of t h e

Ph a ris ees a s disti n c t f r om t h e Law whi c h was ven erat e d

,

by t h e S a ddu cees quit e as mu c h as by t h e Ph ar is ee s .

Th e Z a dok i te F ra gm en ts corr ob or a t e wh a t h as b ee n s a id

in S O far th at i n th em t h e P ent at e u ch c it ed und er t h e ,

t e r m T or a h is c onsid ered t h e m ain auth ority

,
.

I n t h e G osp els we h ave n o direc t e vid en ce conce rn i n g t h e

S a dducae an s t andp oi nt r eg a rding t h e L aw ; but th ere are
m any indi c ati ons reg ardi n g th at of t h e Ph aris ees an d th e ir
insist e n ce on t h e or al t ra diti ons Th es e are h owever .
, ,

1
S ee a sol A ti q XVIII i 3 4
n

x m p l f t h ir f n t i l l f t h L w i
. . .
, , ,

1
F or e a es O e a a ca zea or e a see A nt q .
, X IV ,

iv 2 f th f ll w r f A ri t bulu t h r m nti n
e o o e s o s o s e e e o ed wr e e of the

p rt y
.

S a dd uc aea n a .
 r
i mp o t ance d et ail ed ex amin ati on of th em would requi re
a

a s p e c i a l v olum e but mu c h v a lu abl e inf orm a ti on h as b ee n

,

g ath er ed by HOlsch er an d i n gre a t e r abund an ce by

1
, ,

Leszyn sk y 3
Th ough t h e e vid en ce is of a c om p li ca t ed C h ar
.

ac t e r it fully b e a r s out th a t of J os ep hu s on thi s p oint .

Th e S a ddu c ee s st ood f or t h e w r it t e n L aw a n d this o nly ,

t h e Ph a ris ees insist e d u p on t h e binding a uth or ity O f t h e

traditi on of t h e fath er s a s w ell Th at is t h e fund am e nt al .

di ffe re n ce b etween th e m ; t h e d e vel op m en ts whi c h e ith e r

a r ty sa w its elf c om p e ll e d t o c ount e n a n c e a r os e l ogi c a lly
p
an d i rr e sistibly fr om this fund a m e nt a l p r in c i p l e r eg a r ding

t h e Law But th es e d e ve l op m e nts we re p r o f oundly im p or t

.

an t . We will p ut t h e m att e r as succ in c tly as p ossibl e .

Th e S addu cee s st ood f or t h e writt e n Law ; but in t h e

n a tu r e of thi ngs it c onst a ntly h ap p en e d th at n e w c as es
c am e up f or d ec isi on f or whi c h t h e w r itt e n L a w p r o vid e d

n o s oluti o n or guid a n c e Th e S add u c e e s w e r e thu s f o r c e d .

t o p ut f or th n e w or din a n c e s ; an d in this th e y f oll o we d ,

n olen s v e ol n s t h e e x a m p l e of t h e
,
Ph a r is ee s 4
but t r u e to ,

th eir fu n d am ent al p r in ci p l e th e y saw t o it th a t th es e n ew ,

or din a n ce s w er e b as e d u on t h e wr itt e n L aw S O th a t th e y
p ,

c ould c l a im th a t if c h a ng e d c onditi ons of life or wh at ev e r ,

1
S ee esp e c a i lly M a tt hw v e 1 7— 2 0 ; g in t t h P h ri an d a a s e a se e s

M tt h w xv xxiii rk vii 3 L u k xi 3 7 5 4 t
.

a e 1—2 0 4
—2 6 Ma I -
2 e — e c .

n lu i n di ff r fr m t h
.
.
, .
,
.
, ,

Op ci t H Olsc h e r o se O f
’
1
. .
, pp . 16 s co c s o s e o

L e sz yn sk y .

1
Op cit pp 3 6 —
141

J p hu A ti q X VIII i 4 wh r h y i r f r n t
. . . .
,

1
Cp . o se s, n e e e sa s n e e e ce o

S dd u t h t wh n t h y b m m gi t r t m tim
. .
, , ,

th e a c ees a e e eco e a s a e s, so e es

a g i n t t h ir will d by f r t h y f ll w t h i d
a s e f t h P h ri
an o ce e o o e e as o e a see s,

for o t h rwi t h p p l w ul d t p ut p wi t h t h m
e se e eo e o no u e .
1 42 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
o th er c aus e n ece ssit a t e d t h e p u t ti n g f orth of n ew l eg a l
,

o rdin a n ce s th es e we r e a t an y r a t e d evel op m ents of t h e

,

m
wri tt n aw
e L ?
With t h e Ph aris ee s it w as di ffere nt ; th ey
h ad al wa ys i n a d diti on t o t h e Law ch am on ed t h e tr adi
, ,

ti ons of t h e f a th ers i e t h e p op ul a r c us t oms h a nde d d own , . .

fr om tim e imm em ori al ; th es e h ad c onst antly b ee n a dde d

t o wh e th e r b as e d u p on t h e writt e n L aw or n ot
, Fr om .

1
u t rb h (0 p i t p 8 6 f ) w ul d xp l in t h m tt r
La e ac . c . . 1 o e a e a e a

li tt l di ff r nt ly t h ugh t h fin l r ul t i mu h t h m h y
, .

e e e o e a es s c e sa e e sa s

t h t t h S dd u l i d d wn t h ir w d i i n d rul i
,

a e a c ee s a o e o n ec s o s an es n a

b k ll d B k f D r
oo ca e oo D i i n t gui d t h m i
o e c ee s or ec s o s o e e n

d i d i n g q u ti n t whi h
ec es n w r ul d b f u n d i t h M i
o s o c no a s e co e o n e osa c

C d o e Th y di d t d m i t righ t n
. e no ry t i nv nt w rul
ee or e c essa o e ne es

o f h rm n u t i
e e e t d v l p m th d
cs, or f i nt rp r t t i n t
o e e o n bl e o s o e e a o o e a e

t h m t f r t h ir l w
e o o ce d d i i n i nt t h m
e a s anin g f t h w r d ec s o s o e e an O e o s

o f th T r h e o a t p ff t h i r w rul
so a s o dd i i n
ass o p rt e o n es a n ec s o s as a

d iv d f m M i l w t hu m k in g t h m f q u l
,

o f , or er e ro a osa c a s a e o e a au

t h i ty wi t h m bin di ng h r t r t h w i tt n L w
, ,

or d f th an o e sa e c a ac e a s, e r e a .

i t h ir O p i i n th r l w ul d v r q uir t h ut h i ty
,

F o r, n e n o no o e a s co e e ac e e a OI

f th L w f th T r h T h S dd u d i t i n gui h d t i t ly
,

o e a s o e o a e a c ee s s s e s r c

b tw n t h b lu t ly bin di n g wri tt n l w d t h ir ddi t i n l

.

e ee e a so e e a s an e a o a

l w d d i i n Th l tt r
a s an ec s o sw r u t h i t tiv nly e a e e e a or a e o as

l ng th y w r n i d r d n ry f ibl by t h l d r
.

o as e e e co s e e e c e ssa or ea s e e ea e s

an d rul r f th
e s o mmu i ty F t h m r n t h y di d t
e co n . or e sa e ea so e no

n id r th d i i n d p r ti i n ti tu t d by t h ir p r d r
,

co s e e ec s o s an ac ces s e e e e c esso s,

th ep i t d
r e s s an t h r f f rm r g n
e ac r t i ne s w hi h no t i t u t d o e e e a o s, c co s e

th t d i ti
e ra l l w on a f b lu t u t h ri ty li k t h wri tt n L w
a s, o a so e a o e e e a .

H n th ir p uli r tti t u d t w rd t h t di ti n l L w d
e ce e ec a a e o a s e ra o a a ,
an

t h i r bj ti n t i t u t h ri ty Th y di d t d n y t h xi t n
e o ec o o s a o e no e e e s e ce

f th l d t r di t i n l l w f t h y t h m lv w r t h p r
.

o ese o a o a a s, or e e se es e e e o sse sso s

an d t r n mi tt r
a s f th m N di d t h y r j t t h m p uri u
e s o e sa e . or e e ec e as s o s

o r as wi t h u t y u t h ri t y f t h y r gni d th righ t f f rm r
o an a o or e ec o ze e o o e

h r u h l w Th y ly r u
,

p i
r es st a d t n t n t
ea c e s o n f
e d
ac t s c a s . e o e se o

co n i d r th
s e t r di ti n l l w
e se f u t h i t y b lu t
a o a d qu la s as o a or a so e an e a

wi t h t h w i tt n L w nt i d i t h T r h Th r ul t t h r
e r e a co a ne n e o a
”
e es , e e

f r th ir nt r v r y wi t h t h P h i t hi p int
.

o e, f SO ar a s e co o e s e ar see s o n s o

w as n rn d w t h
co ce e m tr di ti n l l w by wh m v r
as e sa e : a o a a s, o soe e

r h wh h r b wri w r
,

p u t f t o t d t
e h tt
e n L w a se t on t p e e a or n o e e no er

m tl y b in di n g
,

f qu l u t h ri ty wi t h t h wri tt n L w ;
,

an en n or o e a a o e e a

th P h ri
e a th
see s, t h r i n t h y nt n d d t h t t h r l
on e o e s ce e co e e a e o a

b d u p n t h wri tt n L w r g r d d b t h f qu l
,

L w w
a as a se o e e a e a e o as O e a

u t h ri ty d p rm n ntl y bin di ng
,

a o an e a e .
1 44 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

I s I n t ruth a synth esis of Ph aris a ism and S a dducaean i s m .

” 1

See fu r th r e b el ow iv
, .

(b) The D octri n e of God .

On this subj ec t J os ep hus (A n ti q X I I I v 9 ) t ell s us .

, , .

th a t whil e t h e Ph aris ee s h old th a t s om e things i n t h e w or ld

h ap p e n by t h e wi ll of Pr ovid en ce a n d th at in o th er c as es ,

things li e in t h e p owe r of men t h e S a ddu cee s on t h e oth e r

, ,

h and a lt og e th e r d eny t h e e xist e n ce of Pr ovid e n ce a s a n

,

ac tiv e f or ce in t h e w or ld if ind ee d th ere is su ch a thing

, ,

a t all th ey say it d oe s n ot c on ce r n its elf with t h e a ffai r s

of m
, ,

en .Eve rything li es in t h e h a nd of men th ems elves ,

th ey a l on e are t h e c aus e if p r os p e rity be th ei r lot whil e ,

a dv e rsi t y is sim p ly t h e r e sul t of th e ir ow n f oolishn e ss

_
.

A g ain in a n oth e r p a ss ag e (B ell j ud I I viii 1 4 ) h e t e lls

,
.
, , .

us th at in cont r adistin c ti on t o t h e Ph a r is ee s t h e S a ddu cee s

, ,

d o n ot b eli e v e in Pr o vid e n ce ; th ey d e ny th a t God t a k e s

an y in t e r e st i n hum a n a ffai rs ; g ood or e vil is t h e lot of
men accor ding t o th eir own free c h oi ce This e viden ce .

o f J os ep hus c a nn o t b e a cc ep t e d so f ar a s t h e S a ddu cees

a re c on c e rn e d ; w e h ave s ee n th a t t h e writ t e n L aw or ,

P ent at eu ch w as t h e su p r e m e auth or ity according t o S ad

,

ducaean t ea chi ng ; bu t i n t h e P en t a t e u c h t h e d oc t r in e o f
God is su ch a s t o m ak e it im p ossibl e t o b eli eve th a t wh a t
J os ep hus s ays r eally r efl ec ts S adducaean b eli ef h ere Wh a t .

is s ai d ove r an d ove r ag ain in t h e P e nt a t eu ch r eg a r ding

t h e divin e guid a n ce of m en an d G od s in ce ss a n t int e r
’

p o siti on in t h e a ff a i r s of t h e w orld of His c r e a ti on im p e ls

on e t o a ffi rm th a t J os ep hus is wr on g in his con t e nti on

t h a t t h e S adducees deni ed t h e e xis t en ce of Pr o vide nce .

I t is p r ob able th a t t h e p artis an shi p of t h e Ph a r is ee J os ep hus

h as s om ewh a t c arri e d him awa y an d th at h e h as p e r h ap s , ,

un cons c i ously h er e mis r ep re s ent e d t h e S adducee an p ositi on

,
.

This is t h e m ore p r ob abl e in th a t as w e S h all see p r e s en tly , ,

ositiv e p r oof of su c h mis r ep r e s e nt a ti on in a n oth er dirc e

p
1
op ci t . ,
p 1 1.
. ,
4
m en t distin c tly im p li es th a t t h e S a ddu cees did b eli e ve
in t h e di rec t ac ti on of Pr ov iden c e in t h e a ffai r s of m en .

Thus w e a re t ol d th a t wh e n J oh n t h e B ap tist saw th a t

,

m any Ph a r is ee s an d S addu cee s we r e c oming t o h i s b ap tism ,

h e s a id t o th e m : Ye off s p r ing of vi p e rs w h o wa rn e d ,

o fle e f r om t h e wr a th t o com e ?
” 1
ou t If f e a r fr om t h e
y
wr ath t o com e was wh a t indu c ed t h e S addu cees as well as ,

t h e Ph aris ee s t o c om e an d be b a p tiz e d t h e f ac t p r ove s

, ,

th a t th e y b eli e ve d in t h e divin e int e rp ositi on in t h e affa i r s

of t h e w or ld Ag ain t h e s a m e is im p li ed in t h e w or ds :
.
,

“
A n d t h e Ph aris ee s an d S addu c ee s cam e an d t em p ting ,

Him a ske d Him t o sh ow th em a S ign f r om h ea ve n

” 1
.

And on ce m or e i n t h e account of t h e dis c ussi on in t h e

, ,

S anh ed rin as t o wh a t was t o be d on e t o St P e t e r a n d t h e .

o th e r a p ostl e s w h o h a d b e e n p ut in t h e p ubli c w a rd by
,

t h e S a dduc e es a
G am a li el con c lud e s t h e dis c ussi o n with a
,

S p eec h whi c h e nds with th e s e w or ds : And n ow I say

unt o you R efra in f r om th es e m
,
en an d le t th e m a l on e ; ,

for if thi s c ouns e l or this w or k be of m en it w ill be ove r ,

thr own but if it is of God ye will n ot be a bl e t o ove r th r ow ,

th e m ; l e st h ap ly ye be f ound e ve n t o be fighting ag a inst

” ”
God ; it is th e n s aid : An d t o him th e y a gr ee d If .

th ere h ad b ee n an y r eal di ffe r e n ce b e twee n t h e Ph a r is ai c

an d S a dduc aean d oc t r in e of God this ag r e em e nt w ould n ot

h ave b ee n r e c or d ed We h a ve an int e r esting e x am p l e of

.

wh a t t ook p l ac e in t h e e vent of d oc t r in al dis ag r eem ent in

Ac ts xxiii 1 1 0 We are th er e f ore j ustifi ed in c on clu ding
.
-
.
, ,

t ha t on this subj ec t t h e t w o p arti e s agreed S o th a t t h e .

1
M tt h w iii
a e .
7 .
1 M a t th ew xvi . 1 .
3
Ac t s v . I if .
1 46 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
evidence of t h e N ew T es t am e n t is a ls o ag ains t J os ep hus .

Th e S il en c e of t h e R abbini c a l s our ce s on t his subj e c t is

of its elf su ffi c i e nt t o p r o ve J os ep hus wr on g f or h ad t h ere ,

b ee n an y di ffe re n ce of b eli ef on su c h a su p rem ely im p or t an t

subj ec t it is qui t e i n conc e ivabl e th at t h e R abbis w ould
h ave k ep t S il en ce .

(
c ) Th e D octri n e f t
ohe F u tu r e Li fe .

I n B ell jud I I viii 1 4 J os ep hus s ays t h a t t h e Ph arisee s

.
, .
,

t aught t h e i ncorru p t ibili t y of t h e s oul bu t th at t h e S ad ,

ducees did n ot b e li eve in t h e imm or t a l dur ati on of t h e

s oul an d t h e r ewar ds an d p unishm e n t s i n H a des t h eir
, ,

b e li ef b eing th a t t h e s oul s di e wi t h t h e b odi e s In .

one r e s p ec t h e r e
, a s Le szyn sk y h as p oin t e d out w e are ,

abl e t o p r ov e th a t J os ep hus h as c ol our e d his a ccoun t ;

for Ph a ris a i c Jud a ism t augh t n ot m e re ly t h e i ncorrup t i

bi li t y Of t h e s oul bu t al s o a d oc trin e Of t h e r esurr ec t i on
,

of t h e b ody ; but b eca us e t his l at t er th ough t was s t ran g e

t o t h e Gr ee ks h e did n ot m ak e m e n ti on of i t I n his l at er .

w ork J os ep hus c orr ec ts hims elf i n so far as t o say t h at t h e

Ph ar is ees b eli eve d n ot only i n t h e i ncorrup t ibili t y of t h e
s oul bu t a ls o i n its c on ti n u e d life h er eaft e r ; his words
,

a re Th ey (t h e Ph aris ees )a ls o b eli e ve t h at s ouls h a ve an

imm ort al vig our i n t h em a n d th at un der t h e eart h t h ere
,

will b e r ewa r ds or p unishm en ts ac cor di ng as t h ey h ave ,

live d vir t u ously or vi c i ously in t his lif e an d th at t h e l att er

a re t o b e d et a i n e d i n a n e v e r l a sti n g p ris on bu t t h at t h e ,

f orm er sh all h ave p ower t o r e vive an d live ag ai n ” 1

Ac .

c or ding t o th e s e w ords t h er e w a s n o di ffe r e n ce i n t his

r es p ec t b et wee n t h e Ph a ris ee s an d t h e Ess e ne s ; bu t e ven

h er e J os ep hus c a n n ot bring himself t o d ecl are t h e wh ol e
truth c on ce rn ing t h e r ea l Ph a ris ai c d oc t ri n e of t h e resur
r ec ti on . I t is p r ob abl e s a ys Leszyn sk y
, th a t this ,

e rr or imm edi at ely r e sult e d in t h e r is e of a n oth e r f or si n c e ,

1
A nt q i .
, XVIII ,
i .
3 .
1 48 THE BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA

say a b out it N ow S i n ce t h e S addu c e e s reg ard ed t h e wri tt en

.

L aw a s th e i r fin a l a uth ority it w ould c e r t a inly h a ve b een ,

stra ng e if th ey h ad really d eni e d t h e e xist e n ce of a ng els ,

f or on e h as but t o r ec all su c h p a ss ag e s a s G e n e sis xvi 1 ff . . .

xxviii 1 0 ff N umb e r s xx 1 6 xxii 2 2 ff an d o th e r s t o

. .
, .
, . .
, ,

r ealiz e th a t t h e writt en Law distinctly t eac h es a d oc trin e

of a ng e ls On e h as th e r e f ore t o r e c ogniz e t h e p ossibility
.
, ,

th at wh a t is s aid on this subj ec t in A c ts xxiii 8 m ay b e .

due t o a mist a k e n infe r e n c e d erive d f r om t h e S adduc wan

disb eli ef i n t h e r esu rr ec ti on n am ely th a t t h e dep arted , ,

do n ot b ec om e a ng els or s p i r i t s ; this d oe s n ot n ece ss arily

1

d e ny t h e e xist e n ce of a ng eli c b eings wh o h ave n e ve r b een

i n t h e fl esh ?

( ) The D octri n e of the M essi ah

e .

One oth e r s p ec ifi cally S a dduc aean d oc t ri n e must b e

b r i efly m enti on ed n am ely th a t of t h e M essi ah AS ag a inst , .

t h e Ph a ris ee s w h o t augh t t h a t t h e M e ssi ah w a s t o be of

,

t h e s ee d of D a vid an d w h o thus h eld t h e Old p rOp h et i c ,

b eli ef of Is a i a h an d J e re mi ah t h e S a ddu cee s r eg a r ding t h e , ,

P e nt at eu c h al Law a s t h e su p r em e a r bit e r in all m att ers ,

an d finding n othing the r e whi c h s ok e of t h e M e ssi a ni c

p
rul e r as b el onging t o t h e h ous e of D a vid h eld th at A ar on ,

an d his s ee d w e r e t h e c h os e n o n e s f r om wh om t h e M e ssi ah

w ould ultim a t ely p r ocee d ; it w as with Phin eh as t h e ,

g r a nds on of A ar on th a t God h ad m a d e an e t ern a l cove n a n t ,

an d th e r e f ore a s Ez eki e l (xliv 1 5 ff ) h a d p r op h esi e d

, ,
. .
,

t h e s ons of Z ad ok 3
we r e t o b e t h e r ul ers of t h e p e op l e ,

a n d t h e M e ssi a h must b e of p r i e stly bl ood (cp Ex od xix . . .

1 Cp L e sz yn sk yp l w rt h m nti nin g 0p ci t 91 . It i s a so o e o

h r t h t i E l i t i u whi h r t inly r p r nt t h S dd
. . .
.
, ,

uc aea n
‘

e e a n c c es a s c s, c ce a e ese s e a

t n d p i nt n g l
s a o r f rr d ta b l w Ch p t r X I I (g)
e s a re e e e o— se e e o a e , .

W i t h t hi m p r t h p p ul r b li f r fl t d i A t xii
, ,

1 e o a e e as e ec e n c s
s co a e .

15 wh r i t i i
e ed i r f r n t S t
s sa P t r I t i h i ng l n e e e ce o e e s s a e .

nt f Z d k i t r d fr m E l r th ld r
.
, ,

3
Th d e e sc e o f a o s ac e o e az a ,
e e e son o

A r n i
a o ,
C hr n i l
n vi 4 5
1 xxiv 6 o c es . 4 ,
. .
 In t h e Z adok i te F ragm e n ts t h e t e ac hi ng con c e r n in g t h e

M essi ah is im p ort ant ; th e re is fre qu en t r e fere n ce t o a

T eac h er w h o is c all e d t h e O nly Teach e r or t h e ,

O n ly On e a n d is id e nti ca l with , t h e L a wgiv e r w h o

i n t e r p re ts t h e Law Th er e is a p e ri od int erve ning b ef ore .

t h e firs t a p p e a r a n c e of this T eac h e r w h o was t h e F ou n de r ,

of t h e S ec t a n d his s ec on d ap p ear a n c e
, whi c h is t o be a t ,

t h e en d of t h e d ays N ow this Te ac h e r is id e n tifi e d .

with t h e M essi ah t h e An oi n t e d One from A ar on a n d ,

Isr ael wh os e a dve n t is e x p ec t e d by t h e S ec t thr ough

, ,

wh om He m ade th e m t o kn ow His h o ly s p i r it an d in wh os e ,

ri s e t h e S ec t saw t h e fulfilm e nt of t h e p r op h ec y there shall

com
,

e a sta r out of jacob A p p a r e n tly this An oint ed O n e .

was r e j ec t e d by t h e g r e a t bulk of t h e n a ti on wh o s p ok e ‘

Th r i
1
im p rt nt p g i n E l i t i u (xlv 3 5
e e s an o a assa e cc es as c s . 2 —2

H br ) whi h mu t b r f rr d t h r i n t hi p g P hi n h i
,

e . c s e e e e o e e s a ssa e e as s

se t b id M es d A r n
e t h t hir d
o se s a n d h m d t n a o as e an e a e a o e

m nt f t h hil dr n f I r l Th r f r f him t H [ i
e or e c e o s ae e e o e or oo , e e .

t bli h d r din n v n nt f p m int in

. .

G d]o es a s e ant o a ce , a co e a o ea c e o a a

th en t u ry ; t h t t him d t h i
sa c a d h ul d p p r t i n t h
a o an o s se e s o a e a e

High p ri t h d f v r Th n r f r n i m d t D vi d d t
-
es oo or e e e e e e ce s a e o a an o

A r n ; t h m nt i n f t h h r i hr n l gi l li t f I r l g t
.

’
a o e e o o e se e e n a c o o o ca s o s ae s r ea

o n i q ui t
es t f pl
s d t h r f r t h r mu t b
e ou o m p il ac e, an e e o e e e s e so e s ec a

p urp i r f rri n g t t h m
ose n t h t p urp
e e i p l i n n ugh f in o e a ose s a e o or

p k in g f D vi d i t i i d t h t t h i nh ri t n f t h k in g
,

s ea o a s sa a e e a ce o e

i hi
s n l ns so whil i n p k i n g f A r n i t i i d t h t t h
'

s a o e,
"
e s ea o a o s sa a e

i nh ri t n f A r n b l ng t hi d A di ff r nt i t i n i t hu
e a ce o a o e o s o s see e e a o s s

m d b t w n t h r y l li n d t h p ri tly li n th r y l
.

a e e ee e d o a e an e es e an as e o a

li n h d e d a d n ly t h p ri tly
c e ase nt i n u d
an d t h High
o e es on e c o e an e

n d nt f t h h u f Z d k )w b t h l i ti l
, ,

p i t (t h d
r es e e sce a o e o se o a o as o e c c es as ca

an d p li ti l l d r i t w fr m t hi lin t h t t h M i h w ul d b
o ca ea e as o s e a e ess a o e

xp t d t m I E l i t i u ( p p 3 3 4 if )t h S d d
,

e ec e o co e . n c c es a s c s see e a ucaean
t d p i nt i r p r nt d S l M b ii 5 4 P hi n h
. .

s an o s e e se e . ee a so 1 ac c a ee s .
, e as

o u f th r
r a b t in d t h v n nt f
e v rl t in g p ri t h d
o a e e co e a o an e e as es oo

( p 4 M
C . xviii ac c . .
15 0 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

r eb ell i on ag ainst Him Wh a t mus t b e e s p ec i all y n ot e d is .

th at t h e M essi ah of t h e S ec t is a p ri es t a d es cend ant f r om ,

A ar on an d Israel Of a M essi ah d es cen di n g fr om Judah

.

t h er e is n o m e nti on i n our t ex t I n deed a ft er t h e com .

,

l i n g of t h e en d n e sh all n ot j oi n t h e h ous e of Jud ah

’

p e t o ,

whi lst t h e p rin c e s of Jud ah t h e r em overs of t h e b oun d , ,

will b e visi t e d by t h e wr ath of God Am ong th es e p ri nces .

,

King D avid is als o i n clud ed wh o is h eld i n sligh t e s t im at i on ,

by t h e S ec t As a c ont r ast t o an d substi t u t e for D avid

.

a n d his dy n a s t y t h e S ec t p ut up Z a d ok an d his d es c e nd a nts

, , ,

Th er e is n othing whi c h so s t am p s
” 1
t h e s ons of Z a d ok .

t h e c h a r ac t e r of th es e fr agm en ts as j us t t his d oc t ri n e of
t h e M essi ah .

(f) The S adducees an d the jewi sh C alen dar .

This is a s om ewh at in t ri ca t e subj ec t ; bu t t h e m ai n

p oin t is t h a t t h e S a ddu c ee s h e ld th a t t im e mus t b e m ea sur e d

on t h e b a sis of a s ol a r y ea r th ey thus op p os e d t h e Ph aris ai c

m od e of r ec k on i n g whi c h was on t h e b asis of t h e lu n a r y ear .

Th e Ph a r is ees f oll owe d t h e a n c i e n t H ebr e w t r a diti on ;

b ut t h e uns atisf ac t ory c h ar a c t e r of t his m ode of r ec k oning
tim e must h a ve b ee n realiz e d in early t im es ; an d t h e
Ph aris ee s in g e tting over t h e obvi ous difficul t i es by i n s ert
,

ing a t hi r t ee nth m on th i n t h e S p ring wh en e ve r n ecess ary ,

w ere f oll owing t h e or al T r a diti on This was su ffi ci en t .

f or t h e opp ositi on of t h e S a ddu c ee s w h o s ough t t o r e f orm

t h e C al end ar by m easuring t im e on t h e b asis of t h e s ol a r
y ea r Th e S a dduc ees an d Ph ar is ee s acc or dingly accus ed eac h
.

ot h e r of obs er v ing f ea s t s at a wr ong t im e or of wis hi ng t o

2
.
,

Of t h e ordi n ary s our ce s only t h e R abbi ni cal c on t a i n

ec h oes an d t h es e
, bu t slight of t h e cont r oversy whi c h ,

1
h ht r 0 p i t p p i i xiii
Sc ec e . c x -
.

ur i t i t t b u p p d t h t t h S dd u d P h ri
. . .
, ,

Of co se , s no o e s o se a e a c ee s a n a

sees ac t u lly k p t t h f t t d i ff r nt p ri d
a e t h q u rr l d i d
e ea s s a e e e o s e a e

not m rg e ute f t h d m i n f t h ry
e o ot u l di ff r n i u g
e o a o eo ac a e e ce n sa e

r g rdi n g u h m tt r w ul d h v b n q ui t ut f t h q u t i n
e a s c a e s o a e ee e o o e es o .
15 2 THE B OO K S OF THE A PO CR Y PH A
a ll qu e sti ons whi ch m e n ac ed Jud aism th ey did n ot wish t o
r ai se up ag ain t h e s p i r it of d oubt t o qu ell whi c h h ad cost
th em so mu ch t r ouble ” 1
.

On t h e oth er h and w e h a ve definit e witn ess t o t h e e xist ,

e n c e of t h e qu a rr e l in s om e of t h e p s eud ep ig r a p hi c b ooks ,

a s hin t e d a b ov e an d t h e Z a dok i te F rag m en ts as w e h a v e

, ,

j ust s ee n offer str ong e vid e n ce in r eg a r d t o it

, .

Th ere is of c ou r s e a g r ea t d eal m ore th a t might be s aid

, ,

on t h e wh ol e subj e c t of t h e Ph ar is ee s an d S a ddu c e e s ,

e s p e c i a lly a b out t h e Ph a r is ee s but our m ain p urp os e

h as b ee n t o se t f orth t h e c hi e f di ffe r e n ces of d oc t r in e b e twee n
t h e t w o ; an d w e h a ve l a id m or e st r e ss on t h e S adducaean

p o siti on b ec a us e this h as n ot as a rul e r ec e iv e d t h e s am e , ,

a tt e nti o n a s t h e Ph a ris a i c
2
.

IV S OM E S U B S I D I AR
. Y C O N S I D E R AT I ON S
I t isim p or t a n ce t o r ecogniz e th a t with on e e x cep ti on
of , ,

viz t h e Z a dok i te F ragm

. en ts t h e m ai n s ou r c e s whi c h give ,

us inf o rm a ti on ab out t h e S a ddu cee s c om e fr om t h e h ands

of a dve r s a r i e s J os ep hus w as a Ph a r is ee or at all e ve nt s
.
,

h e c l aim ed t o b e t h e N ew T e st a m e nt w r it e r s f or obvi ou s ,

r eas ons h ad littl e sym p at hy with t h e S addu c ee s ; t h e

,

R abbis w e r e t h e S p i ritu al d e s cend a nt s of t h e bitt e re st

e n e mi e s of t h e S a ddu ce e s But e ven so s om e of t h e advers e .
,

im p r e ssi ons a b out t h e S a ddu cee s wid ely c u rr e nt do n ot

r eceive mu c h su p p ort fr om t h e s ources F or e x am p l e .
,

it is oft e n assum e d th a t t h e S addu c ee s w ere lax i n r eg ar d

t o t h e Law th at th e y we r e s c ep ti c s an d irr eligi ous g e n e r
,

a lly ; but this is n ot b orn e out by t h e e vid e nc e wh en us ed

Op ci t
1
p 51
fur t h er
il b u t t h P h ri t hi n g r f r n my
. . . .
,

d eta
’
2
Fo r s a o e a se e s ea c e e e ce a

b m d i
e d d i ti n t t h li t r t ur
a e, n a t th h d f t hi h pt r t
o o e e a e a e ea o s c a e o

S h h t r S m A p t f R bbi i T h l gy ( 9 9 ) d M
,

t fi
’ ’
c ec e s o e s ec s o a n c eo o 1 0 an on e ore s

art i l R bbi ni
c e on C n p ti n f R p nt n a i th j wi h c o ce o s o e e a ce n e e s

Q t l y R i w X VI ( J n u ry
uar e r ev e pp 9 57 , a a , . 20 —2 .
R abbi ni ca l wri tings gi ve t h e im p r essi on th a t t h e f orm er
were indi ffe re nt t o t h e Law N o d oubt t h e Ph a ris ee s
.

l ook ed u p on t h e S addu cees as irreligi ous but n ot b ecaus e ,

of th e ir a ttitud e t o t h e Law t o t h e Ph a r is ee s a ny on e w h o
r ep udi at ed t h e bi n ding ch ar ac t er of th ei r c on cep ti on of t h e
Law w ould c om e und e r c ond emn a ti on ; but w e h a ve n o
r ight t o b r a nd as i rre ligi ous th os e wh o i n th e ir l oy al ty t o
t h e w r itt e n Law d e n oun c e d Ph a r is a i c a c c r e ti ons t o t h e
s am e as of sub or d in a t e a uth or ity Th a t th e re we r e s om e
.

S addu ce es wh o were w or ldly an d i rr e ligi ous i s likely e n ough

t o h a ve b ee n t h e c a s e ; but t o c h a r a c t e r iz e t h e S a ddu cee s
as su ch a s t h e w or ldly i rr e ligi ous p a r ty i s t o fall int o t h e
, , ,

s am e kind of err or as th os e w h o say th a t t h e Ph ar is ees

were all hyp oc r it e s .

Ag ai n it is of cours e tru e th at t h e S a ddu cee s we r e a lways

,

on t h e sid e of t h e suz e r a in
p ow e r t h e high p r i e stly p a r ty-

in t h e tim e of t h e S el eu c i dae a s well as du r ing t h e R om a n

,

d omini on h eld t o t h e r uling p ower but t o say th at for this

,

r eason t h e S addu cees were wh olly occ u p i e d wi th p oliti cs an d ,

th at th ey we r e m e r e ly a p oliti ca l p a r ty is an ex agg era ti on

, .

The i r p ositi on n ec essit at ed a c e r t ain a m ount of int ercours e

wi t h t h e rul ing p owe r ; but this did n ot involve t h e ex
c lusi on of e very o th e r occ u a ti on n o must w e su s
p ,
r
pp e
o

th at all S adducee s we re c on ce rn e d e ve n with a m inim um

of p oliti ca l busi n e ss . A S addu cee was n o t ip so f acto a

p ol iti c i a n but
, th os e w h o w e r e a t t h e h ea d of a ffa i r s an d ,

wh o we r e th e r e fore n ec e ss arily p oliti c i a ns h ap p e n e d t o

, , ,

b el ong t o t h e S adducazan p a r ty It w as p rec i sely t h e s am e

.

thing with t h e Ph aris ees at on e tim e viz a t t h e beginning

, .
,

of t h e r e ign o f J ohn H rcan us ( B C 1 3 5 wh e n th e y

y . .
15 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPH A
w er e l s t ou ch wi t h t h e ruling p ow er (i n t h e p er s on
in c o e

of t h e hi gh p ri e st ) an d w er e n ece ss a ri ly t o s om e e xt e nt
-

occ u p i e d with p oliti c s ; yet n ob ody w ould say t h at at

1

th at tim e t h e Ph a r is ee s as a b ody w er e wh olly give n up

t o p oliti c s .

Th e S a ddu c ee s t o t ou c h u p on a n ot h e r p oint w ere lik e

, ,

t h e s ons of Z ad ok of p re M acc ab aea n tim e s t h e f r i e nds -

of H e ll e nisti c c ultu r e ; t h e S a dduc ae an p a r t y w as t h e

a r ty of e nlight e n m e n t At fi r st sight this strik e s on e as

p .

in cong r u ous S in ce t h e S addu cee s were as ag a inst t h e Ph ar i

, ,

s ees cons er va tive s i n r eligi ous b eli e f an d p rac ti ce Th ey

,
.

r efus e d f or ex am p l e as w e h a ve s ee n t o accep t t h e d oc t r in e
, , ,

of t h e r esurr e c ti on of t h e b ody whi c h t h e Ph a r is ees b e ing , ,

as th e y c l a im e d t h e p a r ty of r e ligi ous p r ogress b oth w el ,

c om e d a n d t a ught But t h e convers e is tru e t oo ; it is

.
,

s t rang e th at t h e Ph ar is ees wh o we r e t h e n a ti on al p arty ,

big ot e d an d n ar r ow i n th eir outl ook sh ould h a ve b een ,

r eady t o ac cep t t eac hing whi c h w as of n on J ewish origin -

.

Th e s am e in congru ousn e ss is t o b e s ee n i n t h e r e s p ec tive

a t t i t ud e of S a ddu c ee s a n d Ph aris ee s t owards t h e Law .

As L au t erb ac h trul y s ays t h e f orm er were cons erva tive ,

an d n a rr ow i n t h eir V i ews an d st r ongly opp os e d t o c h a ng e s

an d inn ov at i ons Th e Ph ar is ee s on t h e ot h er h a nd w ere

.
, ,

t h e y oung e r p art y br oa d e r an d m ore lib era l in th e ir vi ews

, ,

of p r og r e ssiv e t en d e n c i es an d n ot a v ers e t o inn ov a ti on s .

A cc ordingly we S h oul d ex p ec t th a t t h e S a ddu cees wh os e

, ,

ri e stly a n cest ors an d r e d ec e ss ors h a d a lw ays b ee n t h e

p p
offi c i al t eac h e r s of t h e p eop l e t h e c us t o di a ns of t h e L aw , ,

an d p r e sum ably als o of such tr a diti on as th er e w as a n d ,

wh o th ems elve s we re ve ry c ons e r va t ive t h e n a tura l a dv o ,

c at e s of t r a diti on al w ays an d vi ews w ould s eek t o u p h old ,

t h e a uth ority of t r a di t i on an d t h e bindi ng c h ar ac t e r of

its L aws O n t h e oth er h and we sh ould ex p ec t t h e Ph ari
.
,

1
S ee J osep hu s, A nt q i XIII x 5 6 ; h rr
Sc ue ci t . I i .
pp .

rm n
. .
, , , , , ,

28 6 —2 9 0 , Ge a ed I , pp . 2 7 0 —2 7 3 .
15 6 THE BOO K S OF THE A POCRYPHA

be f ri endly in c lin ed t owa rds t h e m ent a l r e fin em en t an d

e nlight e nm ent su c h a s H e ll e nism offe r e d th er e c an be n o
,

d oubt th a t b ef or e t h e outbre a k of t h e Maccabm an struggl e ,

th e ir ove r —a nxi e ty in this di rec ti on inv olve d th e m in de

p l ora b le d isl oy a lty b o th t o th e ir n a ti on an d t o th e i r
r e ligi ous p r in c i p l e s We m
,

. a
y gr a nt th a t m a ny b e l onging t o

this s c h ool o f th ought h on e stly b eli e ve d th a t t h e m ore fully

t h e p eop l e c a m e und e r t h e swa y of H e ll enisti c influ e n c e
t h e m or e b e n efi c i al it w ould b e f or all c on c e r n e d ye t th e r e ,

is n o g e tting a way f r om t h e f ac t th at th ei r b eh a vi our as

r ec ord ed in 1 M accab ee s w as un p at r i oti c an d by ac qui es cing ,

in t h e a br og a ti on of t h e L aw or r ath e r in t h e a tt em p t t o
,

ab r og a t e it th ey ac t e d c l ea n cont r a r y t o th e ir fund a m e nt a l
,

p r in c i p l es . I n d ee d it is so diffic ult t o und e r st a nd th eir

,

a c ti on th a t w e are p e r h ap s j ustifi e d in b e li e vi ng th a t t h e

su p p or t ac c or d e d t o An ti oc hus E p ip h an es in his at t em p t
t o st a m p out Jud a ism c am e onl y f r om an e xt r e m e s ec ti on
of t h e H ell e nisti cally in c lin ed p a r ty F or wh e n all is
.

s aid a n d d on e th ey w er e J ews an d a s a b ody ve n era t e d

, , , ,

t h e Law as su c h lik e oth e r J e ws an d w orshi pp e d t h e s a m e

, , ,

God as oth e r J ews ; so th at with all th eir p a rt i a lity f or

Gree k c ultu r e th ey h eld fi r mly as t h e s ou r ce s p r ove t o
, ,

wh a t w as s p ecifi call y J ewish in S p it e of int e rn al qu a rr els ,

bitt e r as th es e p r ove r bi ally are .

Fr om all th at w e h ave l ear n ed ab out t h e S adduc ees a n d

t h e s ch ool o f th ought whi c h th ey r ep r es e nt it must b e ,

c l e ar th a t a t on e tim e th ey c onstitut e d a p ow e rful a n d .

influ enti al el em e nt a m ong t h e J ews with d efinit e p rin ci p l es

,

an d d octrin es whi c h th ey c h am p i on e d Th e qu e sti on .

,

th ere f or e sugg es t s its elf as t o wh e th er an y lit erary rem ains

,

e m a n a ting fr om th ei r c i r c l e s h a v e c om e d own t o us It is .

g en e rally ac kn owl edg e d th a t E ccl esi asti c us is S adducaean

i n ch arac t er so th a t t h e S adduc ees an d th eir p re M acca
,
-

b aean r ep res en t a t ive s we r e e vid e ntly n ot with ou t th e ir

s c h ol a rs an d writ ers ; we sh oul d th ere for e n atur ally l ook
, ,
r e quired i n a b k in r d r t
oo o e o e st ablish its Ph a ris a i c a uth or
shi p ; u n l ess it is cl ar th at e t h e P har i sa i c con ce p ti on of

t h e La w 18 i n t he mind wr it er t h e b ook c ould j ust as

of t he ,

we ll be S adducaea n so far a s this p a r ti c ul a r p oint is con

,

c e rn e d But t h e d oc t r in e c on ce r ning t h e Law is of cou r s e

.
, ,

n ot t h e only c r it e r i on wh e r eby t h e c h a r ac t e r wh e th e r ,

S a dduc aean or Ph a r is ai c of a b ook i s t o b e j udg e d ; wh e n

,

w e com e t o c onsi de r t h e auth or shi p of t h e un ca n o ni ca l

b ooks t h e Ps eud ep ig r a p h a as we ll as t h e A p oc ry p h a
, ,

we sh all h av e t o t ak e int o c onsid e r a ti on a ll t h e d oc t rin e s

t o whi c h r e fe r e n c e h a s b ee n m ad e ab ove ; an d it m ay b e

th a t in s om e cas es w e sh all find th a t th e re are r eas ons for

c onsid e r ing a b ook t o b e S a dd uc aea n whi c h is usu a lly su
p
p os e d t o b e Ph a r i sa i c If this is so th e n o ur sou r ces f or t h e
.

S a ddu cees m
,

a y b e in c r e a s e d But sin c e this is a ver y

.

dis p ut e d m att e r w e h a ve th ought i t b e st n ot t o in c lud e

,

a m ong t h e s ou r c es give n a b o v e b ook s whi c h w e sh all sh ow

re as ons for reg ar ding as S adducaean .

S U MMA R Y
Th e t erm Ph ar is ee m e ans n ot S e p ar atist but ,

Ex p ounder of t h e S c r i p tu r es in t h e int e r ests of t h e or al

Law . Th e t e rm S a dduc ees is d e r iv e d f r o m t h e p er
s on al n am e Z ad ok wh o w as high p ri est in t h e tim e of
,
-

D a vid .

Th e s our ce s of our k n owl edg e of t h e Ph a r is ee s an d S a d

ducee s are : J os ep hus R abbini ca l w r itings t h e N ew
, ,

Test am e n t an d t h e Z a dok i te F rag m

, e n ts Th e d oc t rin e s
.

r egar ding whi c h t h e Ph aris ees an d S adducees differe d were

t h e Law whi c h t h e S addu c ee s r e g a r de d as bin ding o nly
,
15 8 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

in so far a s t h e writt e n L aw w as c on cern ed whil e t h e Ph arisees

,

c l a im e d t h e s a m e for t h e o r al L aw Th e S a ddu ce es c am e
.

t o r ec ogniz e t h e n ee d of m aking n ew l eg al ordin a n c e s ,

but o nly su c h as were b as e d u p on t h e writt e n Law Th e .

or al tr a diti on of t h e Ph a ris ee s h a d a ris e n ind ep e nd e ntly

of t h e writt e n L aw ; but t h e Ph aris ees were ul tim at ely

f orce d t o accep t t h e S adducaean p rin c i p l e an d by subtl e ,

e x eg e sis S h owe d t h a t t h e or a l t r a diti on w as a c tu a lly b as e d

u p on t h e wri t t e n Law . Thus th ough t h e S a ddu cees ceas e d

,

t o e xist as a p a r ty th e ir p rin c i p l e w on t h e d ay
, .

S econdly as r eg a r ds t h e d oc t r in e of P r ovid en c e th ere

, ,

is e ve ry rea s on t o dist r ust t h e e vid e n ce of J os ep hus wh o ,

c o nt e nds t h a t t h e S a ddu cee s d e ni ed t h e e xist e n ce of P ro

v i den ce ; this is n ot b orn e out by t h e oth er s ou rce s an d ,

is i n i t s elf highly im p r ob abl e .

Th e r e a l di ffe r e n c e b e twee n t h e Ph aris ee s an d S addu cee s

on t h e subj ec t of t h e lif e h e r ea ft e r w as th a t whil e t h e f orm e r

b eli eve d in t h e r esurr ec t i on of t h e b ody t h e l a tt er deni e d

,

this an d b eli eve d on ly in t h e imm ort a lity of t h e s oul

,
.

R eg a rding t h e alleg e d S adducaean disb eli e f in ang els

a n d S p i r its whi c h is st at e d in only on e of t h e s ou r ces t h e
, ,

N ew T est a m e n t on e must r ecogniz e t h e p ossibility th a t

,

wh a t is s a id on this subj ect i n A c ts xxiii 8 may be due t o

a mist ak e n infe r e n ce d eriv e d f r om t h e S adduc m
.

an disb eli ef

in t h e re surr ec ti on of t h e b ody n am ely th at t h e dep arted

I n vi ew of t h e S adducm
, ,

d o n ot b ec om e ang els or s p irits . an

b eli e f i n t h e P e nt a t e u ch wh ere a ng els are oft e n sp ok e n of

, ,

it is irn p rob able th a t th ey d eni e d t h e e xis t e n c e of th e s e .

A fund am en t al di ffere n ce of b eli ef b e twee n Ph a r is ee s

a n d S a ddu cee s w a s th a t r eg a rding t h e M e ssi a h ; whil e
t h e Ph a ris ees h eld th a t t h e M essi a h w as t o b e of t h e s ee d
o f D a vid t h e S a ddu ce es m a int a in e d th a t A ar on a n d his
,

s eed t o whi c h t h e s on s of Z ad ok b el ong e d were t h e ch os e n

, ,

o n e s fr om wh om t h e M e ssi a h w ould ul tim a t e ly p r oc e e d .

L a stly differe n ce s of Op ini on e xis t ed am ong t h e t wo p arti es

,
 CHAPTER VI I I

T h e O ri g i n o f t he O ld T e stam e n t C an o n
o f S c ri p t ure

[ LI I
'

E RA r U R E — D vi d n Th C S f th B i bl ( 8 7 7) R i hm
a so e a n on o e e 1 e

E i l it g i d A lt T t m t ( 8 8 7 Buhl K
.
,

n e un n as e es a en 1 a n on

u d T A lt T t m t ( 8 9 ) W il d b r D i E t t
,

n t d ex es en es a en es 1 1 e oe e n s e

g d lt t t m tli h K yl
,

h un es a -

( 8
es a 9 ) R enT h C c en a n on s 1 1 e, e a n on

o / th Old T t m t ( 8 9 ) R b r t n S mi t h Th Old T t
e es a en 1 2 o e so e es a

m t i th j w i h C h h L t ur VI ( 8 9 5 ) B i gg G l
,

en n e e s ur c ec e 1 r s, en e ra

I t d ti t th S tudy f H ly S i pt ( 8 9 9 ) Duhm D i
,

n ro uc on o e o o cr ure 1 e

g d A lt T t m t ( 8 9 9 ) H ol h r A p k yph
,

E t t h
n s e un es en es a en es 1 sc e o r

d K r ti l Knn d
,

un i h ppa n on sc
4 Th . 1— 1 e a c es a o es

A l t n T t m nt by S t r k i t h R l yk l fu P t
,

e es a e e s, ac n e ea en c . r ro e s

tan ti h T h l gi
sc ed Ki h eo o d Bibl C n n by Bl u d
e un rc e an e a o a an

S hmi d t i t h J wi h E
,

c n y l ] e e s nc c .

E h ve i n t h p re ding ch p t ers c onsid ere d t h e

a ,
e ce a ,

m ent al an d S p iritu al m ovem ents in P al e stin e an d ,

h av e s ought t o S h ow in h ow l arg e a m easu r e th es e w er e

a ffec t e d by H e ll e nisti c i n flu en c e an d h ow on t h e o th e r , ,

h and r e sist a n ce t o this influ en c e c all ed int o e xist en ce a

,

c ount e r m ov em en t whi c h ultim a t e ly c a rri e d all b e f or e it

-
.

Th e H ell e n is t i c M ov e m ent with i t s p r of ou n d i n fl uen ce u p on

t h e J e ws of P a l estin e an d its still p r of ou n d er a n d m or e f ar
,

r eac hing influ e n ce u p on t h e J ews of t h e Dis p ersi on ; t h e -

A p oca lyp ti c M ovem en t l ar g ely i n dig e n ous but als o g r eatly, ,

influ e n ce d by t h e H ell e nisti c S p i r it ; t h e L eg a listi c M ove

m e nt initi at e d by Ez r a an d furth er ed by S c rib al ac t ivity ;
,

t h e o pp osi n g t e n d e n c i es whi c h r e sult ed v iz Part ic ul arism , .

,

16 0
t h e di rec ti on of l eg a l obs e rva n ce or of t h e p ursuit of wisd om
or of e s c h a t ol ogi ca l study ,
with out c om ing int o c onfli c t
with eac h o th er ; t h e M accabaea n st r uggl e wh i c h w as t h e
c ul min at i on of t h e d ee ly r oot e d t e nde n c i e s j us t r e fe rr e d
p
-

t o an d whi c h resul t e d i n t h e f o r m a ti on of t w o bitt e r ly

,

o
pp o s ed
p a rti e s ,
t h e Ph a ris e e s a n d t h e S a ddu cee s eac h with
,

th e ir fun d am e nt a l p rin c i p le s e sse nti ally i r recon cil abl e eac h ,

living an d vig orous eac h i ll ogi cal eac h offe r ing t h e c uri ous
, ,

a r a d ox of t r ium hing i n d e fe a t — th e s e a n d v a ri ous o th e r

p p
m a tt ers h a ve a ll b ee n d eal t w ith i n t h e p rec e ding c h ap t e r ,

with t h e obj ec t of p re s e nting a p i c tu r e of t h e i n t ell ec tu al

an d r e ligi ous surr oundings fr om whi c h a n d owing t o whi c h
, ,

t h e l a r g e b ody of lit e r at ur e e m a n a t e d with whi ch w e sh all

n ow h a v e t o c o n ce r n o u r s e lv e s . A n ot in c on sid e r a ble p or
ti on of this lit e r atu r e w as ultim a t ely in c or p or a t e d int o wh a t
c a m e t o b e kn own as t h e Old T e st a m e nt C a n o n ; a l a rg e

p o r ti o n whi c h w as studi e d a n d f a v o ur a bly l ook e d u p o n

e ve n by r ig or ously o r th od ox re ligi ous l ea d e r s a m o ng t h e

J ews w as e x c lud ed f r om t h e H eb r ew C a n on th ough a dmitt e d

,

i n t o t h e G reek Bibl e of t h e J ews of t h e Dis p e rsi on a furth e r

an d still l a r g e r
p o rt i o n of this lit e r a ture w as e x c lud e d n ot ,

onl y f r om t h e H e b r e w C a n on of t h e P a l e stini a n J ews , but

a ls o f r om t h e Gr e e k Bibl e of t h e Dis p e r si on J ews .

N ow t o und e rst a nd fi r st o f a ll h ow it c am e ab out th a t a

, ,

distin c t lin e of d em a rc a ti on w as d r aw n b e twee n w h a t w e

n ow kn ow a s t h e can oni c a l b o ok s a n d th os e of t h e Ap oc ry
,

p h a , it will b e n e c e ss a ry t o c o nsid e r b r i e fly t h e i dea o a C a n on

f
in t h e J e wish Churc h t h e ap p r o xim a t e d a t e a t whi c h this
,

idea a r ose an d t h e d a t e a t whi c h t h e C a n o n w as fin ally

,

c l os ed . It will be im p ort ant t o t ou c h als o U p on t h e qu e sti on

as t o wh om t h e f o r m a ti on of t h e C a n on w a s s pec i a lly due ,
 THE BOOKS OF THE APO CRYPHA

as well the
whi ch s om e b ooks were admitt e d
as reas on f or
i nt o t h e C an on an d ot h ers e x c lude d This w ill be our t ask
1
, .

i n t h e p r es ent c h ap t er Th e fur t h er qu e s t i on s c on ce rn in g .

t h e t w o ot h e r b odi e s of li t er a t ur e refe rr e d t o j us t n ow wi ll
occ u p y us i n subs e qu e nt c h ap t ers .

We mus t firs t offe r a few rem arks u p on t h e subj ec t of t h e

H ebrew C an on as we n ow h ave i t i n t h e H ebrew Bibl e .

I . THE H E B R E W C AN O N IN ITS P RE S E N T F OR M
H ebrew Bibl e c on t ai n s t went y f our b ooks
Th e th e - 2

f oll owing t abl e will S h ow t h e di visi on s an d sub di vi si on s i nto

whi c h t h es e b ooks were p l ace d by t h e J ewish Chur ch 3

With w rd K r
( C n n) m p r t h H br w
‘

the G eek
1
o a n on a o co a e e e e

ga h ne r d whi h i l u d i n t h n f
a ee
”
m uri n g c s a so se e se se o a eas

( E k xlii 6 9 p J u di t h xiii 6 wh r t h Gr k w r d i
, ,

ro d ze . 1 — 1 c . . e e e ee o s

u d f t h r il f b d) O rigi n lly t h w r d i n Gr k m nt
.
,

se or e a o a e a e o ee ea

rp nt r rul d h d n t hi n g t d wi t h t h b k f S ri p
.

’
a ca e e s e an a o o o e oo s o c

t ur I it t h
e . nl n i t i C hri t i n b in g t hu u d f t h
s ec n i ca se se s s a e s se or e

fir t tim i k n wn b u t t h mi ddl f t h f urt h nt ury

,

s f e , so ar a s s o a o e e o e o ce

fifty i nt h un i l f L di ( b u t
,

A D th n n f th
e -
n ca o o e co c o ao c aea a o A D .

n ni l b k u n n ni l I t
. . .

36 ) p 0 k S f ea s o pp d t ca o ca oo s as o o se o ca o ca .

i
s a s t ill l t r u g f a e pr nt k wl d g g
sa whi he, so ar as o ur e se no e e o e s, c

a p p li t h t rm C n n t
es th
e wh l ll ti n f bibli l b k
e a o o e o e co ec o o ca oo s .

Wh t t h a rigi n l i d w i u in g t h xp r i n i n r f r n t
e o a ea as n s e e e ss o e e e ce o

th b k f t h Bibl i u n t i n bu t p r b bly i t w t h t f
e oo s o e e s cer a o a as a o

n rm rul ( p G l i 6 C x 3 ) j u t
,

o or e n n c a . v . 1 2 or . . 1 s as ca o

i l ti n ( E p f C l m nt i i )w r di n g t t h C hri ti n
.

ca ac o 1 o e e v . 2 a s acco o e s a

n rm b k ju d g d by t h ir nt nt u t h r hi p d hi t ry
.

o so oo s e e co e s, a o s an s o ,

wr d l rdt b r din g t t h C hri ti n n rm d t h r f r

, ,

e e ec a e o e acc o o e s a o an e e o e

n ni l xp r i n rul ( n n) f tru t h
,
”
ca o
p th ca c e e e ss o s e or ca o o

rul ( n n) f f i t h u d i t h rly Chur h I t i p r b bl

. ,

e or c a o o a se n e ea c . s o a e

th t t h dj tiv n ni l p r d d t h n un
,

a e a ec f th
e ca o ca ec e e e use o e o

C n n a i it t h i l
o n n s ec n ca se se

Th J w m tim r f r t t h wh l b dy f t h i n i l
.

1
e e s so e es e e o e o e o o e r ca on c a

S ri p t ur
c u n d r t h n m f T k i TN K
es e bbr vi ti n e a e o en a e an a e a o

(wi t h v w l in r t d i rd r t m k i t p r n un bl ) f rm d
. .
, ,

o e s se e n o e o a e o o c ea e o e

by t h i i ti l l tt r f t h n m gi v n t t h t hr m i n divi i n
e n a e e s o e a es e o e ee a s o s

o f t h H br w S i p t ur
e e i T r h N bii m K t h bi m
e cr es, v z o a e e u .

u t h ri t tiv li t f t h n n i l b k t h r d r v ri
.
, , ,

I th
3
n e a o a e s s o e ca o ca oo s e o e a es

so m wh t bu t t h rd r giv n b v i t h t f t h p ri nt d H br w
e a e o e e a o e s a o e e e e

Bibl es .
164 THE BOO K S OF THE APO CRYPHA

the b ooks of Ezra an d N eh emi ah are t reat ed as one b ook ,

an d this is a ls o t h e c a s e with 1 2 Ch r on i c l e s Th e fiv e , .

S cr olls oc c u p y an im p or t an t an d s om ewh at s p ec i a l
o siti o n a m ong t h e J e ws f or t h e y are a ssign e d f or r e a ding
p , , ,

t o p ar ti c ul a r f ea st d a ys an d on e f ast d ay
-
v iz P a ss ov e r -

, .

e f a s t of t h e
” 1
W ks ( S h b é h) h ninth of Ab
(P esa c h ) ee e u t t , ,

(P ur i m
,

T ab e r n acl es a n d L ot s ) r e s p ec tive ly ,
.

Thus t h e fi r st di visi on h as fiv e b ooks t h e s econd h as e ight

, , ,

a n d t h e third h as e l e v en m a king t w e nty f ou r i n all

,
-
.

Th es e b ooks th e n c onsti t ut e t h e H eb r ew C an on i n i t s
, ,

fin al f or m t h e a u t h or i t a tive S c ri p t u r e s t o whi c h n o b ook

may be a dded an d from whi ch n o b ook may b e t aken awa y
,

.
,

We h av e n ow t o i n quire as t o wh en by wh om an d why the s e , ,

b ooks wer e singl e d out fr o m a m o ng t h e m ass of J ewish

lit era t ure t o occ u p y t his h on oure d p osi t i on .

II . THE IDE A OF A CA N O N
In s eeking t o a nsw er t h e qu esti o n a s t o wh en t h e H e br ew
C a n on assum ed its p re s en t fin al f orm i t is we ll t o b egin by
, , ,

e m p h a sizing t h e n ee d of di stinguishing b e t w ee n a collecti on

o book s al l v a lu e d m or e or l e ss an d t h e orm
f , f ati on o a C an on
f , .

I t is n ot only c om p reh ensibl e but a l t og e th er n at ur al t o find ,

th at given t h e e xis t e n ce of a l ar g e li t erature a c er t ai n

, ,

n umbe r of b ooks b e l onging t o i t sh ould b e m or e highly

valu e d an d h on oure d th an ot h ers c ont ain ed i n t h at li t era

tur e i t d oe s n ot h owever t h ere f ore n ecess arily f oll ow t h at
, ,

su c h m or e highly h on ou r e d b ooks al on e are ac cep t abl e an d

wi d ely us e d or th at t h ey are r eg ar d e d as so h oly t h a t n ot a
l ett e r of t h e m m
,

ay b e a l t e r e d whil e all ot h e r b ooks b el onging

,

t o th at li t e r a t ur e are r eg a rd e d as of inf eri or valu e an d of n o

a u t h or ity .

A p p lying this t o t h e s acre d li t erat ure of t h e J ews as i t

1
fi ft h m nt h i t h J wi h C l n d r
Ab i s t h e o n e e s a e a a n d co rr esp o n ds
r ughly t A ugu t i t i ll d t h Bl k F t mmm
,

o o s s ca e e ac as an d co e o

r t t h d tru t i n f t h fi t d nd t mp l
,

a es e es c o o e rs an se co e es .
ca m e und er the t g ory of o r din a ry b ooks (see h owe ve r be
ca e , ,

low p , . S e t t ing t h e P e nt a t e u ch aside th er efore w e affirm

, ,

th a t during t h e p e r i od indi c at e d a l a r g e s ac r e d lit e ra tur e

w as in exist e n ce a n d t h a t a c e rt a in n umb e r of b ooks b e l ong
,

i ng t o it were m ore highly h on ou r e d an d valu ed th an oth e r s ;

bu t th a t t h e f orm e r di d n ot di ffe r i n ki n d but onl y in t h e
degree of va lu e a tt ach i n g b oth t o t h e m an d t o othe r b ooks .

I n oth e r words t h e i dea of a C an on a ssum es t h e exist en ce of

,

a n umb e r of b ooks fr om whi c h are s e l ec t e d th os e whi c h a re

t o b ec om e c a n oni cal U nl ess this w ere so we sh ould h ave

.

t o assum e t h a t a ll t h e b ooks n ow r eg a r d e d a s c a n oni c a l w e r e

so r eg a r d e d on th e ir firs t a p p e a ra n c e Our firs t t a sk in
.

s eeking t o subst anti a t e our c ont e nti on th e n is t o give ev i

, ,

den ce th a t at on e p e r i od t h e b ooks whi c h we r e subs e qu e ntly

a dmit t e d in t o t h e C a n on we r e distinguish e d p r ob a bly ,
in ,

degree but n ot in kind fr om oth e r b ooks whi c h w er e n e ver

“

, , ,

a dmitt e d int o t h e C a n o n .

I n E cc l esi asti c us xliv l B en Si r a writ e s a p a n egy ri c on t h e

—
.
-

f am ous m
.

en of old ; a m ong th e s e h e m e nti ons M os e s to ,

wh om t h e L ord g a ve c omm andm ents f ace t o f ac e e ve n ,

t h e Law of life a n d kn owl edg e ( xlv 5

.
) J oshu a t h e su c ,

c e ss or of M os e s in p r op h e c i e s ( x lvi 1.
) t h e Judg e s n ot ,

individu ally by n am e bu t c oll ec tively (xlvi 1 1 1 2 )

, .
,

S amu el a N a z a r it e of J e h o v a h in t h e p r op h e t i c a l offi c e
,

(xlvi 1 3 ) ; t h e Ki ngs of wh om h e s ays Ex cep t D a vid

1
.
, ,

a n d H e z e ki ah an d J osi ah a ll committ e d t r e s p ass

, (xl ix .

”
Is a i ah w h o by a s p irit of might saw t h e l ast things (xlviii
,
.

2 4 in t h e H ebr e w ) J e re mi a h w h o
, , was s an c tifi e d in t h e
1
S o accor di n g t o t h e H e bre w t h e G r e e k i s so m e wh a t di ff e r ent .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

w omb t o b e a p r op h e t (xli x
”
Ez e ki el
. wh o saw a ,

visi on (xli x 8 acc or ding t o t h e H eb r ew) an d t h e Twe lve

.
,

P r op h e ts (x lix .th e s e a re m e nti on e d c oll ec tive ly so th a t ,

t h e wr itings b e ar ing th e i r n am e s h a d a l r e a dy b ee n c oll ec t e d

int o a S ingl e b ook by B C 2 0 0 or th e r e ab outs In a dditi on
. . .

t o th e s e th er e is a p ossibl e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e Ps alms th ough ,

this i s n ot n ec ess a r ily t h e c a s e t h e w or ds are I n e ve r y

wor k of his D avid g a ve th anks t o God M os t High with w or ds
,

o f gl ory with his wh ol e h ear t h e l ove d his M ak e r an d s ang ,

p r ais e e ve r y d ay c ontinu ally He set musi c of string e d

.

inst r um e nts b ef or e t h e a l t a r an d a rr ang e d t h e s ound of s ong

,

t o t h e h ar p .He gl or ifi e d t h e fe a s t d ays (-
xlvii 8 1 0 .
—
,

a c c or ding t o t h e H eb r e w ) Whil e t h e p ossibility of t h e

.

Ps alms b eing h ere r ef e r re d t o is n ot d eni ed on e might ,

r eas on ably l ook for s om ething m ore d efinit e t h e r efer en ce

c ould e qu a lly w ell e r h ap s m o r e p r ob ably b e t o t h e ren
p , ,

de r ing of t h e T e m p l e musi c i t is at an y r at e w ort h n ot ing

, ,

th a t t h e c hi e f p a r t of t h e p an egy r i c on D a vi d is t ak e n up wi t h
an ac c ount of his h e r oi c a c ts (see xlvii , 2 B en Sir a is
.
-

m or e definit e in his r e fe r en ce t o t h e Pr ov erbs an d C a n t i c l e s ,

th ough e ve n h e r e this is n ot n ec ess ar ily t h e c a s e e s p ec i al ly

i n r eg a r d t o t h e l a t t e r for t h e r ef ere n ce t o s ongs m
,

, ay b e

m e r ely t a ke n f r om 1 Kin gs iv 3 2 A n d his s on gs wer e a

.

th ous a nd a n d fiv e wh e n sp eaking of S ol om on h e s ays

With thy s ongs an d p r ove r bs an d p ar abl es an d thin e
, , ,

int e r p r e t a ti ons th ou d idst c aus e a st onishm e nt t o t h e p eop l e s

(x lvii 1 7 ac cor ding t o t h e H eb r ew) J ob is a ls o m enti on e d
.
, .

in t h e H eb r ew but n ot in t h e G r eek t ex t this omissi on in

,

t h e l a tt e r c an h owe v e r b e acc ount e d for a s t h e t r ansl at or

, , ,

e ith e r mis r ea d or misund e r st o od t h e H eb r e w But t h e .

referen ce t o J ob d oe s n ot s ee m t o im p ly kn owl edg e of t h e

e xist e n ce of t h e B ook of
J ob t h e w or ds a re : And a ls o
h e (i e Ez e ki el ) m ade m e nti on of J ob (t h e p r op h e t ) wh o
. .
1
,

m ai n t ain ed all t h e ways of r ight eousn ess (xlix 9 ) h ere .

1
5 0 accor di ng t o S m r o b a bl e con j e ct ur e
’

en d s
p .
16 8 THE B OO K S OF THE A PO CR Y P HA

s am e must be s a id of t h e vid n
’

Th e s e e ce of B en —
Sir a
gra nds on wh o t r a nsl a t e d his gr a ndfa th er s w or k int o G r ee k
’

( a b o ut B C H. e s a.ys in his Pr o l o gu e Wh e r e a s m a ny

an d g r e a t things h a v e b ee n d e live r e d unt o us by t h e L aw

a n d t h e P r op h e ts an d by oth e r s th a t h a v e f oll ow e d in t h e ir
,

st ep s a n d l a t e r on h e ag a in s e a ks of t h e L a w an d
p ,

t h e P r op h e ts a n d t h e b ooks of our f ath e r s

,
an d the
Law an d t h e p r op h e c i e s a n d t h e r e s t of t h e b ooks
,
Th e
,
.

l oos e way in whi c h t h e writ e r sp e aks of t h e thi r d ca t eg ory of

b ooks an d t h e f ac t th at h e d oes n ot ap p ly t o th em t h e
,

t ec h n i c al n am e of K ethubi m W r itings H agi og rap ha )is

c l ea r e vid en ce th a t wh a t w e n ow u n d e rst and by t h e H eb r e w
C a n on w as n ot yet in exist e n c e We m ay g o e v e n fu r th e r .

an d say th a t t h e P e nt a t e u c h t h e r o h e t i c a l b ooks an d s om e
p p ,

o t h e r s oc c u i e d a o siti o n o f s e c i a l h o n o ur a m ong m a ny
p p p
o th e r b ooks b e l onging t o H eb r e w lit er a tur e but th a t n ot
1
,

e v e n t h e L aw an d t h e Pr op h e ts c an h a ve b ee n r eg a r d e d a s

c a n oni ca l i n t h e l at er s e ns e of t h e w or d oth erwis e th ey ,

w ould n ot h ave b ee n m e n t i on ed a l ong with b ooks whi ch

a dmit t e dly w e r e n ot This is furt h e r b orn e
”2
c a n oni c a l .

out by t h e f oll owing w or ds whi c h occ ur in t h e Pr ol ogu e : ,

My gra ndf ath e r J esus ,h a ving given hims elf mu c h t o t h e

reading of t h e Law an d t h e P r op h e ts an d t h e oth er b ooks of
, ,

our f a th e r s a n d h a ving g a in e d f amili a rity th e r e i n

,
wa s ,

dra wn m lf t w i t mwh t p t i i g t i t u
on a lso hi se o r e so e a er a n n o ns r c

S 1
E l i t xii
ee c c e s a s es 12

R yl x m p l y t h t t h xp r i n by whi h B S ir
. .

’
1
f e, or e a e , sa s a e e ess o c en -
a s

gr n d n d ign t t h t hir d gr u p rt inly l k d fi i t

a so es a es It
e o ce a ac s e n e n ess

t w rr nt m int i n t h t t h W ri t in g K t h bi m
.

d o es n o t a a us o a a a e s or e u
w r ll i t h ir m p l t d f rm k n wn t t h wri t r (Op i
e e a n e co e e o o o e e c t
A d g i n (p Th wri ti n g whi h w ll
. .
, , ,

p ) n a a 121 e se s, c a r e so e

k n wn t w r p r b bly nly m p l t h ugh d ub t l t h

. .

o o us, e e o a o sa e s, o o ess e

c hi t n f
o c es bu n d nt li t r t ur t whi h v ry J w t t h
o es, o an a a e a e o c e e e a e

d f t h t hi r d nt ury t h r h n d R yl ”
en o e h d O th ce B C a a c c ess n e o e a e

b li v t h t by b u t th r w d fin i t ly r gn i d
. . .
,

e e es a a o B C . 20 0 e e as a e e eco ze

H br w C n n f S ri p t ur n i ti n g f t h L w d t h P
.

e e a o o c e co s s o e a an e ro

p h et s (Op . ci t .
, p .
of t h e L aw an d Pr op h e ts an d th a t h e reg ard ed his
the ,

gran dfa th e r s b ook as h a ving a l egitim a t e p l ace am ong t h e

’

b ooks of t h e f a the rs But t his b e i ng so it can n ot be

.
, ,

s aid tha t t h e H ebre w S cri p tu r es or an y p ar t of th e m we re , ,

reg a r d e d as c an on i c al in t h e or di n a ry s e ns e of t h e wor d .

I f t h e L aw t h e Pr op h e ts an d oth er b ooks are t r ea t ed as a

,

s p ec i al b ody of lit e ra ture t o whi c h a n ew b ook c an b e s ai d t o

b el ong i n t h e n a tura l an d m at t e r of cou r s e w ay in whi c h
,

B en Sir a s g r ands on d oe s th a t i t is c l ea r th a t h e a t all e v e nts

’
-

, , ,

did n ot r eg a rd this S p e c i a l b ody of lit e r atu r e as so s ac r os an c t

th a t n ot h ing could b e adde d t o it Th e ref or e according t o .
,

this e vi den ce th ere w as n o C a n on of S c r i p tu r e as we

,
”
,

unde r s t and it as l a t e as ab out B C 1 3 2 I t f oll ows th e n

,
. . .
, ,

f ur th e r th a t su c h b ooks a s E cc l e si a sti c us T obit Judith , , ,

1 M accab e e s a n d o th e rs w e r e n ot r eg a r d e d a s
, ,
a p oc ry h a l
p ,

but c am e und e r t h e s am e ca t eg ory of oth e r e difyi ng b ooks ,

s om e of whi ch we re l at e r m ade c a n o n i c a l
, ,
.

But if a s w e h a ve s ee n th ere w as a t this tim e n o su c h

, ,

thing as a C a n on of S c ri p tu r e in t h e s ens e of a n offi c i ally

,

r ecogni z ed an d a uth orit ative list of b ooks definit ely s ep ar a

t ed off fr o m a ll o th e r s th e r e is n o s o r t of d oubt th a t a c e rt a in
,

numb e r of b ooks we r e l ooke d u p o n as p re e min e nt an d -

e nj oy e d gr ea t e r f a v o u r th a n o th e r s I t i s in this f ac t th a t.

we m ay r e c ogniz e t h e e xist e n ce of t h e idea of a C a n on as ,

distin c t f r om a fin ally s e ttl e d an d a uth or it a tive list of

can on i c a l b ooks .

III . THE F O R M AT I O N O F T HE H E B R E W CA N ON
But whil e we h ave thus an a p p o r xi m at e d a t e f or t h e exi s
1 70 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYP HA

t e n c e of t h e i dea of a C an on i e t h e id ea th a t s om e b ooks are ,

. .

h oli e r an d th e r ef or e m or e auth or it a tive th a n o th e r s w e h a v e

, ,

e t t o ask ou r se lv e s a t wh a t d a t e t h e d efinit e c l os e of t h e
y
C a n on t ook p l ac e i e wh e n t h e H ebre w C a n on a s w e n ow
,
. .
,

kn ow it a ssum e d its fin al f o rm undisp ut e d

,
.

We h av e e vide n ce th at at t h e b eginning of t h e Ch r isti an

e ra t h e H eb r e w C a n on w a s n ot y e t c l os e d f or a t th a t tim e ,

t h e c an o ni c ity of E c c l e si ast e s an d t h e S ong of S ongs w a s dis

p u t e d . T h e influ e nti a l s ch oo l o f Sh a mm a i h e ld th a t th es e

b ooks we r e un ca n oni c a l whil e t h e s c h ool of Hille l ac kn ow ,

l edg ed th eir c an oni c ity Thus in t h e Mishn a (J ad aim iii 5 )

.
,
.

it is s aid : All t h e h oly w r itings d efil e t h e h a n d s 1

Th e .

S ong of S ongs defiles t h e h a nds but r eg ar di n g K oh el e th ,

( E cc l e si a st e s ) th e r e is a di ff e r e n ce of O p ini o n R a bbi J os e .

s ays K oh e l e th d oes n ot d efil e t h e h a nds bu t reg a rdi n g t h e

, ,

S ong of S ongs th e r e is a di ffe r e n ce of Op i n i on R abbi .

Sim eon s ays A s t o K oh el e th t h e h ous e of Sh amm a i e s t eems

, ,

i t lightly bu t t h e h ous e of Hill e l e st eems it highly

,
”
S o t oo .
, ,

in a n oth er Mishni c tr ac t a t e E duyot h v 3 it is s aid ,

K oh e .
,

l e th d oes n ot d efil e t h e h a nds acc ording t o t h e h ous e of

Sh amm ai but t h e h ous e of Hille l s ays th a t it d oe s d efil e t h e
,

”
h ands .

At a s t ill l a t er d a t e t h e c a n oni c ity of t h e B ook of Es th er

w a s disp ut e d E arly in t h e s ec ond c e n t u r y of our era t w o
.

R abbis as r ec or d e d in t h e T almud ( S a nh e d r in I ooa) re

,

g a r d e d it as of inf er i or valu e t o t h e r es t of t h e bibli c a l b ooks ?

But t h e op p ositi on t o this b ook is n ot t o b e t a ke n s er i ously ,

sin ce its c a n oni c ity w a s only disp ut e d by individu al t ea c h e r s .

I n t h e cas e of E cc l esi ast e s an d t h e S ong of S ongs it i s

di ffe re nt for t h e ca n oni c ity of th es e w as d eni e d by a wh ol e
,

s ch ool of auth o rit ative t eac h ers .

Thi R bbi ni l p hr
1
s a ca a se f or d en o t in g ca n on i c i t y
x p l in d is e a e

b l w p 75
e o 1

Thi b k w d ni d pl n n by M li t f S r di i
.
,

1
s oo as e e a ac e i n t h e Ca o e o o a s n

t h mi dd l
e f th nd e o e se c o ce nt ury A D a c co rdin g t E u biu H i t
o se s, s .

E l iv
. .
,

co ,
6 . 2 .
1 72 THE B OO K S or THE APOCRY PHA

of t hi s t est is sh own by t h e f ac t t h a t in t h e w or ds of Ryl e , ,

t h e m e nt i o n of this p arti c ul a r limit s eems t o b e m a d e

e x p r e ssly with r e f e r e n ce t o t h e B ook of Esth e r in whi ch ,

a l on e t h e A rt a x e r x e s of J os e hus (t h e Ah a su e rus of t h e
p
H eb r ew b ook of Esth e r ) figu r e s ” 1
Bu t in p ointing t o this .

t est of c a n oni c ity J os ep hus is n ot e x p re ssing a th eory of h i s

,

ow n f or a S imil a r vi e w w a s h eld by t h e R abbis

, Th ey too .
, ,

m aint ain e d th a t n o b ook was ca n oni c al unl ess it h ad b ee n

writt en within a fix e d p er i od t h e p r op h e ti c al p e r i o d ; for ,

th e m this p er i od w as fr om M os es t o Ezra ?
J os ep hus t hus
witn ess e s t o t h e p r in c i p l e a uth o r it a tive an d fully accep t e d
,

by t h e en d of t h e first ce ntu r y A D on t h e b a sis of whi c h t h e . .

,

H eb r e w C a n on w as f or m e d But t h e th eor y on whi c h this .

p r in c i p l e w as b a s e d w a s cont r a r y t o f a c t f or on t his vi ew ,

th e r e n e ver w as or c ould b e an y dis cussi on as t o t h e n umb e r

an d limits of t h e c a n oni c a l c oll ec ti o n whi c h h ad f r om fi r st ,

t o l a s t a n offi c i a l c h a r ac t e r E ach n ew b ook was writt e n .

by a m an of a c kn owl e dg e d a uth ori t y a n d w as a dd e d t o t h e ,

c oll ec t i on p r ec is e ly a s a n ew p ag e w ould b e a dd ed t o t h e

r oya l a nn als of an ea s t er n k ingdom I t is p l a in th a t this .

Vi ew is n ot i n a ccor d a n c e with f a c t s
’
J os ep hus account .

of t h e C a n o n is a th e o r y an d a th eory in c onsist e nt wi t h t h e
,

f ac t th a t w e find n o c om p l e t e f orm al c at al ogu e of S c ri p ture s

in ea r li er writ e rs lik e t h e son of Sirac h wh o in e n um erat ing , ,

t h e lit e r a ry w orthi e s of his n at i on h ad e v e ry m ot ive t o giv e ,

a c om p l e t e list if h e h a d b ee n in a p ositi on t o d o so
,
i n c on
sis t e nt a ls o with t h e f ac t th a t qu e sti ons as t o t h e ca n oni c ity
of c e r t a i n b ooks w e r e s t ill und e c id e d within t h e li f e tim e o f

J os ep hus hims elf 3

But wr ong an d c ont r a ry t o f ac t as t his
.

t h eory was u p on it n ever th el ess w as f ound e d t h e H ebrew

,

C an on as w e h a ve it at t h e p r e s en t day F or vari ous reason sf 1

.

t h e R abbi s h ad d e t e r min e d t o e x c lud e c ert a in b ooks fr om

1
Op ci t
p 16 4
il H l h r Op
. . . .
,

2
F or de ta s see o sc e ,
. ci t .
, pp .
3 6 ff .

3
Op cit pp 6 5 ff 1

furt h r b l w C h p t r X
. . . .
,

4 S ee e e o ,
a e .
 mp li by
b ut h e offic i a l i m rimatur b e ing
fa i t a cco o A D 1 0 0 t a p . .
,

in all p r ob ability give n a t wh a t is c alle d t h e C oun c il of

J abn e h (J a mni a ) Th a t this w as a c oun c il in t h e ordin ar y
se n se of t h e w or d m
.

ay w e ll b e d oubt e d ; but t h e re i s suffi

c i e nt e vid e n c e t o S h ow th a t J abn e h w a s a s e a t of J e wish

s c h ol arshi p e ve n b e f or e t h e d e st r u c ti on of t h e T e m p l e .

A ft e r thi s e v e nt t h e S a nh e d r in re m ov e d t o J a bn e h a n d w as
p r e sid e d ov e r by J oc h an an b e n Z a kk a i t h e g r ea t e st of t h e ,

J e wish s c r ib e s du r in g t h e p er i od imm e di at e ly su cc ee di ng
t h e f all of J e r us a l em h e w a s f oll owe d by G am a li e l I I It .

must be f a i r ly obvi ous t h a t a n y d is c us si on s as t o t h e c a n oni

c ity o f b ooks a m o ng t h e J ew ish r e ligi ous l e a d e r s must h ave

t ake n p l ac e in J a bn e h wh ere t h e S a nh ed r in w a s an d wh ere ,

t h e g r ea t e st J e wi sh s c h ol a r s w ould b e a ss embl ed Th a t su c h .

disc ussi ons did t ak e p l ac e is a m p ly witn ess e d t o by p a ss ag es

in t h e Mishn a S o th a t alth ough it c a nn o t b e a c tu a lly
.

p r o v e d th a t t h e fin a l a n d a uth or it a tiv e f or m a ti on of t h e

H e b rew C a n on t ook p l ac e a t t h e c oun c il of J abn eh i t “

,

is r eas on ably c e r t ain f r om t h e e vid en ce w e h a ve th a t t h e

disc u ssi ons on t h e c a n oni c ity of c er t ain b ooks h eld by t h e
S a nh ed r in a ss e mbl e d a t J a bn eh r e sult e d in wh a t cam e t o b e
regarded as t h e f or m al a n d of fic i al fixing of t h e C a n on ?

How far in t h e g r a du a l s ettl em e nt of t h e qu esti on t h e

, ,

1 T hi w s unt d f i l t r d y by yi n g t h t wh n
as a c co e or n a e a s sa a e

H gg i Z h ri h d M l h i di d t h H ly S p iri t l ft I r l
a a ec a a an a ac e e o e s ae

h ri h r r hi i r i ir b
,

( S an de n ) t f (
1 1at i t h nf n
e e o e ) n p d k s s e e e ce no s e oo

c an h v b n wri tt n i p t p r p h t i t im p Y m b
a e ee e n os — o e c e s, c o a 2 1 .

d t il vi d n S h ur r I I 1 p p 3 6 6 ff ( G rm n
.

1
F or f th e a s o e e e c e se e c e e a

u p p l m nt d) C h yn
. . .

d I I p p 4 3 ff wh r t h r f r n
,

e 2 e e e e e e c e s a re s e e e e e,

l m l h r j i
.
, ,

b S 8 ff H O i ff w h
j o d
an pp o o o
on , p 2t pp03 ; sc e c .
,
. 2 . e s

y l vii 8
.
. . ,

E nc c .
, . 1 .
1 74 THE B OO K S OF THE AP OC RY PH A

t heir own initi tiv th ey we r e

‘

R abbis act ed on d in h ow f a e , an ar

m erely r egist e ring an d ryst llizing t h p p ul

c a e o a r v e r di c t

a rti c ul a t e d by us a g e is di ffi c ult t o say To m a int a in th a t .

t h e l a t t e r a l o n e w as d e c isiv e m ak e s it h a r d t o und erst a nd why

su ch b ooks as E cc l esi asti c us Judith an d T obit t o m e nti on
, ,

a f ew of t h e ap ocry p h a l b ooks only w er e e x c lud e d ; ,

on t h e o th e r h a nd w e c a nn o t b e li e v e th a t p o ul a r us ag e
, p
c oun t e d f or n othing M ost p r ob ably t h e W h ol e qu e sti o n
.

w as on e of c om p r omis e i n whi c h by d egr ee s R a bbini c a l l ogi c ,

b as e d u p on th ei r th eory allud ed t o ab ove f or c e d p op ul ar ,

us ag e t o give w ay t o t h e offi c i al p ositi on whi c h b eca m e

fin ally an d irre vocably fix e d by t h e S anh ed r in a t J abn eh .

I t is t r u e th a t l ong a ft er t h e c oun c il of J abn eh t h e c an oni ,

c ity of Ez e ki el J on ah P r ov erbs S ong of S ongs E c c l e si a st e s

, , , ,

a n d Esth e r w a s a t di ffe r e nt t im e s c a ll e d in qu e sti on but

1
,

this on ly r efl ec t s t h e Op ini ons of individu al s an d c ann ot b e ,

s aid t o h ave in an y w ay m odifi e d t h e p r ac t i c al c ons ensus of

J ewish t eac h er s th a t t h e fin al w or d h ad b ee n sp ok e n a t
J abn eh .

IV . To W HO M WA S F I N A L F I I N G OF THE H E B R E W
T HE X
CA N O N D U E
Th e qu e s t i on as t o W h om p re emin e ntly t h e fin a l fixing
,
-

of t h e H e b r ew C a n on w a s clu e is n ot with out in t e r e st an d

a lth ough w e h a v e n o d efinit e p r oo f r e g a r ding t h e m a tt e r a ll ,

t h e p r ob abiliti e s p oin t in t h e s am e di r ec ti on .

I t w ould s eem th a t at t h e t im e of J os ep hus t h e Ph ar is ee s

s p ec i ally occu p i e d th ems elve s with t h e subj ec t I t w as .

J os ep hus as w e h ave s een wh o is t h e ea r li est W itn ess th a t

, ,

w e h av e as t o t h e e xist e n ce of a fin ally fix e d C a n o n ; n ow
J os ep hus a s h as b ee n p oint e d out in an ea r li e r c h ap t e r t e lls
, ,

uS in his a ut obi og r ap hy th a t a ft e r h a ving m a d e t r i a l of t h e

th r ee s ec ts of t h e Ph a r is ee s S a ddu c ees an d Ess e n es in tu rn

, , ,

so th a t by b ec oming a c qu a in t e d W ith e ac h h e might c h os e

1
F or d e t a il s se e R yl e, Op . ci t .
, pp . 1 9 2— 2 0 2 .
1 76 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYP HA

to t u c h augh t els e until h e h ad und erg on e t h e s am e ri t u al

o

abluti on a s if h e h a d t ou c h e d s om e t hing un cl e a n
” 1
.

Th e r e c or d of this di ffer en c e of Op i n i on b et w een t h e Ph ar i

s ees an d S a ddu c ees on this subj ec t t h r ows an i nt eresting light
u p on t h e Ph a ris ai c p ositi on r eg ar ding t h e C an on an d sugg est s ,

t h a t t h e fin al fixing of t his lay with t his p arty .

I t is als o w or th r ecording th a t p r i or t o J os ep hus t h e

a tt ributi on of t h e t e rm h oly t o t h e S c ri p t ures occ u r s only
o n ce viz in 2 M acc a b ee s viii
, .
,
a b ook whi c h e m a n a t e d f r om .

Ph aris a i c c i r c l es an d in t h e N ew T e s t a m e nt t his occ u r s

3

only in t h e wri t ings of St P aul Wh o w as b r ough t up as a

1 ‘

.
,

Ph ar is ee It is t h er ef or e p r ob abl e th at t h e fi n al fixing of
.
, ,

t h e C an on w as due t o t h e Ph a r is e e s .

S U MM A R Y
To unde r st an d h ow i t cam e ab ou t th a t a di stin c t li n e of
d e m arc ati on w as dr aw n b e t ween can oni cal an d ap ocry p h al
b ooks a p r elimi n ary c on sidera t i on is n ece ss ary viz h ow
, , .

t h e i dea of a C an on a r os e We are face d with t h e f ac t t h at .

b ef ore t h e b egi nn ing of t h e Christi a n era t h ere w as a l arg e

b ody of lit e r at ure in exis t en c e s om e b ooks of whi ch we r e
h eld i n high er h on our t h an t h e rest t h ough t h ey did n ot ,

di ffer in ki n d but onl y i n t h eir d egree of s ac r e dn e ss from

, ,

th es e b ooks I t w as fr om this f ac t th a t t h e id ea of a C a n on
.

a r os e ; th a t is t o say t h e id ea of a C an on a ssum e s t h e exi s ,

t e n ce of a numb er of b ooks f r om whi c h are s el ec t e d t h os e

whi ch fi n ally b ecom e ca n oni cal B e t ween t his an d t h e fixing .

of a C an on th e r e is c l ea rly a gr ea t di ffer en ce To sh ow th a t .

a dis t incti o n h as t o b e m ad e b e t w ee n t h e id ea of a C a n on an d

t h e fixing of t h e C a n on on e h a s t o p r o v e t h at a t one p er i od ,

1
Bu dd i t h E y l Bi bl i 6 49
e, n e nc c see fur t h er t h e A d di ti on a l
f t hi h pt r
. . .
,

No t t th
e a d e en o s c a e .

1
W ri tt n p r b bly b u t
e 5 o a a o B C 0

H ol h r Op i t p 6
. . .
, ,

3 sc e c

R m ns i Tim t hy iii 5
. . . .
, ,

4
‘

o a p . 2, c . 2 o . 1 .
e xist e d a t ab ou t B C 1 0 0 an d ye t we kn ow th a t a t th at tim e
. .
,

a l a r g e m a ss of li t e r a tu r e w a s in e xist e n ce of whi c h c ert ai n

b ooks we re h eld in high h on ou r Th e a ss um p ti on is th er e

.
,

f ore j ustifi e d th a t su c h b ooks as E c cl esi asti c us T obit

, , ,

Ju di th 1 M accab ees an d oth e rs c am e und er t h e s am e c a t e

,

g ory as m an y o th er b ooks s om e of whi c h w ere l a t e r in clud e d

,

i n t h e C an on an d t h e p ossibility exist e d of suc h b ooks as

,

t h os e j ust m e nti on e d b eing als o inc lud ed in t h e C a non .

Th e de finit e f o rm a ti on of t h e H eb r e w C a n on is a n oth e r
qu e sti o n ; c on ce rning this w e h a ve t h e e vi de n c e of t h e
,

Mishn a t h a t it w as n ot c om p l e t e d a t t h e b eginning of t h e
Christi a n era On t h e oth e r h an d t h e e v id e n ce of J os e p hus
.
,

sh ows th a t t h e fin al fixi ng o f t h e C a n on h ad t ak en p l ace

b e fore t h e e n d of t h e fi r st ce ntu r y A D . .

Th e th e ory of J os ep hus whi c h w a s als o th a t of t h e R abbi s

, ,

a s t o wh a t c o n stitut e d t h e c l a im t o c a n oni c ity w as th a t a ,

b ook mus t h ave b ee n w r itt e n within t h e r

p p o h e ti c a l

p e ri od
”
i,
e f.r om M os e s t o Ez r a
. This th e ory w a s n o t in
.

acc or d a n c e with f a c t s but it h e ld t h e fi e ld n e ve r th e l e ss a n d

, ,

t h e H ebre w C a n o n w a s f o r m e d in acc or d a n ce w ith it Th e .

fin al offi c i al i m p ri m a t ur w a s in a ll lik e lih oo d giv e n by t h e

J ewish re ligi ous l ea d ers at J abn eh .

Th e fin a l fixing of t h e H e b r ew C a n o n w as in a ll p r ob ability
t h e w or k of t h e Ph a r is a i c p a r ty .

A D D I TI ONAL N OT E
The C on cep ti on s un derly i ng the I dea f
o Levi ti ca l Imp u i ty r .

A lth ough n ot st ri c tly b e l onging t o t h e e se

pr nt i nqui r y ,

it my a n ot be out of p l ac e t o say a few o as o w r ds t why

co nt ac t with a h oly obj ec t suc h as a roll of t h e S c ri p tur e s
1 78 TH E BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA

S h ould b e con c e ive d Of as bringing ab ou t a s t a t e of L e viti ca l

im p u r ity S om e of t h e e x p l an a ti ons whi c h h a ve b een offer e d
.

might be c on v in c ing if this p ar ti c ul a r f orm of t h e w ay i n

whi c h L e viti c al im p u r ity w as b r ought ab out s t ood a l on e .

But t h e f ac t is th a t oth er things inv olved a simil ar st at e of

im p u r ity an d on e c a nn ot re st r i c t o n es elf t o t h e e x p l a n ati on
,

of on e of th es e whil e l e a vin t h e r e s t out of c onsid er a ti on

g ,

b ec aus e a s will b e s ee n in studying t h e subj ec t id enti c al

, ,

c on c e ti ons l i e ultim a t e ly a t t h e b a s e o f a ll
p H ow f or .
,

e x a m l e is on e t o a cc ount f or t h e f a c t th a t b o th t h e t ou c hing
p ,

of a h oly thing lik e a s c r oll of t h e L aw as w ell a s t h e t ou c hing ,

of a n un c l ea n t hing lik e a l ep e r or a d ea d b ody ( t o m e nti o n

n o o th e r s )
1
w as h eld t o b r ing a b out a simil a r st a t e of
,

L eviti c a l im p urity an d t o r e qui r e an abluti on P Th a t

r e veren ce for t h e d ea d c ould h ave h ad n othing t o do with
this is p r ove d by t h e f ac t th a t a st at e of im p u r ity was b r ough t
a b ou t n ot o nly by c o n t ac t with a d ea d p e rs on bu t e qu a lly so ,

by c ont ac t with a d ea d a nim al .

Wh e n on e studi es t h e l aws of un c l ea nn ess in t h e B ook of

L e viti c us an d c om p a r e s th em with m a ny c us t oms p r e va l e n t
a m ong un c ultu r e d r ac e s on e s oon r e aliz e s t h e truth of
2
,

R ob erts on Smi t h s w or ds th a t t h e i r ra ti on ality of l aws of

’

un c l ea nn e ss fr om t h e st a ndp oint of s p i r i t u a l r eligi on or

, ,

e v e n of t h e high e r h ea th e nism is so m a nif e st th a t th e y must , ,

n ece ss a r ily b e l ook ed on as h aving survive d from an e ar li er

f o rm of f aith an d of s oc i et y A n d this b eing so I do not .
,

see h ow a n y hist o r i c al s t ud e nt c an r e fus e t o c l a ss th e m with

Su c h su r vivals are t o b e s een in t h e l aws

” 3
s avag e t ab oos .

of un c l ea nn e ss i n t h e B ook of L e viti cus n ot th a t t h e r e was ,

1
m n g t h r p g L vi t i u vi 7 3 xi 3 4 xiv
S ee a o o e a ssa es, e c s 2 -
0 2— 0,

xv ff 4 i 6 8 xviii 9 ; N umb r v 3 ;
, .
,
. .

1 if 1 2 xv 2 2 1 e s 1—

D u t r n my xxi
. . .
, , , , ,
.

e e o o 10 — 1
4
A bu n d nt m t ri l will b f u n d i Fr r Th G ld B gh
. .

’
2
a a e a e o n az e s e o en ou

T b a d th P il
oo a n f th S l e er s o e ou

f th S m i t p 4 4 9 ( 8 9 4) d Jvn
3 ’
Th R li gi e e on o e e es, 1 an see e o s

I tr du ti t th H i t y f R ligi
.

n on e s or —
o c
pp 5 9 95
o o e on
,
.
 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

ver y dive r s e c h arac t e r s om e su c h as a c a r cas e w e sh ould , ,

c e r t a i nl y c o nsid e r p o llut e d or un c l ea n o th e r s su c h as t h e ,

p r i e stly v e stm e nts w e sh o ul d c a ll h oly ; bu t eac h was re ,

g a r d e d as infec ti ous in t h e s e ns e us e d ab ove e ve n in t h e , ,

Old Te st am ent 1
This is bu t an ec h o of id eas whi c h ob
.

t a i n e d a m ong t h e f or b ea r s of t h e Is r a e lit e s in dist a nt bygon e

age s it m ay b e illust r a t e d by t h e c onditi on of th ought in ,

this r es p ec t a m ong men of low c ultu r e at t h e p r es en t day

, .

F r az e r in d ealing with t subj c t of h oly p ers ons (an d

,
h e e 2

t h e p r in c i p l e of wh a t h e s a ys a p p li e s lik ewis e t o h oly

things ) s ays th a t so f ar as t h e s av ag e is c on cer n ed
, , the ,

c on ce ti ons of h olin e ss an d
p p olluti o n are n ot yet di ffe r e n
t i at e d in his mi n d To him t h e c omm on f eat ur e of all t he s e.

p ers ons is th a t th e y are d ang er ous an d in d ang e r an d t h e ,

d a ng er in whi c h th e y st a nd an d t o whi c h t h ey ex p os e o th e rs
is wh a t w e S h ould c all s p i r itu al or gh ostly To s e clud e .

th es e p ers ons f r om t h e r e st of t h e w or ld so th a t t h e dreade d

S p i r itu a l d a ng e r sh a ll n e ith e r r ea c h th em n or s r e a d f r om
p ,

th e m is t h e obj ec t of t h e t ab oos whi c h th ey h ave t o o bs e rve

,
.

Th e s e t ab oos a c t S O t o say a s e l ec tri ca l insul a t or s t o p re

, ,

s erve t h e s p i r itu a l f or ce with whi c h th es e p e r s o ns are

c h a r g e d f r om su ffe r ing or in fli c ting h a rm by c ont ac t wit h

t h e out e r w or ld To m an in a l ow st a t e of c ultu r e th e n
” 3
.
, ,

t h e disti n c ti o n b e tw ee n t h e c onc ep ti ons of wh a t w e s p ea k of

a s h olin e ss a n d un c l e a nn e ss d oe s n ot e xis t but as s o on a s a
high er f or m of r eligi on c om e s int o b eing th at distin c t i on
b egins t o b e dis c e r n ed esp ec i ally a s with an y f or m of r eligi o n ,

high er th a n th at whi ch obt ains in t h e a nimisti c s t ag e t h e

vi t i u xi 3 E k i l xliv 9 d p t h i d f
S e e Le c s 2, ze e . 1 an c . e ea o

h lin u h p g m ng m ny E x du xix
.
,

o i e ss n s c a ssa e s, a o a as o s . 22,

D u t r n my xxii i 8 wh r t h H br w r t i i d nti l t h ugh

,

e e o o 1 e e e e e oo s e ca o

th id ith r d ir t ly p p i t
.
, ,

to us i e eas n e e c ase a re ec o os e

H i r f rrin g t t h rul r m ni l p uri ty b rv d by

.

1
e s f e e o e es o ce e o a o se e

di vin k in g
e hi f d p ri t w ll by h mi i d murn r
s, c e s, a n e s s, a s e as o c es, o e s,
w m n i hi l db d girl t p ub rt y t
o e n c e , s a e , e c.
3
Op ci t
. .
,
p . 22
4 .
r g ar d ed as h oly i e s om e thing t o b e a vo id e d j us t b e
e ,
”
. .
,

’
c a us e th e y we r e t h e m e d i c in e m a n s ; b oth are un canny
things ins p iring myst e r i ous fear b oth im p art infe c ti on
,

a n d a re th e r e f o r e d a ng e r ou s This it is whi c h t o t h e mind .

,

of t h e s av ag e p uts b oth in t h e s am e ca t e g ory

,
With t h e ris e .

o f a high e r r e ligi on t h e car c a s e w ould c om e t o b e r eg a rd ed as

u n cl ea n whil e a p r i e st s v e stm e nt s ( c o rr e s p o nding f or t h e

'

u
p p r o s e s of o ur
p r e s e n t a r gum e nt t o t h e m e di c in e m a n s
'

ut e nsils )w ould c o m e t o b e r e g a r d e d a s h o ly in a high e r

s ens e But a n d this is t h e im p or t a n t p oint b oth w oul d
.
, ,

still be a void ed t h e f orm er b ecaus e t h e t ou c h of it involve d

p o lluti on an d thus un fit t e d a m
, an f or t h e w or shi p of hi s

g od t h e l a tt e r for r e asons of r e ve r e n c e due t o his god .

But in b oth c a s es t h e r esult of t h e old id ea of infec ti on

”

still c lung so th a t c ont ac t with e ith e r n ece ssit a t e d a c l ea ns

,

ing p r ocess of s om e kind Th e p er si st en ce of t h e r itu al .

,

th ough t h e p urp os e of it h as b ee n f org ott en is a f ai r ly ,

comm on p h e n om en o n e v e n a m ong t h e m ost highly c ultu r e d

p peo l e s o nly S in c e a m ong th ese a

,
r e a s o n why is insist ed

u p on s oon e r or l a t e r p l a usibl e e x p l a n a ti ons th ough far

, ,

r m ove d f r om t o r igin of things are usu a lly f o r th c omi g

e h e n
1
,
.

Th at is h ow t h e s p ec i a l c as e b e f o re us is t o be exp l ain e d .

Th e id e a of a C a n o n p r esu p p o s e s a wid e lit e r a tu r e fr om whi c h

b ook s a re t o b e m a r ke d off ; a w or king
i

th e c a n oni c a l

th eo ry h a ving b een f ormul at e d t h e C an on is c o ns tr u c t e d in ,

a ccor d a n ce with it ; t h e C a n o n h a ving b ee n c onst r u c t e d ,

x mp l i t h
1
For e f an n i l b k whi h d fil d
e, n e c a se o a ca o ca oo c e e

t h h n d t h T lmu d (S h bb t h 4 )
e a s e y i t w t ugh t t h t t h
a a a 1 a sa s as a a e

h nd b m un l n by nt t wi t h t h H ly S ri p t ur i r d r
a s e ca e c ea co ac e o c es n o e

t h t t h y h ul d t b t u h d b y u n v r d h n d I
a e s o no e o c e co e e a s
 TH E BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA

s om e m ea ns of e nf or c ing i t s r ec ogniti o n must b e d e vis e d .

To t h e R a bbis o f t w o th ous a nd y ea r s ag o t h e quit e obvi ous

,

m ea ns w oul d b e t h e a dap t a ti o n of a p r in c i p l e whi c h h ad b ee n

in v ogu e in t h e wh ol e d om ai n of things r e ligi ous f r om tim e
imm em or i a l . S ac r e dn e ss w as im p ut e d t o t h e c h ose n
b ooks a n d co nt ac t with a nything s ac re d n ec essit at e d
a bluti ons . Th e a n c i e nt t e c hni c a l t e r m wa s still e m p l oy e d
,

so th a t a n y b ook d ec l a r e d t o b e s ac r e d (an d of c ou r s e t h e
, ,

s a n c tity w ould b e c ommuni ca t e d t o t h e m a t e r i al u p on

whi ch it w as w r itt en ) w a s s aid t o d efil e in this c a s e t h e
,

h a nds an d th e r e f o r e a ny on e w h o t ou c h ed su c h a b ook w a s
de file d th e r eby Th e or e ti cally h e h ad t o p e r f orm an
.

a blut i o n a ft e r h a ving d o n e so but o nly th e o r e ti c a lly f or as a

, ,

m a tt e r of f ac t n o wa shing of h a n ds (m ore st r i c tly p ou r ing of

,

w a t er u p o n t h e h a nds )h as e ve r b ee n r e qui r e d f or r em oving

the defilem en t c ommuni c a t e d th r ough t ou ching t h e
s c r oll of a can oni c al b ook n or is i t r e quir ed at t h e p r es en t
,

d ay .
184 THE B OO KS OF THE A PO CR YPHA
initi at e d Th e qu e sti on as t o h ow t h e w ord is us e d in
.

t h e T a lmud is of t h e first im p ort a n c e but a di ffi cult on e ; ,

it is s aid on t h e on e h and th a t as ap p li e d t o b ooks

, , it ,

is us e d onl y of b ooks whi c h are aft e r all in c lud e d in t h e , ,

J ewish C a n on n eve r of t h e kind of lit er a ture t o whi c h t h e

,

Chu r ch F a th er s give t h e n am e A p oc r yp h a t h e only

e x c e ti on is a r e f er e n c e t o Sir ac h e l a tt e r
p art of
” 1
p Th .

this st a t em ent is und oubt ed ly t ru e ; but H ols ch er h as

sh own con c lusively th a t t o say th a t g dn az is onl y us e d
in r e fe r e n ce t o b ooks whi c h a re in c lud ed in t h e J ewish
C a n on is n ot in a cc or d an ce with t h e f ac ts This Vi ew .
,

h e s ay s , di r ec tly c ont r a di c ts t h e s ou r c es whi c h in a numb e r ,

of c a s e s use g d n az in r e fe r e n ce t o un c a n oni c a l b ooks He .

sh ows fu r th e r th a t wh e n t h e R abbis use ga n az in r ef er en ce

’

t o t h e c a n oni cal b ooks i t i s a q ue st i on of s om e thing of whi c h

th ey th ems elve s dis ap p r ov e ; f or e x a m p l e th ey sp eak ,

o f c a n oni c a l b ooks whi c h in t im e a st c ert ai n e o l e h ad

p p p
d esi re d t o hid e i e t o de cl a r e un ca n oni ca l ; but th ey
”
. .
,

m enti on this in or d er t o rec ord th eir dis ap p r ov a l ; n ot

t h e R abbis but c e r t a in unn am e d individu a ls app ly t h e
t e rm gd n az t o ca n oni ca l b ooks Th e Ta lmudi c vi ew is th a t
c a n oni ca l b ooks m ay n ot b e hidd en f or thi s is only d on e ,

in t h e c as e of b ooks whi ch are r eall y offensive ?

In t h e
o nly o th e r inst a n c e s in whi c h t h e w or d is us e d in r ef e r e n ce

t o ca n oni ca l b ooks it is n ot t o t h e b ooks a s su c h bu t o nly t o

, ,

p a rt i c ul a r c o p i e s of th e m an d this f or c e rt a
,
in S p e c ifi c

r ea s ons ; for e x am p l e if a r oll h ad b ecom e m oth eat en or

,
-

d am ag ed i n o th er ways or if p art of t h e t ex t h a d b een ,

rubb e d out thr ough use in su c h c as es t h e c opy in qu e sti on

w as hidd en ”
,
i e withdra wn fr om p ubli c use b ecaus e
. .
,

th e re w as som ething obj ec ti on abl e ab out it S o th a t i n .

t h e T a lmud g dn az im p li e s a s HOlsch e r s a ys ,
dr as t i c ,

M r i t h j wi h E y l I I
1
oo e, n e e s nc c 2a

H ol h r m nt i n wi t h r f r n b ur
. .
, ,

1
sc e e o s, e e e c e s, a o ok of c e s,

T rgum whi h w f rbi dd n d h r ti l b k

a c as o e , an e e ca oo s, Op . ci t .
, p .
62 .
a re lways suc h t h e c ont e nts of whi c h were reg a r d e d as
a

th or oug h ly obj ec ti on able viz h e re ti c al 1

I t f oll ows a l so , .
,
.

th at g an az would n e ve r h ave b ee n ap p li e d t o t h e b oo ks of
our A p oc r yp h a or a t a ll e v e nts t o t h e m or e im p o r t a nt
,

of th e m f or n ot o nly w e r e th e y r e g a r de d a s c o nt a ining
,

e difying a n d o rth od ox t e a c hing but it is well kn own th a t ,

t h e r e a ding of th e m w as p ermitt e d ?
S o th a t w h e n t h e
w or d g dn az is us e d in t h e T a lmud in r e fe re n c e t o b ooks it
m eans th a t t h e b ooks in qu e sti on are suc h as must b e w ith
d r awn f r om use b ec a us e th ey c ont a in h e r e ti c a l t e ac hing ; 3

f or this rea s on t h e w or d w oul d b e in a p p li cabl e if a p p li e d t o

t h e b oo ks of t h e H e b r e w C a n on or t o t h e b ook s of o ur
A p oc r yp h a 1
.
‘

II . THE M E AN I N G o r T HE TE RM Ap ok ryp hos

We tu r n n ext G r ee k w or d ap ok ryp hos to the

hi dde n
fr om whi c h our w o r d Ap oc ryp h a c om es Th e t e r m in its .
,

t ec hni ca l s e ns e i s n eith e r s p ec ifi c a lly J ew i sh n or Ch r i sti a n

,

or igin a lly but i s d e r ive d f r om t h e p r ac ti c e c omm on

,

a m ong sec ts r eligi ou s or p h ilOS Op h ic of emb odying their

s p ec i a l t en e ts or f orm
, ,

ulw in b ooks withh e l d f r o m p ubli c

use an d c ommuni ca t e d t o a n inn e r c i r c l e o f b e li e v e r s

” 5
.
,

Ex am p l es of su c h b ooks can be give n a m agi c a l p apy r us

p r e serv e d in L e yd e n h as t h e titl e Th e h oly a n d s e c r e t

1
H ol h r Op i t p 6 3
sc e c

ft n q u in T lmu d
. . . .
, ,

1
E l i ti
c c es a i c us s o e o edt the a

furt h r Bu h l K A lt m gl
.

3 Cp .
,
e , ,
a n on un d T ex td es T en esta e n ts (E n .

p 26

f urt he r bl w
. .

S ee e o .

5
J m
a es, in t he E n cyc l Bi bl i
. ca , i . 2 49 .
186 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
” 1
( p
a ok ry p h os)B ook ighth or t h eofh oly M os es , ca ll e d the e .

A cco r ding t o S ui das Th erecydes o f Sy r os l ea rn ed his wisd om ,

f r om t h e s ecre t b ooks of t h e Ph oe ni ci a ns ” 2
Cl e m ent of .

Al ex andr i a (S tr om i 1 5 6 9 )s p ea ks of an Agn osti c s ec t t h e .

, .
, ,

f oll ow er s of P rodic us wh o gl or i ed in t h e p oss ess i on of ,

s ec re t b ooks of Z or oa st e r 3
I r e n a eus ( I xx 1 ) m e nti ons .
, .

an ea r ly Ch r isti a n s ec t c a ll e d t h e Mark osi an s wh o h ad th ei r

s ec r e t b ooks an d Hi pp olytus (R e f ut vii 2 0 )s ays t h e s a m e

,
.
, .

of t h e B a si l idi a ns
1
M oreo ver w e h a ve r e f e r en ce s t o t h e
.
‘

s am e kind of thing in b ooks whi c h h a ve c om e d own t o us

it is s aid in D ani el xii 4 Bu t th ou O D a ni el shu t up (lit .
, , , .

hid e t h e w or ds an d s eal t h e b ook a n d in xii

, 9 , .
,

Go t hy w ay D a ni el f or t h e w or ds are shu t (lit

,
hidd e n , .

a n d s ea l e d till t h e tim e of t h e en d
”
I n t h e Ethi op i c B ook .

of En oc h (c viii 1 ) r e f e r e n c e is m a d e t o a b ook whi c h w as

5
.

writt e n for t h e el ec t An oth e r b ook whi c h En oc h w r ot e

f or his son M e thus el a h an d f or th os e wh o will c om e a ft e r
him an d will k eep t h e L aw in t h e l ast d ays t h e s am e
s eems t o b e im p li e d in t h e Sl a v oni c B ook of En och (lxviii .

wh e r e it is s aid He wr ot e d o w n t h e d e s c r i p ti ons of all t h e

c r ea ti o n whi c h t h e L or d h a d m a d e an d h e wr ot e th r ee ,

hund r e d an d S ixty six b ooks a n d g a ve th e m t o his s ons

”
-
.
,

S t ill m or e p oin t e d is t h e p ass ag e in 2 (4 )Esd r as xii 3 6 3 8 7

.
—

Th ou al on e h ast b ee n f ound w or thy t o l ea rn this myst er y

of t h e M ost High th er e f ore w r it e all th es e things whi ch th ou
h ast s een i n a b ook an d p ut t h em in a s ec re t p l ace an d ,

th ou sh alt t eac h th em t o t h e wis e of t h e p eop l e wh os e ,

h e a r ts th ou kn ow est are abl e t o c om p re h e nd an d k eep th e s e

myst eri es ”
Bu t p er h ap s t h e m os t st r iking p ass ag e of all is
.

J m Op i t y t h t t hi b k m y b
1
a es, c ld t h fir tsa s a s oo a e as o as e s

nt ury bu t r d in g t H ol h r d t h di t r f t h
. .
,

ce A D a cco o sc e an e e o s o e

p p y u (L m n d Di t ri h) i t b l n g t t h t hir d f ur t h
. .

a r s ee a an e e c e o s o e or o

cent ury A D

M r Op i t ii p H l h r Op it p 47
. .

1 3
oo e , c 1a o sc e c .

C h rl di ti n
. . . . . .

C h rl diti n
. .
, , ,

I bi d
’
1 5 ’
1
a es e o . a es e o .

B x di t i n
.

’
7
o s e o .
 188 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA

b e f or e w e d eal with ap ok ryp hos i n th e l at e r s ense in whi c h

it w as us ed .

III . THE C O NN E C T I O N BE T WE E N THE TE RMS Gan az AN D

Ap ok ryp hos

We h ave s een th a t is o nly us ed p r op e r ly s p eaking

g an az , ,

of obj ec ti on abl e b ooks i e th os e whi c h we r e r eg a r d e d a s

,

h er eti cal a n d th e r e f or e hidd e n or withd r a wn

,
”
We , .

h av e a ls o s ee n th a t ap ok ryp hos is us ed in a g ood s ens e of

b ooks whi c h c ont ai n hi d d e n t eaching an d must th e re ,

f or e b e hidd en fr om t h e unw orthy This w ould s ee m .

t o im p ly th a t th e r e could h av e b ee n n o c onn ec t i on b e twee n t h e

t w o t e r ms sin c e th e y r e f e r r e s p ec tiv e ly t o b ooks t h e c h a r ac t e r
of whi c h is di a m e t r i ca lly o s e d g an az b e ing a li d t o b ad
'

pp o e
pp ,

b ooks ap ok ryp hos t o g ood on es Bu t h ere a n oth e r f ac t or

, .

c om e s in F r om t h e r oo t g d n az c om e s t h e wor d Gen izah

.

this n am e w as ap p li ed t o a sm all c h a mb e r a dj oining t h e ,

a n c i e nt syn ag ogu es in whi c h w e r e k e t hidd e n a w a y th os e

, p
r olls of t h e S c r i p tu r es whi c h a ft e r c o ntinu e d use at t h e
syn ag ogu e s er vi ce s b eg a n t o sh ow signs of wea r an d t ear .

I t w as a l a ud abl e c ust om am ong t h e J ews th a t wh a ts oe ve r

w a s us e d in t h e s e r vi ce of God S h ould b e of t h e b e st ; so
th a t wh e n a r oll of t h e S c r i p t u r e s h ad b ee n in use f or a
c e r t a in numb e r of y ea r s a n d h ad b ecom e t a r nish e d or t or n ,

th ey did n ot c onsid e r it fit t o b e us e d i n divin e s e r vi c e .

On t h e oth e r h and t h e r oll cont ain e d H oly S c ri p tu r e an d

, ,

h a d al s o b ee n s a n ct ifi e d by s e r vi c e ; it w as th e r e f or e , ,

un fit t i n g th a t it sh ould b e th r own aw ay F or this r eas on .

it w as p l ace d in t h e Gen i zah an d thus hidd en awa y from ,

p r of a n e h a n ds
1
H ere . th en w e h a v e a n oth e r r ea s on f or
, ,

1
ur f t im t h n umb r f t h
L est in co se o il d p i h ul d
e, e e o e se so e co es s o

u n d uly in r l t l i f p r u ti n ri in g t h y h ul d
,

c e ase , es a so , n c a se o e se c o a s e s o

t h ri k f b in g d r t d i t w t h ugh t w l l t h t ft r t h
,

ru n e s o e e se c a e as o e a a e e

l p f rt i n t im t h r ll h ul d b d n w y wi t h t h y
,

a se o a ce a e e se o s s o e o e a a e

w r t h r f r m t im burn d t hr w d wn w ll ; i
e e, e e o e, so e es e , or o n o a e ,
01 n
c op ei s of th e S c r i p tu r es whi c h we r e p l ace d in t h e Gen i zah
,

a s P r of S c h ec ht e r s a y s
. A n oth e r cl ass of w or ks c onsign e d
t o t h e Gen i za h we r e wh a t w e m ay c a ll disg r ac e d b ooks ,

b ooks whi c h o n ce p re t e nd e d t o t h e rank of S c r i p tu r e s ,

bu t were f ound by t h e auth or iti es t o b e wa nti n g in t h e

qu alificati on of b e ing di c t a t e d by t h e H oly S p i r it Th ey .

w er e hidd e n Th e Gen i zah th e r e f o r e a s it h a s b een

’
1
.
, ,

w ell p ut se r ve d ,
t h e tw of o l d p u r p os e of p r e se r ving
g ood thi n gs from h ar m an d b ad things f r om h ar ming
”2
.
,

This th er efore sugg ests a distin c t c onn ec t i on b e twee n t h e

, ,

id ea s c onveye d by t h e t e rms g an az an d ap ok ryp hos Su c h .

c o nn ec t i on is m o r eo v e r co nfi r m e d by t h e w itn e ss of O r ig e n
, , ,

( d . 2 5 4 A D ) w h o t og e th e,
r with A f r i ca nus ,
his c o nt e m
ora r w t h e fi r st t o a p ly t h e t e rm a p oc r y p h a l
p y as , p
t o b ooks us e d by t h e Chu r c h O r ig en ex p ressly s ays th a t
h e b orr owe d hi s t e r min ol ogy f r om t h e J e ws "; a n d a s ,

HOlsch er h as sh own h i s use of ap ok ryp hos e nti r ely c orr e ,

S p on ds with t h e R a bbini ca l use of g dn a z ; b o th use t he s e

t e rm s in r e fe re n ce n ot t o t h e can oni cal b ooks n or t o t h e
, ,

b ooks of our A p ocryp h a but t o t h e b o oks kn own as Ps e u d ,

Th es e l a tt e r b ooks w er e c on de mn e d by t h e
” 1
e i g ra h a
‘

p p .

R abbis a ft er t h e C an on h a d b ee n fix e d (th ough this h ad n ot

alw a ys b ee n t h e c a s e ) b ec a us e th e y w e r e l ook e d u on as
p
h ar mful bu t i n t h e ea r ly Churc h th ey w er e free ly us ed But .

so m pl d i t h gr v
e ca se s f m r p t
a ce n e a e o so e es ec e d Ra bbi ; m r o e i re ~

q u nt ly h w v r t h y w r buri d i
e o e gr v e e e e e n a a e o f t h ir w i
e o n n the
m t ry
, ,

ce e e

j d i m (S n d S ri ) p
.

S t di
1
i
u es n u a s ec o e es 2

j wi h E y l V 6
. .
,

1
e s nc c 1 2a

rfrn H ol h r Op i t p p 4 8 l
. .
, ,

F
3 or e e e c es se e sc e c 49 see a so p . 64 .

b l w Ch p t r X
. . .
, , , ,

S
1
ee e o ,
a e .
1 90 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
th ough g ri n az an d ap ok ryphos are thus sh ow n t o ex p r ess
simil ar id eas a s t ec hni c al t er ms th ey are obvi ou sly n o t t o b e
,

th ough t of as mea ning t h e sam e thing O r igin ally th e y

‘

di d in a ll p r ob ability c o nn o t e simil a r id ea s v i z t h e hi ding ,

.
,

of s ec r e t wisd om fr o m a ll but th os e w h o w e r e fi t t o r ec e iv e

it ; but th a t w as b ef ore t h e C an on w as fix e d an d wh e n
t h e lin e of d e m a r c a ti on b e tw ee n di ffe r e nt cat eg o r i e s of
b ooks w as n ot so rigid B o th t e r ms or igin a t e d i n dep en d
.

e ntly ap ok ryp hos c ontinu e d anyh ow up t o t h e tim e of

,

O r ig e n t o b e ap p li e d in r e fe ren c e t o b ooks whi c h c ont ain e d

,

hidd e n wisd om ; gdn az on t h e oth e r h an d whil e b eing

, ,

or igin ally us e d in t h e s a m e w ay a s ap ok ryp h os c a m e t o b e ,

us e d in quit e a diffe r en t w ay it a lways m eant t o hide

”
,

bu t while or igin ally it r ef e r re d t o t h e hiding of wh a t w as

g ood it w as fin ally us e d in r ef e r en ce t o wh a t was bad
1
, .

Th e t erm did n ot c h ang e but its m ea ning did ,

.

I V How
. THE T E R M A P OC R Y P HA CA ME To B E A P PL I E D
To S AC R E D B OO KS OF THE S E C O N D R AN K
But w e must r e turn t o t h e qu es t i on as t o why t h e te r m
A p oc r yp h a w a s ap p li e d t o t h e b ooks whi ch w e in c lud e und er
th a t titl e As w e h ave s ee n a oc r y h a l w a s fi r st a p li e d
.
p p , p
t o b ooks whi c h c on t a in e d hidd e n wisd om t h e n it w as us e d
by O r ig e n i n r efer e n ce t o p s eud ep igrap hi c b ooks In t h e .

f ourth centu ry t h e a t t em p t w as fi r st m ade (in t h e Gree k

Church ) t o distinguish b e twee n c a n oni cal b ooks an d th os e
whi ch were r ea d f or e di ficat i on ; t h e l att e r r ef err e d t o t h e
b ooks of our A p oc ry p h a but t h e t er m ap oc r yp h al w as
,

still ap p li e d only t o p s eud ep igr ap hi c b ooks Th e ex am p l e .

of t h e G r ee k Chu r c h w a s f oll ow e d by t h e L a tin Chu r c h

h ead e d by St J e r om e ( d A D 4 2 0 ) wh o m ad e a distin c ti on
. . . .

b e twee n t h e lib r i can oni c i an d t h e lib r i eccl esi asti c i ,

m eani ng by t h e l at t e r t e r m t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a .

1
S ee Zun z, D i e Gottesdi en stl i chen Vortrci ge d er
‘

jud en ,
pp . 16 5
—1
79
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
V . THE R E AD I NG OF U N CA N O N I CAL B OOK S
We sh all de a l in d e t a il wi th b ooks of t h e A p oc ry p h a the
in P a r t I I an d s om e acc ount of t h e Ps eudep ig r ap h a will
,

b e giv e n in t h e n e xt c h a p t e r h er e w e p u rp os e t o say s om e
thing ab out t h e e a r ly use of un c a n oni cal b ooks ap a rt ,

f r om t h e t w o c a t eg or i e s j ust m e nti on e d du ring t h e p e r i od ,

with whi c h w e are m ainly c on ce r n e d i e r oughly B C 2 0 0 , . . . .

A D . . 100 .

As h ave a l r ea dy s een t h e ide a of a C a n on p re su p p os e s

we ,

t h e e xi st e n ce o f a numb er of b ook s f r om whi c h th os e t o

b e in c lud e d in t h e C a n on a re s e l ec t e d S o th a t b e f ore t h e .

f or m a ti on of t h e C an on a v a r i e ty of b ooks was in e xist en ce

a m o ng t h e J e ws t h e r ea ding of whi c h w as n ot f or bid de n
, .

Thi s c ontinu e d until a ft e r t h e C a n on h ad b ee n fin ally fix e d ,

th ough it w as n ot l on g b ef or e a ll un c a n oni ca l b ooks w ith ,

t h e e x cep ti o n of som e of th os e whi c h b e l ong t o our A p ocry

h w e r e f or bidd e n R abbi Akib a f or e x a m p l e w h o liv e d
1
a
p ,
.
, ,

t owards t h e en d of t h e first ce ntu ry A D an d du r ing t h e .

-

first h alf of t h e s ec ond r ec k on ed a m ong su ch as h ad n o ,

p o r ti o n in t h e w or ld t o c o m e th os e w h o r e a d outsid e

th e s e we r e c a ll e d S ep hari m hachi zon i m t h e

‘

b ooks 1
,

l a tt e r w o r d b e i n g e quiva l e n t t o t h e Gree k o i 35 m wh i ch ,

i s us e d in t h e N ew T e st a m e nt of p e r s ons th a t are wi th out ,

i e out sid e t h e c om p a ny of t h e f aithful

. .
?
I n J ewish
w r itings t h e S ep hari m hachi zon i m are syn onym ous wi t h
‘

S if re h a m i n i m t h e b ooks of t h e h e r e ti c s
” 4
,
Th e R abbis .

r eg a rde d su c h b ooks with t h e great es t h orr or ; it is s aid of

R abbi Tarp h on a c on t em p ora ry of R abbi Akib a th at h e
, ,

Bu t v n t h migh t nly b r d
1
e e e se r d l tt r t o e ea as on e ea s a e e no

t u d i d (H Ol h
,

s e Op it p sc er , c

S n h d ri n x d i ti n
. . .
,

(S t
’
1
a e k 1 rac s e o

C p M rk iv v 3 ; C 1 iv 5 ; Th iv
.
,

3
; C a 11 1 or 1 2, 1 0 1 e ss 12

Th M i i m
.

H ol h r Op h r ti v ry
. . . . . . . .

4
it sc p 46e c e n e e cs ar e e

ft n m nt i n d i J wi h wri t in g ; H r f r d y t h t t h t rm
. . .
, , .

o e e o e n e s s e o sa s a e e

i m
n so r t inly d n t Ch i t i n ( C hri ti i ty i T lm d
e c a ses c e a e o es r s a s s an n a u

an d M i dr h p as ,
.
n ext c h ap t e r It is o ft e n aske d wh a t da ta w e h ave for
.

b eli e ving i n t h e exist en ce of t h e w ide p re vale n ce of b ooks

in th e s e ea r ly ag es ; as t h e qu e sti o n i s n ot w ith out i m
p o r t a n ce in t h e p r e s e n t conn ec t i o n it w ill n ot b e out of
l a c e t o indi c a t e s om e of t h e da ta W e m ay r e fe r fi r st t o
p .

E ccl esi ast e s xii 1 1 1 2 Th e w or ds of t h e wis e a re as

.
,

g oa ds an d as d rive n n ails a re t h e m e mb e r s of c oll ec ti ons ;

,

they are g ive n by one sh ep h e r d And b e sid e s th e s e my .

,

son b e warn e d
,
O f m a king m any b ooks th e r e is n o e n d an d
.
,

mu ch study i s a wearin e ss of t h e fl esh Wh a t t h e p reac h e r .

h e re m ea ns i s th a t t h e w or d s o f t h e wi se stimul a t e t h e
rea de r t o g ood th oughts ; t h e wor d s m emb er s of c oll ee
ti ons refe r t o wise w or ds whi c h h a ve b ee n emb odi e d in
c oll ec ti ons of s a yings ; all th e s e c o m e f r o m God t h e one ,

Sh ep h e r d A wa rning i s th e n give n as t o t h e r ea ding of

.

o th e r lit e r a tu r e ; t h e e dit or w ould de t e r his p u p ils fr om

un or th od ox or h e a th e n lit e r a tu r e by t h e th ought of t h e
Th e p a s sag e sh ows th a t th e r e must
” 1
w eari n ess of study .

h a ve b ee n a qu antity of un o r th od ox lit e r a tu r e a va il a bl e .

of a n oth e r c h a r a c t e r w e r e A r a m ai c T a r gums
”
B ook s
whi c h w r c rt a inly mu c h in s in p Ch r i sti an tim e s
e e e u e re 3 -

as we ll a s l a t e r ; th e se a re oft e n r e f rr e d t o in t e T a lmu d
h 1 ‘
e .

I t is s aid in one of t h e Mi r shi c w or ks th a t wh e n t h e

d a 5

1
h bb t h
S a 6 ( J ru l m T lmu d ) q u t d by H l h r
a C 1 e sa e a o e o sc e

B rt n Th B k f E l i t (Th Int rn ti n l C ri ti l
. .
,

1
a o e oo o cc e s a s es e e a o a ca

C mm nt y ) p p C p E r iv 7
,

—1 3
o e 97 99 ar 1 z a

p 9 ; S tr k E i l i t g i d T lm d p 4
. . . . .
,

1
Z Op it
un z , . c .
, . ac ,
n e un n en a u ,
. 1

1
T h t rm M i dr h whi h ur i t h Bibl ( Ch n xiii
e e as c oc c s n e e 2 ro

xxiv 7) d n t x p i ti n xg i p i lly f
. .
,

22, 1 e o es e os o or e e e s s, es ec a o an

d i fyi n g d m r li i n g h r t r ; furt h r O t l y d B
.

e an o a z c a ac e se e e es e r e an ox ,

Op ci t
77
—
10 0
. .
,
pp . .
1 94 THE B OO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Israelit e s w e r e in Egyp t the y p oss ess e d r olls in t h e r eading
of whi c h th e y d e light e d e v e ry S abb a th ; t h e st a t e m en t is ,

of cour s e m ere ly p i c t or i al but it im p li es t h e s p r ea d of

, ,

lit e r a t ure— th ough t o b e su r e at a mu ch l a t er t im e th an, ,

“
th a t r e fe rr e d t o Am ong b ooks m e nti on e d by n am e
.

a re t h e f oll owing
1
Meg illa t h T a an i t h whi c h e num er a t e s
”
,

an d dis c uss e s f a st d ays whi c h S h ould n ot b e obs erv e d a s

-

f as t s b ecaus e j oyful e ve nts oc cu r re d on t h em in d ays g on e

by ; this p r ob ably b el ongs t o t h e first ce n t u ry of our era .

Th e r oll of G e n e a l ogi e s
“ ”
Of ab out t h e s am e d a t e is ;
wh a t t h e p recis e cont e nts of this w ork were is n ot kn own as ,

only on e qu ot a ti on occ urs in t h e T a lmud i n t h e t r ac t a t e

m
,

J e b a ot h 4 9 b R a bbi J o c h a n an. b en N u r i a c o nt em p or a ry
of R abbi Akib a p oss e ss e d w e a re t old a , Meg il lat h S am , ,

m anim Th e r oll of p owd e rs in whi c h is give n a lis t

of s p i ce s us e d f or m aking in c ens e ; this it is s aid w as a n ,

h ei r l oom b el onging t o t h e h ous e of Ab t i n as R abbi Chi j ja .

(thi r d c ent ury A D ) h ad a b ook call e d. Megillat h

.

S et h ari m Th e r oll of hidd e n things in t his h e wr ot e

”

d own p recep ts an d t h e lik e whi c h it is s aid did n ot r ec e ive , ,

g e n e r al ap p r oval B e sid es t h e s e St r ac k give s r ef e r en c e s t o

.

a l a r g e numb e r of H agg a di c a n d H a l aki c b ooks W hi c h

2 3

n ee d n ot b e e num e r a t e d h er e .

But t h e m os t s t riking p roof of t h e e xi st e n ce of b ooks

in m ore or l ess g e n e r a l use is a ffor d ed by t h e r ecently
f ound Ar am ai c papyri of El ep h antin e (b el onging t o t h e fifth
4

1
St r ac k Op ci t pp . 1 3, 14 .

u h t pi t r n my d tr l gy m di in d m gi
. .
, ,

“
1
S c o cs a s a s o o an as o o e c e an a c,

th p hy d my t i i m d imil r ubj t f llin g m t ly u n d r

,

e oso an s c s an s a s ec s, a os e

h din g f f l k l r p a rul l u nd r t h n m f
,

th e ea o o o e, ss as a e a so e e a e o

H gg d h (S h ht r )
a a a c ec e

U n d r t h i t rm i mbr d ll t h t b l n g t t h tri tly

.

3 e s e s e a ce a a e o s o e s c

l g l ri t u l l m nt i S ri p t ur t h t b d du d t h r fr m
e a or a e e e n c e , or a can e e ce e e o

in lu din g di u i n f u h p int Bu t S h ht r y
,

c sc ss o s o s c o s as c ec e sa s,

t rm x t n d l u g u t m r din n
.
,

th e e t th
e e s d
a so o e sa e s, c s o s, o a ce s a n

d r
ec e e s f whi h t h r i li tt l
or u t h ri ty i t h S ri p t ur
c e e s e or n o a o n e c es .

1
‘
In 190 4 ,
1 9 0 6 — 19 0 8 .
1 96 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
with an d wer e influ en ce d by t h e cont ent s an d t eac hi n g of
b ooks a n d wh e n a disti n c ti on h ad c om e t o b e m a d e

b e tween b ooks wh i ch w er e p e rmitt e d an d b ooks

whi c h were f or bidde n a st ri c t vigil a n ce w as k ep t by t he
,

r eligi ous a uth or iti e s i n orde r t o su p p re ss u n o rt h od ox

”
b ooks . Am ong th es e un orth od ox b ooks th ere w as
on e c l a ss whi c h w as r eg a rd e d a s v ery d a n g e r ous an d t h er e ,

f ore s t ri ct ly f orbidd en v i z th os e whi ch dea l t wi t h t h e

, .

subj ec t of A p ocalyp s e ; t o t h e s e s om e a tt ent i on mus t nex t

b e d e v ot e d .

S U MMA R Y
Th e H ebr ew r oot gan az an d t h e Gree k w ord ap ok ryp hos
mus t b e p r op e r ly under st ood if t h e subj ec t of c a n oni cal an d
un ca n on i ca l b ooks is t o b e discuss ed O r igi n ally ga n az
'

.
,

m eant t o st ore up an d t h en t o st or e up in s ec re t
” “ ”
, ,

t hus t o hide an d e spe ci ally t o hide s ecret wisdom fr om

,

t h e m a ss e s ; l at e r i t c am e t o h av e t h e t ech n i c al s en s e
, ,

i n re ferenc e t o b ooks of withdrawi n g from use

,
”
Th e .

T a lmudi c use of t h e t e rm is im p ort a nt ; wh e n th e re us ed

in referen ce t o b ooks it m eans t h a t su ch b ooks on account ,

of th e ir h er e t i c a l t e ac hing must b e withd r aw n fr om p ubli c

,

use ; t h e w ord is n e v e r i n t h e T a lmud us e d of ca n oni cal

, ,

b ooks th e ms e lv e s n or of t h e b ook s of our A p ocry p h a .

Th e Gr e e k w or d ap ok ryp hos h a d in its or igi n a s a t ech n i ca l ,

t e rm a m ea n ing s om e wh a t simil a r t o gdn az in its e ar ly

, ,

t h ough n ot i n its l a t er c onn ot at i on ; i t w as us e d of b ooks

,

c on t a ining s ec re t t eachi n g on ly t o b e c ommuni ca t e d t o

t h e initi at e d . A p ok ryp hos w a s t h e re f or e us e d fi r s t i n a

, ,

g ood s e ns e ; t h e hidd e n c h a r ac t e r of a p oc ry p h a l
“

b ooks con sis te d i n th eir b eing hidden fr om t h e outside world

f or whi c h t h ey we re t oo g oo d But i n i t s l at er us ag e ap ok ry
.

p h os a ls o corr e s p ond e d t o t h e l a t e r us ag e of g an az ; b ot h

we re us ed in r ef ere n ce t o un ca n oni cal b ooks ; but th e s e

b ooks were not m er ely u ncan on ic al t h ey were als o h ere ti cal
, ,
Chu r c h first th a t a distin c ti on b eg an t o be m ad e b e t ween
,

ca n o ni ca l b ooks a n d b o o ks whi c h th ough n ot ca n oni c a l w e r e

, ,

n eve rth el ess t o be read f or edi fic at i on i e t h e b ooks of our

, . .

A p oc ry p h a But e ve n th e n t h e t e rm
. a oc ry h a l
p p
c o ntinu ed t o b e us e d only in r e fe r e n ce t o h e r e t i c a l b ooks ,

a n d n ot t o th os e of our A p oc ry p h a .

Th e fund am ent a l c h a ng e in t h e use o f t h e t e r m ap oc ry p h a l

w as br ought a b out by St J e r om e ; ow ing t o t h e influx
.
,

during t h e f ou rth ce ntu r y of a numb e r of r e ligi ous writing s

,

fr om t h e E ast e rn Chur ch m any of whi ch it was th ought

,

b e tt e r t o withh old fr om t h e fa ithful St J e r om e d r e w a

, .

sh a r p e r distin c ti on th an h ad obt ai n ed hith e r t o in t h e We st

b e twee n t h e ca n oni cal an d oth e r w r itings h e n ow ap p li e d
t h e t e rm a p oc ry p h a l t o t he b ooks of o ur p r es e nt Ap oc ry
a n d th ough this n ew c onn o t a ti on of t h e t e r m did n o t
p h a
,

a t on ce b ec o m e g e n e r a l it w a s by d eg r ee s a d op t e d a n d h as
,

c ontinu e d e v e r sin c e .

Th ere we r e m a ny un can oni cal b ooks in a dditi on to ,

t h e A p oc r y p h a an d P se ud ep ig r a p h a the r eading o f
,

whi c h w as n ot f orbidd e n p r i or t o t h e f or m a ti on of t h e
C a n on ; but l a t e r all b o oks outsid e t h e C a n on with t h e
, ,

e x c e p ti on of s om e b e l onging t o our A p oc ry h a w e r e f or
p ,

bidd e n ; t h ey we r e c all e d b ooks th a t are with out .

M a ny da ta reg arding t h e exist e n ce of b ooks ap a r t fr om ,

S c ri p tura l on e s am ong t h e J ews in p re Ch r isti a n tim e s are

,
-

a v a il abl e ; fr om th es e it is e vid ent th a t th ere mus t h ave

b ee n much lit era ry ac t i v i t y As th e s e b ooks were va r i e d
.

i n ch a rac t e r an d did n ot by an y m eans n ecess arily alwa ys

con t a in o rth od ox t e ac hing t h e f ac t of th e ir e xis t e n ce illus
,

trat e s t h e n ee d of t h e dis c rimin a ti on whi c h t h e Je wish

re ligi ous auth oriti e s saw fit t o e x e rcis e .
 CHAPTER X
U n c an o n i c al B o ok s (I I ) . T he A po c al y p t i c
L i t e rat ure

[L I T ERA T U R h din g t t h v ri u
E — S ee th e ti n ] ea s o e a o s se c o s

P R E L IMI N A R Y R E M AR K S
N CA N O N I CAL b o ks of s acred ch ar act er c am e t o b
o a e

divid d by t h J wish r ligi ous u t h oriti es i n t o t w o

e e e e a

c t g ori s th ough t h
a e e ,e x ac t dividing lin e v ri e de ccor di ng a a

t o t h Op n on s of di ffer e n t t e h ers
'

e i i Th s t w o t eg ori s ac . e e ca e

co nsist ed o t h e o e h an d of b ooks whi h n t i n d orth o

,
n n ,
c co a e

d x t
o hing but whi ch f o on e reas on o an ot h r w ere n ot
e ac , ,
r r e ,

a dmit t e d int t h C n on ; r ughly S p e king und r t his at e

o e a o a ,
e c

g ory were in c lude d t h e b ooks oi our A p ocryp h a Th e oth er .

c a t eg ory c onsist e d of wh a t w er e r eg a rd e d a s h er e ti c al b ooks .

Th e f orm er th ough t h e y did n ot

,
d efil e t h e h ands w ere ,

p e rmit t e d t o b e r ea d Th e l att e r c am e t o b e r eg a rd e d w i t h
.

h orr or an d t h e re a di ng of th e m w as st rictly f orbidde n th ey

,

wer e c al le d S ep hari m ha chi zon i m Outsid e B ooks

‘

to , ,

whi ch r e fere n ce h as b ee n m a de in t h e p r ece ding c h ap t er ;

wh e n p r ec is ely this t er m cam e t o b e ap p li e d t o t h e m w e c a nn ot
say but it is e v id en t th a t t h e f eeling in r eg a rd t o t h e m
,

e x r ess e d by t h e t e rm w as in e xist e n ce b e f or e B C 1 00
p . . .

N ow a m ong t h e Ou t sid e B ooks were t h os e whi c h w ere

c all e d Ha Gi ly bn i m Th er e is s om e di ffe r e n ce of op in i on
‘

m
-
.

am on g s c h ol ars as t o t h e m ea ning of t hi s t er an d a s t o

19 8
 THE BOO K S O F THE AP OC RYPH A
b abl e as this sounds a t fi r st i t will be see n wh e n w e c om e t o
, ,

c on sid e r th e s e b ook s in b r i e f d e t a i l th a t in s om e c as es t h e,

c ont e nti o n is n o t a lt og e th e r unj ustifi e d .

It is d oubtless due t o thi s Ph a ris a i c h ostility th a t a lm ost

all t h e H e br e w or A r am ai c or igin a ls o f th e s e b ook s h a v e

dis ap p e ar ed a n d th a t th es e w r itings are p r e s e r ve d o nly in

t r a n sl ati ons Th e r e c an m or e ov er b e littl e d oubt th at this
.
, ,

h ostility w as fu rth e r n ou ri sh e d on account of t h e use of

ap oc a ly p ti c b ooks in t h e e a r ly Ch r isti a n Chu r c h .

An oth er p r elimin a ry r em ark ab out this lit er a tu r e is m ec e s

s a ry All t h e kn own b ooks b e l onging t o it h a ve f a ls e n am es

.

i n th e ir titl es f or whi c h rea s on th ey are call e d t h e P seud

,

ep i g rap ha . How a re w e t o acc ount for this a p p ar e nt fr a ud

on t h e p a r t o f w r it e r s w h o w e r e c l e a r ly d e v out an d e a r n e st

men ? This st r ang e p r oc edu r e as it ap p ear s t o us n owa ,

d ays m ,
ay t o a l a r g e e xt e nt b e e x p l a in e d if w e r e m e mb e r th a t

t h e a p oc a lyp ti c w r it e r s a lm ost ce r t a inly d r e w th e ir m at e r i al

f r om p op ul ar t r aditi on M any of t h e id eas whi c h re ce iv e
.

va r i ous e mb odim ent in this lit e r a tu r e w er e d e r ive d d oubt

l essly f r om t h e c omm on st oc k of t h e p op ul a r c ons c i ousn e ss
th eir a s c ri p ti on t o or a ss oc i a ti o n with t h e gr ea t h er oi c fi gu r e s
of a ntiq uity lik e En oc h A b r a h am Is a i ah or t h e twe lve
, , , ,

P a tri arc hs may als o b e a f ea tu r e f r om t h e p op ul ar cons c i ous

,

n e ss . Th e m en w h o r e du ce d t h e v a r i ous e l e m e nts t o writ

ing or utiliz e d th em f or e nf or c ing r eligi ous vi ews or l ess ons

,

may on this V i ew be ac quit t e d from an y c h a r ge of fr aud

, ,

or di sh on e sty th e y im p li citly t r ust e d t h e p op ul a r traditi on

so f ar a s t o b e li e v e th a t t h e id e a s t o whi c h th e y w e r e givi n g

e x re ssi o n r e a lly did b ac k t o t h e h e r o i c figu r e s of old

p g o .

Th eir e stim a t e m or eo ve r of t h e fun c ti on an d im p ort an ce

, ,

of a uth or shi p p r ob a bly di ffe r e d fund a m e nt ally f r om th a t

of t h e m od e rns it was far l e ss S elf c ons c i ous an d was t h e -

n atural out c om e of a lit er ary m odesty whi c h was n a i ve ”1

.

1
Oe st erl e y an d B ox , Op . cit .
, p .
36 .
 co urs e n ot int e nd ed t o be oth e r th a n e x p l a n a t ory ; th en
, ,

a s t h es e w e r e r ep e a t e d a n d h a nd e d on th e y t e nd e d in p r oc e ss ,

of tim e t o b e r eg ard e d a s accoun t s of e ve nts whi c h ac tu ally

did h ap p e n an d whi c h h ad b e e n h a nd e d d own by tra diti on

, .

If this su pp ositi on be c orr ec t it w ould in s om e s ens e be ,

a n al og ous t o t h e s om ewh a t simil a r p r oc e ss whi c h h a p p e n e d in

t h e d om ain of H al ak ah i e th a t whi c h i s c o n ce rn ed with t h e

,
. .

l eg a l an d ritu al e l e m e nts in S c ri p tu re .

A b r i ef ex amin ati o n of th e se ap ocalyp ti c b ooks is d em anded

h ere I n a smu c h as in t h e ea r ly Chu rc h an d in all p robabi —

li t y in t h e p re Ch r isti a n J ewi sh Chu r c h a t on e tim e t h e

- —

distin c t lin e of de m a r cati on b e twee n th e m a n d th ose of t h e

A p oc r yp h a w as n ot drawn in t h e w ay th a t it w as in l at e r
tim es I t is a l so wo r th n oting th a t su c h b ooks as t h e B ook
.

of En oc h an d t h e T e st a m e nts of t h e Tw e lv e P a t r i a r c hs h a v e
, ,

a s Ch a rl e s h as sh own e x e r c is e d m or e influ e n ce u o n t h e
1
, p
w rit er s of t h e N ew Te st a m e n t th a n an y of t h e b ooks of t h e
A p oc ry p h a .

I n giving n ow s om e sh or t acc ount of t h e m or e im p or t a nt

b ooks b el onging t o this b ody o f lit e ra tu r e w e sh a l l t a ke th em , ,

as fa r a s ossibl e in c h r o n ol ogi c a l or d e r ; but as is t o b e

p , ,

e x p ec t e d on e c an n o t a lw ays b e ce rt a i n as t o t h e d at e of a
,

b ook so th at we cann o t c l aim t o b e su r e th a t a st ri c tly

,

c hr on ol ogi ca l ord e r is b e ing f oll ow e d .

( a ) THE B OOK OF EN OC H
[L I T ERA T U R iii p p 5 4 7 3 ; G rm n d
E — S c h ii re r II -
e a e . I II , pp .

6 8— 9 ; S w t T h Old T t m t i Gr k I II
, ,
. . ,

2 2 0 e e, e es a en n ee pp 78 9
l
.
,

8 9 ( 8 99) B r i K ut h II p p 7 3 ( 9
,

0 1 ee n a z sc 21 — 10 1 00 ) Vo z,

l i M r i Li r
.
, , ,

J i l d i h E h tsc g e
pp sc t
a o o n e, . 1 2— 2 1 a ,
Le v e

S hi di ti n f th1
b kee s e o s o e se oo s .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
d H en och
(
’
h rl Th B k f E h ( 9 ) L y
’

190 6) C a e s, e oo o n oc 1 12 e sz n

k y D i S dd d
s pp 5 3 6 6 ( 9 ) e C h rl i T h Ap
a uz er, 2 —2 1 12 a es, n e oor

d f th Ol d T t m t I I p p 8 ( 9 3 ) C h rl
. .
,

dP an seu 63 o e es a en . 1 —2 1 1 1 a es,
,

E h t l gy ; H b w j wi h d C h i ti B k i tt
.
,

sc a o o e re e s an r s an ur
r i l
, ,

r
,

j wi h d C h ei t i A p lyp s p p 7 3
an 4 T h t s an oca ses 1 — e a c es

lyp ti L i t r t ur i H ti n g D i t f th B i bl
.

” ’
Ap
on oca c e a e n as s c . o e e,

th E y l B i bl e d th j wi h E y l I t h
nc c t b n an e e s nc c . as no ee

t h ugh t n ry t n um r t t h di ti n f t h v i u
. .
,

o e c e ssa o e e a e e e o s o e ar o s

p ubli h d rigi l t xt t h s giv n i S hur r K u t h

e o na e s as ese are e n c e , a z sc

d C h rl Thi p p li t ll t h p lyp t whi h w

,

an a es . s a es o a e a o ca se s o c e

h ll r f r ]
s a e e .

A ccordi n g t o Ch ar l s t h e v ri ous el em en t s f whi c h t h e e a o

b ook in its p res e nt f orm is m ad up b el ong t o di ff r n t d at e s e e e .

Th f oll owing t bl e will sh ow t h e d at e s of t h e di ffe r n t p rt s

e a e a

of th e
b ook Ch arl e s b eli e ves th a t th es e are p r ob ably
c orr e c t with out c ommitting hims elf t o t h e c e rt ai nt y of t his
,

i n eac h c as e :
hpC a s

xii xxxvi
.

x iii
.

Th
.

l d tp M e o es re -
ac ca
c
Th Ap
.

ly f W k b rti n
7 j
p e oca se o ee s aean o o s
xci 1 2— 1
p .

vi xi
.

liv 7 lv
.

F r gm B 2
-

nt f th k M
. .

P b t th a e s o e oo re c
a c ca aean a e
1 x

lxv lxix 5
.

f N
-
h 2
l t t o oa
1
a es .

vii
. .

cv i c

lxxxi i i Dr m Vi i n
. .

Th — xc .
65 6 e ea s o s, B C
. . 1 —1 1

1xxii lxxxii B k f t h H v nly L umin ri Bfr

.
, .

Th .
— . e oo o e ea e a es . e o e

B C 1 10

xxxvi i lxxi Th P r bl S imili t u d

. . .

.
— . e a a e s, or es
64 B C 10 —
8 5 —c1v
. . .

x c1 9 1— 1 1 , 1 1 .

T h l t t p r t i n bu t p Chri ti n
.
,

i .
—v . e a es o o ,
re — s a .

Ch ap t e r cv whi h c nsists on ly of t wo v r s es c nn ot be .
, c o e , a

d at e d whil e viii is a ording t o Ch arl es an ap p en dix t c .

,
cc ,
o

t h en ti r e w ork
e

Whil th s e d t es m
.

ay b e r eg ard ed a s ap p r oxim a t ely cor

e e a

rec t it sh ould b e p oi nt e d out th at t h ere is n ot a com p le t e c on

s e nsus of Op ini on am ng s ch ol ars on t h e subj ec t
,

S chur r o . e ,

1
P rt i n f t hi b k
o l f u n d i t h B k f J ubil
o s o s oo a r e a so o n e oo o ees ,

vii .
39 x
20 — 5 p xxi ,
. 1— 1 ,
c . . IO .
 204 THE B O OK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
a b ou t h eav enly lum in a r i e s h e w as thus t h e m ost ap p r o
the
r i a t e a uth o r o f a b o o k whi c h w a s t o d ea l with a st r on omi ca l
p
qu e sti o ns Th e S adducae an c h a r ac t e r of t h e o rigin al
.

w or k s ays Lesz yn sk y
,
“
is s ee n m ost c l ea r ly in t h e dis
,

c ussi on r e g a r ding t h e c a l e n d a r c h a t e r lxxii — lxxxii

p a r e
'

. .

rightly c a ll e d t h e B ook of A st r o n omy t h e b ook of t h e

‘
1
:

cours e s of t h e lumin a ri e s of t h e h ea v e n t h e r e l ati o ns of ,

e ac h a cc o r ding t o t h eir c l a s ses

,
th e ir d omini on an d th eir ,

s eas ons accor ding t o th e ir n am e s an d p l ac e s of or igin an d

, ,

ac co r ding t o th e i r m onths with r eg ard t o all t h e years

of t h e w o r ld an d unt o e t e rnity till t h e n ew c r e a ti o n is aec om ,

p li s h e d whi c h e ndu r e th till e t e r nity ( lxxii Th a t s o u n ds .

a lm ost a s t h ough t h e a uth or of t h e B oo k of Jubil ee s h a d

writt e n it Th a t it is n ot a m erely s c i e n tifi c int e r est whi c h

.

im p els t h e writ e r t o give e x p ressi on t o his ast r on omi cal

th e ori e s m ay b e s ee n f r o m t h e w or ds a t t h e con c lusi on of t h e

s ec ti on Ble ss e d are all t h e r ight e ous bl e ss e d are all th os e ,

wh o w a lk in t h e w a y of right eousn e ss an d si n n ot a s t h e ,

si n n e rs in t h e r eck oni n g of a ll t h ei r d ays in whi c h t h e sun ,

t r a ve rs e s t h e h eaven e nt ering int o an d d ep arting f r om t h e

,

p o r t a ls f or thi rt y d a ys ( lxxxii .
4 H e r e i n on e .

c an dis c e r n quit e c l e arly t h e t e nd e n c y of t h e writ e r He .

d esire s t h e a d op ti on of t h e s ol ar year while his cont em p o ,

r a r i es wron gly f oll owed a di ffere nt r eck oning an d th eref ore

ce l eb r a t e d t h e f ea sts at t h e wr ong tim e Th e sinn e r s w h o
‘
.

sin i n t h e reck oning of t h e y ea r are t h e Ph a ris ee s ; an d

t h e r igh t e ous on e s w h o are bl ess e d t h e Za ddi k i m ? wh o w alk ,

u p on t h e p a ths of right eousn e ss ( Z edek ) as t h e n am e w as ,

m ade t o im p ly we r e t h e S a ddu cees ,

Lesz yn sk y w or ks .

out his a rgum ent in mu c h d e t a il t h e study of t h e wh ol e o f ,

whi c h is n ecess a ry t o g r as p t h e full f or c e of his co nt enti on .

Th e ot h er p o r t i on s of t h e b ook h e d oes n ot h old t o b e S a ddu

1
I e Th e B k f t h H v nly Lumin ri
oo o e ea e a e s, as C h rl
a e s ca l l it
s

mt h
.

righ t u pl y t h w rd Z
. .

2 Le the eo s a a on e o a dd i t h i
‘

, e so ns
Z S ddu
.

of a do k ,
i . e .th e a cee s .
of b eginn ing of Ch risti a nity t o be a bl e t o say t o wh a t c i r c le
t he
”
t h e a uth or of this writing b el ong e d .

Th e c on t e nti o ns of Ch a r l es a n d Leszyn sk y are thus di a

m e tri c ally Op p os ed To t h e p r e s ent w r it e r t h e g r ea t di ffi
.

c ulty in acce ting e ith e r as it s t a nds li e s in t h e f ac t th a t

p .

b roa dly S p ea king t h e A p ocalyp ti c Lit e r a ture of whi c h t h e

, ,

B ook of En oc h is t h e m ost st r iking e x am p le we p oss es s w as ,

ac c e t a bl e t o n e ith e r Ph a r is ee s n or S a ddu c e es N o d oubt

p .

Ch ar l es is right in assigning t h e ea r li er p or ti ons of t h e b ook

(i e t h e p re Maccabm
. .
-
an ) t o t h e C hassi di m ; but w e h a ve
s ught in an e a r li e r c h a p t e r t o sh ow th a t Fri e dland e r is
o ,
1
,

j ustifi e d in m ai nt a ining th a t t h e Cha ssi di mw e r e t h e f orb e a r s

of b oth A oc a ly tists a n d Ph a r i see s t w o br a n c h e s o f t h e
p p ,

p a r e nt st oc k whi c h d ive r g e d wid ely in sp it e of som e fund a

m e nt al p oint s of f amily liken e ss Th e B ook of En oc h ,

the r ef ore m
.

a
y ,i n its p re,M acca b m a n p o r ti ons-
w e ll b e ,

as c rib e d t o t h e C h a ssi di m ; but it is n ot on th a t account

n ec ess ary t o as c r ib e all t h e l at e r p orti ons t o t h e Ph a r is ee s
th r ee p oints e s p e c i ally milit a ting ag a inst this : t h e M essi a ni c
d oc t rin e t h e g en e r ally s p eaking unive rs a listi c S p i r it an d
, , , ,

t h e a ttitu de t o t h e L a w n ot b e ing t h e Ph a r is a i c on e ?
Th e
Ap ocaly p ti sts on t h e oth e r h a nd w e r e a ls o t h e d e s cend a nt s
, ,

o f t h e C ha ssi di m; a n d n o suffi c i e n t r ea s o n e xists f or n ot

a s c ribing t h e bulk of t h e l a t e r p o r ti ons of our b ook t o th e m .

Reg ar di n g Leszyn sk y s vi e w whil e w e fee l th a t th a t p ar t of

’

it is j ustifi ed whi ch a s c rib es t o t h e S addu cees t h e B ook of

1
S ee p 9 3
wh t i i d b v ti on c a ll e d
. .

1
S e e al so th a s sa a o e on e se c Th e B o o k of

the H v nly L umin ri

ea e B k a e s,
”
or oo of A str on o my .
20 6 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
A st r n omy (lxx ii — l xxxii )an d p ossibly c ert ai n ot h er p or
o . .

ti ons th ere is a gr a ve diffic ul ty in r eg arding su c h p a rts as

,

i — xxxvi an d x c iii
. . xc i 1 2 17
. i n whi c h t h e a p oca ly p ti c
, .
—
,

e l em e nt is
p r o mi n e n t a s o f S a d d u c ae
,
a n origin f or n o t h ing ,

t h at we k n ow of t h e S a dducees l ea ds us t o supp ose t h at t h ey

c ultiv a t e d a p oc aly p ti c s t udi e s Wh at w e f ee l t o b e of .

e xtr em e im ort a n ce in a ssigning a u t h orshi t o J ewish b ooks

p p
b el onging t o t h e l as t t w o p re Chris t i an ce ntu r i e s is t h e f ac t -

w e ll e x p ress e d by Fri edlan der Bu t wh o w ould m ai n

t ain th at t h es e t w o p ar t i es i e th e Ph aris ees an d S addu c ee s ,
. .
,

c onsti t ut e d i n r ea lity t h e J ewish p e op l e at this p er i od ,

h ow ever mu c h t h ey m ay h av e b ee n p ush e d int o t h e f or e

gr ound of his t ori cal e v ents Th e Ph aris ees an d S adducee s ,

n o l e ss t h a n t h e Ess e n es w h o w er e f ar r em ove d fr om t h e
,

S p h er e of p oli t i c s w er e onl y s ec ts of t h e J ews

,
Th e Ph a ri .

s ee s f orm e d e ven on J os ep hus sh owing (A n ti q X VI I ii

’

, . , , .

onl y a f r ac t i on of t h e p e op l e an d did n ot n umb er mu c h m or e ,

th a n six t h ous an d all t old t h e y were t hus n ot muc h m ore

num er ous t h an t h e Ess en es wi t h t h eir f our t h ous an d (Phil o ,

Quad om n p rob I I 4 5 7
. .
,
J os ep hus A n ti q XVI I I i
,
An d ,
.
, , .

if i t b e willi ngly gran t ed t h at t h e Ph aris ees h ad m an y adh er

e nts a m ong t h e eo l e e t this w a s v e ry f ar fr om b ein g t h e
p p y ,

Pe op l e i t s elf . And wh ere r em ai n t h en t h e grea t m ass es

of t h e p eop l e of t h e l an d t h e r eally d ecidi n g f a c t or wh o
’

, ,

were n eith er Ph aris aean n or S adducaean but am on g wh om ,

t h e J ewish S p iri t oi t h e p e op l e ( Volk sg ei st) d e ve l op e d u n d e r

- - -
,

fav ourabl e c on di t i ons during t h e m em orable d ays of t h e

Pt ol emys was n ot yet wh olly e x t i nguish e d an d s t i ll p oss ess e d
,

suffic i ent p owe r t o p r ot ec t i t s elf ag ai n s t t h e y ok e whi ch

Ph aris aism s ough t t o p ut u p on t h e p eop l e ? ”1
.

I t is n ot n ecess ary t o a ssum e th at all t h e li t er ature pro

duced by t h e J ews duri n g t h es e c ent uri e s em an at e d e ith er
from Ph aris aic or S adducaean c i r c l es Th ere are ot h er .

a l t e rn at iv e s an d i n t h e r e s e nt c a s e i t s ee ms m o s t r ob abl e
p p
1
D ie rel . B eweg un
gen pp .
59 , 60 .
 THE B OOKS O F THE APOCRYPHA
'

th e L ast Thi n gs t h e t eaching ab out t h e Judge m e nt va r i es ac

,

c or ding as t o wh e th e r t h e M essi a ni c Kingd om is c on c e iv e d of a s

an e t e rn a l ea rthly ki n gd om i n whi c h c a s e t h e fin a l Judg e m en t ,

r ec e d es it or a s only a t e m p or a ry e a r thly kingd om wh e n t h e

p , ,

Judge m ent t a kes p l ace at its c l os e in xxxvi i — lxxi Th e . .

Simi litud es it is t aught th a t t h e M e ssi ani c Ki ngd om is

e t ern a l an d e mbr ac e s h ea v e n an d ea r th h e r e it is initi a t e d by ,

t h e fin a l Judg e m e nt Th e p unishm e nt of t h e wi ck e d t a k e s
.

l c e i n Sh eol a rt of whi c h is a p l ac e of fi re a n d e quiv a l e nt

p a p , ,

t o t h e l a t e r G eh e nn a c on c e p ti on ; an oth e r p a rt of Sh eol i s
d es c rib ed as an int e rm edi a t e resti n g p l ac e of t h e right eous -
.

I n t h e old est p or t i ons of t h e b ook b oth s oul an d b ody a ,

hysi c a l b ody ris e an d abid e e t ern ally in t h e ea rt hly Mes

p ,

si an i c Kingd om i n Th e Simili t ud e s it is a sp i ri t ual b ody

whi c h ris es t o a sp iritu al ki ngd om while in t h e l at est
s ec ti on of t h e b ook it is t aught th a t only t h e s p i r it r is es an d ,

on ly t h e r ight eous a t t a in t o t h e r esu r r ec ti on .

M os t of t h e N ew T e st am ent w rit e r s h a ve b ee n influ e n ce d

by t h e b ook in th ought an d di c ti on I t is qu ot ed as a .

g e nuin e p r odu c ti on of En oc h by St Jud e (v er s e s 1 4 an d .

,

as S c r i p ture by St B a rn ab a s Th e auth or s of t h e B ook of

. .

Jubilees t h e A p oc alyp s e of B ar u ch an d 4 Ezr a lai d it

, ,

und e r co ntribu t i on With t h e e ar li e r Fath e r s an d A p ol o

.

gis t s it h ad all t h e weight of a can oni cal b ook ”1

.

(b) THE S I B Y LL I N E O R AC LE S
[L I T ERA T U R S hur r I I iii p p 7 — 9 G rm n d I I I p p
E — c e 2 0 2 2, e a e .

5 5 5 5 9 ; Bl K ut h II p p 77 7 ; L n h t r
. .
, ,
.
, ,

— 2i a ss, n a z sc 1 —2 1 a c es e

i n C h rl I I p p 3 6 8 4 6 ; M 8 T rry h p ubli h d t hi
.
, , ,

a es, — 0
. . . e as s e s

b k i bl nk v r (N w Y k u n d t d) S l rti l
,

oo n a e se e or a e e e a so an a c e
~

t hi b k i t h E di b gh R i w J uly 8 7 7 p p 3
.
,

on s oo n e n ur ev e , ,
1 , . 1

This w r k consis t e d or igin lly of f our t een b ooks t w lve

o a ,
e

of whi ch h ve su r vive d ; but w

a h re n er d only e a re e co c ne

with t h Pr ooemium d b o ks iii

e t h r m ind e r b l ong an o .
—v .
, e e a e

C h rl
1
Th B a k f E h ( de s,
p ix e oo o n oc 2n . .
 i n g t o l at e r tim es Th e Prooemium an d b ooks iii — v b e l on g
.
. .
,

like t h e r est of t h e w or k t o di ffe re nt d at es but t h e bulk of

, ,

t h e P r ooemium an d b ook iii b el ong t o a b out t h e middl e of

.

t h e s e cond c e ntu r y B C b ooks i v an d v t o t h e l a t t e r h alf of

. .
, . .

t h e firs t c e n t u ry A D Th es e p orti ons are all J ewish in t h e

.

m ain th ough int er sp e r s e d with Ch r isti an el em e nts

, .

Of auth orshi p littl e c an be s aid t h e m ain p or ti on of t h e

Prooemium an d b ook iii were p r ob ably w r itt e n by a J ew of
.

Al e x a nd r i a p a r ts of b ook iv by a P a lestini an J ew a n d t h e
, .
,

bulk of b ook v als o by a J ew of A l ex a nd r i a

. Th e Ora c l e s .

we re of cou r s e all w ritt e n in G r ee k an d th ey wer e p ut f orth

, , ,

i n t h e i n t erest s of J e wi sh p rop aga n da of whi c h m e nt i on ,

h as already b ee n m ad e a b ove Th ey we re wr itt e n in t he

.

f orm of t h e a n c i e nt h e ath e n orac l e s in G r eek h e x am e t e r s , .

in thelatest Th e sibyl of h eath e n a ntiquity w a s a p r op h e t e ss ins p i r e d by

t h e g ods w h o p r op h e si e d a b out t h e f a t e of c iti e s an d k ing
d oms an d g ave couns e l in t im es of st r e ss a n d diffic ulty ;
,

sh e dw e lt , like a nym p h b e sid e st r eams or in g r o tt oes

, .

“
Writt en r ec o r d s of su p p os e d Sibyllin e or ac le s s ays ,

S c h ii re r ,
we r e h e r e an d th e r e in c i rc ul a ti on ; but su c h
rem ains of the m as h ave c om e down t o us th r ough occ asi on al
qu ot ati on s in a uth or s su ch a s Plut a r ch P au sani as an d o th e r s ,

a re b r i e f an d s c a nty an d fu r nish n o d istin c t n oti o n of th e m

, .

I n Asi a Min or an d G r eec e th es e p i ece s c i r c ul a t ed only in

p riv a t e p o ss e s si on with
,
o ut b e ing p ubli c ly su e r vi se d or
p
offi c i a lly us e d ; but th ei r c r e dit an d influ e n c e mu st n ot
”
b e on th a t account light ly e stim a t e d 1
B ook iii whi c h is . .
,

of m ost im p ort a n ce in t h e p r e se nt c onn e c t i on is full of ,

ap oc a ly p ti c e l e m e nts it t ells of t h e f at e of t h e su cce s siv e

kingd om s whi c h are t o b ea r r ul e over t h e J ews an d of t h e ,

j udge m ents of God u p o n b o th J e ws a n d G entiles t h e c oming

of t h e M e ssi a ni c k ing is p r op h e si e d an d t h e vi c t o r y o v e r ,

his a dver s a ri es d e s c r ib e d an a cc ount of t h e p r osp e r ity an d

bl ess ed n ess of t h e M essi a ni c Kingd om f oll ows t o whi ch is ,

1
Op . ci t .
,
II ,
iii . 2
73 .
 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
adde d a rec it a l of th e signs whi ch sh a ll h erald the e n d of all

things
w rd u p n t h t r li t h v n
Wh en s o s o e s a -
ea e s

Ap p r t v n d t m rn ea a e e an a o

Th n will t h whirlwind m fr m h v n
,

e e co e o ea e

Up n th rt h ; t h u b v
o e ea e s n a o e

At m wi ll hi n
’
id d y t -
a e en c e a se o s e,

T h m n i n t d will gi v h e ligh t
oo s ea e er

m g i n u p n t h rt h
,

A d n co e a a o e ea

ign wil l b t h t dr p f bl d
.

O ne s e a o s o oo

W ill fl w d wn fr m t h v ry r k ; o o o e e oc s

A d i th l u d h ll y b h l d
n n e c o s s a e e o

A n fl i t f ugh t t wi x t w rri r fi r
co c o
’
a o s e c e,

L i k wi h u p n wil d b t
e se a c ase o e a s s,

All mi gly i n h y mi t se e n az s

Th n h ll t h L r d Wh d w ll i n h v n
.

e s a e o o e s ea e

Bri ng ll t hing t t h ir fin l d (iii 79 8 a s o e a en .

I n b ok V s well as i n b ook
o I t h e p o alyp t i c e l em ent
a v .
, a c

is bs nt with t h e o e ex cep t i on t h t i n t h e l att er t h ere is a

a e ,
n a

p r op h c y of w oe u p on t h e id ol atr ous G ntil s a d of bl ssing

e e e ,
n e

u p n Is r l ( v 2 6 0
o ae Th su p r i rity f Jud aism ov r
. e e o o e

t h e h e th n r ligi ons is
a e s o e w ould ex p ec t i n p r op g andis t ,
a ne a

lit r t ure of t his kind g ai n

e a d g a i n i n sis t e d u p on ,
a an a .

() cT H E T E S T A M E N T S OF T H E T W E L V E P A T R I A R C HS

[ L I T ERA T U R S i nk r T t m t E — ii P t i h e m es a en a x a r a rc a ru

y xxii p p 3 7 9 ( 8 7 ) S h ur r
.
,

A t Ni
n e -
C h i ti Li b
cen e r s an ra r 1 — 1 1 c e

I I iii p p 4 ; G rm n d I I I p p 3 3 9 3 5 6 ; S hn p p
. .
, ,

11 —12 e a e — c a
4
i n K u t h I I p p 4 5 8 —5 6 ; C h rl Th T t m t f th
. . . .
, , , , ,

a z sc 0 a e s, e es a en s o e

Tw l P t i h l i Th A p
.
, ,

e ve a r a rc d P ud p i g
s a so n e ocr an se e r

m
. .

o f the O ld Testa en t, II pp . 2 8 2— 3 6
7 L e sz yn sk y D i e S a dd uz der ,

Burk i tt j
, ,

pp 2 3 7— 2 5 2 e w i sh a n d C h r i sti a n A p oc a

r ti l i Th j wi h Q t ly
.
,

l yp p p 3 4 if
ses, Tw o a c es n e e s ua r er
R i w V p p 3 7 5 3 9 8 by C O t h J wi h A u t h r
. .

yb
ev e .
— on ea re , n e e s o

hi p f t h T t m nt f t h Tw lv P t i r h
, , ,
”
s o e d pp 4
es a e so e e e a r a c s, an . 00

4 6 by K hl r
0 Th P T lmu di H gg d
o e on e re a c a a a
-

Pr f ss r Ch rl s s ys in r f ren ce t o t h auth or shi p f

o e o a e a e e e o

this b ook I h ave with s om e h esit a ti o n com e t o t h e con

e lusi on th a t t h e gr ou n dw ork is t h e w ork of a S ingl e writ e r

of th e Ph aris aic s c h ool He is an u p h old er of th e Law an d .

 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
We h ave h ere t h e at t e st a ti on m ost re m a r k abl e rev olu of a

ti on in t h e J ew ish ex p ec t ati ons of t h e M essi ah F or s om e .

thi r ty or f orty years t h e h op es of a M e ssi ah fr om Jud ah w as

a b and o n e d i n f a v ou r of a M e ssi a h fr om L e vi But wi th .

t h e b r eac h o f Hyrcan us with t h e Ph ari s ee s this h o e w as

p
a b a nd on e d a n d so w e find th a t in t h e fi r st ce n t u r y a ddi
,

ti ons t h e h Op e of a M e ssi ah f r om Jud a h r eapp e a r s (T Jud

, . .
,

xxiv 5 6 ; T N ap h iv 5
.
, .
1
An easi e r an d m ore
.
, .

n a tu r al e x p l an a t i on h owe v e r is f orth coming if a s w e b e

, , ,

li e ve t h e gr oundw or k of this b ook is of S adducaean a uth or

,

shi p Th e l oy al acc ep t a n ce of t h e r e igning dyn a sty is by n o

.

m ea ns n ece ss a rily a p r oof of Ph a ris a i c auth orshi p for t h e ,

Ph a ris ees b r ok e e ntire ly with J ohn Hyrcan us b ef ore t h e

en d of his r e ign (B C whil e t h e S addu cees w e re l oy al
. .

t o him in c ons e qu e n c e ? Th e r e fe r e n c es t o t h e r e surre c ti on

of t h e b ody w ould b e f a t a l t o S a dduca e an a uth orshi p if it

c o uld b e p r ov e d th a t t h e s e are n ot l a t e r in t e r p ol a ti ons .

Th at a Ph a ris ee h as wor k e d over t h e b ook is abund a ntly

e vid e n t We c on c lude th e r efore th a t a s in t h e gr oundwor k
.
, ,

of t h e b ook t h e distin c t iv e m ar ks of Ph a ris a ism are w a nting ,

an d th a t as wh a t m a r ks th er e are are th os e of a S ad ducaean ,

C h arac t e r t h e b ook in its origin al f o rm w as w r itt e n by a

’
,

S addu cee f or t h e p u r p os e of m a king p e ac e with t h e Ph ar is e es

f or t h e p ea cea bl e t on e of m a ny p a r ts of t h e b ook is on e of its
c h a r a c t e ris t i c s t h e vi r tu e of unity a m ong t h e d es ce nd ants
of t h e P a tri ar c h s is a g a in an d a g a in insist e d on Tra i ts .

of a s p e c ifi c a lly S adducaean c h a r a c t e r are w ell br ough t out

by Leszyn sk y ?
On t h e oth er h and n othing c ould b e m ore ,

um Ph aris ai c th a n t h e s p i r it of t h e b ook so w ell describ ed

-

by Ch ar l es A tru e son of t h e l arg er h ear t e d Old Te s t a -

1
Op ci t pp x cv n f
Th r i i n d d n thing t p r hibi t fr m d tin g t h b k
. . . . .
,

1
e e s, ee o o o us o a e oo

ligh tly l t r t h n Ch rl d ( i ig in g i t
,

S a e 9 a d a es oes v z B C 10 an ass n

r ign f A l x n d r J m T t m nt f
. . .

th 3 76
— o
t o e e o e a e an n us, B C . . 10 . es a e

L vi viii
e 4 d t mili t t
. 1 g in t t hi o es n o a e a a s s .

1
Op . ci t .
, pp . 2 39 ff .
for m t he no rm accor d ing t o whi c h Israe l will b e j udg ed .
”1

Th e ea r li e st f o r m of t h e b ook as n ow in e xi st e n c e is
G r ee k ; but t h i s is a t r a nsl a ti o n from a H ebrew o rigin a l .

This is p rove d by t h e p r es en ce of numb e r le ss H e b r ew

c onst ru c ti o ns a n d e x p r essi ons thr ough out t h e b ook I n its .

o r igin a l f orm e ac h of the Test am e nts s eems t o h ave

b ee n m od ell e d on t h e s am e p a tt e rn in eac h ca s e t h e p a t r i a r c h
first gives an acc ount of his life this is b as ed on t h e
Old Test am ent but e mb ellish e d with m any n ew d e t a ils
, .

I n e ac h a ut obi ograp hy t h e p a t r i ar c h ca ndi dl y c onfe ss e s t h e

sins of whi c h h e h as b ee n guilty th ough in s om e inst a n ce s ,

h e is abl e t o b oast of his vi r tu e s In t h e n e xt p l a ce t h e

.
,

p a tri a r c h o ff e rs in eac h c a s e a n e xh o r t a ti o n t o h i s d e s c e n d
a nts this is b as e d on t h e p r ec e d ing aut obi og r a p hi ca l
ske t c h ; wa r nings a re utt e re d ag ainst f alling int o t h e sin s
of w hi c h t h e n a rr a t o r hims e lf h as b ee n guilty in t h e c as e of
his life h a ving b ee n a vi r tu ous on e it i s h e l d out as a n e x am p l e
for his d es c e nd a nts t o f oll ow A thi r d e l em e nt in eac h of t h e
.

Te st am e nt s i s a p r e di c ti on r eg a r ding t h e futu re of t h e t rib e

in qu esti o n .

Th e r e a re a numb e r of l a t e r Ch r isti a n int e r p ol ati ons an d

a dditi ons in t h e b oo k but g e n e r ally sp eaking th e s e are of
, ,

so obvi ous a c h a r ac t e r th a t th e y m a b e dis ce r n e d a t o n c e

y
a g ood e x a m l e is f ound in t h e T e st a m e nt o f Sim e o n vi 7
p .
,

wh e re th ese wo r ds a re adde d B ecau se God h a th t a ke n a

b ody an d e a t e n with m en , an d s a ve d m en
”
Or ag a in in
.
, ,

t h e Te st a m e nt of L e vi xiv 2 t h e or igin al t e xt r uns

.
,
F or
our fa th e r Is r ae l is ur e fr om t h e t r a n sg r e ssi on s o f t h e c hi e f
p
p ri e sts , th e n t h e f oll owing Ch r i sti a n a dditi o n is m a d e

Wh o sh all lay th e i r h a nds u p on t h e S a vi ou r of t h e w or ld .

1
Op . ci t .
, p . x vii
c .
21 4 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA

Simil ar a dditi ons as we ll as int e r p ol at i ons occ ur th r ough ou t

, ,

t h e b ook .

But t h e grea t im p or t a n c e of t his b ook li es in its e thi cal

t eaching wh e r ein it oft e n r e veals a S p i ri t t h or oughly aki n
,

t o th a t of t h e G os p els i t will b e b es t t o illustra t e t his by

giving t w o of t h e m os t n ot abl e e x am p l e s I n t h e Te st a .

m en t of Ga d vi 3— 7 it is s aid L ove ye t h e r ef ore on e

'

.
,

h eart ; an d i f a m
,

a n o th e r f r om t h e an sin a g a i n s t t h ee ,

c a st f orth t h e p ois o n of h a t e a n d s p ea k p eace ably t o him ,

a n d in thy s oul h old n ot guil e an d if h e c onf ess an d re

.

p e nt f o
, rgiv e him But if h e d e ny it
. d o n o t g et i nt o a ,

p a ssi o n wi th him l e st c a t c hing t h e

p ois on f r om th e e h e t ak e
,

t o swea r ing an d so th ou S i n d oubly Bu t if h e b e sh am e .

l ess an d p er ish e th in his wr ong d oing e ve n so f orgive him

,
-

f r om t h e h e art a n d l ea v e t o God t h e a ve nging (with this

,

c om p a r e M a t t xviii 1 5 Luk e xvii

. Th e c o mm an d t o
.
,
.

l ove God an d on e s n eighb our finds e x p re ssi on in t h e Tes t a

’

m e nt of Ga d v 3 L ove t h e L ord th r ough a ll y our life

.
,

a nd o n e a n oth e r w ith a tru e h ea r t ( p M at t xxii 3 7

'

c . . .

Th e s e an d m any ot h e r ex am p l es of a simil ar c h ar act er are

a ll t h e m or e st r iking wh e n it is s ee n h ow c l os e t h e linguisti c

p a r a ll e ls ar e ( a m o u n ting f r e qu e ntly t o v e r b a l id e ntity )

b e twee n t h e Gree k t e xt of our b ook an d t h at of t h e G osp e ls .

Whil e th e s e an d simil a r p ass ag es rea d like g e nuin e p ar ts of

t h e o r igin a l w or k t h e p ossi bi li ty t h a t th e y m ay b e Ch r isti a n

is n ot e x c lud ed .

Th e T est am ents c an s c arcely b e r ec k on ed as b el onging

t o t h e A p oca ly p ti c Lit e r a t u r e p r op e r bu t th e re are a p oc alyp ,

t i c e l em e n t s i n t h e t e s t am e n t s of L e vi an d of N ap h t h ali .

( )
d THE P S A LM S or S OLOM O N
[ L I T ERA T U R R yl d J m
E — e an a es, Th e P sa l m s o f S lm
o o on

Ki tt l i K u t h I I p p
e n a z sc 1 2 7— 1 4 8 S c h ii rer I I iii p p 1 7— 2 3 ,

it u m m
. .
.
, ,

G rm n d I II p p
, , ,

e a 5e 20 — 2 12 V ea L es P sa u es d e S a lo on

( 9 ) R n d l H rri Th m m
.
.
, , ,

1 11 e e a s, e Odes an d P sa l s o f S olo on (19 1 1)

L e sz yn sk y , Op . ci t .
, pp . 2 7 4 — 2 79 ; Bu h c a n an G r y i n Ch rl
a a e s,
 THE B OO KS OF T HE A POCRYP HA

f r ee will as d es c r ib e d by J os ep hus (B ell jud I I viii 1 4) .

, .

th e s e a s c r ib e all t o f a t e an d t o God an d yet all ow th a t t o ,

ac t as is r ight o r t h e c o nt r a ry is p rin c i p a lly in t h e p ow e r of

, ,

men : alth ough fa t e d oes c o op er at e in e ve r y ac ti on— is -

a lm ost e x ac tly p a r all e l e d by t w o p a ss ag e s in t h e Ps alm s ,

V 4 ix
.
, .

( e ) TH E B O OK OF J U B I LE E S
[L I T ERA T U R E — h r r I I iii p p 3 4
Sc ue 1 -
141, Ge rm a n ed III pp
L i tt m nn i K ut h
.

h rl
. . .
, , ,

— 8 a II 1 —1 1 9 C
37 1 3 4 ; a n pp 3 z sc ; a e s,

f j bi l
.

B
, , ,

The ook o u ( 9 ) L y ees 1 02 e sz n sk y Op c i t pp 79 36 1 —2

C h rl
. . .
, ,

a e s, i n T he A pocr . a n d P seudep of th e O T . . .
,
II pp 1 ,
.

A lth ough thi s b ook is a ls o kn own as Th e A p oca lyp s e

( Syn ce llus ) it i s n ot an a p oc aly p ti c w or k i n t h e
”1
of M ose s ,

p r op e r s e ns e of t h e w o r d I t p ur p or ts h ow e v e r t o h a ve .
, ,

b ee n give n through a ng e ls t o M os es on M ount Sin ai an d can , ,

th eref or e in a c e r t a in s e ns e b e de s c r ib e d as an ap oca lyp s e

,

bu t it s carce ly t ou ch es u p on t h e th em e s whi c h f orm t h e

m a in c o nt e nt of t h e a p o c aly p t i c w o r ks p r op e r I t is als o .

Littl e G en esi s as it f oll ows t h e n a rr a tive as

‘

c a ll e d t h e ,

give n in t h e B ook of G e n esis an d Ex odus i xii but this is .

—
.
,

divid e d int o fix ed p e r i ods of t im e or Jubil ee s h e n ce its , ,

n am e ; f or thi s w or d is di r ec tly d er ive d f r om t h e H ebrew

t e r m j obe l whi ch acc or ding t o m ost m od e r n s ch ol ars
m ea ns ram or r am s h or n
,

t h e y ea r of Jubil e e thus
’

”
m ea ns lit e r ally t h e y ear of r a m s h o rn ; t h e fift i e th ye ar
’

w as so c a ll e d b eca u se it w a s p r oc l a im e d by t h e bl owing of
r a ms h or ns ( see Lev A S t h e auth o r s ee ks t o “
’
.

r ep ro du ce t h e hist ory of p rimitiv e tim e s i n the sp i ri t of hi s

own day h e d e a ls with t h e bibli c a l t ext in a v e r y free
,

f ashi on M any things th a t did n ot h ap p e n t o int ere st him

.
,

or t h a t h e co nsid e r e d obj e c ti on able w e r e e ith e r omitt ed ,

or a lt e r e d whil e o th e rs w e r e still fu r th e r am p lifi e d by t h e

,

a dditi on of num e r ous p a rti c ul a r s of on e kind or a n oth e r

”

( S ch ii rer Op ci t I I iii p
, . .
, , . .

1
Op ci t . I I p 6 30 .
, Bu t see b e l o w p p 2 18 2 2 3
,
. .
1
, .
,
.
of m ost s c h ol ars ; it is t ru e th a t i t is strongly l eg ali s ti c i n
c h ar ac t e r so mu c h so th a t t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om is c on
,

c e i v ed of as t h e out com e of a gr a du a l
p r oce ss whi c h is b o und
up with t h e study of t h e L a w Th e w r it e r m ore ov e r
.
, ,

greatly e xt ols t h e S abb a th Ci r c um c isi on t h e di e t a r y l aws

, , ,

t h e l aws of p u r ifi ca ti on e t c its st r ongly m arke d s p irit of

, .

ex c lusive n ess is al so s a id t o b e tr a y its Ph a r is ai c o r igin .

But with t h e e x cep ti o n of t h e l ast p oi n t th e re is n othing in all

this whi ch for bids us t o b e li e ve in S adducwan auth orshi p
(see ab ove Ch ap t e r IV ii ( b)
, , Lesz yn sk y seems t o us t o
.

h a ve p r ove d his cont e nti on th a t t h e auth or w as a S ad du cee ,

wh o as c rib e d M os a i c auth or shi p t o t h e b ook f or t h e p u r p ose

of obt a ining t h e n ee dful a uth or i ty f or S a dduc aean vi ews

c on cer n i n g t h e La w Th e d e t a ils of h is a r g um e nt w ould

.

t a ke us t oo f ar afi eld h e dis cuss es t h e qu e sti on with mu ch

l earning on p p 1 8 1 — 2 3 4 of his b ook
. .

Th a t t h e b ook w as origin al ly w r itt e n in H eb r e w a dmits of

n o d oubt n o p a rt of this h as c om e d ow n t o us h owe ve r , .

Th e Gree k v ersi on m a d e f r om t h e H e bre w e xists only in

, ,

fra gm ents f ound i n t h e w ritings of s om e a n c i e nt a uth or s .

Th e Ethi op i c ve r si o n whi c h w as m ade f r om t h e G r ee k

, ,

e xists a lm ost i n its e nti r e ty of t h e L a ti n v ersi on a l so m a d e ,

from t h e G r ee k ab out on e f ourth is ext a nt Th e im p or t an c e

,
-
.

of t h e b ook in t h e w o r d s of Ch a r l e s li e s in t h e fac t th a t it is
, ,

n ot o nly i n dis p en s abl e t o stu d e nts of t h e N e w Te st a m e nt ,

an d of t h e hist o r y of t h e Ph a r is a i c m ov e m e nt it i s likew is e
of fi rst c l a ss im o r t a n c e a s a wit n e ss t o t h e r ea d ings o f t h e
p
-

H ebr ew t e x t of G e n e sis ab out t h e b eginni n g of t h e Ch risti a n

”
I As in lin e h o w e ve r t o t h e
era (E n cy cl B i
. bl , w e c , ,

b eli ef i n its S a dducaean auth or shi p w e reg a r d it as im p o r t a nt

,

for t h e hist ory of t h e a nt ag o nism b e twee n t h e Ph ar is ee s an d

218 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA ’

S a ddu c ees an d th eir r es p ect ive t eaching r a th er th a n m e rely

, ,

f or t h e hist ory of t h e Ph ar is a i c m ove m e n t .

(f ) THE A S S U M PT I O N or M OS E S
[L I T ERA T U RE — S ch ii re r II iii p p 7 3 8 3 G rm .
— e a n ed III pp
lm i n K u t h II p p 3
. . .

h rl
.
, , , , ,

2 9 4— 3 0 5 ; C e e n a z sc , . 1 1— 33 1 ; C a e s,

mpti
, ,

T h e A ssu on o f M oses an d i n Th e A pocr . an d P seudep .

o f the O T . .
, II pp
, .
40 7
—
42 4 L e sz yn sk y Op , . ci t .
, pp . 26 7
— 2 73 ]

Th e n um er ous r eferen s i n e ar ly Christi an li t e rat ur e t o

ce

a p oc ry p h al b ooks of M os e s m ak e s i t c l ear th a t s e ve r a l w e ll

kn own b ooks of t h e kind must on ce h ave b ee n i n e xis t en c e .

Th e di ffe r e n t t i t l e s of th es e b ooks whi ch are m e n t i on e d are a

little confusing we h a ve j us t s ee n t h at t h e A p ocalyp s e of
M os es w as on e of t h e n am es given t o t h e B ook of Jubil ee s
w e sh a ll see b el ow j) t h at an A p ocalyp s e of M os es
i s m ore or l ess p a r a ll e l wi t h t h e Lif e of Ada m an d E v e .

M e nti on is m a de of a B ook of s ec r et w ords of M os es an d

of t h e Assum p t i on of M os e s i n t h e c omm en t a ry of
G el asius Cyzi cen us on t h e ac t s of t h e cou n c il of N i ceea
Orig e n (D e p ri n cip I I I ii 1 )sp eaks of t h e b ook call ed t h e
, .

As ce nsi on of M os e s an d Didymus i n wri t i n g on t h e ep istl e

, ,

of Jud e r e fe rs t o t h e
,
Assum p t i on of M os es an d m or e

th an on ce t h e Tes t am ent of M os es is m ent i one d I t is .

r ob abl e t h a t th es e t w o l at t e r a re b ot h i n c lud e d i n t h e b ook

p
we are conside ri n g bu t t h at th e y w er e origi n a lly disti n ct
,

a n d of diffe r e nt a u t h or shi p Th e b ook as a wh ol e w a s .

writ t en at t h e v e r y b egi nn i n g of t h e fi r s t c e nt ur y A D this . .

is t h e op ini on of m os t au t h oriti e s b as ed u p on fairly cl ear ,

indic ati ons in t h e b ook i t s elf (see Ch arl e s i n t h e E n cy cl B i bl .

I, Th e au t h or a c c ording t o Ch arl es , w as a Ph a r ise e , ,

an d a Ph a ris ee wh o w as t h e a n ti t h e sis of t h e Z ea l o t e x a c tly

i n t h os e r es p ec t s i nwhich Ph aris aism di ffere d fr om Z eal otism .

His b ook was d esig n e d as a p r ot ect i on ag ai n s t th e growi n g

s ec ul a riz ati on of t h e Ph a ris ai c p ar t y thr ough i t s a d op ti on of
p oli t i cal id eals an d p op ul a r M e ssi a ni c b eli e fs els ewh e r e
 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPH A

m a ny a dditi on s m ade by a Christi a n e dit or Th es e vari ous .

e l em e nts b e l ong t o di ffe r e n t d a t e s t h e earli es t is t h e

M art yrd om whi c h c om p ri s e s 11 1 111 1 2 v 2— 1 4 ; t his
, .
—
.
, .

is of J ewish auth or shi p an d b el ongs t o t h e first h al f of,

t h e fi r s t c e ntu r y A D t h e fin a l w ords of this p orti on h a v e a

. .

s p eci al int e r est in asmu c h as t h e r efe r e n ce t o t h e s awi n g

a sund e r of Is a i a h th e r e m e nti on e d oints t o this b e ing t h e
p
a uth o r ity f or t h e st a t e m e nt in H e b r e ws xi 37 Th e w ords . .

are as f o ll ows : But Is ai a h n e ith er c ri e d al oud n or wep t

whilst h e w as b eing s awn a sunde r for his m outh s p oke wi t h ,

t h e H oly Gh ost until h e h a d b ee n s awn a su n de r N ex t .

i n d a t e is a sh or t ap ocalyp s e (iii 1 3— v t his give s a . .

r ésum é of t h e ea r ly hi st ory of t h e Ch r isti an Chur ch an d f ore ,

t ells t h e l as t j udge m en t this is by a Chris t i an auth or an d ,

b el ongs t o ab out t h e mid dl e of t h e firs t cen t u r y A D or a . .

,

li tt l e l a t er L a stly th er e is t h e Visi o n (vi

.
,
whi ch is .

like wis e Ch ri sti an an d b el ongs t o t h e en d of t h e firs t c en tury

,

A D
. . Th e first c h ap t e r is p r ob ably a n a dditi on by a Chris t i an
e dit or t h e d a t e of whi c h c a nn o t b e fix e d
, Th e wh ol e of t his .

m a t eri al h as com e d ow n t o us in an Ethi op i c v er si on t his

w as m ad e fr o m t h e o r igin al G r ee k o nly fr agm e nts of whi c h ,

h ave su r vive d a L atin versi on whi ch w as m a d e f r om t h e

Gree k exist e d at on e tim e bu t h ere ag ai n on ly fragm ent s ,

h ave com e d own t o us .

(h) THE B OOK O F THE SE CR E TS or EN OC H

[L I T ERA T U RE — S ch ii rer Ge pprm a n ed
; Morfil l I II 2 9 0 —2 9 4

d C h rl B
. . .

F rb
, , ,

an a es T h e ook of th e S ecrets of E n och ( 1 8 9 6 ) o es a n d

C h rl
,

a i
e s, n T h e A p ocr a n d P seude
p of th e O T I I p p 4 2 5
. . . .
, , .

This A p oc alyp s e c all e d a ls o t h e Sl a voni c E n och on

,

a c c oun t of t h e l angu ag e in whi c h it h a s surviv e d h as n othing ,

t o d o with t h e Ethi op i c B ook of En oc h already dealt

with e x cep ting t h at it s om e tim es rep rodu ces t h e p h r as e
,

ol ogy an d c on c ep ti ons of t h e l a t t e r S om e s ec ti on s t h e ex ac t .
,
 THE A POC A LYPTI C L ITERAT U RE

e xt e nt of w hi c h it i s im p ossible t o d efin e ( Ch ar l es ) h ave a ,

H ebrew b ac kg r oun d a n d we r e origi n ally writt e n in this

l angu ag e th es e a re a t l a t est p re Christi an ; but t h e m ai n
, ,
-

a rt of t h e b ook w as w r itt e n i n G r e e k a n d b e l o ngs t o a b out

p ,

t h e middl e of t h e fi r st ce ntu ry A D a t a n y ra t e t o s om e pe r i od
. .
,

p r i or t o t h e y e a r A D 7 0
. f
. or in li x 2 t h e s ac r ifi c i a l syst e m
, .

is r efe rr e d t o whi ch p r e su p p os e s t h e exist e n ce of t h e Te m p l e

F or a m an o ffe r s c l e a n a nim a ls an d m a k e s h i s sa c r ifi c e

th a t h e m ay p r e s e r ve his s oul An d if h e offe r as a s ac rifi c e

.

f r om cl ea n b east s an d birds h e p r es e rves his s oul

,
Th e re
are numbe r l ess indi c a ti ons in t h e b ook t o p r ove th a t t h e

auth o r w as a J e w but of t h e H ell e nisti c ty p e f or in qu e sti ons

, ,

a ffe c ting t h e o r igin of t h e e a r th S i n de a th e t c h e a d op ts

, , , .
,

Pl a t oni c Egyp ti a n an d Z e nd el em e nts int o his syst e m

,

( Ch arle s ) in a w ay whi c h w oul d h a ve b ee n im p ossibl e t o a

P al e stini a n J ew h e is h owe ve r so far or th od ox in th a t h e
, ,

thelu tury
st cen u p h olds t h e s ac rifi c i al syst e m as w e h a ve s een a n d b e li e ves
, ,

in t h e Law a n d in t h e life e t er n a l I t i s int e r esting t o n ot e .

th a t t h e w r it e r fre qu e ntly qu ot es p ass ag e s f r om E ccl esi ast i

c us in its G r e ek f or m a n d w as a ls o e vid e ntly c onv e r s a nt
,

w ith t h e B ook of Wi sd om
df m
m
.

th
ae ro e Th e re is on e p oint of e s p ec i al int e r es t in thi s b ook to
whi c h a b r i e f r e fe r e n ce m ay b e m a d e We m ee t h e re for .

t h e fi r st tim e with t h e J e wish c o n ce p ti on of t h e Mill e n n ium

t h e ra ti ona le of its or igi n is thus give n by Ch a r l e s : Th e
acc ount in G e n e sis of t h e fi r st wee k of c r ea ti o n ca m e in re
p
Ch r isti an tim es t o b e r e g ar de d n ot only as a hist ory of t h e
p ast but as a f o re c ast o f t h e futu r e hi st o r y of t h e w orld so
,

c r ea t ed . Thus as t h e w or l d w a s c r e a t e d in six d ays so i t s ,

hist ory w as t o b e acc om p lish e d in y ear s ; for

year s a re with God as on e d ay (cp P s x c 4 2 P e t e r iii . . . .

an d as God r est e d on t h e s e ve nth d a so a t t h e c l os e of t h e

y ,

year s th e r e w oul d be a r est of yea r s i e t h e mille n , . .

nium . I t is a ls o w or th a dding th a t t h e d oc t rin e o f t h e

se ve n h ea ve ns is trea t e d in this b oo k with a fuln e ss an d c l ea r
 THE BOO K S O F THE APOCRYPH A
n ess found e ls ewh ere ; f or an illumin a ting dis c ussi on
n ot

t h e subj ec t see Morfill an d Ch ar l e s e diti on of t h e b ook

’

on ,

pp . xxx — xlvii .

()
i TH E S Y I R AC A P OCAL Y PS E OF B AR U C H
[L I T ERA T U RE .
— Sc hur r e II iii p p 8 3 9 3
. .
— Germ an e d I II pp
K ut h II p p
, , ,

h rl
. .
, ,

305 5
—
31 R y ssel in a z sc 40 4 446 ;
— C a e s,

B
.
, , ,

Th e A p oca lyp se of a ruch (1 8 9 6 ) an d i n The A p ocr . and P seudep .

— 26
o f t he O T . .
, II , pp .
47 0 5 ]
This B aru c h ap oc alyp s e is call e d t h e Syri ac on e b ec aus e
t hi s is t h e l angu ag e in whi ch i t h as com e d own t o us it is
t o b e distinguish e d fr o m t h e Greek A p ocalyp s e of B ar uc h
( )
k whi c
, h is an e ntir e ly di ff e r e nt w or k In its p r e s e n t f o r m .

i t is com p osit e in c h ar ac t er bu t all i t s com p on ent p arts m ay ,

b e a ssign e d t o t h e p er i od A D 5 0— 1 0 0 To dis e nt a ngl e t h e . . .

v ari ous el em e nts co nt a in ed in t h e b ook from on e a n oth er

is a ve ry di ffi c ult t ask w e f oll ow Dr Ch arl es in giving t h e .

f oll owing de t ails Th e a uth or s are all Ph ar is ee s s om e live d

.

b ef ore an d s om e a ft er t h e dest r u c ti on of J erus al em in A D 7 0

, . .

t h e p or t i o ns writ t en b ef or e this d a t e consist of an A p oc alyp s e

( xxvii xxx an
.
—
d t w o Visi o ns xxxvi
.
( x 1 an d liii — lxxiv
) .
—
. .
,

th e s e c h ap t ers are im p ort ant f or t h e M essi a ni c t e aching

c ont a in e d i n th e m Th e p orti ons w r i t t e n aft er t h e y e ar
.

A D
.
7 0 in c lud e t h e r est of t h e b ook with t h e e x c ep ti on of
.
,

a few c h ap t e r s a dd e d by a fin al e di t or Th e p r es e nt Sy r i ac .

b ook is a tr ansl a ti o n f r o m a Greek versi on of t h e o rigin al

H eb r ew .

This ap oc alyp s e is on e of t h e m ost im p or t a nt b ooks w e

oss e ss f or t h e study of Jud a ism a t t h e b e ginni n g of t h e
p
Chris t i an era all t h e vit al d oc t rin e s com e i n for consid era
ti on t h e d oct r i n e of God of t h e L aw of t h e M essi ah Origi n al
—
, , ,

S i n an d Fr ee will W o r ks an d Justifi c a ti on F orgive n e ss a n d

-

, , ,

t h e R e su rr ec ti on .

(7) THE A PO CA LY P S E or M OS E S
[L I T ERA T U R E — Sc e hur r Op ci t II iii p p 1 46 1 47, Ge rm a n ed

F
.

uh K ut h
,
. .
, , . .
, ,

III 2 9 4—3 0 5 ; F c s in a z sc 5 0 6 —5 28 ; C
, pp .
, pp . . .
 CHAPTER XI
T he W i sd o m L i t e rat ure ; t he
J ew s i h
C o n c ep t i o n o f W i sd o m
[L I T ERA T U R E — C h yn
e e, j ob an d S ol o m on , or Th e Wi sdomof the
Ol d Te sta m en t S t a de Gesch i ch te de s Volk es I sra el ii
Driv r i
, , .

pp 2 9 2— 3 0 9 (1 8 8 8 ) e A n I n trod uct on to th e L i tera ture

mt
,

j uda i sma n d
.

—
0 / th e Old T esta en pp
,
.
3 3 7 4 49 (1 8 9 1) Toy
g
,

C hri sti a n i ty p p 5 2 — 6
7 Co rn ill E i n lei tun in da s
m
.

B
, ,

A lte Testa en t p p . 2 1 6 — 2 79 (18 96 ) To y The ook o f P roverbs

Fri dl an d r G i hi h P hi l p hi i A lt T t
, ,

e e r ec sc e oso e n en es a

m t ( 9 4 ) Brigg Th B k f P lm ( 9 6 ) B rt n Th
,

en 1 0 s, e oo o sa s 1 0 a o e

B k f E l i t ( 9 8 ) M i h ld D i W i h i t I l i
,

oo o cc es a s e s 1 0 e n o e e s e sr a e s n

d Di h t g Gr gg Th Wi d m f
,

Sp u h S g r c a e un c un e e s o o

S l m O t l y T h Wi d m f j
, ,

o o on th f
e s er e ,
e s o o esus e son o

Si h E
rac l i ti ( 9 ) O t l y d B Th Wi
or cc es a s cus 1 12 es e r e an ox, e s

d m f B Si d H lm Wi d m f S l m i
,

o o en Th-
ra , an o e s, e s o o o o on , n

C h rl A p ryp h d P u d p igr p h f t h Ol d T t m nt
’ “ ”
a es oc a an se e a a o e es a e

G dri k Th B k f Wi d m
oo c ,
e oo o s o

I THE W I S D OM L I T E R ATU R E
.

HE Wisd om Lit erat ure of t h e J ws whi h h s om e c a c e

d own t o us com p ris s b oth c an ni l d un n ni l e o ca an ca o ca

b ks ; but t h dis t i n c t i n m
oo
1
ay b ign or d f
e ll t h o e e , or a e

b ooks whi ch b l o g t o t his Li t r at u r t h ough

e n h h its e e, e ac as

arti c ul r c h ar c t r isti c s
a a l a r ly
a m mb rs
e f o re c e e e o ne
p ,

f amily ; th ey are all a like in p oss essing on e outst a nding

an d typ i c al m a r k of di ffe r e nti a ti on fro m t h e r e st of t h e

Old Te s t a m e n t b ooks viz in th em r eligi on h as b ec om e , .

,

1
P r v rb
o e s, J ob so m e of the ltr a e P sa lm s, E cc l i
e s a s e s, t E cc l e

W i sdo m
,

si a st i c us, .
g a t e fi n al caus e s th ey s t art ed fr om a fun dam e nt al a xi om ,

‘
I n t h e b egi n ning w as God this p ostul a t e indi ca t e s
t h e c h a rac t e r of th e ir studi e s whi c h we r e n ot so mu c h
,

s pe cul a tive as p rac t i cal : the i r d esi re w as n ot so mu c h t o

und e rs t and t h e w or ks of God as t o ac qu aint th ems e lve s
,

with th eir h arm oni es b eauti e s an d a d ap t at i ons an d al l

, , ,

this wi th t h e fin al obj ec t of kn owing an d d oing t h e will of

” 1
God . But whil e t h e fund am e nt al J ew ish m on oth eisti c
b eli e f is t a k en for gran t e d th r ough out t h e Wisd om Lit e r a
t ure th e latt e r h as oth e r c h a r ac t e ri sti c s whi ch are n ot wh olly
,

i n accord with tra diti on al Jud ai sm Th a t t h e va ri ous w r it er s

.

di ffe r i n th e ir t e ac hing f r om eac h oth e r an d th a t t h e s am e

,

writ e r is n ot a lwa ys c onsist e nt in his t eaching is n ot a c a use ,

for su r p r is e ; th e s e m e n h a d e nt e r e d u p o n n ew w a ys of

thinking an d we r e g r a p p ling w ith n ew subj ec ts of th ought

,

it w as n a tu r a l th a t th ei r S p ec ul a ti on s sh oul d som e tim e s be

only t e nt a tiv e th ey h ad m or eo ve r c om e int o c ont ac t w ith
, ,

n e w influ e n ce s whi c h w ould h a v e a ff ec t e d on e m or e th a n

a n o th e r . It must a ls o b e r e m emb e re d th a t som e of t h e

b ooks b el onging t o this lit er atu r e n ot ably P r ove r bs an d
,

J ob a re of c om p osit e auth or shi p a n d th a t p ossibly t h e

, ,

c om on e nt
p p a rt s b e l o ng t o diff e r e n t p e r i ods so th a t wh a t

may s om etimes ap p ear c ont r adic t ory in on e writing i n

reality rep re s e n t s s om e d e ve l op m e nt of th ought b el ongi n g
t o a l a t e r writ e r But h ow e ve r this may b e w e ce rt ainly
.
,

find in t h e Wisd om Lit e r a tu r e p ositi ons t ak e n up whi c h

S h ow t o s om e e xt e n t a d e p a rtu r e f r o m t r a diti o n a l Jud a ism .

Th e wi s e m en p r e s e n t a v e ry int e r e sting c ombin a ti o n in

th at th ey are a t on ce unive r s alisti c a n d c on se r v a tive We .

find in t h e Wisd om Lit e ra ture but little stre ss l aid on n ati on al

1
r gg
G e ,
T he Wi sdomof So lm
o on , p . xxx .
226 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

i n s t ituti on s an d l aws su c h for ex am p l e as th e s ac rifi c i al

, , ,

sys t em ; i t is recogniz e d i t is t ru e bu t ra th e r b ecaus e it

, ,

is th ough t right t o keep up t h e old c us t oms th an t h at th ere

is a ny intrinsi c valu e or p e rm an e nt n ece ssity i n t h e syst em .

I n like m an n e r t h e M essi ani c e x p ec t a ti ons rece ive ve ry

s c anty rec og ni ti on Th e a ttitud e of t h e s a g es t owards t h e
.

G e ntile s is g e n erally f r i endly ; t h ey rec ogniz e d t h e high er

c ultur e in m any r e s p ec ts of th e s e n a ti on s a n d we r e th e r e
, , ,

f ore w illing t o l ea rn f r om t h em ; n ot infre qu en tly we find ,

f or e x am p l e t h a t t h e God of t h e J e ws is d ec l ar e d t o b e t h e
God of a ll m
,

en But t h e m ost st riking c h arac t e risti c

.
,

whi ch is quit e un J ewish is t h e con cep ti on of t h e God like

-

,
-

S op hi a whi c h is con c e ive d of as a c r e a t ive divi n e p owe r

,

e xisti n g b e f or e t h e c re a ti o n of t h e w orld this h yp ost at i z a

t i on of Wisd om s ays Fri edlan der is h ere a d ownright
”
'

, ,

s ac r il eg e ; i t b e trays t h e vi ol en t e n try of an ali en s p i r i t

int o t h e d om ai n of Jud aism an d e ve n t h e fin e way i n whi c h
,

t h e e ss e n ce of t h e divin e Wisd om is d es c rib ed c a n n ot f or a

m om e n t b lind uS t o t h e ac t of vi ole n ce p e rp e t rat ed by t h e
f or c ibl e in tr usi on o f G r ee k c on cep t i ons int o t h e a t m osp h e re
of t h e old H eb r e w id ea of Wisd om
” 1
But as we d e al in .

s ec t i on I I I of this c h ap t e r with t h e c on cep ti on of Wisd om

a s p ort r a y e d in all t h e b ooks of t h e Wisd om Li t e r a t u r e it ,

will n ot b e n ece ss ary t o say a nything on t his subj ec t h e r e .

II . THE O R IGI N O F THE H E B R E W C O N CE PTI O N OF W I S D OM

Th e r e is a g r ea t di ffere n ce b e t wee n t h e con cep t i on of
Wisd o m whi c h is p re s e nt e d in t h e lit e ra t ure of Is rael p ri or
t o t h e c ap tivity a n d th a t whi c h m ee ts us in t h e Wisd om
Lit e r atu r e p r op e r ; yet th e r e is n o s ort of d oubt th at t h e
l a tt e r r ep r esents t h e f ull growt h of a p l ant wh os e s ee d can
b e c l ea rly s ee n i n t h e e a rly w r itings of t h e Old Te st a m e nt .

This is h o we ve r only p a rt of t h e tr u t h for whil e it is tr u e

, ,

t o say th a t t h e r e ligi ous int e ll ec tu a l sp i ri t t o whi c h t h e

-

1 r
G i ech i sche P h losop h i i e p . 13 .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
this a mu c h wide r signifi cat i on f or i t is us e d of a p rop h e t i c
, ,

figura tive dis cours e su ch as th os e u tt ere d by B al aam ; i n

,

l at e r t im e s i t w as als o us ed t o des c r ib e a p arabl e an d an

a ll eg or y ; i n this s e ns e it occurs i n Ez e ki el I n i t s ear li e r
sim p l e s ens e a m
.

d shd l m ea n t a p r o v e r b n ot n ecess arily ,

of a r eli gi ous or e v e n e thi ca l c on t e nt ; i t e x p re ss e d s om e

,

g en e r a l t r uth br ought h om e t o m
,

en by t h e obs e r v a n c e o f

t h e o r din a ry e x p e r i en c e s of lif e On e of t h e v e ry sim p l e s t

.

of th e s e f ound in t h e Old T est a m e nt is Out of t h e wi ck e d

c om e th f orth wi c k e dn e ss ( 1 S am xxiv 1 3 ) this is s aid . .

t o be a p r ov e r b of t h e a n c i e nts whi c h sh ows th at it ,

must h ave l ong b ee n in use a m ong t h e Isr ae li t e s I n 2 .

S a mu e l xx 1 8 a n oth e r p r o ve r b whi c h s eems lik ewis e t o

.
,

h a ve b ee n l ong c u r r en t a m ong t h e p eop l e is p re s erve d ,

Th ey w ere w on t t o S p ea k in old tim e s aying Th ey sh al l , ,

sur ely ask c ouns el at Ab el this w as u t t e r e d b y a wis e

w om a n ”
. With d eep er obs erva t i o n an d r e fl ec t i on m ore
subtl e th oughts c a m e t o b e e x p r ess e d in this f orm Th e .

Is r aelit es lik e all ot h er p eop l es must h a ve r efl ec t e d m ore

, ,

or l ess fr om t h e m om e nt wh e n t h ey att ain e d a s e tt l e d

,

c iviliz a ti on on g e n er a l qu e s t i ons of lif e

,
Th e l ow est f or m .

of su c h r e fl ec t i on ap p ea r s in p op ul ar p r ov er bs a n d f abl es ,

whi c h ex p ress usu ally i n a on e S id e d an d su p erfi ci al w ay

,
-

t h e r esult of t h e ordin a r y c omm on s e ns e e x p e r i e n c e an d -

AS a g en er al rul e h ow ev e r t h e few e x
” 1
obs erv a ti on .
, ,

a m p l e s of p r ov e rbs whi c h w e fi n d i n t h e ea r li e r b o oks of

t h e Old T e st a m e n t r e fl ec t a r el at ively s om ewh a t a dva n ce d

t yp e an d wh a t is esp eci ally in t eresting ab ou t th em is th at
,

th e y ap p ea r n ot infre qu e n t ly t o h a ve b ee n m ad e on t h e S p u r
of t h e m om e nt this is t h e cas e wi t h t h e p r ove r b in 1 S a mu el
x 12
.
°

I S S aul a m ong t h e p r op h e ts whi c h is s aid t o

h a ve b ec om e a p r ov er b An oth er s aying t h e f orm an d
.

r hy t hm of whi ch m a rks it out as a p rov erb is Th e blind

a n d t h e l am e S h all n ot com e int o t h e h ous e ( 2 S a m v 8 . .
,

1
T oy , in t h e E n cyc l Bi bl
. .
,
I V, 5 3 2 2 .
w ay . Th e p r ove b r ,
f or e x am p l e ,
IS S aul a m on g t h e p ro

p h et s ? might b e d e s c r ib e d as t h e con verse of t h e m ode rn

p r ov e r b Birds of a f e a th e r fl oc k t og et h e r or a g a in , ,

t h e p r overb Th e y S h all surely ask cou n s e l a t Ab el m ay ,

we ll h ave b ecom e a p op ul ar w ay of ex p ressing t h e t ru t h

t h at if y ou want guidan ce you mus t s ee k it a t t h e ri gh t
qu ar t e r A l a t e r an d m ore a dvan ce d typ e of p r overb is
.

utt ere d by t h e p r op h e t H os ea (viii 7 ) Th ey S ow t h e wind .

,

a n d th e y S h all r ea p t h e whi r lwind a n o th e r is qu ot e d i n

”

J e remi ah xxxi 2 9 an d Ez e ki e l xviii 2 i n t h e wo r ds :

. .

Th e f a t h ers h a ve ea t e n s ou r gra p e s an d t h e c hildre n s t ee th

’

”
a re se t on e dg e .

Th e S im p l est f orm of p r ove r b w as thus t h e e a r li es t t y p e

of Wisd om a m o ng t h e Is r a e lit e s as it was a m ong oth e r
”
,

p pe o l es Bu t
. t h e c ont e nt of a
p r o v e r b e a sily l e n t i t s e lf i n ,

t h e minds of t h e m or e r e fl ec tive t o ex p a nsi on an d thus by , ,

d egree s we re f o r m e d f abl es an d p a r a bl e s wh e r eby t r uths

were illust r a t e d an d b r ought h om e t o t h e minds of men .

On e of t h e ea r li e s t f a bl e s t h e e x ac t a p p li ca ti o n of whi c h i n
—

i t s p re s en t c on t ext is n ot quit e e a sy t o d e t e rmin e— is p re

s erve d i n Judg es ix 8 — 1 5 .

u
Onc e p on a t im
e the tr w nt f rt h t n int v r t h m k in g e es e o o a o o e e a

hy i
A n d t e sa d t o t h e liv R ul t h u v r A d th
o live e o o e us .
”
n e o e

i d t th m
sa o e

S h ul d I giv
o p my f tn wh
e ur wi t h t h y h n ur g d a d m ess e e e o o o s an en ,

A d g n d w v o v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s

Th n i d t h t r t t h fig tr
e sa e C m t h u b k in g v r u
ees o e -
ee o e o , e o e s .
”

A d thn fig t r e id t th m -
ee sa o e :

S h ul d I giv
o p my w tn e d my g
u d frui t s ee ess a n oo ,

A d g n d w v o v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s

Th n i d t h tr t t h vi n
e sa e C m th u b k ing v r
ee s o e e o e o e o e us .

A d t h vi n i d u nt t h m
,

n e e sa o e
2 30 TH E BOO KS O F TH E APOCRYPHA
h ul d I giv p my wi n t h t h r t h g d d m
S o e u e a c ee e o s an en ,

A d g n d w vo v r t h tr !
an a e o e e ee s

Th n i d ll t h t r t t h t h rn bu h
e sa a C m
e th u b
ees o e o -
s o e o , e k in g
vro e us
t h rn bu h i d t t h t r
.

A d thn e o -
s sa o e ees

If t ruly y n i nt m k in g
e a vry o e as o e ou ,

Th n m tru t t my h d w bu t i f t t h n m y fi m
e co e, s o s a o no e a re c o e fo rt h
fr m t h t h rn bu h
,

o e o -
s

A d d v ur t h d r f L b n n !
,

n e o e ce a s o e a o

We h ave a t t e m p t e d t r a nsl a t e this i n t h e p oe t i c al f orm

to
of t h e origin a l H e br e w ; it will b e s ee n th a t t h e th ought
stru c t u r e is ve r y S im p l e so th a t t h e id ea s c onvey e d w ould ,

b e e asily app r eh e nd e d by t h e c omm on p eop l e t o whi c h t h e

f abl e w as a ddre ss e d An o th e r f abl e t h e only o th e r on e
.
,

p r e s e r v e d in t h e Old T e st a m e nt occ u r s in 2 Kings xiv 9 , .

Th e b r a mbl e th a t w as i n L eb an on S en t t o t h e c e d a r th a t
w as in L eb a n on s aying Give thy d a ught e r t o my son t o
, ,

wife an d th e re p ass e d by a wild b east th a t w as in L eb a n on

a n d t r o d d own t h e br a mbl e But it is i n t h e early Old .

T est a m e nt p a ra bles th at t h e high es t f orm of Wisd om

in p re e xili c Is r ae l is reac h e d A S in t h e c a s e o f f abl es only
-
.
,

t w o p a r abl e s a re p r e s e rv e d th ey di ffe r f r om f abl e s i n t w o

im p or t a nt p art i cul ar s : in th a t only m en are r e r e s e nt e d as
p
t aking p ar t an d s p e aking an d th a t t h e c ont ent of a p ar able , ,

so f ar a s w e a re a bl e t o j udg e fr o m t h e s p ec im e ns p r e s erv e d ,

is relig i ous ; this is a l ar g e st ep f orw ar d in ap p r oxim at io n

t o t h e l a t e r J ewish con cep ti on of Wisd om Th e e a r li es t .

Old T e st am e nt p ar abl e occ u r s in 2 S amu e l xii 1 4 N a th a n s .

—
,
’

p a r a bl e o f t h e ew e l a mb it is su f fi c i e ntly well kn own an d

-

n ee d n ot b e qu ot e d Th e oth e r is Is ai ah s p ar abl e of t h e
’
.

vin ey ard in I sa i a h v 1 4 whi c h is w r itt e n in p oe t r y while

.
—
,

We may add h e r e on e oth er

,

t h e f o r m e r is i n p r o s e .

f orm of Wisd om f ound m ainly in Ez eki el n am ely t h e

,

this is als o c alle d a m

,

a lleg ory d shd l but thi s w or d is h e r e ,

u s ed i n a n e x t en d e d s e ns e f or t h e a lleg o ry th ough a p a r abl e

in f orm pr es ent s a sym
, ,

, b olical p ic t u re th e m ean i ng of which

232 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
b ei n g t h e h om e of Wisd om is r e fl ec t e d i n t h e Wisd om Lit e r a
ture of t h e J ews ; in Ps alm s xxxvi 6 it is s a id : .

Thy ju dg m nt gr t d p e e s a re a ea ee ,

t h e origin l is m or e f r c ibl
a f lit r lly it r uns o e, or e a

Thy j u dg m nt T h mR bb h e e s a re e o a a ,

whi ch is t h an c i en t p r op r n m e f t h oc n
e e a or e ea . S o t oo, ,
in
E c c l esi a sti cus xxiv 5 Wisd om s ays .
, :

ir ui t f h v n
Al on e I co mp asse d th e c c o ea e

d p th by I w l k d
,

A d i th f th n n e e o e a ss a e .
1

M oreove r t h e fu n d m ent l on ep t i on of Wisd om in t h e

,
a a c c

Wisd om Li t er t ur e ( f whi h w e S h l l s p eak p r s ntly)is its

a o c a e e

ins ep r abl e onn t i n with G d t h e d e p r insight of t h e

a c ec o o e e

J wish s g s w s m e truth i n t h e B abyl ni an n ep t i on

e a e sa o o co c

of therigin of Wisd om th at it dwelt in t h e dep th of t h e sea

o ,

with t h e L or d of Wisd om i e w as in c l os e t ou c h wi t h , . .

t h e c re a tive d e ity so t h e y a d op t e d t h e con c ep t i on an d p l ac e d

,

it i n a t ru er p ers p ec tive 1
Wh a t K ohl e r s ays in a s om ewh at
3
.

di ffer ent c onn ec t i on is ap p li c abl e h er e As s oon as m on o

t h eism was firmly est abli sh ed as a r esul t of t h e l ab ou r s of t h e
r
p p o h et s t h e wisd om of t h e e a st could b e consul t e d by
,

Isr ael s s ag es an d qu esti ons c o n ce r ning t h e or igin of all

’

things could b e a nswe r e d in b oth p oetry an d p ros e f ar , ,

m or e int ellig ently th an h ad b ee n p ossibl e for t h e a n c i en t

B abyl oni ans .

Th e origi n of Wisd om is t hus t o b e s ough t p ar t ly i n Isr ael

its elf a n d p a r tly in ce rt ain ideas whi c h w ere a d op t e d fr om
,

extr a n eous s ou r ce s But t h e w ay in whi c h t h e J ewish s ag e s

.

of p ost e xili c tim es d e v e l o ed b oth t h e i n dig e n ous as w e ll as

p
-

S o t h e G eek th e r H br w i t x t nt bu t t h S yri h e e s no e a e ac as

i r m t h t t h H br w i ll p r b bili t y
,

”
n t h e oo t s o f Te h o so a e e e n a o a

r m urt h r P r v rb viii 6 3
,

ea d Teh o S ee f e o e s 2 -
0

t hi furt h r i n t h n x t
. . .
,

1
On s see ti ne e e se c o

j wi h E y l X I I 5 3 7b
.

3 In th e e s nc c .
, , .
t raye d i n t h e Wisd om Lit e ra tu r e but it will b e well t o say
j ust a w ord as t o h ow Wisd om w as c on ce ive d of in t h e e a r li e r
lit e ra ture if only t o S h ow t h e imm ens e d e ve l op m ent of
,

th ough t on t h e subj ec t whi c h t ook p l ace a ft e r t h e Exil e .

Wisd om ( i n H ebrew Chok m ak ) a n d wis e m e n ( in H ebr e w

im
, , ,

Cha k d m ) are f ai r ly f r e qu e ntly m e nti on e d in t h e P ent a

t e uc h an d i n t h e p r op h e ti c a l as well a s in t h e hist or i c al
,

b ooks t h e w or ds c onn ot e in g en e r al S kill in d oing anything ,

wh e th e r in r e fe re n ce t o a r tis a ns or g oldsmiths or s a il or s
, , ,

or m ourning w om e n or of t h e sh r ewdn ess of t h e a st r ol og e r

,

or t h e m agi c i a n I n a high er s ens e it is us e d of wisd om in t h e

.

a dminist r a ti on of a ffairs in a few inst an c es a s in H os e a xiv

,
.

10 a m
, an is c a ll e d w is e w h o is f a r s ee ing in r e ligi ou s things
-

( c p a ls o D eut iv 6 Isa xi
. . .
,
. . Th a t t h e p r op h e ts r ar e ly
r e fer t o t h e subj ec t of Wisd om is n atu r al en ough ; i t w as
n ot th e ir fun c ti o n ; th ey we r e c a ll ed f or th t o r ebuk e an d
e xh or t i n t h e w or ds a n d a ft e r t h e m a nn e r of r eac h e r s
p
th ey a p p ea l ed ra th er t o t h e h e a r t t o t h e e m oti ons t o t h e
, ,

c ons c i e n ce th a n t o t h e int e ll ec t
,
.S om e tim es it is t r u e w e
, ,

find th a t wis e m en a re S p ok e n of as a c l a ss thus J e re

mi ah witn e ss es t o t h e fac t th a t a l r eady in his day t h e C ha k a m
wis e m an occ u p i e d a r e c ogniz e d p ositi on si d e by S i d e

with t h e p r i e st a n d t h e p r op h e t : F or t h e l aw S h a ll n ot
e r ish fr om t h e r i e st o o uns e l f r m t h e wis e n t h
p p ,
n r c o ,or e

w ord f r om t h e p r op h e t (J e r . xviii .

Tu r ning n ow t o consid e r t h e v a r i ous c on cep ti ons of

Wisd om as p ortray e d in t h e Wisd om Lit er a tu r e w e m ,
ay b e gin

with t he well —kn own wor ds : Th e f ea r of t h e L or d is t h e

b egin n ing of Wisd om ”
. This s aying w as t o t h e J ewish
s ag e s p rob ably t h e m ost im p or t a nt of an y th a t was u t t e r e d
 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
“

2 34

on t he subj e c t i t occu r s i n J ob xxviii 2 8 i n t h e f orm :

; .

B eh ol d t h e f ea r of t h e L or d th a t is wisd om
, , In its .

m or e f amili a r f orm it ap p e a r s in Ps a lms c xi 6 Pr overb s i 7 .

, .
,

i x 1 0 (cp xv
. . .E cc le si asti c us i 1 4 (C p 1 1 5 2 0
. . .
, ,

a n d t h e s e ns e of t h e w or ds occ u r s v e r y o ft e n b e sid e s But .

i t is w orth p ointing out th a t t h e m ea ning of t h e p h r a s e is

n ot th a t t h e f ea r of t h e L o r d is t h e c omm e n ce m ent of Wisd om ,

but r ath er t h e en d of it ; it is t r u e th a t t h e H eb r ew
w or d us ed rash (lit , . h as a ls o t h e s e ns e of b egin
n ing but h er e it is z enith th at is m ea nt t h e high est
a n d m ost p er f ec t f orm of Wisd om is t h e f ea r of t h e L or d

so t h a t on e migh t quit e c orr e c tly r e nd er : Th e f ea r of t h e

L ord is t h e en d of Wisd om .

I n t h e Wisd om Li t e r atu r e g e n e r ally Wisd om is n e ver

us e d in t h e s ens e of p u r e kn owl edg e in its e ar li es t m eaning
it c o nn ot e d t h e f ac ulty of distinguishing b e twee n wh a t
was us eful or b en efic en t an d wh a t w as h a r mful
,
l at er m or e ,

e thi ca lly b et w ee n wh at w as g ood an d wh a t w as b a d In

,
.

t h e Wisd om Lit e r a tu r e th e r e is a lwa ys at b ott om a relig i ous

c ont ent in Wisd om ; t h a t is t o say it is a divinely be
st owe d gif t t h e p oss essi on of whi c h m ak es man in s om e
,

m easu r e like God To b e abl e t o distinguish t r uly b etwee n

.

g ood an d e vil is t h e m ea ns wh er eby man is en abl e d t o st and

in c l os e r el a ti onshi p with God But S in ce t h e f ac ulty t o
.

d istingui sh b e t w ee n g ood an d e vil is a divin e e nd owm e nt ,

e v e r y f orm of Wisd om c om e s fr o m God so th a t a lth ough t h e ,

kn owl edg e an d f ea r of t h e L or d is t h e high e st typ e o V S f Vi

d om th e r e are l es s e x alt e d f or ms of it whi c h are a ls o r eg a r d ed

,

a s p a rt of t h e on e g r e a t gift of God t h at is t o say wh a t is ,

c a ll e d w or ldly wisd om d oe s n ot di ffe r in kind bu t o nly i n ,

d eg r ee fr om t h e high e r f or m In P r ove r bs an d E cc l esi asti c us

. ,

w hi c h b e l ong c l os e ly t og e th e r an d whi c h a re t h e c hi ef
,

e x p o n e nts of this w or ldly wisd om m or a l p r ec ep ts f or m t h e

,

m ain t op i c s an d th ough wid e ly di ffe r e n t fr om divin e

Wisd om b ot h e m an at e fr om t h e s am e s ource an d are
, ,
 TH E BO OK S OF THE APOCRYPHA

ap p e a r in ea r ly p os t Chris t i an J ewish wri t ings ; t h es e

-

oc c u p y an int e rm e di a t e
p ositi on b e t ween p e rs on aliti es an d
a bs tr ac t b eings Wh ile on t h e on e h a nd t h ey are rep re
.
, ,

s ent ed as b eing so c l os ely c on n ec t e d with God as t o app ear

as
p a rts of Him or a t t r ibu t e s t h ey are on t h e ot h e r h an d
, , , ,

so oft en s p ok e n of a s und e rt aking indi vidu al ac ti on th a t th e y

mus t b e reg ard e d in a r eal s ens e as s ep ara t e f r om Him 1

.

Th e S p ec i al im p ort a n c e of this c on c ep ti on of th e hy p ost a sis

of Wisd om li e s n ot only i n t h e f ac t th a t i t f orms t h e link

b et ween t h e P ales t i n i an an d H e ll enisti c d e vel op m en t of

Jud aism bu t als o t h at i t r ep r es ent s t h e c ont r ibu t i on m ad e
,

by t h e Wisd om Li t era t ure t o t h e Ch r ist ol ogy of t h e Old

Te s t am ent an d h as m oreove r great ly influ en ce d Chris t i an
, , ,

th eol ogy ?

Wh a t h as b ee n s aid mus t n ow b e illustr at e d from t h e

b ooks of t h e Wisd om Li t eratu r e .

I n t h e earli er p orti ons of Pr ove r bs Wisd om is always ,

a n abs t r ac t thing ; t h e only p ass ag e i n whi ch on e might

c on ceiv ably dis c er n a t enden cy t o s om e thing di fferent
w o u ld b e xxii 2 4 .
°

W i sdo m b f r th f is f him t h t h t h u n d r t n d i n g
e o e e ace o a a e s a

bu t it is d ub t ful wh et h er this m ans m or t h n t h t wh en

o e e a a

a m a h as s ough t Wisd om a d h s f ound i t Wisd m m

n ay n a ,
o

be s aid t o b e b ef ore his face i e it is t h e m an w h o h as ,

. .
,

un d ers t anding b ef or e wh os e f ace (m e n t al visi on ) Wisd om

a pp ea rs b ecaus e h e h as s ough t h er
,
I t is in wh at is p ret ty .

g en erally reg ard ed as t h e l at es t p or ti on of t h e b ook (viz .

i — ix b e l onging t o t h e third ce n t u r y B C ci rca) th at a real

. .
,
. .

p e r s o nifi c a t i on of Wisd o m is f ound ; t h e wh ol e of c h a t er

p
viii is a S p eech ut t e r e d by Wisd om mu ch of i t is und oubt
.

e dly figur a t iv e but t h e s ec t i on viii 2 2 — 3 1 e vid e nt ly rep re

, .

s ent s s om et hing m or e th an figur at ive l angu ag e ; i t is t oo

1
Cp O est erl ey an d B ox Op . ci t .
pp 1 9 5 —2 2 1 .

F irw t h r
.
, , .

1
a ea e , Op . ci t .
, p . 84 .
 I w as fro m e v e rl a st in g fro m t h e b e gi nn in g
se t up
O r e v e r t h e e a rt h w a s
, ,

W h en t h e re we re n o d e p t h s I w a s bro ugh t for t h

.

W h en t h ere w er e n o fo u nt a i n s a b o u n di n g wi t h w a t er
,

W h en h e e st a b l i sh e d t h e h ea v en s I w a s t h ere ;
.

Wh en h e se t a c ir c l e u p o n t h e fac e o f t h e d eep
Wh en h e m a d e firm t h e sk i e s a b o v e ;
Wh en t h e fou nt a in s o f t h e de e p b e ca m e stron g ;
W h en h e g a v e t o t h e se a i t s b o u n d
Tha t t h e wa t ers shoul d n ot t ran gr ess h i s comm an dm ent
,

;
W h en h e m ark e d o ut t h e fo u n da t i on s o f t h e e a rt h ;
Then w as I by him as a m a st e r work m an ,
.

With t h e th ought of Wisd om b eing utiliz e d by God in

c r e a ting t h e w or ld Th e n w as I by him as a m ast e r w o r k ,

man on e must com p ar e t h e th ought of God h aving c r ea t e d

t h e w or ld by m ea ns of His Word this th ought is a l re a dy
a dumb r a t e d in su c h a a ss a g e as P sa lms xxxiii 6 : By
p .

t h e W or d of t h e L or d w ere t h e h ea ve ns m ad e 1
; th e s e
w or ds w ere a t an y ra t e int e r p r e t ed in l a t e r tim e s t o ea n
, , m
th a t t h e wh ol e of t h e C r ea ti on as d e s c r ib e d in G en e sis i ,
.

w as a ccom p li sh e d by m ea ns of t h e W or d of God Wor d , ,

or M em ra h a ving b ec om e in t h e m ea ntim e a qu a si p er
, , ,
-

son ali t y lik e Wi sd om This d e vel op m e nt m . ay b e s ee n a t

w or k i n t h e Wi sd om Lit e r a tu r e ; for e x am p l e in E cc le si ,

ast i cus xlii 1 5 it is s a id : . By t h e W or d of God (are) His

w or ks i e we r e His work s c rea t ed t h e c ont e xt sh ows th a t it
”
'

, . .

is t h e w or ks of t h e Creati on whi c h are r e ferr e d t o I n Wisd om .

iv 1 w e h a ve t h e s am e th ought :
.
“
O God of my f ath er s ,

an d L or d of m e r c y Wh o h a st m a d e all things by Thy W o r d

, ,

an d by Thy wisd om didst f orm m an a n d mu c h l a t e r , ,

in 2 ( 4) Esdra s vi 3 8 it is s aid ag ain .

,
Thy W or d w as (i e . .

1
C p a l so v e rse 9 H e sp a k e a n d i t w a s don e an d P sa lm

xl viii
.
,

c .
5 .
23 8 THE B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYP HA

m a d e)a p erfect w ork wh ere t h e r e fe r e n ce is t o t h e first day

“ ”
,

of Cr e a ti on We are h er e irr e sistibly led t o t hink of t h e Op en

.

ing w ords of t h e f ou r th G os p el : In t h e b eginning w as t h e

W ord an d t h e W or d w as with God a n d t h e W or d w as God
, ,
.

Th e s a m e w a s in t h e b eginning with God All things w e r e .

m ad e by Him ; an d with out Him w as n ot a nything m ad e

th a t h a th b ee n m a d e (J ohn i 1 It is v ery st r iking t o .

n oti c e h er e h ow Ch r isti an t ruth w a s a dumb r at e d in p re

Ch r is ti an tim es .

I n t h e B ook of J ob as e v e rywh e re in t h e Wisd om Lit er a

,

t ure Wisd om is of divin e or igin e g xi 5 6

, , . . .
,

Bu t t h a t Go d w o ul d sp ea k
oh

A n d O p e n H i s li p s a g a i nst t h e e ;
,

A n d t h a t H e w o ul d S h o w t h e e t h e se c r e t s of W i sdo m
F or so u n d wi sd o m i s m a n i fo l d ( c p xv . .

AS g en e r a l rul e t h e wisd om s p ok en of i n this b ook is

a

th a t of ex p er i e n ce ; but in on e st r iking p ass ag e th e r e is a

d efinit e p ers onifi ca ti on of Wisd om v i z xxviii 1 2 2 8 ; i t , . .
—

b egins with t h e qu esti on Wh er e S h all Wisd om b e f ound ?

And a ft e r its p ri c el ess va lu e h as b ee n d esc rib ed t h e w r it er ,

c o n t inu e s ( v e r s e s 2 3 ft )

hr f
Go d un d e r st an d e t h t h e w a y t e eo

w h l th r f
,

A n d H e k no e t t h e p ace e eo

Wh n H m d
e ed r af th er ina ec ee or e a

ligh tnin g f t h t hu n d r
,

A d n w y f a th a or e o e e

Th n di d H
e it d d l r it ;
e se e an ec a e

t bli h d i t y r h d it t
,

H e es a s d e , ea, an se a c e ou .

But in t his b ook wh er e p r obl ems of g r ea t p e r p l e xity are

t re at e d th e r e is l ess s c op e th a n in t h e oth er Wisd om b ooks
,

f or d ea ling s p ec ifi c a lly with Wisd om .

I n E c c l esi ast e s ( B C 2 0 0 )Wisd om as on e w ould n a tu r ally

. .
,

e x p ec t is always s om ething abstr ac t ; but in this b ook

, ,

with its t e rr ibly p essimisti c t on e w e c om e ac r oss a p h en o ,

m e n on whi c h is f ound n owh ere e ls e in t h e Wisd om lit e r a tur e

t h e Pr e ach er s p essimism is s ee n t o a ffec t e v e n his e stim at e
’
2 40 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
a b ett e r ap p r ec i ati on of Wisd om f or e x am p l e i n , VII . 11, 12

i t is s aid :
W i sdo m is as g
i nh ri t n ; y m r x ll nt i i t
oo d a s a n e a ce ea, o e e ce e s

for th m t h t
e th a F see Wi d m i d f n vn mny
e sun . or s o s a e e ce, e e as o e

i
s a d f n e e bu t t h x ll n y f k n wl dg i t h t Wi d m p
ce e e ce e c o o e e s a s o re

se rv t h t h li f f him t h t h t h i t
e e e o a a .

Or ag ai n i n viii 1 : .

A m n wi d m m k t h hi f t hi n d t h h rd
’
a s s o a e f s ace o s e, an e a n e ss o

hi f s i
ace h ng d s c a e .

S th t in S p it of wh at h e s ays ls ewh re t h e Pr e h r h as
o a ,
e e e , ac e

a n inn t liki ng f Wisd om ;

a e r ec n t c omm en t t r n
or as a e a o o

th e b ook s ys h e a dmir e s it
a , d a t tim s f oll ows i t ,
an e

( i. 1 3 v i i
, 2 5 ix 1
. 6 ) bu t , t h ot h er h nd h ca nn ot
.
, on e a ,
e

rid hims lf of t h e f ling t h at t h e wi s m t oils i n v i n

e ee e an a

(ix th t his l b ur is a f r ui t l ss n d a v our a d t h at

a o a e e e n

hild b or n d d is in r lity h ap p i e r th an t h wi s e m
.
,

a c ea an ea e

(
v i .
3 I t is t r u e t h a t in n th r m oo d h d ecl r s t h a t a o e e a e

i t is b t t er t kn ow th at o will di th n t o kn w n ot hing
e o ne e a o

( ix .
5 ) bu t o t h e wh o l ,
his v e rdi
n c t is t h t Wisd o m lik e e, a

Th e wi s e m
,

a ll ot h r thi gs mund a n e i s y a i t y
e n an h s n o ,
n . a

r l a dv nt g ex cep t th t h e su ff rs wi t h his y s op e n ;
ea a a e, a e e e

in t h e en d h e di es like a f ool an d g oes t o t h e s am e p l ace ,

(ix 1 .

I n t h e Wisd om of B en Sira (E ccl esi as t i c us ) all t h at is -

t augh t c on cern ing Wisd om in t h e ear li er b ooks (with t h e

e xc ep t i on of W h at is p eculi a r t o E cc l esi as t es ) finds full
e x p r e ssi on th ough B en Si r a is n ot a sl avish imit a t or ; h e
,
-

h a s his ow n id e as an d a m p lifi es t h e e arli er t eachi ng a lw ays , ,

m aking it his own b e f or e giving exp resSi on t o i t Th e divi n e .

o r igin of Wisd om is S h ow n by t e ac hing t h a t i t is a dir e c t

e m an at i on fr om G od :

All W i sd o m c om e t h fro m t h e L o r d
A n d i s wi t h H i m f or e v er ( i .

1
B rta o n ,
E l
cc esi a stes, in t h e Int erna ti ona l Cri ti cal Co mm ent ary ,

P 37
 r
c ea e d t ( i
r m fr m b ginnin g b f r t h w rl d ( x iv
.

He c ea e d t e o th e e , e o e e o x .

I t is e s p ec i ally c h ar ac t e ris t i f B en Sir a s t hing t h t h

’

c o ea c a e -

ide ntifi e s t h e Law with Wisd om this id e ntifi ca ti on is

o f t e n t ak e n for gr a nt e d whil e in s e ver a l p a ss ag e s it is c a t e ,

g or i c a lly se t f or th B en Si r a in c ul ca t e s t h e t ru t h th a t t h e -

w ay t o l ea d a wis e lif e is t o li ve ac c o r ding t o t h e divin e com

.

man dmen ts an d act ing accordingly man m ak es his hum an

, ,

wisd om ap p r oxim a t e t o t h e divin e an d w or ldly p rac ti ca l , ,

w isd om in its m a ny an d v a r i ous f orms is thus of t h e s am e

, ,

kind only l ess in d egree as divin e wisd om I t is thus ea sy

, , .

t o see th a t t h e id e n t ifi ca ti o n b e t w ee n t h e Law an d Wisd om

wa s i n e vit abl e Thi s id e ntifi cat i on is t o b e s ee n i n su c h
” 1
.

p a ss a g e s a s t h e f o ll owing :

F or h e t h a t fe a r e t h t h e L o r d do e t h t hi s (i e se e k e t h W i sd o m )
h e t h a t t a k et h h o l d o f t h e L a w fin d e t h h e r ( xv
. .
,

An d .

He tha t k eep et h t h e La w c o n t roll e t h n a t ura l t en denc y

h is
fe a r r c on summ a t i on o f W i s d o m
,

An d t h e of t h e Lo d i s t h e
( xxi .

Th e m ost di r ec t a ss er ti on h oweve r of this ide nti t y b et wee n , ,

the L aw an d Wisd om is f ound i n xxiv 2 3 2 5 : .

,

Al l t h e se t hi n gs (i e n cern in g W i sdo m )the t hi n g s co a re in t h e

book o f t h e c o v enant of God Most High

. .

L a w w hi c h M o se s co mm an de d a s a n h eri t a g e f or t h e mbli
,

Th e a sse es

J b of aco

Whi h fill t h m wi t h W i d m li k P i n
,

c e en s o e so

A d li k Tigri i t h d y f w frui t
, ,

n e s n e a s o ne s .

A n d ag ai n i n xix 2 0 .

1
O est erl ey an d B ox The Wi sdomof B en S -
i ra , i n Ch rl a es
’
Th e
ryp h u igr p h T m nt I
,
”
Ap oc a an d P se d ep a a of t h e Ol d es a t e , , p .
30 8 .
 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
All W i sdo m i s t h e fea r o f t h e L o r d
An d a ll W i sdo m i s t h e f ulfillin g o f
,

t h e L aw .

Alth ough Wisd om is t he free gift of God ,

W i t ho u t m ur ea s e dot h H gr e l v Him (i
a nt h er t o t h e m t h a t o e .

y e t m is n ot a e o
an e bl t utiliz it with u t ar n st ff r t
o e e e o he
h a s an i r ksom e e o o dis ci p lin t g t hr ough whi h will t e s t
c his
sin ceri ty :
Bu t I will wa l k wi t h him i n di sgui se
A n d a t fir st I will t ry him wi t h t e m p t a t i on s
,

Fear a n d drea d will I brin g u p on him

A n d I w ill t orm ent hi m w i t h c h ast i se m e nt s ( iv 1 7)
,

bu t t o t h e p e r s e vering t h e r ewa rd is grea t ; t his B en -

Sir a
e x p r e ss e s in a p ass ag e full of p oe ti c a l b ea u t y

F or l ngt h t h u wil t fi d h r t
at e o n er es

h ll b t urn d f t h i nt gl dn
,

A d h n s e s a e e or ee o a e ss .

A d hn f tt r h ll b m
er e e s st y f tr ngt h f t h
a e co e a s a o s e or ee,

A d h n b n d f r b f gl ry
er a s or o es o o .

A n rn m nt f g l d i h y k
o a e o o s er o e,

A d h n f tt r er r d f blu
e e s a co o e .

Th u h l t rr y t h w i t h h
o s a a a wi t h r b f gl ry
ee er a s o es o o

A d r wn t h wi t h h wi t h r wn f b u ty (vi 8
,

n c o ee er a s a c o o ea . 2

I t will h av b een n ot i c d th t in s e ver l of t h p ss ag e s

e e a a e a

j us t qu ot e d t h p er s nifi c ti on of Wisd om is g r p hi ally

e o a a c

e x p ress d t h r a m ny oth rs i n this b ok i n whi h this

e e e re a e o c

is t ugh t
a in t eres t ing o
1 '

an is i 1 5 wh r Wisd om is ne e e

b od e m on g m :
.
,

d s c rib e d i n t king up h e
e a r a a en

W i t h f i t h ful m i h
a d h h th b n
en s S t bli h d fr m t rni t y
e, an S e a ee es a s e o e e ,

A d wi t h t h ir
n d h ll h e nt in u
se e s a s e co e .

I n an ot h e r p ass g e Wisd om i n vi t e s m
a en t o com e nd bid e a a

wi t h h e : r

C m u nt m y t h t d ir m
o e o e, e a es e e,

A d b y fi n l l d w i t h my p r d u
e e ; e o ce

F my m m ri l i w t r t h n h n y
or e o a s s ee e a o e

i n f m t h n t h h n y mb ( xxiv 9 )
,

A d th p n e osse ss o o e a e o e -
co . 1 ,
20

1
Th e id ea a p p ea s r a lr ea d y in P r v rb vii i
o e s 3 1 —
36 ix . 1— 6 ;

bu t br it
.
,

B en ~
S i ra e al o a es t i n hi s o wn w ay .
2 44 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
the e xist e n ce of Wisd om b e f or e t h e w orld w as crea t ed , an d

h er a r t in t h e Cr e at i on is t a ugh t thus :
p ,

An d wi t h Th whi h k n w t h Thy w rk
ee is W i sdo m c o e o s,

pr
nt wh n Th u w t m k i n g t h w rl d ( ix
,

A d n w as ese e o as a e o .

F h i i n i t i t d i nt t h
or s ek n wl d g
s f G d a e o e o e e o o

h t h t f Him H i w rk (viii
,

A d h n s e c o o se ou or s o s .

B en Sir -
we w id n t ifi e s t h L aw with Wisd m
a , as sa the ,
e e o

J wish H ll nisti w r it r f t h B o k f Wisd m d o s ot

e e e c e o e o o o e n

d o s but h t ch s
o, id entifi a ti on b t w n t h e H oly
e ea e an c e ee

S p i r it f t h e L r d
o d Wisd m ; t his is c l ear fr m t h
o an o
1
o e

f oll owing p a ss ag e :

B ec a u se W i sdo m
will t nt r i nt ul t h t d vi t h vil no e e o a so a e se e

d w ll i n b dy t h t i h l d i p l dg by i ;
,

N or e a o a s e n e e s n

F h ly p iri t f di i p lin wi ll fl d i t
or a o s o sc e ee e ce

F Wi d m i
or p iri t t h t l v t h m
s o s a s a o e an ,

A d h will
n s t h ld e bl p h m r guil t l f hi li p
no o a as e e e ss or s s

B u t h p iri t f t h L rd h t h fill d t h w rl d (i 4
e ca se e s o e o a e e o .

Still m or e p oin t e d e t h w ords in ix 1 7 : ar e .

A d wh
n v r g in d k n wl dg f Thy u n l x p t Th u g v t
o e e a e o e e o co se e ce o a es

Wi d m
,

s o

nt t Thy H ly S p iri t fr m high

,

A d n se es o o on ?

Fu r th r Wisd om is id ntifi d with t h W or d of t h e L rd

e , e e e o

th e W or d is h w v r us d in t h e Old T st m n t s ns ,
o e e ,
e e a e e e,

no t in th at f t h Phil ni n L og os o Th e W or d lik Wisd m

e o a .
,
e o ,

t k s p r t in t h C r ati n
a e a e e o :

O G d f th f th r
o od L r d Wh k p t Thy m r y
e a e s, an o o ee es e c

W h m d t ll t hin g by Thy W r d ;
,

o a es a s o

A d by Thy W i d m Th u f m d t m
n
(ix s o o or e s an . 1,

Just s Wisd om its u p n t h e thr n e of God :

a S o o

G iv m W i d m h
e e t h t i tt t h by Th
s o ,Thy t hr n (ix
er a s e ee on o e .

so, t oo ,
th e
s a m e is s aid of t h e W ord :
Thine a ll p o werful W or d l ea p e d fro m he a v en
-
o ut of th e ryl o a

t hr on e (xviii .

1
S ee , on t hi s s ubj ec t the v ry i nt r t in g y
e e es essa on Th e H ly o

iri t Wi sdom in t h e M fil d C ll g
,

Sp as b R e es, an s e o e e E ssa
y s
,
y
p o stul at e d of Wisd om n or w ould it all ow for t h e c om p l e t e n ess
,

of t h e Divin e tr a ns c e nd e n c e Wisd om ag ain is n ot God

.
, ,

in m anifest a ti on S h e is t oo distin c t fr om Him t o b e m erely

a th e or e ti ca l as p e c t of Hims e lf L astly S h e is n ot a B e ing
.
, ,

e rs o n al an d distin c t fr o m God : S h e e m a n a t e s f r om Him

p ,

but t h e em an a ti on h as n ot t e rmin at e d N o bi r th s ev er a n c e .
-

h as t a ke n p l ac e giving h e r ind ep e nd e nt lif e 1

m
, .

Fi n all y it will n ot be a iss t o t ak e a gl a n ce th ough i t

, ,

be but a v e r y S light on e a t t h e t e ac hing co n ce r ning Wisd om

,

whi c h is given in s om e of t h e A p oca ly p ti c b ooks of w hi ch

m enti on h as b een m ade in t h e p r e ce ding c h a p t e r I t is t r u e .
,

thes e b ooks do n ot b el ong t o t h e Wi sd om Lit e r a tu r e n ev er ,

t h eless s om e of th e m co nt a i n t ea c hing on t h e subj ec t of

Wisd om whi ch m ay a pp r o r i a t e ly find a b r i e f c o nsid e r a ti on
p
h e re We h ave a l r e ady s ee n th a t in s om e of t h e ear li e r
.

b ook s of t h e Old T e st am e nt m a t e ri a ls are t o b e d is ce rn e d

out of whi c h t h e Wisd om Lit e r a tu r e d e v e l op e d ; as th e r e

were t h eref or e th es e ea r ly s eed s out of whi c h t h e Wisd om

’

, ,

Lit era tu r e g r ew so in s om e of t h e A p oca ly p ti c b ooks an

,

a ft e r g r owth m a a ls o b e dis c e rn e d Whil e t h e full f r uit

y
-
.

is t o b e s ee n in t h e b ooks with whi c h w e h a ve j ust b een

con c e rn ed it is w e ll t o r e a liz e th a t s o m e fruit i s a ls o t o b e
,

g ath ered outsi de of th es e I t wi ll b e suffic i ent for our .

p pu r o s e if w e illustr a t e wh a t h as t o b e s a id fr o m thr ee

A p oca lyp ti c b ooks vi z t h e B o ok of En och t h e Simili tud es

, .
,

of En oc h an d t h e S e c r e ts of En oc h .

I n t h e old est p or ti ons of t h e B ook of En oc h th ere is n o

m nti on of Wisd om
e 1
unl e ss xci 1 0 b e in clud e d am ong
, .

th es e ?
This p ass ag e runs
1
G r gg Th Wi d m f S l m
e e s o o o o on , p xxxvi
Th t r f w i d m i th G rd r f rr d t
. .
.

en i s
1
e ee o s o n e a e e e o in xxxn .
3 .

3
S bv p
ee a o e, . 20 2 ,
 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
righ t u h ll ri fr m t h ir l p
An d t h e eo s s a a se o e s ee

A d W i d m h ll ri d b giv n u nt t h m
,

n s o s a a se an e e o e .

I n t h n x t old s t p art t h
e e D r e m Visi ns t h th ought
e ,
e a o ,
”
e

whi c h h a al r dy om b f re us f Wisd om sitting

s ea c e the e o o on

t hr n e of God finds ex p ressi on :

o ,

W i d m d p rt s o t fr m t h e pl a f Thy t hr n
s no o e ac e o o e,

N t urn w y fr m Thy p r n (lxxxiv

or s a a o e se ce .

Bu t i t is i n t h Simili t ud s th a t w find
e numb r f e e a e o

p a ss g s
a d e ling
e with t h
a subj c t i n f a t ll th es e Similie e c ,
a

tud es ,
P rabl s a e d e l ar ed t o b t h ou t om
or a e , f r c e e c e o

th e Wisd m whi ch t h L or d of S p iri t s gra nt d t o En h

o e e oc

(s xxxvii 1 4 an d p lxxxii 2
ee .
—
, Di ffer ing f r m t h
c . .
, o e

t aching of ear li r Wisd om b ks i t is h r e s t t d t h at

e e oo
1
e a e

Wisd m c ould owh re fi n d

o dw lling p l ce m ong m
n e a e -
a a en ,

a d h ad t h er ef or
n t r tu rn t o h eav en (C p t h e p ss g e j us t
e o e . a a

qu ot ed)
W i d m f und s o pl owh r h migh t d w ll ;
no ac e e e s e e

Th n d w llin g p l w
e a e ign d h i n t h h v n
-
ace a s a ss e er e ea e s

W i d m w nt f r t h t m k h d w llin g m n g t h hi l dr n f m
.

s o e o o a e er e a o e c e o en ,

Bu t f u n d d w llin g p l ;
o no e -
ac e

W i d m r t urn d t h p l
s o e e o er ac e ,

A d t n k h t m n g t h n g l ( xlii
oo er se a
p x iv
a o e a e s . 1, 2 c . c .

I t is t h e El ec t O S i t ting th t hr on of God Wh o
n e, on e e ,

p o ss e ss es a ll t h e s c r ts o f Wisd o m : e e

A d th E l t O
n e h ll i t h d y i t my Thr n
ec ne s a n o se a s s on o e,

A d h i m u t h h ll p ur f r t h ll t h
n s o s a r t f wi d m d u n l
o o a e sec e s o s o an co se

F or t h L r d f S p iri t h t h giv n t h m t
e o o him d h t h gl rifi d
s a e e o an a o e

him (li 3 ; p xlix

,

. c . .

Th bl ss d n ss of t h os wh
e e e e c p t Wisd om is d s c rib d e o ac e e e

in x c ix 1 0 . .

I n t h e B ook of t h e S ecret s of En och t h er e is at l eas t on e

p a ss ag e in whi c h Wisd om is p e rs onifi e d ; it is a v e ry c uri ous

on e r e p ea ti n g with s t r ang e d e t ails t h e t h ought th a t Wisd om ,

Bu t p
1
c J ob xxviii 1 2— 1 4, t h o ugh t h e g en era l c on cep t i on of

r fr mt h
. .

Wi d m her
s o e di ff e s o at o f t h e l at er W i sdom b ook s ,
248 THE B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYPHA

high er c ulture is r ecogniz e d an d th ere is willingn ess t o l earn

,

fr om th em N ot i n fre qu e ntly t h e God of t h e J e ws is d ecl are d

t o b e t h e God of all m
.

en M os t st r iking is t h e con cep ti on

whi c h is quit e um
.
,

-
J ewish of t h e divi n e S op hi a whi ch is
,

con ce iv e d of as a c r e a tiv e p owe r e xisting b ef or e t h e C r ea ti on .

Th ere is a grea t di fferen ce b etwee n t h e con cep ti ons of

Wisd om in p re exili c writings an d th os e of t h e Wisd om
-

Lit erature p r op e r ; but with out d oub t t h e f orm er cont ai n

t h e s ee ds wh os e g r owth is s ee n i n t h e l a t t e r Y e t whil e it
.

is t ru e th at t h e r eligi ous int ell ec tu al s p i r it t o whi c h t h e

-

Wisd om Lit e r ature owed its exist e n ce w as an indig en ous

p l an t, ye t t h e e l em e n t s whi c h c ont r ibu t e d t o its d e v el o m ent
p
w er e n ot e x clusively J ewish B abyl oni an influ en ce w as
.

a t w ork b e f or e as w ell as during t h e C ap tivi ty an d Gr ee k

, , ,

i n flu enc e is t o b e dis cern ed l at er .

I t is n ot p ossibl e t o say wh e n id eas ab out Wisd om b eg an

t o m anife s t th ems e lve s i n Isr ael Th e earli est f orm of
.

Wisd om is p res ent e d by wh a t t h e H ebrews call e d a m ashd l ,

usu ally t ransl at e d p r overb but h a ving a wide r S ig n i fica

,

t i on b ei ng us ed of a p rop h eti c figu rat ive di sc ours e su c h as

,

w as ut t er e d by B al aa m or a p ar abl e or all eg o ry of t h e kind

,

f ou n d in t h e B ook of Ez eki el I n i t s earli er use h oweve r

mdshdl did m ean a p r overb i e a s ent en ce exp ressing
.
, ,

. .
,

s om e t ru t h n ot n ecess a rily re ligi ous or e thi cal which h ad

, ,

b ee n r each e d by e x p e ri en ce or obs ervat i on .

Th e H ebr ew w ords f or Wisd om ( Chok m

”
ah) a n d f or

wis e m en
”
( C h a k d m i m) a re f o und f a i r ly fr e qu e n t ly i n
t h e P e nt at eu ch as we ll a s i n t h e p rOp h et i c a n d hist ori c al
b ooks ; but t h e usu al m eaning i n th es e di ffers fr om t h a t
f ound i n t h e Wisd om Lit erat ure .

Of t h e s ever al c on cep t i on s of Wisd om i n t h e Wisd om

Lit erat ur e t h e m os t im p or t ant is t h at ex p ress ed i n t h e well
kn own w ords : Th e f ear of t h e L or d is t h e b egin n ing of
“

Wisd om this occurs a g ain a n d ag ai n i n va rying f orm ,

i t s rea l m ean ing b eing t h at t h e fear of t h e L ord is t h e en d

f aculty of distinguishing b e twee n g ood an d e vil a lways
c om e s fr om God .

Th e p e rs o nifi ca ti on of Wisd om f ou n d i n this Lit era tu r e

is of far reaching im p ort an ce We must n eith e r r ead i n t o
-
.

t h e p ass ag e s whi ch tr ea t of this a m e aning th e y we re n ot

i n t en de d t o b ear n or must w e ex p l a in aw ay t h e m ea ning
,

th a t w as r eally int ende d Wh e n am ong t h e J ewish s ag e s of

.

old Wisd om w as p e r s onifi e d th e y th ought of a p e r s on a lity

,

e xisting a l ongsid e of God a n int e rm e di a t e b e ing b e twee n

,

God an d t h e w or ld . This i s m ore or l ess p ar all el t o t h e

e rs o nifi ca ti o n or qu a si e rson i fic a t i on of a tt r ibut e s p r o er
p p p
-

t o God whi c h is f ou n d i n ea r ly p ost Ch r isti a n J e wi sh w r iti n g s

-
.

Th e s p e c i a l im p or t a n ce of this c on ce p ti on of Wisd om li e s n ot
onl y in t h e fa c t th a t it f orms t h e link b e tw ee n t h e P a l e stini a n

an d H e ll e ni c d e v e l op m e nt of Jud a ism but a ls o th at it

,

rep resents t h e c ont r ibuti on m ad e by t h e Wi sd om Lit e r atu r e ;

t o t h e Ch rist ol ogy of t h e N ew T e st am e nt an d h as m or e , ,

ov e r,
gre a tly influ e n ce d Ch r isti a n th eol ogy .

I n t h e earlie r p or ti ons of P r overbs Wisd om i s always,

r e s e nt e d a s s om e thing a b st r ac t e x ce p t p e r h ap s in xvii 24
p ,
. .

A r ea l pe rs onifi cati o n is f ound in t h e l a t e r p ar ts In J ob .

it is t h e wisd om of ex p e ri en ce th a t n o rm ally finds ex p r e s si on

but th ere is a d efinit e p e r s onifi cati on in xx x viii 1 2 2 8 . In —
.

E ccl esi a st e s Wisd om is a lways som e thing abst r ac t a n d a , ,

uniqu e e l em e nt t h e estim a t e of Wisd om is a ffe c t e d by t h e

,

P r each e r s p e ssimism In E cc l e si asti c u s a ll th a t i s t aught

’
.

i n t h e oth e r b ooks ab out Wisd om finds e x p r essi on wi th t h e ,

e x cep ti on of t h e p e ssimism of E cc l e si a st e s ; t h e i de n t i fi ca

t i on of t h e Law with Wisd om is a st r iking ch ar ac t e r i stic .

Th e J ewish H e ll e nisti c writ e r o f t h e B ook o f Wisd om

-

identifi es Wisd om with t h e h oly S p irit of t h e L or d as well ,

25 0 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

as with the W ord (i n t h e J ew ish s ens e) an d t eac h es i t s

,

divi ne origi n an d its e xist e n c e b ef or e t h e c rea ti on of t h e

w or ld (this is comm on t o t h e Wisd om Li t e ra tu r e g e n erally) .

A b r i ef gl an ce a t t h e t eaching conc erning Wisd om in t h e

A p ocalyp tic Li t era t u r e sh ows th a t t h e r e is ve ry lit tl e i n t h e
e a r li es t p a rt s of t h e B ook of En och but th e r e a re a n umb e r
,

of p ass ag e s whi c h t ou c h t h e subj ec t in t h e

”
Similitud es ,

som e of whi c h h a v e p ec uli a r f e a t ur es . I n t h e S ec re ts of

En oc h Wisd om is rep res ent ed as t aking p ar t i n t h e Cr eat i on .
25 2 TH E BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
A t t h e s am e tim e it is n ecess ary t o b ear in mind t h a t whil e
,

in m os t res p ec ts t h e b ooks of t h e A p ocryp h a affor d s p eaking ,

g en e rally a c r it eri on or t p r i od
,
f h e e B C zo o — A D . 1 0 0 as t o
. . .

orth od ox J e wish t e a c hing in som e r e s p ec ts th ey a re i n ad e

,

qu at e in oth ers e ve n insuffic i e nt so th at i n su ch ca s es

, ,

r ec ou r s e must b e h ad t o t h e A p oc alyp ti c Lit e ra ture ,

th ough w e ca nn ot h ere t a ke th a t Lit era tu r e int o full er

c onsid e r a ti on .

N ow in d e aling with t h e Jud a ism of this p e r i od w e must

‘

a g a in em p h a siz e wh a t h as a l r e a dy b e e n st a t e d s e v e r al tim e s ,

n a m e ly t h e e xist e n c e of t h e e xt e rn a l influ e nc es by whi ch it

was a ffec t e d Th e b ac kgr ound of t h e A p oc ryp h a b ooks

.

in t h e d om ain of d oc trin e is n ot s ol ely t h e Old Tes t am ent ,

th ough t his is of c ours e th eir c hi e f s ou r ce of insp i r ati o n ;

, ,

but th e r e h av e als o b een m arke d P er si an an d Gree k influ en ces

in cert ai n direc t i ons ; it is e ss e nti al th a t this S h ould b e
r ec ogniz e d This p oint h as b ee n a dmi r ably dea lt with by
.

F ai rweat h er an d s om e of his w or ds are w ell w orth qu oting ;

,

h e rightly s ays th a t th e r e h a ve b ee n t w o g r e a t str eams of

influ en ce fl owing in u p on t h e J ewish th eol ogy of this p er i od ,

an E a st e r n an d a W e st e r n a P e r si a n a n d a Gr eek
, Of th e s e .

by far t h e str ong er w as t h e G r eek th ou gh t h e P e r si an is as

,

distin c tly t r aceabl e t h e P e rsi an c u r r e nt w as th a t of

Z or oa st r i a nism ; t h e G ree k can n ot b e a ss oc i a t e d with a
S ingl e n a m e Out of th es e t w o f orc e s whi c h w er e n ew or
.
, ,

n ewly f elt ac tive u p on t h e n ative Judaism of P al estin e

, ,

whi c h w a s old w as f or m e d th a t thi rd whi ch w e m ee t within

,

t h e h om e of J ewi sh th e ol ogy of t h e p e r i od Bu t th er e w as
.

a ls o a J ewish th eol ogy outsid e of P al e s t in e a lt og e th e r N ot .

o nly did f oreign influ e n ce s flow in u p on Jud aism bu t ,

Jud aism n ow n o l ong er c onfin e d t o P a l e stin e we nt out t o

, ,

m ee t th em Thus t h e hith ert o unbr ok e n rive r of Old Te s t a

.

m ent id eas an d d oc trin es divid ed its elf at this p oint i n t o

th r ee s ep a r a t e streams On e t h e m a in c urre n t c on tinu ed
.
, ,

t o flow on i n P al e sti n e whil e on t h e ea s t an d wes t of it ran

 This is J ewish th at is P ersi an or This is J ewi sh th a t
’

, , ,

Th e m a i n c urr e nt of whi c h F air weath e r s p eak s

’
1
is Greek .

rep res ents P alestini an Jud aism whil e t h e oth e r t w o st r e am s

,

o w e rfully a ffe c t e d t h e Jud aism of t h e Dis p e r si on ; t h e

p
di fferen ce s b etwee n th e s e t w o typ e s of Jud ai sm must b e
t aken i n t o c onsider a ti on for b oth typ es are r ep res ent ed in
,

t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc ry p h a We must al s o s ee k as far as

.

ossibl e t o f oll o w t h e t eac hing of t h e v a r i ous b ook s 111 c h r on o

p ,

l ogi cal or de r Di ffe rences oi Op ini on e xi st t o be su r e

.
, ,

reg arding t h e ac tu al d at e s of th ese but th e r e is in a lm ost a ll ,

ca s e s a p p r oxim a t e un animity as t o t h e cen t uri es t o whi c h

t h ey b el ong In s om e inst a n ces di ffere nt p ar ts of a b ook

.

b el ong t o di ffe re nt tim e s this will b e t ak e n int o c onsid e r a

ti on wh ere n ece ss a ry Wh en th e r e f or e qu ot a ti ons are give n
.
, ,

t o illustra t e s om e p oint of d oc t r in e th ey wi ll b e p ut as ,

far as p ossibl e in c hr on ol ogi ca l or d e r see t h e t abl e on p 3 2 0

, . .

Th e d oc t r in e s t o b e d ea lt w ith are t h e f oll owi n g :

(a) Th e D oc t r i n e of God .

(b) Th e oc t r in e of t h e Law
D .

(c) Th e D oc t r in e of Sin .

( )
d Th e D o c trin e o f Gr ace an d F r e e will -
.

( )
e T h e D o c t r in e of t h e M e ssi a h .

f) Th e D oc t r in e of t h e Futu r e Life .

(g ) Th e D oc t r in e of A ngels .

(h) D em on ol ogy .

Th e ve r y im p or t a nt d oc t rin e of Wisd om h as al r e ady b een

c onsid e r e d in Ch a t e r VI I I
p .

I n dea li n g with th es e d oc t r in e s w e S h all only m ake curs ory

H a stings D B V p 2 7 5
1 ’
. .
, ,
. .
25 4 THE BOO K S O F THE APO CRY PHA
m enti on of th os e p oints in whi ch t h e t eaching of t h e Ap ocry
h a is id e nt i cal with th a t of t h e Old T e s t am en t as our m a i n
p ,

obj ec t is t o t ry an d S h ow i n wh a t r e s p ec ts t h e b ooks of t h e

A p oc ry p h a exhibi t an a dva n ce in d oc trin e u p on t h e Old

Te st am en t or as in s om e c a s es a r e tr og r essi on ; a t t h e
, , ,

s am e t im e t h e c h arac t e r isti c f orm in whi c h a b ook p re s e nts

an y p ar t i c ul a r d oc t rin e will b e n ot e d e v e n in th os e c a s e s i n

whi c h th er e is n o ess e n ti al di ffe r enc e b e tw ee n t h e Old T e st a

m e n t an d t h e A p oc ry p h a I t will n ot a lways b e p ossibl e .

t o k eep t h e vari ous d oc t rin es e ntir ely s ep ar at e f r om e ac h

ot h e r as on e so of t en l ea ds i nt o a n oth e r so t h a t s om e littl e

rep eti t i on m
,

ay at t im es b e u n a v oid abl e .

(a) The D octri n e of God .

Th e Old T e s t am e n t t eac hi ng on t h e P ers on ality of God is ,

a s on e w ould e x p e c t so full th a t w e mus t n ot l ook f or mu c h

, ,

a dva n ce i n t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a on this subj ect .

Th e U nity of God t h e C r e a t or of all His e t e rn i t y an d ,

omni p ot en ce His act ivity i n n at ure His wisd om h olin ess

, , , ,

j usti ce l oving kindn ess an d m erc y His Fa th er h ood of

,
-

Is r ael an d s om etim es of all flesh t h es e d oc t rin es are all

,
—

a m p ly d ealt with in E cc l esi a s t i c us I n t h e fin e p a ss ag e .

E cc l esi as t i cus xlii 1 5 xliii 33 wh e re B en Si r a g e ts his

.
—
.
,
-

insp irat i on l ar g ely from t h e Ps alms t h e p ra is e of God is ,

sung as t h e L ord of N at ure t h ere are one or t w o p oin t s i n

t his p assage whi ch t o s om e ext en t wit n ess t o an advan ce u p on
, ,

wh a t t h e Old Tes t am ent t each e s ; i n xlii 1 6 it is s aid : .

h ly n h v t t h p w r
Go d
’
s o o es a e no e o e

T r u nt H i w n dr u w rk f migh t ;
o eco s o o s o s o

Th ugh G d h t h giv n tr n gt h t Hi h t
o o a e s e o s os s

T n d ur i t h p r n
o e f H i gl ry e n e e se ce o s o .

Th s e w ords rep res ent t h e H ebrew whi h was misund r s t ood

e ,
c e

by t h Greek t ransl at r ; t h e m e ning of th em is th a t ot

e o a n

e v e n t h e an g els can d c l are G od s mighty w or ks e v en

’
1
e ,

1
S p ok e n o f as th e h ly n
o o es, so t oo i n J ob xv 15 Cp l
a so

ryr M r 5
. .

P a e of a na sses ve , se 1 .
25 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA
u p on t h e id ea th a t G od s f av our is on ly a ccord ed t o th os e
’

w h o k eep t h e Law an d th a t He is only t h e God of t h e J ews

, ,

whi ch is im p li ed th r ough out e ve n if n ot d efinit ely s t a t e d is ,

a v ery in a d e qu a t e on e an d t ak e s uS b a c k t o s om e of t h e l e a s t

e x al t e d p ass a g e s of t h e Old T e st a m e n t whi c h d e a l with t h e

d octr in e of God A s p ec i a l n ot e t h ough in n o s ens e n ew

.
,

i n its elf is s ound e d in t h e Pr ay er of M a n ass es wh ere

, ,

g r ea t stre ss is l aid u p on t h e divin e com p a ssi on th e

o e ning v e rs e s f o r m a b ea utiful hymn of
p p r ais e t o God In .

tu r ning t o t h e s econd a ry t ext of E cc l esi as t i c us whi ch com e s ,

n ext in or der w e h ave i n th e a dditi on t o xxiv 2 3 ( 2 4 i n

, .
z

t h e A V )a st r iking ins t an ce of t h e Ph aris ai c d oc t r in e of God

.
,

b oth as r eg ar ds t h e divin e P e rs on ality as well as t h e r el ati on

shi p b et ween Him an d His t ru e w orshi p p ers :

F int
a bu t b tr n g i t h L r d
n ot , e s o n e o

A d l v u nt Him t h t H m y tr n gt h
,

n c ea e o a e a s e e n y ou .

C l v u nt Him t h L r d t h A lmigh t y i t h O
ea e o e o e s e ne a n d on ly G od

A d b i d Him t h r i S vi ur
, ,

n es e e e s no a o .

Th e g r eat ch ar ac t e r isti c so far a s t h e p re s ent subj ec t is

,

c o n ce r n e d of this s ec ond a r y t e xt or Ph ari s a i c r ec e nsi on

1
, , ,

of E c c l e si asti c us is th a t of t h e c l os e n e ss of God t o t h os e wh o

l ove Him ; p ers on al r eligi on th a t r eligi ous individu alism ,

whi ch did so mu ch t o f os t e r S p i r i t u al w orshi p finds t ru e ,

e x p r e ssi on h e r e n ot th a t t h e o r igi n a l writ e r w as w a nting

in deep p i e ty i n S p it e of wh a t of t e n s t rik e s on e a s a s om ewh a t

,

w or ldly s p i rit but as c om p ared wi t h t h e Ph aris a ic id eal of

,

t h e b eginning of t h e fi r st c e ntu r y B C i t is n ot sur p rising t o . .

find th at t h e b ook w as consid er e d i n s om e r e s p ec t s wa nting ,

an d th a t it s ee m ed t o t h e m or e a rd e n t r e ligi ous t e m p e r a m e n t

of t h e Ph a r is ee s a s n ot suffi c i ent ly e x p r e ssiv e of t h e c l os e

r el ati onshi p b e twee n God an d His p i ous on e s This m ay .

b e illust r a t e d by on e or t w o e x am p l e s of t h e w ay a ddi t i on s
are m a d e t o t h e or igi n al t ext I n i 1 2 B en Sira s ays -
. .

1 S ee p p .
3 3 1 ff ; blw e o .
An oth er e x am p l e is f ound in the a ddi ti on t o xv u . 20 . B en

Th ir ini q ui t i
e t h i d fr m H i m es a re no o

l l t h ir i n in rib d b f r t h L rd ;
,

A d n a e s s a re sc e e o e e o

t o this t h Ph r i i gl ss t r dds
e a sa c o a o a

Bu t t h L rd b ing m r i ful k n w ing l t h t t h y

e o e m e c o a so a e a re a de in
im g
, ,

Hi w s o n a e,

S p r d th m
a e d f r ek th m , t ant t h m ff o soo e no , n or cas e o .

The l os n ss f God t th s w h l ov Him is g i n br

c e e o o o e o e a a o ught
“
out in the a dditi on to x v ii . 26

F or H e H im lf w ill l se e ad t he e o ut o f r
d a k n ess u nt o th e ligh t of

sa lv t i n
a o .
1

Th ere a re of c ours e oth e r p a ss ag es of a simil a r kind Th e

, ,
.

int e re st of th es e li es in t h e f ac t th a t th e y b r e a th e t h e s am e
S p irit whi c h w e find in a numb e r of t h e l a t e r Ps a lms an d ,

whi c h a re b e li e ve d by m a ny s c h ol a r s t o e m a n a t e f r om t h e
c i r c l e o f t h e C ha ssi di m o r Pi ous on es t h e f o r e r unn e r s
” “
,

of t h e Ph a ris ee s ; this S p i r it r ea p p e a r s in t h e P sa lms of

S ol om on whi ch a re admit t e dly t h e w or k of a Ph ar i se e

, ,

or Ph a r is e es I n 1 M acc a b ees w e find t h e st r a ng e

.

c h a r ac t e r isti c of t h e n on m e nti o n of t h e n am e of Go d 3 -

whi c h n e v e r oc c urs in t h e o r igin a l t e xt th ough it i s som e ,

tim e s ins e rt e d in t h e Auth o r iz e d Ve r si o n ; on t h e o th e r

h a nd a t r u e f a ith in t h e omni p ot en c e of God i s a t tim es
,

e x p r e ss e d e g iii 1 8
, . Th e r e is n o d i ff er e n c e in t h e sight
. .

of H ea v e n t o s a v e by m a ny or by f e w f or vi c t o r y in b a ttl e

1
F or o t h er e x mpl
a e s se e the p r e se nt wri t r e
’

s se c t i on i n the Intro
d u ti
c o n to S ir a ch in C h rla e s, I pp . 28 5 f .

t hi bl w
,

1
For t h e reason o f s se e e o ,
pp 4 . 12 f .
25 8 THE B OO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

st an d e th n ot in t h e mul ti t ud e of an h os t bu t s t re ngth is fr om ,

H ea ven a n d t rus t i n God as t h e God of Is r ae l Wh o will

h el p His p eop l e a g a inst t h eir f oes occ urs n ot infr e qu e ntly ,

e g in iv 1 0 1 1
. . . And n ow let uS cry un t o H ea ve n if He
, ,

will h ave m erc y u p o n us an d will r e m emb e r t h e c ov e n a n t

,

of t h e f a th e r s an d d e s t r oy this a rmy b ef or e our f a ce t o da

y
-
, ,

an d t h e n will a ll t h e G e ntil e s k n ow t h a t t h e r e is On e Wh o

r ed eem eth a n d s ave t h Israe l ” 1

I n all t hree of t h e d oc u
.

m e n t s whi ch m ak e up t h e B ook of B aru c h s tr ess is l aid on

G o d s guid an ce of Isr ael s d es t i n y ; i n t h e p or ti on B aru ch
’ ’

iv 5 — v 9 t h e S p ec i al c h arac t e ris t i c is t h a t t h e divin e c om

. .

p a ssi on is c onst a ntly r e ca ll e d f or whi c h r ea s on t h e writ e r

,

a g a in a n d a g ain bids his h ea r e rs b e of g ood C h e e r Th e .

wri t er of 2 (4 ) Esdra s fully r ep re s e n t s t h e b es t of t h e Old

T e s t a m ent t e ac hing c on ce r ning t h e d oc t rin e of God ; h e
i n sists on t h e unity of God His Cr eat orshi p wh olly with ou t ,

a n y m e di at or i a l a g e n c y Isr ael is t h e S p ec i ally e l ec t e d n a t i on

with whi c h God h as e n t e r e d in t o a cov e n ant r e l at i on Th e .

r obl e ms with whi c h t h e s ee r is p r es ent e d are ins olubl e f or

p
man wh o cann ot ev en comp reh en d t h e m at er i al things of
,

t h e w o r ld mu c h l e ss t h e s p iritu al s ec r e ts of H ea v e n
,

He s a id m or e ov e r u n t o m e Wh a t b el ongs t o t h ee , ( n a m e ly ) ,

t h e things t h a t h a v e i nt e rmingl e d wi th t hy g r o wth t h ou art ,

in cap abl e of und e r st andi n g h ow t h e n S h oul d thy v ess e l b e

a bl e t o c om p r eh e nd t h e way of t h e M os t High ? F or t h e
w ay of t h e M os t High h at h b ee n f ound with ou t m e asur e
h ow th e n sh ould i t b e p ossibl e f or a m ort a l in a c or ru p tibl e
, ,

w orld t o und erst a nd t h e wa ys of t h e I n corr u p tibl e ( iv 1 0 .

,

Th e writ er s f a ith i n God is s p ec i ally S h ow n f orth by

’

his con vi ct i on t h a t in S p i t e of all ap p ear a n ces G od s l ov e is ’

f or His p e op l e Just as th ou art un abl e t o d o e ven on e of

t h es e th a t h ave b ee n m enti on ed e ve n so art th ou p owerl ess ,

t o dis cov e r my j udg e m e n t or t h e g oal of t h e l ove th a t I h a ve

1 On th e s ub t i t u t i
s o n of H v ea e n f or t h e nam e of Go d , se e

Oest erley an d B o x Op ci t 18 6 ff
, . .
, pp . .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Be u v n i n t h
ca se Th u g v t w y
e e e se a o a es a a

wv ur p t h ;
,

A d i n th n e a es a s e a

S h wi n g t h t Th u
o n t v at f v y d ng r o ca s sa e ou o e er a e .

I n oth e r r s p ec ts ls t h e s e ond p rt of t his b k r p r s nt s

e a o c a oo e e e

t h Old T st m nt d oc trin
e e a m or e s p e i lly i n its insis t n c
e e, e c a e e

u p n t h n e d f right w rshi p a d in t h e w ay i whi c h i t

o e e o o ,
n n

d als wi th t h m r y a d j usti ce of G d
e e e c n o .

( )
6 Th e D octri n e f o the L a w .

I n E ccl e si a sti c us mu c h stress is l a id u p on t h e im p or t an ce of

t h e L aw b o th fr om t h e e thi c al an d r itu a l p o int of vi ew ,

a f a c t whi c h S h ows this b o ok t o b e a v a lu abl e link b e tw e e n

t h e Jud aism of p os t e xili c tim e s an d R abbi n i c a l Jud a ism

-
.

Th e fi r st p oint t o n ot e is t h e n a tur e of t h e Law as t augh t by

B en Si r a i t is e t e rn a l an d i t is divin e f or i t h as b ee n give n
-
, ,

by God t h e Et e r n al On e Th e e xist e n ce of t h e Law b e f or e

,
.

t h e b eginning of t h e w o r ld is inv olv e d by B en Sir a s i den t i fi

’
-

c a ti on of it wi th Wisd o m This is a con c ep ti on whi ch so .

,

f ar as is kn own occ u r s h e r e f or t h e firs t tim e bu t t h e w ay in

,

whi ch this id e ntifi cati on s eems t o b e t ak e n f or gr a nt e d

sh ows th a t i t c a nn o t h a ve b ee n wh olly n ew t o B en Sir a s -
’

h eare rs i n s p eaking ab out t h e s ea rc h f or Wisd om h e s ays f or ,

e x am p l e in xv 1 :
,
.

F or h e t ha t fear et h t h e L or d do e t h t hi s [i e seek et h W i sdo m ] . .

h e t h a t t a k e t h h o l d o f t h e L a w fin d et h h er [i e W i sdo m ]
,

An d . . .

Th e L aw an d
Wisd om a re us e d a g ain as syn onym ous t erms
i n xxxiv (xxxi in t h e Gr eek ) 8 :
. .

W i t h o u t d ec e i t S h ll
a t h e La w b e fulfill e d ,

An d W i sdo m is p e rf ec t in a m o u t h t hat is fa i t h ful .

P erh ap s th e m ost striking ex am p l e of t h e w ay in whi c h t h e

t wo a re iden tifi e d with e ach o th e r is i n xxiv 2 3 wh ere .
,

B en -
Sira s p eaks of t hings c on cer ning Wisd om s aying ,

All t h e se thi n gs a re th e b
n ant o f Go d Most High
o ok o f th e co v e

T h e L a w whi c h M oses co mm an ded a s an h eri ta ge for th e assembli es

,

of J a co b .
t he t ru e obse rvance of t h e La w an d t h e b egin ning or
m
, ,

z enith of Wisd o
, Th e c onst a nt insist e n c e u p on t h e n ee d of
.

obs e r ving t h e Law is c h a r ac t e r isti c of t his b ook ; t h e f oll owi ng

p a ss ag e offe r s a g o od ex a m p l e out of m a ny :

He t h a t se e k e t h o ut t h e La w sh a ll g a i n h e r
Bu t t h e hyp o cri t e sha ll b e sna re d t here by
,

I n a ll t hy w o r k s gu a r d t hy se l f
F or h e t h a t so d o e t h k ee p e t h t h e c o mm a n d m ent
,

H e t hat o b se rv e t h t h e La w g ua r de t h him se l f
.

A n d h e t h a t t ru st e t h i n J e h o v a h sh a ll n o t b e bro ugh t
,

to
s h m ( xxxii
a e . 15

B en Sira u r g e s m
-
en n ot t o b e ash am e d of t h e Law ( xlii .

an d l o ve s t o r e mi n d his h ea r e rs of h ow th e ir g r ea t an c e st ors

obs e r ve d i t a n d w e r e e nlight e n e d by it an d t aught it t o ,

o th e r s (see xliv 2 0 xlv 5 1 7 xlvi 1 4 ) a n d h e als o t eac h es

.
, .
, ,
.

th a t t h e fulfilling of t h e p r ecep ts of t h e Law is t o be t h e c hi e f

con ce rn in vi e w of t h e in e vit abl e n e ss of d ea th :

Rem mb r t hy l t d d
e e fr m n mi t y ;
as en an c e a se o e

R m mb r rru p t i n d d t h d bid i t h mm n d
,

e e e co o an ea an a e n e co a

m nt ( xxviii
,

e s .

An th r p in t of im p r t n in this nn t i on is B Si r s
’
o e o o a ce co ec en -
a

t hing
eac t h e p i r it in whi h t h
on p r p ts f t h LS aw c e ece o e

sh uld b ca rr i d ut i n xxxiv 1 8 1 9 (in t h Greek xxxi

o e e o .
,
e .

2 1 — 23 ) e
h s ays :

Th e rifi f t h u nright u m i m k in g ff rin g

sac ce o e eo s an s a oc o e ,

A d un n p t bl t
acceh bl t i n f t h
a g dl e are e o a o s o e o ess .

T h M t High h t h
e os p l ur i t h ff ri n g f
a t h u n g dl
no y eas e n e o e s o e o ,

N i t h r d t h H f rgiv
e e in f mul t i t u d f rifi
o e o e s s or a e o sa c c es .

S om ewh a t di ffer e nt in ch arac t er but b r eathing q uit e ,

the
s am e sp iri t are t he foll owi ng words ;
,
262 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
H e w h o w ash et h a ft er co ntac t wit h a dea d b dy o , an d t o u che th i t
g in
a a

W h t h h g in d by h i b t h in g
,

a as e a e s a ?

So a m f t i g f h i in
an as n or s s s,

A d g in d i n g t h
n a a m o e sa e,

W h will li t n t h i p r y r
o s e o s a e ?

A d wh t h t h h g in d by h i humili t i n ( v r s 5
n a a e a e s a o e se 2 ,

Th t t h Law a cording t B e Si r a w s ow m nt nly

a e , c o n -

,
a n ea o

for Is r l wh at v r migh t origin lly h av b n t h cas

ae ,
e e a e ee e e,

may b g at h r d from t h f ll wing wh en i t is r m mb r d

e e e e o o , e e e e

t h t s lr ady h wn Wisd m a d t h e Law

a ,
a a e S id nt i fi d
o ,
o n a re e e

with ch oth r Wisd om is r p r s nt e d as p eaking thus

ea e e e e S :

W i t h ll t ha [i v ry p p l d n t i n] I ugh t r t ing p l
e se e e e eo e an a o so a es -
a ce ,

i d I wh inh ri t n h ll I l dg ?
. .

A d n sa : n ose e a ce s a o e

Th n t h Cr t r f ll t hi g g v m mm nd m nt
e e ea o o a n s a e e co a e

A d H t h t r t d m fix d my d w lli n g p l m;
,

n e a c ea e f e e e -
ace or e

A d H
n i d L t t hy d w llin g p l b i n J b
e sa : e e -
ace e a co

A d in I r l t k p t hi n i n h ri t n
,

n s ae a e u e e a ce

A d I t
n k r t oom n g h n ur d p p l
oo a o an o o e eo e,

I th p
n ti n f t h L r d d f Hi i n h ri t n (xxiv 7 f
e or o o e o an o s e a ce . .
,

W my r c ll h re th t
e a e a rdi ng t o t h t eac hing of t h
e a ac c o e e

R bbis in l t r e ntu ri s t h L w w a o i gin ally i nt en d ed by

a a e c e e a s r

God t o b e re vel a ti on of Himself an d of His will t o all

a

n ati ons but t h at t h e only n at i on whi c h accep t e d it w as

,

I sr ael .

I n t h e B ook of T obit we m ee t with an ea rn e st z ea l f or t h e

f ulfilm en t s of l eg a l
p r e c e p ts c ombin e d with d e e p d e v o ti o n .

This b ook is im p or t a nt f or t h e indi ca ti ons it offer s of t h e

d e ve l op m e nt of l eg a l Obs e r v an ce s P r aye r almsgiving an d .
,

f asting are st r ongly a d voca t ed (xii bu t m ore e s p ec i ally .

a lmsgiving whi c h is a g ain a n d a g a i n insist e d u on e :

, p g , . .

Give ahn s of thy subst a n ce turn n ot a way thy f ace from

an y p oor m an an d t h e f a ce of God sh a ll n ot b e turn e d a w a y
,

fr om th ee AS thy sub st an ce is give a lms of i t acc ording t o

.
,

thin e a bu n d a n ce if th ou h ave mu ch acc ordi ng t o t h e ,

a bund a n ce t h er e of giv e a lms if th ou h ave li tt l e b es t ow it ,

an d b e n ot afraid t o giv e alms acc ordi n g t o t h a t lit t l e

264 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

th e y are res olve d t o s p e n d t h e first frui t s of t h e c or n a n d ,

t h e t e nths o f t h e win e an d t h e oil whi c h th ey h a d s an c tifi e d ,

a n d r es e rv e d f or t h e p ri e sts th a t st a nd b e f or e t h e f ac e of our

God in J e rus al em t h e whi c h things it is n ot fi t ting f or an y

of t h e p eop l e so mu c h a s t o t ou c h with th e ir h a n ds R e f er .

e n ce is a ls o m a d e t o t h e s ac r ifi c i a l syst em a n d t h e gifts of t h e

l e i n xvi 1 8 but in t h e p oe m in xvi 2 — 1 t h right iri t

e
p p o .
, 7 e S p .

i n offe ring is t h e r eally im p ort an t m at t er :

F or al l sa c rifi ce v ry li tt l f
is e we t v ur
e or a s e sa o

v ry li tt l f wh l burnt ff ri n g t Th
,

An d a ll t h e fat i s e e or a o e —o e o ee

Bu t he t h a t fea r t h t h L r d i g t nt i nu lly
e e o s r ea co a .

Th e t eachi n g c on c erning t h e L aw in this b ook is thus st r on gly

Ph aris ai c .

I n 1 M acc ab ee s th e r e is r efl ec t e d t h e e a rn est z eal f or t h e

Law on t h e p a r t of t h e p a tri ots this h as b ee n r e fe r r e d t o
wi th qu ot a ti ons ab ove (Ch a p I I ) so th a t it is n ot n ec ess ar y
.
,

t o say a nything furth e r h e r e Mu c h st r e ss is l aid u p on l eg al

.

Obs e r v an c e s i n 2 M ac c ab ee s ; in i 8 9 it is t old h ow i n .
,

J e rus al em t h e J ews offe r e d s ac r ifi ce an d m eal offe r ing -

light e d t h e l am p s an d set f or th t h e S h e wb r ea d ; an d it is
,

e nj oin e d th a t t h e f e ast of T ab e r n ac l e s b e k ep t in t h e m on t h

Chisle v AS in 1 M accab ees a p ost at e J ews are s e ve r ely

.

rebuk e d f or f oll owing th os e wh o were unfaithful t o t h e

Law ( iv 1 1 . t h e p a ss ag e c on c lud e s with t h e w o r ds :
I t is n o light m a tt e r t o ac t imp i ously ag ainst t h e l aws of
God tim e wi ll S h ow th at An oth er p a ss ag e whi c h
.

illust r a t e s t h e int e ns e z eal for t h e Law is i n c h ap t er v i i .

,

wh e re t h e s t or y is t old of t h e m ar tyrd om of s eve n s ons a n d

t h eir m oth er w h o di e d for His l aws (vii Th e wh o l e .

a t titud e t ow ards t h e L aw is th a t of t h e Ph aris a i c s c h ool o f

ab ou t t h e firs t c e ntu r y B C onw a r ds ; this als o app li es t o

. .

1 ( 3 ) Esdr a s .

I n t h e d oc um e n t B a r u c h iii 9 iv 4 wh ere t h e Law an d

, .
—
.
,

Wisd om are id en tifi ed exil e d Israel is t old th at t h e r eas on

,
 Th u h ul d t h v dw ll d i n p
o S o s f
a vr
e e e ea ce or e e

L rn wh r i W i d m wh r i t r n gt h
.

ea e e s s o e e s s e

W h r i un d r t n d i n g ; t h t t h u m y t l w
, ,

e e s e s a a o a es a so kn o
Wh r i l n gt h f d y
e e s ed li f o a s, an e,

W h r i t h ligh t f t h
e e s y e d p o e e es, an ea c e .

Th a t t h e L a w i s m ea nt by Wisd om stre ngth an d unde r , ,

st an di ng is c l ea r fr om t h e w ords at t h e en d of t h e p i ece ,

iv 1 ff :
. .

Thi s is t h e b ook of th e mm co a n dm e nt s of Go d
tha t n d ur t h f v r;
,

An d t h e La w e e or e e

A ll t h e y t ha t h ld it f to as a re a p p i nt
o ed to li fe,

Bu t u h s c as l v i t h ll
ea e s a di e .

Th e l asting e ndu r a n c e o f t h e Law whi c h i s als o t aught h e re

frequ ently find s e x p r essi on i n t h e R abbini cal lit e ra tu re .

Th a t t h e Law is f or Israel a l o n e s ee ms t o be im p li e d in t h e
w ords :
Turn t hee O J aco b a n d ta k e h ol d o f i t
Wa l k t o w a r ds h e r S hin i n g i n t h e p r esen c e o f t h e ligh t t h ereo f ;
, , ,

Giv e n o t t hy gl o ry t o a n o t h e r
N o r t h e t hi n g s t h a t a re p ro fi t a bl e u nt o t h e e t o a st r an g e n a t i on
,

O I sra e l h a p p y a re w e
.

F or t h e t hin gs t h a t a re p l ea si n g t o G o d a re m a de k n o wn u nt o us
, ,

0“ 3 . 4)

Oi t h e di ffe re nt p orti ons whi c h m a k e up 2 (4 ) E sdr as t h e

m ost im p ort ant in t h e p r e s e n t conn e c ti on is t h e S al athi e l
”
A p oc a ly p se whi c h f orms t h e bulk of t h e b ook ( iii .

A g ood in st an ce o f thi s w r it er s a tt itud e t ow a r ds t h e Law

’

t og e th er with a p r op h ec y of t h e d oom u p o n Isr ae l f or h a ving

rej ec t e d it by S inning i s ix 3 1 3 7 ; fi r st th e se w o r ds are .
—

u t int o t h e m uth f G d F b e h old I sow my L a w

p o o o or ,
 THE BOO KS OF THE A POCRYPHA

in you an d it sh all b r ing f orth fruit i n you an d ye sh all b e

, ,

gl or ifi e d in it f or e ve r th e n t h e writ e r c ontinu e s But

our f a th e rs w h o r ece iv e d t h e Law obs e r v e d it n ot a n d t h e ,

st a tut e s th e y did n ot k ee p a n d yet t h e fruit of t h e L aw did

,

n o t p e rish n or c ould it
,
b ecaus e it w a s Thin e ; but th ey
,

w h o r e c e iv e d it p e r ish e d b ec aus e th ey k ep t n ot th a t whi c h

,

h ad b ee n s own in th e m We w h o h av e r ece ive d t h e

.

L aw a n d sinn e d must p e r ish t og e th e r with our h e art

, , , ,

whi c h h a th t a k e n it in t h e L aw h owe ve r p e r ish e th n ot , , ,

but abide th i n its gl ory I n a cc ord an ce with l at e r R abbin

.

i cal t eaching it is s a id in this b ook th a t t h e L aw h ad or igin ally

b ee n giv e n t o oth er n a t i o ns by wh om it w a s r ej ec t e d whil e , ,

I sra e l a l o n e accep t e d it : And Thy gl ory w e nt th r ough

t h e f our g a t e s of fire ea rthqu ak e wind a n d cold t o giv e
, , ,

t h e Law t o J ac ob s s e e d a n d t h e c o mm a ndm e n t t o t h e
’

g e n er a ti on of I s r ae l ( iii 1 9 ) on t h e o th er h a nd i n v i i
.
, .

2 it is s id Th e r e f o r e sh all t h e s oj ourn ers in t h e e arth

7 a

su ffe r t ortur e b ec a us e h aving und er s t an ding t h ey ye t

, , ,

w r ou ght iniquity an d r ece iving p r ec ep t s th e y yet k ep t th e m

, ,

n ot an d h a ving obt a in e d t h e L aw th e y se t a t n ought th a t

,

whi c h th e y r ece ive d B oth I sr ael an d t h e G e ntil e s thus

.

r ec e ive d or h ad t h e c h a n ce of r ece iving t h e Law an d b oth

, , ,

by S inning p erish e d in s p it e of t h e Law t h e in a de qu acy of

t h e L aw a s a r e d em p tiv e p ow e r h e r e S h own f or th is ve r y .

st r iking ; t h e r e a s on why t h e L aw w a s in e ffec tiv e w a s ,

a cc or ding t o iv 3 0 b e c a us e of
.
, t h e gr a in of e vil s ee d whi c h
w a s s own i n t h e h e a r t of Ad am f r om t h e b eginning We
”
.

sh all h a ve t o r e t ur n t o this wh e n d ealing wi t h t h e d oc t r in e

of Sin (se e n e xt s ec ti o n
) I n t h e o th e r p or ti.o ns o f thi s

b ook so far as our p r e s e n t subj ec t is c o n cern e d t h e m ain

, ,

stress is l aid on ve n e r a ti on f or t h e L aw .

We t urn n ow t o t h e B ook of Wisd om r ep r es en t in g t h e ,

Jud a ism of t h e Disp er si on an d h ere as on e w ould e x pe c t , , ,

th e r e is ve ry littl e on this sub jec t t o b e n ot e d I n ii 1 2 . .

w ords a re p ut int o t h e m outh of t h e ung odly whi c h S h ow

268 THE B O O KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
o r igi n Si n ; B en Sira m enti o ns thr ee th e or i e s ; on e of
of -

th e se h e c omb a t s n a m e ly th a t t h e e xist e n c e of Sin is due

,

t o Go d this is t h e b eli e f a pp ar e ntly of c e rt a in fr ee t hink e r s , ,

a g a i n st wh o m t h e f oll owing w or ds are S ok e n :

p
S ay Fr m G d i my t g i
n ot , o o s r an r e ss o n ,

F t h t whi h H h t t h m d H
or a t c e a e a e e no

It i H th t m d m t t umbl
.

S y t a no s e a a e e o s e,

th r i n d f vil m
,

F or e e s no ee o e en .

E vil d b min t i n d t h t h L rd h t
an a o a o o e o a e,

A d H d th t l t it
n m nigh t h m t h t f r Him
e o no e co e e a ea

(xv . 11

But sin B Sir b li e v d t h t God w a t h C r e t r

ce en -
a e e a s e a o

of e v r ything th t
‘

e xist h s om tim s c m e s p ril usly

a e s, e e e o e o

n ar t o ut t r ing t h v ry untruth whi h h e h ere

e e mb at se e c co .

He s ays f or , e x am p l e in xxxvii , .
3 :

0 b ase n a t ur e ! Wh y t h en w t th u r as o c ea e d t
To fill t h e w rl d
o
’
s fac e wit h d i t ? ec e

Th e w ords b a s e n atur e ar e e e of t h e H e br ew e th r nd r ing

whi c h is li t er ally e vil Y e t z e r ; th e
,
Y e tz er is t h e bi a s
or n a tu r a l in c lin a ti o n whi c h is im p l a nt e d in e v e r y m an

th er e is th e r e f or e in t h e w ords qu ot ed an im p li ca ti on th at
, ,

this evil Y e tz e r w as c r eat e d by God Th e sam e must .

b e s a id of a n oth e r p ass a g e xxxiii ( xxxvi in t h e Gr e ek ) , . .

I3 ‘

15

As t h e l y i i t h p w r f t h p tt r
c a s n e o e o e o e

T f hi n i t rd in g t h i g d p l ur
,

o as o ac c o o s oo ea s e
:

S i m i
o s th p w r f h i Cr t r
an n e o e o s ea o

m k him r d in g t H i r d i n n
,

T o a e a cco o s o a ce

O v r g i n t vil t n d g d d g i n t d t h li f
.

a a ea
:
e s e s a s oo an a a s e

L i k wi v r g in t t h g dly t nd t h inn r
,

e se o e a a s e o s a s e s e

E v n t hu l k up n ll t h w rk f G d
.

e s oo o a e o s o o

h d i ff r nt i th r
,

E ac th e e
p p t f t h , on e e o os e o e o e .

I n this case indee d t h er e is s om e thing m or e th an an i m

, ,

p li c a ti o n f or t h e w ords s ee m t o im p ut e t h e o r igin of e vil

,

dir e c t ly t o God Y et i t c an h a r dly b e th a t B en Sir a b eli e ve d

.
-

t his f or i n Vi ew of wh at h e s ays in t h e first p ass ag e qu ot e d

 Fr m w m n di d i rigin t [li t i t h b gi nnin g Of i
o a o a s n o a e . s e e s n

A d b u f h w all mu t di
n ec a se o er e s e .

Bu t this only t r c s t h hist ry of Sin i n t h h umn r a e

’

a e e o e a c ,

an d d t t u h u p o n its c r eati on
oe s n o m or ov r it h t o
o c e e ,
as

be r em e mb e re d th a t B en Sir a usu al ly reg ards Sin as s om e - !

thing e xt ern a l t o m an s om e thing whi c h c om e s t o him f r o m ,

outsid e ( th ough e x c e p ti ons t o this w ill b e r e fe rr e d t o p r e

se n t ly) thus in xxi 2 3 f or e x am p l e it i s s aid : .

, , ,

Fl ee fro m si n a s fr o m t h e fac e o f a se rp ent ;

F or i f t h o u c o m e n igh i t i t will bi t e t h ee .

L i k e t h e t ee t h o f a li o n a re t h e t e e t h t h e r eo f
,

I t sl a y e t h t h e so ul s o f m
,

en

L i k e a t w o e d g e d swo r d i s a l l i n i q ui t y
.

Fro m t h e strok e t here of i s n o h ea li n g

,

If Sin is e xt e rn a l t o man as i s so oft e n s aid a n d im p li e d in ,

this b ook it must h a ve e xi st e d som ewh e r e b ef or e it w a s

,

a p p r op r i a t e d by E v e a n d thu s o r igin a t e d in t h e hum a n ,

r ace N e ve r th el es s in c onn ec ti on with wh a t a p p e a r s

1
.
,

t o b e a thi r d th e or y it is p o ssibl e th a t B en Sir a b e li e ve d Sin

,
-

t o b e n ot e xt e r n al t o man F or thi s thi r d th e o r y w e mu st .

c on sid e r fi r st xxi 27 28 : .
,

W h en foo l c urset h hi s
v r ry [li t S
Q

the ad e sa a a t n
c ur se t h h i s o w n so ul
.

H e ;
T h wh i p r r d fil t h h i
e s e ew ul e e s o n so

A d i h t d whi t h r v r h j urn t h
,

n s a e e so e e e so o e .

Th e m ea ning of this p a ss a g e is n o d oubt d iffic ult t o d e t e r

min e but t o b egin with it s eems c l ea r th at by t h e w or d s
, , ,

1
B
Cp . th e oo k of h lxix 6 wh r i t i i d i r f r n t
E n oc e e s sa n e e e ce o

vil ng l N w t h t hi r d i G d l h i t i w h t ugh t t h
.
. ,

th e e a e s o e s a re e e s o a e

chil dr n f m e o an a ll t h bl w f d th
e d h l d o tr y E
s o ea an e e as a ve .
2 70 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
”
Th e whis p ere r defilet h hi s own s oul B en Sir a m ea nt t o ,
-

e x p r e ss t h e truth th a t t h e e vil i n m an is of his ow n m a king

i t is als o e vid e nt t h a t t h e w ords are int e n de d t o b e an illus t r a

ti o n of t h e truth e nun c i a t e d i n t h e p rece di n g c ou p l e t .

Wh at ever is m e ant by a dve rs a ry — wh e t h e r S at a n

i n t h e s e n s e of t h e D e vi l or an a dv ers ary i n a m or e g e n e r al
,

si gn i fi c at i on — t h e w o rds whi c h f oll ow He cur s e th his own

s oul S h ow t h a t wh a t B en Sir a i nt e nds t o t ea ch is t h a t -

is sy n on ym ous with t h e u n g odly m an s

’
the a dv ers ary

own s elf i e h e an d h e a l o n e is r e s p onsibl e f or his S i n s

. .
, , .

S o th a t t h e gist of t h e p a ss ag e w ould s eem t o b e th at m an is

his ow n S at an i n oth e r w ords th at t h e origi n of Sin is ,

t o b e s ough t i n m an S inc e t h e i n iti a t iv e li e s with him .

An oth e r p a ss ag e whi c h may b e qu ot e d i n t his conn e c t i on is

xvii 3 1 :
.

W hat bright r t h n t h u
is e Y t thi f il t h ;
a e s n e s a e

A d h w mu h m r m w h h t h t h i n lin t i n f fl h
n o c o e an d o a e c a o o es an

bl d ! oo

Th e t e xt h er e is unc er t i ; t h e H ebr w is n ot e x t n t a n e a

a d t h V rsi on s di ffe r
n e e o t h at o c n n ot b e sur e ab ou t i t s
,
s ne a

m e ning Dr Te n n t p ar ap hr a s s t h e Gr eek thus

a . . n a e

Ev n t h su n d ark e ns i t s elf t h e brigh t e st t hi n g i n t h e

e e —

w rld h ow mu h m ore t h en frail mn

o c A n d i n c omm en t
, ,
a ,

i n g o t h w ords h e s ys th at if B en Sir offers a y e x us

n e ,
a -
a n c e

for m n s d p r avity i t is t h at of his n atur l

a
’
e d e ss nti l a an e a

f r ilty
a but [t h t h e] n e ve r [attr ibu t e s it] t o a ext er n al
a n

c aus e . Di ffi ul t as t h vers e is it is qui t e p ossibl e th at wh at

”
c e ,

Sir s mi n d was t h a t t h or igin of Sin w

’
w as i B
n en -
a to e as

b e f oun d i n mn f or it is e x t r em ely d oubtful wh t h r h

a ,
e e e

di ffere n t i at e d b e t w n Sin s abs t r a t c on ee

p ti on a d a an c ce n

a c t u l d e ds of Sin committ d by i n divi du als

a e Th id ea e . e

t h a t s eems t o b e a dumbr t e d h ere a t o t h e origi of Sin is a s n ,

in a y c as e tru e fr om on e p oin t of vi ew f o i t ac c ords with

n , ,
r

th e f t s of e x p r i n c if hum n fr e will is b eli ev d in

ac e e e a e -
e ,

an d B en -
Sir a d oe s b eli e ve in this (see n ext s ec ti o n ) f or
2 72 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Old T e st am e nt in so f ar th a t h e b e li e ve s in t h e n ee d of th e
s ac rifi c i a l syst e m p r o vid e d th a t sac r ifi ce s are offe r e d i n th e
r ight S p irit ; h e s ays for e x am p l e i n on e p l ace : , ,

G iv e a m l ea -
o ff e ri n g wi t h a m m ri l e o a

ff r rifi t t h u tm t t hy m eans ( xxxviii

,

An d o e a fa t sa c ce o e os of . 11 )

but i t d e p e nds u p o n t h e S p irit of him w h o of e f rs as to

wh e th e r t h e s ac r ifi ce is ac cep t abl e or n ot
Th e sa c rifi f t h u nright u m i m k in g ff ri n g
ce o e eo s an s a oc o e

d un p t bl bl t i n f t h g dl
,

An ac c e th a e a re e o a o s o e o e ss

M t High h t h p l ur i t h ff ri g f t h u ng dly
.

Th e os a no e as e n e o e n s o e o

i t h r d t h H f rgiv in f mul t i t u d f rifi (xxxiv

,

Ne e o e o e s s or a e o sac ce s 18

Gr k xxxi
.
,

1 9 i
,
th n e ee . 21

Th a t sac rifi ce s a t on e d for sins is a fund am e nt a l Old Te st a

m ent d oc trin e but t h e oth e r m ea ns of a t on e m e nt whi c h
,

B en Si r a m e nti ons S h ow a d e v e l op m e n t ; th e s e a re a s
-

f oll ows ; ( on e qu ot a ti on in su pp o r t of e ach must su ffi ce f or

illustr a ti on ) C on c e rning Alm sgiving it is s a id in iii 3 0 :
. .

fl min g fi d t h w t r q u n h
A a re o a e e c

d th lm givin g t n f i
,

S o o a s a o e or s n .

Th t F sting is
a a t n m en t is im p li d i n t h f ll owing
an a o e e e o

S m f t i n g f hi i n o a an as or s s s

A d d ing t h m g in
n o e sa e a a

W h will li t n t hi p r y r
,

o s e o s a e

A d wh t h t h h g i n d by hi humili t i n
,

n a a e a e s a o

( xxxiv 6 i t h Gr k xxxi . 2 n e ee .

An oth r m e n s of t on em nt is D e th ; this is s n
e a at
a e a ee , or

an y r t e dumbr
a t d ain t h e w o rds i n xviii 2 2
a e , .
'

D l y t t o p y t hy w i n du ti m
e a no a vo e e,

A d w it t t ill d t h t b j u tifi d
n a no ea o e s e .

This l st ssum d e v r i n c r sing im p ort nc wi t h t h e

a a e e ea a e

g r wt h of t h e b li f in t h e r surr c ti on ; i n E c l si sti c us
o e e e e c e a

it i s p e m ore th a n a dumbr at ed f or wh e re th e re
rh ap s no ,

w as a s yet n o b e li e f i n t h e r e surr ec ti on n or i n p u n ish m e nt

for u nat oned S i n s h ere aft e r t h ere w as no induc em ent t o
shi p ; this is in xlv . 23

M r v r P hi n h th
o eo e f E l az r e as , e son o e a

W gl ri u i migh t t hi r d [i ft r M nd A r
,

as o o s n as a e a e oses a a o n]
t h t h w j l u f t h G d f ll
. .
,

I n a e as ea o s or e o o a

br h f h i p p l
,

A d t d i th
n s oo n e ea c or s eo e,

W hil h i h r t p r m p t d him
e s ea o e

A d h m d t n m nt f t h hil dr n f I r l
,

n e a e a o e e or e c e o s ae .

Wh a t li t tl e is f ound in t h e B o ok of T obit c o n c e rning t h e

d oct ri n e of Si n is c onn ec t e d with D e m on ol ogy whi c h will b e ,

con sid e r e d in ( )h Th e r e is a r e f e r e n ce t o t h e a t oning

.

effi cac y of a lm sg i v mg In I V 1 0 1 1 : B eca us e a lms .

,

delive r et h fr om de a th a n d su ffe r e th n ot t o c om e int o d ar k

,

n e ss Alms i s a g oo d offe r ing in t h e S ight of t h e M o st High

.

”
f or all th a t give it a n d e s p e c i a lly xii 9 Almsgiving .
,

d oth d e live r f r o m d ea th a n d p u r g eth awa y a ll si n , Th e r e .

is n othing th a t c all s f or p a r ti c ul a r m e nti o n in t h e B ook of

Judith or in t h e Additi ons t o D ani el w ith t h e e x c e p t i o n ,

of on e i nt e r e sting p a ss a g e in t h e P r a y e r o f Az a r i a h v e rs e 1 2 , ,

wh e r e i t i s sa i d C a use n ot thy m e rc y t o d e p a r t f r om us ,

f or t h e sa k e of Ab r ah a m th a t i s b e l o ve d o f Th ee an d f or ,

t h e s ak e of I s aa c Thy se r v a nt an d I sr a e l Thy h oly on e ,

so t oo in t h e P r a y e r o f M a n a s se s ve r s e 8 wh e r e i t i s
, , , ,

im p li e d t h at t h e p at r i a r c h s are S i n le ss z Th ou th e r e f o r e , ,

O L or d th a t art t h e God o f t h e r ight e ou s h a st n ot a p

, ,

oint e d r e e n t a n c e unt o t h e right eo us unt o Abr a h a m

p p , ,

an d Is aac an d J a c ob whi c h h a v e n ot sinn e d a g a inst Th e e

, ,

but th o u h ast app o int e d r ep e nt a n ce unt o m e th a t a ma

sinn e r This is im p o r t ant f or t h e s a m e id e a finds e x

.
,

p r e ssi o n in t h e l a t e r R a bbini c a l lit e r a tu r e a n d c l os ely ,

c onn e c t e d with it is t h e d oc t r in e of t h e m e r its o f t h e f a th e r s ,

i e t h at t h e g ood d ee ds of t h e p a t r i a r ch s an d oth e r gre a t

. .
2 74 THE BOO KS OF THE A P OCRYPHA

p e rs
n aliti e s in t h e hist or y of Is r a el s erve as an a t on e m e nt
o

f or th e i r d e s c e nd ants Th e r e is p r ob ably n o b ook in t h e

.

A p oc ry p h a in whi c h su c h d ee p r e aliz a ti o n of sin is e x p r e ss e d

a s in this S h or t on e ; this is sh own in ve r s es 8 — 1 3 :
in I h v inn d m r i n umb r t h n t h
F or t h e s s a e s e are o e n e a e sa n ds o f t he
sea ,

F my t r n gr i n w r mul ti p li d O L r d
or a s e ss o s e e e o

M y tr n gr i n w r mul t i p li d
,

a s ess o s e e e

A d I m t w rt hy t b h l d t h h igh t h v n by
,

n a dno o o e o an se e e e of ea e

r n f t h mul t i t u d f min ini q ui ti

e aso o e e o e es .

Th e n ext b ook th at c alls f or n ot i ce is 2 M acc ab ees on accoun t ,

of its st r a ng e ly p a r ti c ul a risti c d oc t r in e of r e tr ibu t i on f or

sin ; in v i 1 2 — 1 6 i t is s aid :
. N ow I b e s eec h t h e r e ad e rs
o f this b ook o n t t o b e dis cour ag d by su c h c al amiti e s
e
1
,

but t o r efl ec t th a t our p e op le we r e b e ing p u n ish e d by way

o f c h a st e ning an d n ot f or th e ir d e s tr u c ti on
, F or ind ee d .

i t is a m ar k of gr ea t kindn ess wh e n t h e im p i ous are n ot let

'

a l on e f or a l ong tim e but p unish e d a t on c e , I n t h e c as e .

o f o th e r n a t i ons t h e S ove r e ign L or d in His f or b ea r a n c e

,

r efrains fr om p unishing th e m t ill th ey h ave fill ed up th eir

si n s t o t h e full but in our c as e He h as d e t e rmin e d o t h e r
,

wis e th a t His ve ng ea n c e m
, ay n ot f a ll on us i n a f t e r d a ys -

wh e n our sins h av e r eac h e d th e ir h e ight Th e t e ac h .

ing of t his subj ec t in 1 (3 )Esdr a s an d B aru ch is t h a t of t h e

Old T e st a m e nt ; but it is w or th m e nti oning th at t h e doc;
t rin e of t h e m e r its of t h e f a th ers r ef e rr e d t o ab ove is e x p r e ssly
r e p udi a t ed in B a r u c h ii 1 9 F or w e do n ot p r e s e nt our
.

su p p li ca ti on b ef or e Th ee O L or d our God f or t h e righ t eous , ,

n e ss of our f a t h e rs an d of our kings ,

e vid e ntly this
d oc t r in e must h a ve b ee n h e ld by s om e S in ce it r ec e ives such ,

a p o int e d r e p udi a ti o n .

Th e d oc tr in e of Sin i n 2 (4 ) Esdr a s is im p ort a n t a s i t is

v e ry fully d e al t with this will r e qui r e a littl e m ore d e t a il e d
n o ti c e b ut w e c an r e st r i c t ours elve s t o t h e
,
S al a thi e l
1
These ha v e be en recou nte d i n t h e p rece di ng verses t h e wri t er
i s a ddr essi n g J ew s .
2 76 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

o ld e r a p ocalyp ti c lit e r a tu r e)th a t t h e f all of man w as br ought

a b o u t by d e m o ni c in c it e m e nt is t ac itly dis ca rd e d Th e .

c o r ru t i o n of t h e hum a n r ac e is r e g a r d e d a s due t o a d e v e l o
p p
m en t of s om e thing inh er e nt in m an s n a tu r e (t h e Yetzer
’

ha Th ough this d oc tr in e is s om e tim e s c ombin e d ,

in t h e R abbini ca l li t e r at ur e wi th t h e p op ul ar vi ew of S at a n
,

( S a t a n w or ks his e vil p ur p os e by t h e inst rum e n t ali t y o f t h e

Yetzer ha i t p r ob ably r ea lly r ep r e s e nt s a th e ol ogi c al
r efin em e n t whi c h w as int e nd e d t o su p ers e de t h e old er c rud e
op ul a r id ea s a b ou t d e m o ni c a g en c y W h er e ou r
p .

a p oc aly p tist di ffe r s an d di ffe rs fund a m e nt a lly

, from t h e ,

orth od ox d oc t r in e of Jud a ism e x p r e ss e d i n t h e R abbinic a l

,

lit e r a ture is in t h e e m p h asis h e l ays on t h e r avag es of t h e

,

e vil Yetzer u p o n hum a n n a tu r e g e n er a lly Th e e nf e ebl e .

m ent of m an s n a t u r e is su c h th a t p r ac ti cally n o on e h as
’

b e en abl e su cc essfully t o withst a n d t h e Yetzer ; t h e wh ol e

r ace h as f all e n int o c orru p ti on Th e R abbis insis t e d on .
,

t h e o th e r h a nd th a t hum a n n atur e is n ot by a n y m e a ns
, , ,

in su c h a h op e l ess c onditi o n Man c an by m or a l effort an d

.
,

a ssis t e d by t h e gr a c e of God su cc e ssfully r e sist t h e sugg es

,

t i o ns of t h e e vil im p uls e I n this b ook th er e f or e i t is

t augh t th a t Sin is unive rs al am ong men : F or i n truth
.
, ,

th e re is n o n e of t h e e a rth b or n th a t h as n ot d ealt wi c k e dly

-

an d a m o ng th o s e th a t e xist th a t h as n ot sinn e d ( viii 35 ) .

an d th e r e f or e t h e w r it e r s s e ns e o f si n is v e ry p r on oun c e d
’

F or t h e e vil h e a rt h as gr ow n up in us whi c h h as e s t r an g e d ,

us from God an d br ough t us int o d es tr u c t i on ; an d h as

,

m ad e k n own un t o us t h e w a ys of d ea th an d S h owe d uS ,

t h e p a ths of p e r dit i on a n d r e m ov e d us f ar f r om lif e

,
an d

th a t n ot a f ew only bu t w e ll nigh all th at h av e b ee n

,
~

c re at ed Tu r ning n ow t o t h e B ook of Wi sdomw e m ay n ot e ,

firs t t h a t t h e w r it e r b eli e ve d i n a n or igin al s t a t e of g ood

ur hi
Co t n ot d e a t n the rr r f y ur li f
e o o o e

i h r r w up
Ne t e d a o n y ur lv d tru t i
o se es es c o n by the w rko s of y uro

h nd
a s
 St ill m ore e x p li c it a re t he w or ds in viii . 1 9, 20

N o w I w as hil d g d by n t ur
a c d g d ul f ll t my l t
oo a e, an a oo so e o o

N y r t h r b in g g
a a d I
e ,m int b d y d fil d
e oo , ca e o a o un e e .

With out g oing int t h e qu sti n h ere of t h wri t r s b li f

’
o e o e e e e

wh t h r a d i n wh t m nn r t h s ul p e xi st d i t is
e e , n a a e ,
e o r -
e e ,

c l ar e n ough t h a t h
e did t b e li ve in t h e i n n t sinful n ess
e no e a e

of hum n n t ur a I n t h s con d p r t f t h e b ook h ow v r

a e . e e a o ,
e e ,

a s om wh at di ffer e nt tt i t ud is t k en fo i n xii 1 0 1 1
e a e a ,
r .
, ,

wh e n S p ea king a b out the C a n a a nit es ,

he s ays
Bu t j u dgin g t h m by li ttl d li tt l Th u g v t t h m p l
e f e an e o a es e a ac e o

r p nt n
e e a ce,

Th ugh Th u k n w t t h ir n t ur w vi l d t h ir wi k dn
o o e es e a e as e an e c e ess

i nb rn
,

A d t h t t h ir m nn r f t h ugh t w ul d i wi v r b h n g d
,

n a e a e o o o n no se e e e c a e

F th y w r
or e d ur d fr m t h b gi nn in g
e e a see a cc se o e e

N ith r w
e e i t t hr ugh f r f y t h t Th u d i d t p v r t h ir in
as o ea o an a o s a ss o e e s s .

Th e vi e w h e r e h eld is quit e c ontr ary t o th a t f oun d in t h e

t w o f or m e r qu o t a ti ons whi c h sugg e st a di ffe r e nt a uth or shi p
f or t h e t w o p a r ts of t h e b ook This is a ls o b or n e out by .

wh at is s a id reg arding d e ath as t h e r esult of Ad am s sin

’

p r e sum a bly ; f or in ii 2 3 2 4 it is s aid : .

,

B u G d r t d m f in rru p t i n
e ca se o c ea e an or co o

A d m d hi m im g f H i w p r p r b in g
,

n a e an a e o s o n o e e

Bu t by t h n vy f t h d vil d t h nt r d i nt t h w rl d
.

e e o e e ea e e e o e o

A d th y th t b l ng t h i r lm x p ri n it
,

n e a e o o s ea e e e ce .

D th whi h is t h r sult of Sin w thus

ea , c t rigin llye e , as no o a

int n d d t c m e up on t h e hum n r
e e o oBut in t h s cond a ac e . e e

p r t of t h b k th r e is
a e hint f this Th fi r st p rt
oo e no o . e a

of t h B o k f Wisd om is th r e f r quit uni qu

e o o m ong t h e ,
e o e, e e a

b ks f t h A p c ry p h o this subj t ; t h e s e nd p ar t
oo o e o a n ec co

off rs n thing th a t is
e o w ne .
 2 78 TH E BOOKS OF THE APO C RYPHA

(d) The D octri n e of Gra ce a nd F ree wi ll -

.

A t r u e b a l a n c e is k ep t in E cc l esi a sti c us b e twee n G r ac e an d

Frec will m a ny p ass ag es could b e c it e d t o S h ow this bu t
-

t h e fe w f oll o wing will su ffi c e I n s p ea king of t h e id eal .

s c r ib e B en Sir a s ays ( xxxix

,
-
.

Ifi t m g d t G d M t High
see oo o o os

rib ] h ll b fill d wi t h t h p iri t f u n d r t nd in g

,

H [i th
e e e sc e s a e e e S o e s a

H him l f p ur t h f r t h wi yi n g i d ubl m ur
. .

e se o e o se sa s n o e ea s e,

A d giv t h t h n k
n u nt t h L rd i p r y r
e a s o e o n a e .

Ag a in in i , . 14 it is s a id
To fea r th e Lo d is th e r b gi nnin g
e [i e . the esse nc e ] of W i sdom
wi t h fa i t h ful r in w mb
.

An d th e sh e w as c ea e d t the o .

Equ ally de finit e is B en —Si r a s t eaching

’
on Fre e will -

; he
s a ys e g in xv 1 5 — 1 7 :
, . . .

If t ho u so d es ir
mm nd m nt es t t ho u ca n st k e ep t h e co a e

A d i t i wi d m t d Hi g d p l ur
,

n s s o o o s oo eas e

P ur d t b f r th d w t r
.

o e ou fi e o e ee a re re an a e

S tr t h f r t h t hi n h n d u nt t h t whi h t h u d ir t
,

e c o e a o a c o es es

Lif d d th bfr m
.

e an ea a re e o e an ,

Th t whi h h d ir t h h ll b giv n t hi m
a c e es e s a e e o .

B th truths e ombi n d in t h w rds :

o ar c e e o

I f t h u d ir W i d m k p t h
o es mm nd m nt
e s o ee e co a e s

A d th L r d will giv h
n fr ly u nt t h
e o e er ee o ee .

Th im p r t nt p int b ou t B e Si r s t a hing h r is t h e
’

e o a o a n -
a e c e e

w y in whi h h
a c mbin e s t h t wo
c pp r ntly pp oe sing o e a a e o

t r uths h S h ows t h at t h y e ot mutu ally ntr di c t or y e a re n co a ,

but m p l e m e nt a ry He thus c o nt inu e s t h e t eac hing of

co .

t h e Old T e st a m e n t c on ce r ni n g t h e omni p ot e n ce of God

a n d t h e r e s p onsibility of m an .

I n t h e B ook of T obit S imil a r t e ac hing is f ound ; f or

e x a m p l e in iv 5 T obit s a ys t o his son T obi a s
. My child ,

b e mindful o f t h e L ord a ll thy d ays a n d le t n ot thy will ,

b e se t t o t r a nsg r e ss His c omm a ndm e nts d o a c ts of righ t

e ousn ess a ll t h e d a ys of thy lif e a n d w a lk n o t in t h e w a ys ,

of u n righ t e ousn e ss But th a t divin e grac e is n ee d e d f or

.
2 80 THE B OO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA

t h e r e a r os e a ls o a disin c lin a ti on t o a s c r ib e a c ti o n a m ong men

di r ec tly t o God on ac c ount of Hi s in ex p r e ssibl e m aj esty .

On e r e sult o f this w a s t h e fu r th e r t e nd e n c y t o e m p h asiz e

an d e xt e nd t h e S c op e of hum a n fr e e will We find th e r e -
.
,

f or e in this b ook th a t mu c h m or e e m p h asis is l a id on f r e e

,

w ill th a n on divin e gr ac e I n t h e Additi ons t o Esth e r it

.

is j ust t h e oth e r w ay ab out ; f or h e r e hum a n free w ill is -

s ca r ce ly t ak e n int o ac c ou n t whil e t h e divin e a c t ivity

,

a m ong m en is thr ough out insist e d u o n But in b ot h this

p .

b ook an d 1 M acc ab ees th e r e c an b e n o d oubt th a t t h e on e

sid e d em p h asis on divin e g r ace an d hum a n free will resp ec -

t i v ely w as p r om p t e d by t h e p ar ti c ul ar subj e c t m a tt e r of -

e ith e r b ook .

I n t h e c as e of 2 M acc ab ee s th ough w r it t e n with a de,

finit ely r e ligi ous obj ec t th e r e is very littl e t o n ot e u n d e r

,

t h e p r es e nt h ea ding ; t h e fr e qu e nt st r e ss l a id h ow e ve r , ,

’
on t h e f a c t th a t t h e J ews a re G od s c h os e n p eop l e an d ,

th e r e f or e un de r His s p ec i al p r ot ec ti on an d guid a n ce is ,

a p oint t o b e b or n e i n mind Th e n e xt b ook t o b e con

.

sid e re d i s 2 (4 )Esdr a s an d h e r e a g a i n it is only t h e

,
S al a
thi e l A p ocalyp s e th at c l aims a t t e nti on Th e writ e r s
’
.

int e ns e s e ns e of sinfuln e ss an d his c onvi c ti on o f m a n s

’

in ability t o ac qui r e j ustifi c a t i o n by t h e w or ks of t h e Law ,

im p e l him t o th r ow hims elf wh olly u p on t h e d ivin e c om

a ssi o n h e d e s p a i r s of a lif e of abs olut e ob e di e n ce t o t h e
p
L aw e v e n by I sr a el n ot t o s p ea k of t h e w or ld
, , Th e un c on .

s c i ous an d un ex p re ss e d c ry of t h e b ook i s f or a m ora l dyn ami c ,

” 1
whi c h l e g alism c ould n ot su pp ly This d eep ly religi ous
.

w ri t e r must th er ef ore p erf or ce h a ve l ook e d t o divin e g r ace

, ,

wh e r e hum a n will p ow er w as h el p l ess AS w e S h o uld e x p ec t

-
.
,

in t h e B ook of Wisd om t h e m ai n str ess is l aid on f r e e will -

t h ough t h e oth er S id e of t h e truth is n ot l ost sight of Th e .

f orm e r is p l ainly t a ught in i 1 2 1 6 : .

—

1
Mal d w yn Hugh es, Th e E th i cs o f j wie sh A p ocryp ha l L tera tui r
e,

p . 2 40 .
 And md t h ey a e a co v n nt wi t h him
e a

B u th y w rt hy t b f h i rt i
,

eca se e are o o e o s po o n .

But ,
th e r h a nd t h e Op e ning w o s of t h e b ook b r ing
on th e o ,
rd
out i n a ve ry c l e a r m a nn e r t h e indis p e n sa bl e n ee d of divin e

g r a ce f or t h e r ight e x erc i se of t h e will :

Lo v right u n y t h t b ju dg f t h rt h
e eo s e ss, e a e es o e ea ,

Think y f t h L rd wi t h g d min d
e o e o a oo

in gl n f h rt k y H im
,

A d i
n n s e e ss o ea se e e

F H i f u n d f t h m t h t t mp t H im t
or e s o o e a e no

A d i m n i f t d u nt th m t h t d t mi t ru t Him
,

n s a es e o e a o no s s .

F th or h ly p iri t f d i ip l in will fl d it
e o s o sc e ee ece .

A d wil l t r t w y fr m t h ugh t t h t
n s a wi t h u t u nd r t n d in g
a a o o s a a re o e s a ,

A d wil l b
n r d w y wh n t h u nright u p p r h t h ( i 5 )
e sc a e a a e e eo s a oac e . I

( e
f
) The D octri n e o the M essi a h .

Th e did ac ti c c h ar ac t e r o f E cc l e si a sti c us is suffic i e nt t o

a c c ount f or t h e e xt r e m e m e a g r e n e ss o f r e f e r e n ce s t o t h e

M essi ah I n t h e f ew c a s e s in whi c h t h e subj ec t is r e f err e d

.

t o it is t h e s e e d of D avid t o whi c h t h e M e ssi ah b e l ongs ,

viz
'

He will t ut ff t h p t ri t y f H i h n n
no c o e os e o s c ose o es,

N will H d tr y t h ff p ri g f t h m t h t l v Him
or e es o e o s n o e a o e

A d H wil l giv t
n e J b r mn nt e o ac o a e a

h u f D vid r t fr m him ( l u
,

A d t n th o e o se o a a oo o x v .

And in t h ighth v r o f t h Hymn f Pr is whi h ( in

e e e se e o a e c

t h e H b r w nly )is ins rt d ft r li 1 2

e e o u r th s w r ds : e e a e .
, occ e e o

Giv t h n k u nt Him t h t m k t h
e a s h rn t p r u t f t h h u
o a a e a o o s o or e o se

F Hi m r y n d ur t h f
or s vr e c e e or e e .

B Sir th r f r e b li v in M ssi h wh o is p urely

en -
a, e e o ,
e e es a e a

hum an c r ding t
, t h usu l J wi h d
ac o t rin d wh b e o e a e s oc e, a n o

l ng t t h h ous f D vid but h i b li f is th rwis v gu

o s o e e o a s e e o e e a e .
28 2 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
Ap a r t fr
m t h e n a tu r e of t h e b ook its e lf it must b e r e m em
o ,

b e re d th a t t h e c on cep ti ons of a M e ssi a h we r e l a r g ely c o ndi

t i on e d by t h e hist or i c al Cir c umst a n c e s of an y give n p e r i od
d uring t h e t im e of B en Si r a th e s e w e r e n ot of a n atu r e t o -

c a ll f or th M e ssi a ni c h op e s an d th e r e f or e t h e t eac hing ,

r eg ar ding t h e M essi ah w a s ind efinit e an d r ec e d e d int o t h e ,

b ac kg r ound I n t h e B ook of T obit t h e M es si ah is n e v e r

.

m e nti on e d but t h e r e n ov a t e d J e r us a l e m whi c h t h e writ e r

,

S p e a ks of a n d t h e g a t h e r ing in of t h e d i sp e r s e d Isr aelit e s

,

a s w e ll a s of t h e G e ntil e s giv e s a p i c tu r e o f wh a t c or r e s o nds

p ,

t o t h e M e ssi a ni c Kingd om :

0 J ru l m t h u h ly i t y ! H will h t i t h f t h w rk
e sa e o o c e c as se ee or e o s

f t hy h n d
,

o a s,

A d will n g i n h v m r y t h n f t h right u
a a a e e c on e so s o e eo s

Giv t h n k t t h L r d wi t h g dn d bl v rl t ing
.

e a s o th e o oo e ss, a n ess e e e as

K ing
Th t t hy t b rn l m y b buil d d i t h g in wi t h j y
,

a a e ac e a e e n ee a a o

A d t h t H my m k gl d i t h ll t h t p t iv
,

n a e a a e a n ee a a are ca e s,

A d l v in th
n o ll t h t
e mi r bl d ll t h g n r t i n f
ee a a a re se a e an a e e e a o s o

t rni t y
e e

A b i gh t l igh t h ll hi n u nt rt h
.

r ll t h nd f t h
s a s e o a e e s o e ea
:

M ny n ti n h ll m fr m f r
a a o s s a co e o a a

A d t h i n h bi t nt u t m t n d f t h rt h u nt Thy
,

n e f th a a s o e os e s o e ea o

h ly n m o ( xiii 7 8 ;
a el xiv 4 .
—1 see a so .

N o o th e r b ooks f t h e A p o r yp h a ff r y t eaching o c o e an

o this subj c t u n til w com t 1 M ccab e es wh er th er e

n e e e o a ,
e

is c n c ivably in t h e mind of t h w r it er t h e th ugh t of t h e

o e e o

M ssi h in iv 4 6
e a th ey p ull d d own t h
.
,
l t ar so e e a ,

an d l aid d own t h t n s i n t h e m unt in f t h e H ous in e s o e o a o e,

a c onv ni nt p l c e until
e e r
p p o h e t sh ould c
a om e n d , d c id a a e e

as wh at sh ould b e d on e c on c e rning th em
to Th e r e f e r e n c e .

h e r e is prob ably t o D eut er on omy xviii 1 8 whi c h is n ot a .

,

M e ssi ani c p a ss ag e th ough it m ay h a v e b ee n so in t e r p r e t e d i n

,

l at er t im e s A s om ewh a t m or e d efinit e ref e r e n c e t o t h e

.

M essi ah is p e rh ap s t o b e s ee n in xiv 4 1 And t h e J ews an d .

t h e p ri e sts w e r e we ll p l e a s e d th a t Sim on S h o uld b e th eir l ead e r

an d high p ri e st f or e v e r
-
until a f a ithful p r op h e t sh ould ,
28 4 THE BOO KS O F TH E A POCRYPHA

b r e a th ( vii 2 8 .
,
On t h e oth er h a n d in t h e E agl e ,

—e xist e n c e of t h e M e ssi ah i s
Visi o n ( x i — xii
3 9) t.h e p r e

t aught th ough h e i s t o S p r ing f r o m t h e s ee d of D a vid :

,

This is t h e M e ssi ah wh om t h e M ost High h ath k ep t unt o

,

t h e e n d of t h e d a ys wh o S h all S p ring f r o m t h e s ee d of
,

D avid ( xii Th.e s a m e is t a ught in t h e Visi o n

of t h e Man f r om t h e S e a ( xiii ) W h e r e
. a s th ou

didst see a Man c oming up f r om t h e h e a rt of t h e sea

this is h e wh om t h e M ost High is k eep ing m a ny ag e s
(xiii 2 5
.
,
I n thi s visi o n t h e M e ssi ah is of a su p e r n a t u r a l
c h aract er
’
Thi s truth of t h e M e ssi ah s p re e xist e n ce is
.
-

lik ewis e im p li ed in t h e Ez r a Le g e nd ( xiv ) F or th ou .

sh a lt b e t a ke n up f r om a m ong m en a n d h e n c e f or th th ou
,

sh al t r em ain w ith my son a n d with su c h as are lik e th ee

, ,

t ill t h e t im e s b e e nd ed ( xiv Only in t h e S a l at hi el

.

A p ocalyp s e are t h e S igns whi c h a re t o p r ec e d e t h e Mes

”

si an i c Kingd om ( i e th e M e ssi a ni c W oe s
. . m e nti on e d ,

but th ey are give n in consid e r abl e d e t a il : C onc e r ni n g

t h e signs h ow e ve r— B eh old t h e d ays com e wh e n t h e i n
,

h abit a nt s of t h e e arth sh all b e s eiz e d with gr ea t p a ni c ,

a n d t h e w ay of t ru t h sh a ll b e hidd e n an d t h e l a nd of f aith,

h e b a rr e n And iniquity sh all b e i nc re as e d ab ove th a t

.

whi c h th o u thy self n ow s ee s t or th a t th ou h ast h ea r d o f

l ong ag o An d t h e l a nd th a t th ou s ee s t n ow t o b ear rul e
.

sh all b e a p at hl e ss w as t e an d m en sh all S ee i t f ors ak e n

if t h e M ost High gr a nt th ee t o liv e th o u sh a lt see i t a ft e r

,

t h e third p e r i o d in c o nfusi o n Th e n sh all t h e sun sudd e nly

.

shin e f or th by night an d t h e m oon by day ; an d bl ood

,

sh all tri c kl e from t h e w ood an d t h e st on e ut t er its v oi ce

, .

Th e p eop l e s S h all b e i n c omm oti on t h e outg oi n gs of t h e,

st a r s S h all c h a ng e A n d on e wh om t h e dwell ers u p on e arth

.

d o n ot l oo k f or S h all wi e ld s ov e r e ign ty an d t h e bi r ds S h all ,

t ak e t o g e n er al flight an d t h e sea sh all c a st f orth its fish

,
.

A n d on e wh om t h e m a ny do n ot k n ow S h all m ak e his
v oi ce h ea rd by night an d all sh all h ear his v oi ce An d .
sudde nly Th en sh al l int ellig e n ce hide it s elf an d Wis d om
.
,

wi thd r a w t o it s ch a mb e r— b y m a ny sh all be s ough t a n d

n o t f ound And un right eou sn e ss an d in c ont in e n c y sh al l
.

b e multi p li e d u p o n t h e e a r th
.
O n e l a nd S h a ll a l so ask .

a n o th e r an d say I S r ight e ousn e ss th a t d oe th t h e r ight —

a ss e d thr ough th ee ? And it S h a ll a nsw e r : No And

p .

it sh all b e th a t in th a t t im e me n sh a ll h Op e an d n ot obt ain ,

S h all l ab o ur a n d n o t
p r o s p er ( v 1 .

R eg a rding t h e M e ssi a ni c King d om its elf it is t o b e of

limit e d du r a ti on a n d acc or d ing t o t h e E agl e Visi o n
, ,

G e nt il e s a s we ll a s J ew s a re t o e nj oy it : A n d so t h e
wh ol e e ar th f r ee d fr om t h y v i ole n ce sh al l b e r e f r e sh e d
, _
,

a g a in a n d h o e f or t h e j udg e m e nt an d m e r c y of Him th a t
, p
m a de h er ( xi I n t h e Visi on of t h e Man f r om t h e
.

S ea t h e G e ntil e s are wh olly d e st r oy e d by t h e M e s si a h ,

a n d his kingd om is only f or his ow n

p eop l e ( x iii 8 .

In t h e B ook of \Vi sdomth e r e i s n o d oc t r in e of t h e M e s si ah ,

nor is th e r e in t h e J e wi sh P a l e stini a n s e n se a b e li ef in a
, ,

M e ssi ani c Kingd om ; wh a t w e d o find h owe ve r i s th a t , ,

J ewi sh t r a diti on a l e s c h a t ol ogi c a l c on cep ti ons a re utiliz e d

by t h e a uth or an d th a t a gl or i o u s futu r e is b eli e ve d t o b e
,

r eser ve d for t h e J ews t here are t w o p ass age s in whi c h this

futu r e i s p or t r a ye d v iz iii , . .

Th y e
[ i ght u ] h ll ju d g n t i n
e the ri d h v d mi n i n
eo s S a e a o s, an a e o o

v r p pl
. .

o e eo es

A d thn L r d h ll r ign v r t h m f
e o v rm r S a e o e e or e e o e .

1
I pn g
onei t hi V i i n xii 3 t
a ssa
4 h M i n ieK i nng d m s s o e e ss a c o

pp r t b r rv d f t h hil dr n f I r l nly ; bu t i t i
.
, ,

a ea s o e ese e or e c e o s ae o s

p r b bl t h t t hi v r
o a e d at b l ng t t h i gi n l t x t
s e se oes n o e o o e or a e .

Th wh l p
1
e g iii 9 d l wi t h t h l t f t h right u
o e assa e, 1— ea s e o o e eo s

h r ft r bu t t h li nt w rd i t h p r nt nn t i n t h
.
,

e ea e e sa e o s n e ese co ec o a re ose

qu t d b v
,

o e a o e .
28 6 THE BOO KS OF TH E APO CRYPHA
Th e th ought th a t is ap p are ntly in t h e w r it er s mind h ere ’

is t h a t of su c h p a ss ag e s as I s a i ah ii 4a : And He sh a ll .

j udg e am ong t h e n a ti o n s a n d S h all d ec id e c on ce r ning m a ny ,

an d Is a i a h xlix
p e op l e s , 23 : And kings S h all b e thy .

nursing —f a th e r s a n d qu e e ns thy nursing m oth e rs ; t h ey -

sh all b ow d own t o th ee with th e ir f ace s t o t h e e ar th

th e s e it i s tru e r ef e r t o an e art hly th e oc r ac y wh e r eas
, , ,

t h e a uth or o f Wisd om is S p e a king of t h e h e r e aft e r b ut t h e

'

a dap ta ti on of S c r i p tu r a l p a ss a g e s is a v e r y n a tu r a l p r oc e d

ure ; h e d oe s n ot d efin e c l os ely t h e n a tur e of t h e e t ern al

ki ngd om whi c h w ill b e set up h er eaft e r an y m or e th a n t h e ,

r
p p o het d o es in r eg a r d t o his id ea l e a rthly kingd om .

Th e o th e r p a ss ag e is v 1 5 2 3 : .
—

Bu t
right u liv f v r the eo s e or e e

L r d i t h ir r w r d
,

A d th n e o s e e a

r f t h m wi t h t h M t High
,

A d th n e ca e or e e os

Th r f r h ll t h y r iv gl ri u k in g d m
.

e e o e s a e ece e a o o s o

di d m f b u ty fr m t h L rd h nd
,

’
A d n a a e o ea o e o s a
°

B u wi t h H i righ t h n d wi l l H v r t h m
eca se s a e co e e

A d wi t h Hi mwi ll H hi l d t h m
,

n s ar e s e e .

So f this p ass g lik t h

ar th r o is b as d u p
a e, e e o e ne, e o n Old
T e st am e nt M e ssi ani c p a ss ag e s su c h as I s ai ah xl 1 0 .
,
iv 5 6 .
, ,

xxvi ii 5 6 lix 1 6 1 7 an d oth e rs ; but i n v e r s e s

.
, ,
1
.
, ,
1 7 — 2 3 a b,

B h l d t h L r d G d will m
e o mi g h ty
e o d Hi m o co e as a o n e an s ar

h ll rul f Him b h l d Hi r w rd i wi t h Him d H i m

,

s a e or e o s e a s an s re co

b r Him r wi ll r t v r
, ,

p n
e sef (
e o eI l A d t h L d sa x n e o c ea e o e

wh l h bi t t i n f m u nt Z i n d v r h mbli
. .

th e o e a a o o o o an o e er a sse e s, a

l u d d m k by d y d t h hi i ng f fl mi ng fi by nigh t
,

c o an s o e a an e s n o a a re

v r ll t h gl ry h ll b p r d n p y A d t h r h ll b
,

for o e a e o s a e S ea a ca o n e e s a e

p vili n f h d w i t h d y tim fr m t h h t d f
.

a a o or a s a o n e a -
e o e ea an or a

r fug d f v rt fr m t rm d fr m r i n ( I iv 5
,

e e an or a c o e o s o an o a sa

I t h t d y h ll t h L r d f h t b f r wn f gl ry d
. .
,

n a a s a e o o os s e or a c o o o an

d i d m f b u t y u nt t h r i d u pl
,

for a a e o f Hi p ea d f o e es e o s eo e, an or a

p i ri t f ju d g m nt t hi mt h t i tt t h i ju d g m nt t n gt h
,

s o e e dfo a s e n e e an or s r e

t h m t h t t urn b k t h b ttl t t h g t xxviii 5

,

t o e a (I ac e a e a e a e sa .

I t i t h t h ugh t l n gu g whi h h w nn ti n b t w n
.
,

s e t th o no e a a e, c S o s co ec o e ee

i t h S p t u gi nt f I i h xxviii 5 f x mp l
,

th tw e o n e e a di o sa a or e a e, a a

d m f b u ty i di ff r nt ly x p r d bu t I i h lxii 3 ( S p t )
.
,

e o ea s e e e e sse see sa a e

m
.

w th t th r w d w nd r d t h t t h r w
.
,

A d H n e sa a e e as n o an , a n o e e a e e as
28 8 TH E BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
whi ch only t h e r ight eou s sh all p oss e s s ; t h e writ e r d oe s
n ot m a k e c l e a r wh e th e r it is t o b e se t u
p on this e a r th or ,

wh e th e r it is t o b e a S p i r itu al kingd om h ere aft e r Fr om .

t h e w ay in whi ch h e S p iritu a liz e s it is p r e sum ably t o b e a

kingd o m in t h e w or ld t o c om e a g ainst this i t c a nn o t b e
u r g e d th a t th e r e are m at er i alisti c tra i ts whi c h p oint t o a
kingd om t o b e set up on this e a r th f or t h e wri t e r h a s c l early ,

b orr owe d an d i n cor p or a t e d tr a diti on al e s ch a t ol ogi cal

m a t eri al with out int e nding t o utiliz e m ore th an its outw ar d
f orm To int e r p re t oth e rwis e w ould i n vi e w of t h e S p irit
.
,

o f t h e r e st of this
p orti o n of t h e b ook b e t o misund ers t and ,

t h e a u th o r .

(f) The D octr i n e

o
f t h e F utu re L if e .

I n E ccl e si a sti c us t h e t e achi n g on this subj ec t is sub st an

t i ally th a t of t h e n or m a l Old T e s t a m e n t t yp e on e or tw o

qu ot a ti ons will su ffice t o illus tr a t e this :

F orwh t p l ur h t h G d i ll t h t p ri h i n H d
a e as e a o n a a e s a e s,

I pln f th wh liv d giv Him p r i

ac e o ose o e an e a se ?

Th nk givin g p ri h t h fr m t h d d fr m
a s e s th t i
e o e ea as o on e a s n ot

Bu t h t h t liv t h d i i h l t h p r i t h t h L r d ( xvi i
e a e an s n ea a se e o . 2 7 ,
28 )
Th e orr u p ti n f t h e b ody is l k e d u p on s t h
c o o oo a e en d of

m an
:

Wh en a m
i nh ri t t h an di th
e he e e

W ormd t li an m gg
d r p i n g t hi n g ( x
a o) , ce an c ee s . 11

th ough t h nnihil ti on of t h p i r it
e a w ll t h e b ody is
a e S as e as

eviden t ly t on t em p l t e d in vi w of su c h w r ds
no c t hes a e o as e

W p g ntly f t h d d f h h t h f u n d r t ( xxii
ee e or e ) ea , or e a o es . 11

an d in xxx 1 7 d e t h is s p ok n f . a t rn l res t
a e o as n e e a

( p
C xxxviii
. 2 3 xlvi This . id Of r
,
e s t f o t h s
. ul ea r e o

h r ft r is v ry di ff re nt f r om th t f d at h b eing corru p
e ea e e e a o e

ti on d t h e d f ll t hings whi h is t h m r e usu l o

an e n o a , c e o a ne

in E cc l si sti us a d o e is p rh p s j us t ifi d in s ee ing t h e
e a c , n n ,
e a e

b ginnings f d v l p m e nt h r b s d i t is t ru o s om e
e o e e o e e, a e ,
e, n

Old T st am nt p ss g s t h c n pti on f t h d d re s t ing e ea

e
e e a a e e o c o
in t he H eb r ew t h e n or m al Old Te st am e nt p ositi o n is m ain
t ai n e d thus i n vi i 1 7 t h e H eb r e w h as .
‘

Humbl t hy p ri d gr t ly e e ea

xp t t i n f m i w rm
,

F th or e e ec a o o an s o s .

This is re nd r d i n t h Gr k e e e ee
:

Humbl t hy ul gr t ly
e so ea

t h p u ni hm nt f t h u n g d ly m i fi d t h w rm
,

F or e s e o e o an s re a n e o .

I t is l r th at t h d v l p m nt whi h is kn wn t h v
c ea e e e o e c o o a e

t ake n p l e in t h d c trin of t h fu t ur lif du ri ng t h

ac e o e e e e e

s econ d ce ntury B C is r e fl t d h r V ry n t i c bl is
. . ec e e e . e o ea e

t h f ac t th t
e kind f t c hni cal s ns h b com t t h d
a a o e e e as e e a ac e

t o t he w ord w o rm su c h a s w e find in M ark ix 4 8

, .

wh e r e th eir w or m di e th n ot an d t h e fire is n o t ,

qu e n c h e d I n xxi 9 1 0 it is p r ob abl e t h a t a simil a r

.
,

de vel op m e nt e xists th ough in this c ase i t c ann o t b e p r ove d

,

as t h e H e b r e w i s unf o r tun a t e ly n ot e xt a nt ; but in vi e w

of t h e e x a m p l e j ust giv e n it is highly p r ob abl e th a t t h e

f oll owing r e ading of t h e Gree k lik ewis e r e p r e s e nt s a

d e ve l op e d id ea :
i
L k e t ow wr ap p ed t o ge t h e r
mbly in t h e asse of th e un g dly o

th i flm ffi
,

An d e r en d i th s e a e o re

inn r i m d m t h wi t h u t
.

Th e w a y o f S e s s a e s oo o s o t nes
d th r f i th f H d
,

An d a t t h e en p it e eo s e o a es .

It will b e n o ti c e d b e twee n t h e fl am e
th a t t h e p a r all eli sm
sugg ests th a t t h e l a tt e r
” ”
of fi re an d
, t h e p i t of H a d e s ,

h as d e v el op e d int o G e h e nn a An o th e r e x am p l e is t o b e .

f ound in xlviii 1 1 wh ere t h e r ef e r e n c e i s t o Elij ah ; o nly

.
,

on e lin e of t h e origin a l c ou l e t is d ec i h e r a bl e i n t h e H ebr e w

p p ,

1
S ee t h e p r e se nt w ri t r
e
’
s E ccles i a st cus, i p . lxxvi .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
Bl esse d is h e th a t se e t h t h ee an d d i th
e

i . e . th e m
b e f or e h e di e d saw Elij ah is bl esse d t h e
an wh o
n e xt lin e is ill egibl e i n t h e H eb r e w an d c orru p t in t h e G r ee k
but t h e p oin t of im p o rt a n c e is th a t t h e Gree k adds this
furth e r lin e :
An d w e a sol s h ll ur ly liv
a s e e,

the r f
e e er
n ce b e ing e vid e ntly t o t h e life h ereaft er si n c e Elij ah ,

i s t h e subj e c t of t h e p re ce ding c ou p l e t .

On e oth e r p a ss ag e must b e m e n t i o n e d n ot b ec a us e i n ,

it s elf it p oint s t o an y d e vel op m e nt of th ought bu t b ecaus e ,

t h e Old T e st a m e nt e p is od e ( 1 Kings xvii 1 7 2 4 )t o whi c h i t .

—

r e f ers must s oon er or l at e r h ave sugg est e d t h e t h ought of

t h e d e a d risi n g ; it is a ls o in r e f e r e n c e t o Elij ah ( xlviii .

Wh o i
d dst ri p a se u a d ea d m fr m
an o d ea t h
d fr m S h l
rdi n g t t h g d p l ur f J h v h
,

An o eo ,
a cc o o e oo e as e o e o a .

Th e H br w d t h G r k d o ot di ff r m t e ri lly
e e an e ee n e a a .

I n t h B k f T bi t t h e n orm l Old Te s t am nt d oc tr i n e
e oo o o a e

is t ught ; a e g wh n T obit p r ys
so , . C mm and my
.
,
e a : o

Sp i r it t b t k n fr
o m m eth t I m
a yeb e r e l s dofr o m ff e, a a ea e o

th e r t h d b e om e r th (iii 6 ) in t h e s m ver se
ea an c e a . a e

Sh ol i s p ok n of a
e s th v r l sting p l c
e i t is a p l e
s e e e a a e, ac

of d arkn e ss (i v an d b e l ow t h e ea rth ( xiii

. .

I n t h e B ook of Judith th e r e is only on e r ef e r e n ce t o t h e

futur e lif e but t h e p a ss ag e is an im p ort a nt on e as it witn ess e s
,

t o a d e v e l op m e nt of th ought S imil a r t o th at f ou n d in t h e
Gr eek t e xt of E c c l esi a sti c us v ii 1 7 xxi 9 1 0 wh er e H ad e s .
,
.
, ,

is a p l ac e of p unishm e nt ; t h e p a ss ag e is xvi 1 7 — Judith .

S e a ks as f oll ows :
p

W oe n a t i on s t h a t ri se up a ga i nst my ra c e ;
to the
Th e Lo r d Al migh t y will t a k e v en g e a n c e o f th e m i n t h e day of

ju dg em ent
To p ut fire a n d w orm s i n t h e ir fl esh ;
,

An d t h e y sh a ll w e ep a n d fee l t h eir p a i n f o r e v er .
2
9 2 THE BOO KS OF TH E APOCRYPHA
sligh t p oin t s n e ve rt h el e ss t h e y are w orth m e n t i on a s
,

su p p l e m e nting wh a t h as a lre a dy b een s a id Th e n ext .

b o ok whi c h c o n t a ins r e f e re n c e s t o t h e d oc t rin e of t h e fu t ur e

lif e is 2 M acc ab ee s an d h e re an imm e n s e d e vel op m e n t will
,

b e s ee n t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e We h ave t o n ot e fi r st th a t
.

H a de s is a p l ac e of p unishm e n t f or t h e wi ck e d f or i n v i 2 6
:

, .

El eaz ar in r e fusing t o c ommit t h e c rim e of offe ri n g id ol a

,

t r ous s acrifi c e s ays Ev e n w ere I f or t h e m om ent t o

,

e v a d e t h e p unishm en t of m en I S h ould n ot e s cap e t h e

,

F or t h e r ight e ous
”
h ands of t h e Almighty i n life or in d ea th .

H ad e s is o nly a t em p or ary ab od e sin ce t h e r e surr ec t i o n

is r e s erve d f or t h em ; thus t h e s ec ond son of t h e m ot h e r
,

wh os e s ev e n s ons are b e ing m ar t y r e d f or t h e ir f ai t h b ef or e

h er f ac e wh e n a t t h e l a st g a s p s ays t o t h e king :
, , Th ou
c u r s e d mis c r ea nt ! Th ou d o st dis p at c h us f r om this lif e ,

bu t t h e King of t h e w or ld S h all r ais e us up w h o h av e di e d ,

-

f or His l aws an d r e vive us t o lif e e v e rl a sti n g

, ( vii .

t h e s am e tr uth is t aught i n v e rs e s 2 3 2 9 of t h e s am e c h ap ,

t er bu t t h e r e su rr ec ti o n is n ot o nly th a t of t h e sp iri t ,

bu t of t h e b ody a ls o in t h e acc ount of t h e m ar t yrd om of

t h e third son i t s ay s And wh e n h e w as t old t o p ut out
his t o ngu e h e did so at on ce st r e t c hing f orth his h ands
, ,

c our a g e ously with t h e n obl e w or ds Th e s e I h ad fr om

, ,

h ea ve n f or Hi S n am e s s ak e I c oun t t h e m n ough t
’
'

from
Him I h op e t o g e t th e m b ac k ag ai n ( vii 1 0 1 1 see a ls o .
,

xiv . I t is t aught fur t h er t h a t f or t h e wi c k e d t h e r e is

, ,

n o r e su r r e c ti on thus t h e f our t h son S p ea ks t hus t o t h e

,

Tis m e e t f or t h os e w h o p erish at m e n s h an ds t o
’ ’
king
c h e r ish h op e divi n e th a t th e y sh al l b e r a is e d up by God

a g a in but t h ou — t h ou sh a l t h a ve n o r e su r r ec t i on t o lif e
( vii 1 4 so t oo in v ers e
.
, Th e b eli ef in t h e r e surr e c ti on is
fu r th e r illu str a t e d by t h e p a ss a g e I n
this h e ac t ed quit e r ightly a n
r e su r r ec ti on— f or if h e h ad n ot e x p ec t e d t h e f all e n t o r is e
a g ai n i t w ould h ave b ee n su p erflu ous an d f oolish t o p ra y
,
ver y advan ce d d oc t ri n e of t h e futu r e life I n t h e B ook .

of B a ru c h t w o i sol a t e d r e f e r e n ce s t o t h e future lif e occ ur ,

a n d h ere t h e t e ac hing is t h e s a m e as ordin a rily f ou n d in

t h e Old T e s t am en t t h e d e a d th a t are in t h e gr a v e ,

wh os e brea th is t a ke n fr o m t h ei f b odi e s will give unt o t h e

,

L or d n eith er gl o r y n or r ight e ou sn e ss ( ii 1 7 c p iii .

, . .

I n 2 (4 )Esd r a s th er e is an e xt r ao r din a ry w e al th o f m a t e r i a l
r eg ar ding t h e future life thi s i s m ostly confi n e d t o t h e S al a
”
thi e l A p ocalyp s e p orti o n a n d t h e R e d ac t or s a d d iti o ns ’

i t i s th e r e f o r e t o th e s e th a t w e r e st r i c t o urs e lv e s F or .

c l ea rn e ss s a k e it wi ll b e b e st t o d e a l with t h e subj e c t und e r

’

t h e th r ee h e a ds ( 1 ) Th e R e sur r ec ti on ( 2 ) Th e I nt e rm e di a t e
,

S t a t e ( 3 )Th e Judg e m e nt
, th e re are s om e subsidi ary p oints
whi ch will b e t ou c h e d u p o n in c id e nt a lly .

( 1 ) Th e d oc t r in e of t h e R esurrecti on as t aught i n t h e
S a l a thi e l A p ocaly p s e is n ot a lt og e th e r c onsist ent ; it
is n ot quit e e a sy t o und er st and h ow t h e w r it e r c on ce ive d
of t h e r e su rr e c t i on
,
f or it c an s c a r c e ly h av e b e e n t h e re
su r rec ti o n of t h e b ody whi c h h e th ought of si n c e this is
r eg ar de d a s a lt og eth er c or ru p tibl e thus in S p eaking of
,

t h e futu r e lif e of th ose w h o h a v e k ep t t h e wa ys of t h e M ost

High h e say s th a t th e y S h all be sep a r a t e d fr om thi s c or
,

rup t i b le v e ss e l (VII . a n d in t h e w orld t o c om e th ey

r ej oi ce th at th e y h ave n ow e s cap e d wh at is c orru p tible ,

an d th a t t h e y S h a ll i n h erit th a t whi c h is t o c om e ( v i i .

th a t t h e b ody is m ea nt by wh a t is c orru p tibl e

is c l ea r f r om ve r se 1 0 0 wh e r e t h e s ee r asks
,
Sh a ll t im e ,

th e r e f or e b e give n u n t o t h e s ouls aft e r th e y are sep a r a t e d

,

fr om t h e b odi e s L at e r i n t h e b ook (ix 3 6 ) it .

is s aid ag ain We wh o h ave r eceive d t h e Law an d sinn ed

mus t p erish t og e th er with our h e art whi ch h as t ak e n i t i n
, ,
.
 2 94 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPH A

Add e d to this i s t h e f ac t t h a t t his wri t er unlike t h e R e

:

d ac t or of t h e b ook (see b el ow ) n e ve r s p e a ks of t h e r e sur

,

re cti on of t h e b ody whi ch on e w ould rightly l ook for h ad

,

h e b eli e v e d in this ; n or is t h e r e an y m e nti o n of t h e s oul

.

b eing re uni t e d t o t h e b ody bu t h e l ooks u p on t h e b od y

-

a s b e l onging wh olly t o t his Cor ru p tibl e m at e ri al w orld ;

,

h e d efinit e ly c o ntr a s t s t h e s p iritu al with t h e m at e ri al t h e ,

t w o are mutu ally a nt ag o nisti c How sh ould i t b e p ossibl e

f or a m or t a l in a corru p t ibl e w or ld t o und ers t a nd t h e w ays
o f t h e Inc o r ru p tibl e (iv . Wh e r ea s i n t h e w or ld t o c om e
c orr u p ti on is f o r g o t t e n (viii Y e t in s p it e of wh a t
.
,

h as b ee n s a id i t w ould s ee m th a t t h e wri t e r mus t h av e p i c

,

f u r e d t o hims elf a b ody of s om e kind i n t h e w orld t o c om e ,

for in t h e I nt er m e di at e s t a t e (t o whi c h w e sh all r e fe r p re

sen t ly) h e mus t a p p a r e n t ly h a v e b e li e ve d in t h e e xist e n c e
, ,

of b odi e s . Th e c on c lusi on on e is led t o is this t h e wri t e r

beli ev e d th a t t h e m at e ri al b o dy b ec am e wh olly a n n ihil at e d
a t d ea t h bu t th at t h e s oul wh e n r el e a s e d f r om i t a ssum e d
, ,

a n on m a t e ri a l b ody in t h e I n t e rm e di a t e s t a t e
-
an d t h a t ,

t his b ody did n ot unde rg o an y fu rt h e r ch an ge at t h e Judge

m en t i t w as n on m a t e ri a l (i t is diffi c ult t o k n ow h ow e ls e
-

t o e x p r ess i t S p i r i t u al d oe s n ot s eem t h e righ t w ord t o

use in vi ew of wh a t is s aid ab ou t t h e b ody i n t h e I n t er
m e di at e s t at e) —i t w as n on m a t e ri al an d t h e r e f or e i n
-
,

c o rru p tibl e imm ort a l

,
a n d f or this r e a s on n o fur t h er

c h an g e c ould t a k e p l a c e in i t a t t h e fi n a l Judg e m e n t f or i t ,

w oul d t h en b e fit for t h e n ew w orld t o b e c r eat e d (cp vii . .

On e is th e r e f ore le d t o a ssum e t h a t t h e r e surr ec ti on

, ,

t ake s p l ace a lm ost imm edi at ely aft e r de a th i e a t t h e

m
. .
,

en d of t h e s e v e n d a ys of free d o ”
or, r e s t whi ch , ,

a cc or ding t o vi i 1 0 1 . i n t e rv e
, n t h e en d of this lif e
a n d t h e b e ginning of t h e I n t st at e an d th er e f ore
,

b e f ore t h e Judg em en t As t o wh eth e r t h e wi c k ed a s well ,

a s t h e right e ous ris e on e c a n n o t S p e a k wi t h c e r t a in t y t h e

, ,

i m plic at i on s eems t o be t h at t his is n ot so bu t n o d efi n i t e ,

2 96 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA

from v u 1 1 3 1 1 4 w e l e a r n th a t t h e D ay of Judg em e nt
.
,

S h all b e t h e e n d of this a e an d t h e b e ginning of t h e e t e rn a l

g
a e th a t is t o c om e wh e r e in c or r u t i o n is ss d w y
g , p p a e a a ,

we akn e ss is ab olish e d but thi s is in consist e nt

with t h e id e a t h a t c o rru p t i o n p a ss e s a w a y with d ea th
( vii . i e th a t t h e I nt e rm e di at e st a t e is t h e b eginning
. .

of t h e a ge t o com e D oe s t h e w rit e r c on ce ive of t h e n ew

.

ag e ,
t h e ag e of in c orru p ti on an d e t e rnity a s b eginning ,

imm e di at ely aft e r d eat h or at t h e Judg em e nt ? I f t h e

,

f orm e r th e n it a gr ee s with wh a t h e p r e sum ably b eli e v e s

, , ,

r eg ardi n g t h e r e su r re c ti on whi ch lik ewis e t a k e s p l ace imm e

di at ely aft e r d ea th but if t h e l a t t e r th e n t h e I nt e r m e di a t e
,

st a t e is l eft out of r ec k oning I n e ith e r c a s e t h e t e aching is

.

’
in c onsist e nt e vid e ntly t h e, writ er s own mind is n ot c l ea r
on t h e subj ec t U p on oth e r p oint s th er e is h owever n o
.
, ,

w a n t of defin i t en ess ; thus wh a t t h e right eous an d t h e

,

wi c k e d h ave r e s p ec tively e x p e r i e n ce d in t h e I nt e rm e di at e
st a t e is o nly a f ore t a st e of wh at will b e e n orm ously in c rea s e d
a t t h e Judge m e nt f or t h e right e ous th e ir h ap p in e ss f or t h e
, ,

wi c ke d th eir t orm e nt Th e w r it e r i s v ery str ong in i n sis t ing

’

th at on t h e D ay of Judg e m en t n o in t e rc e ssi o n of t h e right eous

will a va il on b eh alf of t h e wi ck e d Th e s eer a sks wh e th e r
.

in t h e D ay of Judg e m e nt t h e r ight eous S h all b e abl e t o

int e r ced e f or t h e ung odly or t o int r e at t h e M ost High in
,

th ei r b eh a lf an d t h e r e ly i s :
p so sh a ll

n on e th e n p r a y f or a n ot h e r on th at D ay n eith e r S h all on e ,

lay a bu r d e n on a n oth e r ; f or th e n e ve r y on e sh a ll b ea r
his o wn r ight eousn e ss or u n right eous n e ss ( vii 1 0 2 . .

1 15 )
I n t h e o th e r p art s of this b ook th e s e subj ec t s are o nly
slightly d ealt with but th er e is s om e im p or t a nt t eaching
i n th os e p or ti o ns whi c h h a ve p r ob ably b ee n a dd ed by t h e
R e d ac t or 1
He b e li e v e s in a g e n e r a l r e surr e c ti on (at an y
.

r a t e h e m ak e s n o dis t i n c ti on b e twee n g ood an d b ad) o f

1
W e fo ll o w B ox hr e e ( T h e E z ra A p o ca y plse p ass
, im ) t h ugh w
,
o e
th a t we r e c ommitt e d u n t o th e m (VII H e re th e r e is .

thus a c l ea r r efe r e n c e t o t h e re u n i on of s oul an d b ody -

bu t t h e tim e at whi c h this t ak e s p l ace is a t t h e b e ginning

of a n ew ag e whi c h will b e gin s e v e n d a ys a ft e r t h e c l os e

of t h e M e ssi a ni c Ag e Th e R e d ac t or in s e eking t o co mbi n e

.
,

t h e e s ch at ol ogy o f t h e individu a l with t h a t of t h e n a ti o n ,

p r ese nts t h e c o urs e o f t h e fin a l e v e nts in a di ffe r e nt w a

y ,

thus F or b eh old d a ys c om e— an d i t S h a ll b e wh e n
, ,

t h e S ign s whi c h I h a v e f o r e t old unt o th ee [i e t h e M e ssi a ni c . .

W oe s] S h all c om e t o p a ss— th e n S h all t h e c ity th a t i s n ow

invi sibl e [i e t h e h e av e nly J e rus a l em ] ap p ea r an d t h e
. .
,

l a nd whi c h i s n ow c o n c e al e d [i e t h e h ea ve nly P a r a dis e]

. .

b e s ee n ; And wh o s oe v e r is d e live r e d f r om t h e p r e di c t e d
e vil t h e s a m e sh a ll see My w ond e r s
,
F or My S on t h e .
,

M e ssi ah sh all b e r e veal e d t og e th e r w ith th os e w h o are with

, ,

Him a n d sh all r ej oi ce t h e su r viv or s f ou r hundr e d y ears

, .

And it sh all b e a ft e r th e s e y e a r s th a t My S on t h e M e ssi ah

, ,

S h a ll di e a n d al l in wh o m th e r e is hum a n b r e a th
,
Th e n .

S h al l t h e w orld b e tu r n e d int o t h e p r im a e v a l S il e n ce s e v e n

d ays lik e as in t h e fir st b e ginnings so th a t n o m

,
an is l e ft
, .

And it sh al l be a ft e r s eve n d a ys th a t t h e Ag e whi c h is n ot

e t aw a k e S h al l b e r ous e d a n d th a t whi c h is c or ru p tibl e
y , ,

S h all p e rish ( vii 2 6 —

3 )
.1 th e n f o ll o ws t h e
p a ss a g e a b o ut
t h e r e surr ec ti o n qu o t e d a b ov e a n d it c o ntinu e s ( v e r s e s
,

33 ft ) : And t h e M o st High S h a ll b e r e v e a l e d u p o n t he
thr on e of j udg em e nt an d th e n c om e th t h e e n d
And r ec om p e ns e S h all f oll ow an d t h e r ew a r d be m a de
,

m anif es t d ee ds of r ight e ousn e ss S h a ll a w ak e a n d d eeds of ,

a re n ot n vi n c e d t ha t a ll
co whi h c B ox ass ig ns t o t h e R e da c t or is
n ec essa rily fro m t hi s h an d .
2 98 THE B OO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA

i n iqui t y sh all n ot S l eep And th e n S h all t h e p i t of t or

.
'

m e n t ap p ear ; a n d o v e r ag ainst i t t h e p l ac e of r e fre sh

m e nt Th e furn ace of G eh e nn a S h all be m ade m an if e st an d
.
,

ov e r ag ainst i t t h e P a r a dis e of d el ight And t h en t h e M ost

.

High sh all say t o t h e n a ti o ns th a t h av e b ee n r a ise d ( fr om

t h e d e ad ) L ook n ow a n d c onsid e r Wh om y e h av e d e ni ed
, ,

Wh om ye h ave n ot s erve d Wh ose comm an dm e n t s ye h ave

,

deS p i sed ! L ook n ow

, b ef or e you : h e re d elight an d
,

r e fre shm e n t t h e re fire an d t or m e nt s

, H er e t h en
.
, ,

w e h ave a n e s c h a t ol ogi c a l s c h em e quit e di ffe r e n t fr o m t h a t

of t h e S al a thi el A p ocalyp s e t h e M e ssi a ni c A ge is

p r e c e d e d by t h e signs or w oe
, s ; th e n t h e M e ssi a h is re

v eal e d an d His kin g d om l asts f our hund r e d y ears at t h e

e n d of t his p e ri od all fl e sh in c luding t h e M e ssi ah di e s a n d
, , ,

t h e w o r ld is p lung e d in p r im aev a l sil e n c e f or s e v e n d ays ;

t h e n com e s t h e R e surrecti on a b odily r e surr ec t i on i n
whi c h al l m
, ,

en G e ntil e an d J ew ung odly an d g odl y p ar

, , ,

t ake ; this is imm edi at ely f oll ow e d by t h e Judg em en t

whi ch ush ers i n t h e N ew Age .

Turn i n g n ow t o t h e B ook of Wisd om we n ot e th at th er e

is n o r e surr ec ti on of b ody t augh t h ere this f oll ows n at ur
a lly fr om t h e wri t e r s d oc tri n e of t h e inh e r e n t e vil of m a tt e r
’
.

Th e only imm ort a lity is t h at of t h e s o ul a n d this is g a in ed ,

t hr ough ki n shi p u n t o wisd om

W h en In si dered t h ese t hi n gs i n mysel f
co

An d t o o k t h ough t i n my h eart h o w t h a t i n k i n shi p u nt o wi sdo m i s

,

imm ort a li t y
An d i n h er fri en dshi p i s g oo d d e ligh t
,

I w ent a b o u t seek in g h o w t o t a k e h er u nt o my se l f (viii 1 7 1 8 ) .

,

so t h at imm ort ality b egins on this e ar t h Th e Judg e m e nt .

t ak e s p l ace imm e di a t ely a ft e r d ea t h t h e wri t e r d e s c r ib e s

,

full yt h e lot I n t h e futu r e lif e r e s erve d r esp ec t iv ely for t h e

right eous an d t h e ung odly i n t h e b eautiful an d w ell kn ow n
p a ss a g e ( iii 1 —
.
9)t h e bl e ss e dn e ss o f t h e righ t eous is d e s c r ib ed

i n this w ay :
30 0 H
T E BOO K S OF THE APOC R Y PHA

H e [i . e . J h v h ] h ll t k Hi j l u y
e o a m p l t rm ur
s a a e s ea o s as c o e e a o

h ll m k t h wh l r t i n Hi w p n f v ng n
,

An d s a a e e o e c ea o s ea o s o e ea c e on

Hi s n mi
e e es

t his is all d e s c rib e d with gr e a t vividn e ss in t h e v ers e s whi c h

f oll ow I t s ee ms as t h ough t h e a uth or we r e a c qu ai n t e d
.

with m or e t h a n on e J e wish e sc h at ol ogi c al s c h em e an d ,

u t iliz e d t h e m but wi th out r ealizi n g th at th e y w e r e i n con

,

sis t e n t with e ac h o th e r S ee fu r th er ab ove s ec ti o n (e) .

, ,

on t h e d oc trin e of t h e M e ssi a h A cc ording t o this b ook .

,

t h en t h e r e is n o I n t erm edi at e s t at e if on e can S p eak of a

,

R esur r e c t i o n at all i t is o nly i n r e f e re n ce t o t h e s oul ; as

t h e s o ul i s imm or t a l b o th t h e right e ous an d t h e ung o dly liv e
h e r ea ft e r ; t h e right e ous i n bliss t h e ung odly i n t orm e n t
of a p ur e ly S p i r itu a l kind (see iv 1 9 v 2 xvii 2 1 ) i t is .
,
.
,
.

n ot s aid wh e r e t h e s ce n e of t h e Judg em e nt is Th e wr it e r .
,

i t will thus b e s een d ep ar t s wid ely f r om P al e stini a n ,

J e wish b eli e f on t his subj e c t bu t h e is n ot ig n or ant of i t ;

t h ough a J ew his H ell e nist i c c as t e of mi n d m ak e s i t i m
,

o ssibl e f or him t o a cc e t t h e J e wish o si t i o n

p p p .

(g ) Th e D octri n e o
f A ng el s .

Th e n a tu r e
nt e n t s of E ccl e si as t i cus is su c h th a t
of the co

on e d oe s n ot l ook f or mu c h r e f e r e n c e t o an g e ls n ev e rt h e

l e ss i n t w o p ass ag e s th e r e is a distin c t m en ti on of th e m
, ,

vi z xlii 1 6
. .

Go d sh ly n h v t t h p w r
’
o o es a e no e o e

To r u nt Hi w n dr u w rk f mi gh t
e co s o o s o s o

Th ugh G d h t h giv n tr n gt h t Hi h t
o o a e s e o s os s

T n d ur i t h p r n
o e f H i gl ry (
e n e e se ce o s o so th e H br w)
e e .

Th e m ea ning of t h e p a ss ag e i s th a t e ve n t h e h oly on e s
( i
. e a
. ng e ls a s in D e ut xxxiii ,
1 [ bu t se e D r iv er s . . .
’

D euteron om y p J ob v 1 P s,
lxxxix .
7 an d o ft e n .
, . .
,

i n t h e a p oc alyp ti c b ooks ) are un abl e t o r e co unt G od s

’

m arv ell ous w or ks th ough by m ea ns of S p ec i al s t re ngth ,

Th e H e b r ew t e xt h ere is a littl e un cert ain but t h a t a ,

r efe re n c e t o ang e ls is int e nd e d is p r ob abl e b e ca use t h e wh ol e

a ss ag e of whi c h this is t h e c o n c luding v e r s e is b a s e d u o n
p p
Ps alm c i v 1 ff ve r s e 4 of whi c h runs
. .
, Wh o m ak e th His
a ng e ls of t h e winds His minist e r s o f t h e fl aming fi
,
re In .

t h e B ook of T obit t h e a ng e l R a p h a e l 1 p l ays a n im p or t a nt

p a r t in xii 1 5 h e.s a ys of himself I amR ap h ae l on e ,

of t h e se v e n h oly a ng e ls whi c h r e se nt t h e r a y e r s o f t h e
p ,p
s a int s an d g o in b e f or e t h e gl or y of t h e H oly O n e
, (c p .

a ls o v e rs e This ang e l i s se nt from God acc or ding t o ,

iii 7 t o h e al Tob i t s blindn e ss a n d t o b r ing ab out t h e

.
,
’

m a rri ag e b e twee n Tob i t s son T obi a s an d S ar a h t h e d aught e r

’

of R a gu e l by binding A sm od e u s t h e e vil S p i r it (c p v i
, . .

10 He ac c om p a ni e s T obi a s on his j ou r n e y t o M e di a ,

an d thus a e a r s a s a gu a r di a n a ng e l T h e a ng e li c h ost
pp .

i s r e f e rre d t o in viii 1 5 Bl e ss e d art Th ou O God with

.
, ,

a ll p u r e an d h oly bl e ssing a n d le t Thy sa ints bl e ss Th e e ,

a n d a ll Thy c r e a tu r e s a n d le t all Thin e a ng e ls an d e l e c t

ble ss Th ee f or e ve r Th e r e i s n o m e nti o n o f a ng els in t h e

.

B ook of Judith but in t h e Additi o ns t o D ani el th e r e a re

se ve r a l r e fe r e n ce s thus in t h e P r a ye r o f A z ar i ah ve r s e s
” “
,

2 6 2 7 it i s s a id
, ,
But t h e a ng e l of t h e L or d c am e d own
int o t h e fu r n a ce t og e th e r w ith Az a r i a h an d h i s f ell ow s a n d ,

h e dr ove t h e fl a m e o f t h e fire out of t h e fu r n ace an d m a d e ,

t h e midst o f t h e fu r n ac e a s it h a d b ee n a m o i st whistling
wind so th a t t h e fire t ou c h e d th e m n ot a t a ll n e ith e r hu r t
, ,

n or t r oubl e d th e m
”
In Sus a nn a a g a in t h e a c t ivity
.
, ,

of a ng e l s is r e f e r r e d t o in v e rs e s 44 4 5 ( S e p tu agint V e r si o n ) , ,

1
Th e m ea ni n g of t he name is h th h l
Go d a e a e d, cp . iii . I 7 ,

An d R a p h l ae w as se nt to h l th m b th
ea e o .
 T HE B OOKS OF THE APOCRYP HA
' ‘

30 2

wh e r e t h e a n g e l of t h e L ord is s a id t o h ave b e s t owe d a

S p irit o f dis c e rnm e n t u p on D ani e l a l so in v e rs e 5 5

( p
S e t u a gint V e rsi on ) wh e r e t h e a ng e l o f t h e L ord is ab out

to c l e av e t h e s oul of on e o f t h e c rimin a ls br ought b e f or e

D ani e l an d on ce m or e i t is an ang el wh o c ar r i e s out t h e

, ,

s e n t e n ce a g ains t t h e t w o e ld ers : Th e n t h e a ng e l of t h e
L ord ca s t fire i n t h e midst of th em (v ers e I n Th e odo
ti on s Ve rsi on t h e a ng el of t h e L or d is r e f er r e d t o in v ers e s
’

5 5 5 9 a n d is s p ok e n of in e ac h c a s e as t h e a v e nging a ng el
, , .

Th e n ag a in i n B el an d t h e Dra g on v e rs e s 3 4— 3 9 t h e r e
, , , ,

i s t h e c uri ous st ory of h ow t h e a ng el of t h e L ord t ook up t h e

p r op h e t H ab akkuk by t h e h a ir an d tr a ns p ort e d him f r om
Jud ah t o B abyl on i n or d e r th a t h e migh t give f ood t o D a ni e l
i n t h e li on s den I n t h e Pr aye r of M a n a ss e s t h e a ng eli c
’
.

h os t is s p oke n of i n ve rs e 1 5 F or all t h e h o s t o f h eav e n

d ot h sing Thy p r a is e I n t h e E p istl e of J e re my v ers e 7
.
, ,

a gu a rdi an a ng e l is s p ok e n of as b e ing with t h e cap t iv e s in

B abyl on Th e b eli ef in ang els is in c ide nt ally r ef erre d t o in

.

t h e Addit i o ns t o Esth e r ( F ourth Additi on xv 1 3 in , .

wh ere E sth e r com p ar e s t h e king t o an a ng el of God A .

s om ewh a t f ant asti c r ep r e s e nt ati on of t h e ac tivity of a ng els

is give n i n thre e p ass ag e s i n 2 M accab ee s in iii 2 4 ff th er e . .

is an account of h ow t h e a tt em p t of S el e u c us an d Heli odorus

t o t ak e t h e t e m p l e at J erus al em w as f r ust r a t e d on th e ir

r eaching t h e t rea su r y t he S Ov erei g n o f S p i r it s an d al l

/

a uth or ity p r e p a r e d a gr e a t a p p a r iti on so th a t all wh o h a d

,

r e sum e d t o e nt e r w e r e s tr i c k e n with dism a y a t t h e ow e r

p p
of God a n d f a int e d with sh ee r t err o r
, F or th e r e a p p ea r e d
.

t o th e m a h ors e with a t e r ribl e r id e r a n d i t w as d e c k e d i n

,

m agnifi ce n t t r app ings a n d rushing fi er ce ly f orw a rd it

,

s t ruc k at Heli odorus wi t h its f or efeet And t h e r id e r s eem e d

.

t o b e a r m e d with a g old e n p a n op ly Tw o y ouths a ls o

.

ap p e a r e d b e f or e H eli odorus r e m ar k a bl e f or th e i r st r e ngth

, ,

gl ori ously h an ds om e an d S p l e ndidly a rr ay e d wh o st oo d

, ,

by him on e ith er sid e an d s cou r g ed him un ceasingly

, ,
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
B e fo r e
'

W h omh ea v e n s
t n d tr e mbli n g ’
h t
os s s a

A n d a t Thy w o r d c h an g e t o wi n d an d fire ( vi ii
,

an d th e ir p ow er is mu c h re s t ri c t e d : A S f or m e I am ,

un w is e an d p owe r l e ss ; h ow th e n sh ould I e ss ay t o s p ea k
of th e s e thin g s of whi c h th ou q uest i on est m
”
e ? ( v .

Th r ough ou t this ap ocalyp s e it is by a ng eli c a g e n c y th at

God communi cat e s wi t h t h e s e e r .

I n t h e B ook of Wisd om t h e p oint of int e r e st is th a t t h e

l e of an gels is t a k e n by Wisd om or by t h e W ord
'

p a c t h e , ,

d e vel op m e nt of d oc tr i n e h aving e limin at e d a ng e l ol ogy

alt og et h e r ; t hus in x 1 7 1 8 i t is s aid of Wisd om t h at :

.
, ,

r n d r d u nt h ly m r w rd f t h ir t il ;
S he e e e o o en a e a o e o s

S h gui d d t h m l n g e m rv ll u w y e e a o a a e o s a

A d b m u nt t h m v ri n g i n t h d yti m
,

n e ca e o e a co e e a e,

A d li gh t f t r t h ugh t h n igh t
n a o s a s ro e .

H r Wisd om h s t k n t h p l c f t h
e e a ng l of God
a a e e a e o e e

in E x dus xi o 9 Ag in in xviiiv 1 5
. 1 6 i
1 t is s id
. a , .
,
a

Th in ll p w rful W r d l p d fr m h v n d wn f m t h r y l
e a -
o e o ea e o ea e o ro e o a

t hr n o e,

A t rn w rri r i nt t h
s e mi d t f t h d m d l n d
a o o e s o e oo e a

B ri n g h rp w r d t hi n u nf ign d mm n dm nt
, ,

ea as a s a s o e e e co a e

A d t n di n g fi l l d ll t hi n g wi t h d t h ;
,

n s a e a s ea

A d whi l i t t u h d t h h v n i t t r d u p n t h rt h
,

n e o c e e ea e o e o e ea .

H r t h L g s h s t k e n t h p l e of t h
e e e o o ve nging ng l
a a e ac e a a e ,

f or it is e vid e nt th a t t h e wri t er h ad 1 Chr oni cl es xxi 1 5 1 6 —

.
,

in his mind : A n d D a vid lif t e d up his e y e s an d saw ,

t h e a ng e l of t h e L or d s t a nd b e t wee n t h e e a rth a n d t h e h e av e n ,

h aving a d r awn sw ord in his h a nd

”
This alleg orizin g is .

wh a t on e w ould n at ur ally l ook for i n Wisd om .

( )
h Dm e on ol og
y .

I t is d oubtful wh e th er th er e is an y r e f e re nce t o d em on s
i n E c c l e si asti c us p ossibly h owe ve r xxxix 2 8 3 1 c on t a ins —

su c h a r e f e r e n c e 1 I n T obit iii 8 m ent i on is m ad e of A sm

.
, ,

. o .

de us t h e e vil d em o n
, wh o sl ays m en ; t h e a ng el h ow , ,

1
S ee f or d e t a il s, th e p r ese nt wri t r e
’
s E cclesi a sti cus, in th e Ca m
bri dg Bibl
,

e e, pp . 26 3 f .
th e y are t o inh abi t t h e d e s ol a t e c ity f or a gre at t im e .

I t is w orth p ointing out fin ally th a t in t h e B ook of Wisd om

, , ,

whil e the r e is n o d em on ol ogy i n t h e ordi n a ry s e n s e th e r e ,

is a b eli e f in t h e d ev il :

Bu t by th e n vy o f t h e d e vil d ea t h ent e re d i nt o t h e worl d

e

A n d t h e y t h a t b e l on g t o hi s r ea lm e x p e ri en c e i t (ii
,

le
a

R eg ar din g t h e im p or t a n c e for t h e S t udy of t h e N ew T e st a

m e nt of t h e d oc t r in e s whi c h h a ve b ee n c onside r e d see t h e
r esp ec tive sec ti ons of t h e di ffe r e nt in t r odu c ti on s t o t h e
b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a i n P a r t I I .

S U MMAR Y
The b ooks of t h e A p oc r yp h a c o nt ain only p a r t of t h e
d oc t r i n al t e ac hing of t h e lit e r a tu r e f r om whi c h th ey h a ve
b ee n quit e a rbit r a r ily distinguish e d I t i s n ot p ossibl e
, , .

h e re t o c o nside r all t h e w o r ks whi c h mus t b e c onsult e d f or

a c om p l e t e s t udy o f t h e p e r i o d with whi c h w e a re d e a ling ,

but in r e s tr i c tin g ou r selve s t o t h e A p oc r yp h a th ere is this

com p e n s a ti on t h a t t h e m ore im p or t ant of it s b ooks we r e
,

r ecogniz e d by offic i a l Jud aism a s co nt aining g ood o r th od ox

t eachi n g so th a t th e y su p p ly a us e ful f ound a ti on f or fu r th e r
,

study of t h e d e ve l op m e nt of d oc t r in e I n s om e c a s e s
.
,

h oweve r r ecours e must b e h ad t o t h e A p oc alyp ti c Lit er a

,

tu r e for th ough t h e b ooks of t h e A p oc r y p h a a ffor d a g e n er a l

,

c r it e r i o n a s t o or th od o x J e wi sh t e a c hing f r o m 2 0 0 B C . .

t o A D 1 0 0 th e y are in s om e r e s p ec t s in ad e qu a t e
I t must ag ai n b e em p h asiz ed t h at t h e Old Te st am
. .
.
,

,
ent i s
30 6 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
n ot the s ol e b ac kground of t h e A p oc ry p h a l b ooks in t h e
d om a i n of d oc t r in e : th e re h ave b ee n m ar ke d P ersi an an d
G r eek influe n ce s i n c ert a in direc t i ons Th e m a in c u r re n t of .

P al e stini a n Jud aism w as affec t e d by t h e s e whil e t h e Jud a ism ,

o f t h e Dis p e rsi on i n it s t urn w as influ e n ce d by b o th P e r si a n

an d Gr e e k th ough t an d t h e e ffec t of all this is t r ace abl e in t h e

,

A p oc r y p h a Th e t eac hi n g of t h e var i ous b ooks must als o

.

b e f oll ow e d i n c hr on ol ogi ca l ord e r ; t h e r e a re di ffe r e n c e s

of Op ini o n a s t o ac t u a l d a t e s b ut t h er e is ap p r oxim a t e ,

un animi ty as t o t h e c e nt u r i e s t o whi c h t h e b ooks i n a lm os t ,

a ll c a s e s b el on g I n s om e i n st an ce s diffe r e nt p a rt s of a
, .

b ook b el ong t o di ffe r e n t t im e s as will b e s ee n fr om t h e ,

Chr on ol ogi cal T abl e (p F or discussi on s of t h e d at e s

.
,

see t h e I n t r odu c t i ons in P a r t I I .

Th e d oc t r in e of Wisd om w as c o nsid e re d i n Ch ap t e r VI I I
h e re w e h a ve t o d eal with t h e d octrin e s of God of t h e L aw , ,

of Sin of G r ac e an d F r e e will of t h e M e ssi a h of t h e Fu t ur e

,
-

, ,

Lif e of Ang e ls a n d with D em o n ol ogy th e s e c ann o t a lways

, ,

b e k ep t s ep ar at e a s on e l e a ds in t o a n oth e r
, Only c urs ory .

m e n ti on will b e m ad e of t h os e p oints wh e re t h e t eac hing is

id e n t i ca l wi t h th a t of t h e Old T est a m e n t t h ough e ve n i n ,
-

t h ese c ase s t h e c h aract e ris t i c f orm in whi c h a d oc t rin e is

e xhibi t e d will b e n ot e d t h e m a i n O bj ec t is t o sh ow in wh a t
,

r esp ec t s t h e b ooks of t h e A p ocr yp h a S h ow an a dva n ce or ,

i t may b e a r e tr og re ssi on i n d o c t ri n e as c om p ar ed with t h e

'

Old Te st am e nt .

( a ) Th e D oct ri ne
f o God .

E c c l e si a sti c us t r eat s of t h e U nity of God t h e C r ea t or ,

of all His e t e r nity a n d omni p ot ence His ac t ivity in n a tur e , ,

His wisd om h olin e ss j usti c e l oving kindn ess and m e rc y

, , ,
-
, ,

His f ath er h ood of I s r ael an d s om et im e s of all fl e sh (see

xlii 1 5 — xliii
. . H e re t h e insp i r a ti on is d r awn l a r g ely
f r om t h e Ps alms bu t i n xlii 1 6 an d xliii 2 8 — 3 2 B en Si r a
, .
, .
,
-

s ee ms t o g o b ey ond an ything t o be f ou n d i n t h e Old Te st a

m ent .N o b ook of t h e A p oc ry p h a h as such a v ari et y of
 THE BOO K S OF THE _
A PO CR Y PHA

co n t ac t with t h e w or ld but p e r f or ms His wil l thr ough a n

,

i nt e rm edi a ry w h o is Wisd om I n t h e s econd p art God is

, .

a g a in a n d a g a in S p ok e n of a s int e rf ering p ers o n ally i n

mund a n e a ffai r s an d in o t h e r r e sp ec t s a ls o t h e Old T e st a

,

m e n t d oc t r in e is r ep r es e nt e d as i n t h e n eed of righ t w orshi p

, ,

an d t h e m e r c y a n d j usti c e of God .

( b) The D octri n e of the L a w .

Th e str e ss l a id i n E cc l e si a sti c us on t h e im p ort a nc e of t h e

L aw fr o m b o th e t hi c a l an d r itu a l p oint s of vi e w S h ows
m
, ,

this w or k t o b e a v a lu abl e link b e twee n t h e Jud ais of

o st e xili c t im e s a n d R a bbini c a l Jud a ism Th e L aw is e t e r n al
p
-
.

a n d divin e an d it s p re e xist e n c e is im p li e d i n it s i den t i fi

,
-
ca

ti o n with Wisd om S o f ar a s is kn own t his id e n t ifi c at i on

.

oc c urs h e r e f or t h e fi r s t t im e but t h e w ay i t is t a k e n f or
,

g r a nt e d S h ows th a t it c a nn o t h a ve b ee n wh olly n ew Th e .

insist e n ce on t h e n ee d of obs e r ving t h e Law is c h ar ac t e r isti c

o f t his b ook a s is t h e t e ac hin g on t h e S p i r i t i n whi c h t h e
,

p r e c e t s a re t o b e c a rri e d out
p I n c h a t e r xxiv 7 ff t h e
p . . .

Law is o nly f or I sr a el I n T obi t an e arn e s t z eal f or t h e

.

Law is combin e d wi t h d e ep d ev o ti on This b ook indi cat e s

.

a d e ve l op m e n t of l e g a l obs e rv a n c e s ; p r a y e r a lmsgivi n g ,

a n d f a sting are st r ongly a dv oc r t i c ul arl

y a lmsgiving .

Th e l aws of t ith e m arr i ag e , ,

t o p ar e n t s k ee p ing ,

t h e feast s , p uri fi ca t i on s an d o th e rs are in c ul c a t e d This .

l o ve f or t h e L aw c ombin e d with w orshi p o ffers a fin e illus

, ,

t ra t i on of t h e truly p i ous J ew a t t his p e r i od Th e t eac hi n g

.

c o n c e r ning t h e L aw i n Judith is s tr ongly Ph a r is a i c whil e

e v e r ything d e p e nds u p o n t rus t i n God a n d ob edi en c e t o

Him b ot h are sh own by k eep ing t h e Law only t h e p r ae

,

t i c a l obs e rva n c e is t aught th er e is n o abst r ac t c on cep t i on .

Th e obs erv a n c e of S abb a ths n ew m oons an d f ea s t s is

,

e m p h a siz e d . R e f ere n ce is m ad e t o t h e s ac rifi ci al syst em

a n d t h e gift s of t h e p eop l e an d in ,
t h e p oe m xvi 2 —1
7 t h e .

righ t S p i r it i n offer ing is t h e r e ally im p or t a nt m at t er I n .

1 Mac c ab e e s t h e r e is r eflec t e d t h e e ar n e st ze al for t h e Law

Wisd om are xil e d Israel is t old th a t t h e r e a s on
ide ntifi e d ,
e

of hi s p un i sh m e n t i s t h e f o r sa king of t h e c o mm a ndm e n t s

of life i e t h e Law
, . . Th e L aw e ndure s f or e ve r a nd is a pp a r
. ,

e ntly f or Is r a e l a l o n e Of t h e di ffe r e nt p or ti ons whi c h

“

m ak e up 2 (4 ) Esdr a s t h e m ost im p ort ant in t h e p re s e nt

c o nn e c t i o n is t h e
”
S al a thi el A p oc aly p se whi c h f orms t h e ,

bulk of t h e b ook (iii x ) H ere it is s aid in ac cor d an c e with

.
—
.
,

l a t er R abbini c a l t eaching th a t t h e L aw h ad o r igin ally

,

b een give n t o o th e r n a ti ons by wh om it w as r e j ec t e d whil e

, ,

Israel a l on e h a d acc ep t e d it I n t h e o th e r p o rt i ons of t h e

.

b ook t h e m a in st r e ss is l aid on ve n era ti o n f or t h e L aw I n .

t h e B oo k of Wisd om th e r e is v e ry littl e on t h e subj e c t t o b e

n ot e d but t h e f o r e ign rul e r s are d en oun ce d for n ot k ee p ing
,

t h e L aw .

( 0 ) The D octri n e of S i n .

I n E cc l e si asti c us t h e p r e va l e n ce of Sin in on e an d all is oft e n

n ot e d an d th ere is mu c h s aid ab out its or igin H e r e B e n Sira
, .
-

find s a p r obl em t oo di ffi c ult f or him He im p li e s th ough

.
,

h e h a r dly g oe s so f ar a s t o m a k e t h e d e finit e a ss e rti on th a t ,

t h e or igin o f S i n is due t o God ( x x xiii 1 3 but i n on e

.

im p or t a nt p ass ag e h e st r o ngly c omb a ts this ( xv 1 1 He .

t r ace s i t b ac k t o t h e f all of E v e but n o f ar th e r He S p ea ks

,
.

s om e tim e s of Sin as o r igin ating withi n m an s om e tim e s a s ,

b e ing e xt ern al t o him Like t h e l at e r R abbis h e b ecom e s

.
,

inv olve d in in c onsist e n c i e s as s oon as h e tr i e s t o c onstru c t

a w or king th e ory on t h e subj ec t I n his t e a c hing on t h e
.

a t on e m e nt f or S ins h e sh ows a g r e a t a dv a n c e on t h e Old

Te st ame nt adding a lmsgivi ng a n d f asting as m ea ns of

,

a t o n em e nt a n d f or e sh a d ow ing t h e id e a th a t D e a th a ls o

may be one This l as t idea b ecame of e ver i nc reasing im

,

-
.
3 10 TH E BOO KS O F TH E APOCRYPHA

p o r t a n c e with t h e g r owth in l at e r Jud aism of t h e b eli e f i n

t h e r e su r r ec ti on Th ere is littl e th at c alls f or n ot i c e i n
.

T obi t ex c ep t a r ef ere n ce t o t h e at oning e ffi cac y of almsgiving ;

a n d n othing in Judith or t h e Additi ons t o D a n i e l ; but i n
,

t h e Pr a y e r of M a n ass e s w e find t h e th ough t th a t t h e P a t r i

a r c hs w e r e S inl e s s— a n id e a d e v e l op e d in t h e l at e r R abbini c a l

Li t erat ure i n conn e ct i on with t h e T r ea sury of M e r i t

of t h e F a th e rs— an d a d e e p e r r e aliz a t i o n of sin th a n is t o b e

f ou n d in an y o th e r b ook of t h e A p oc ry p h a I n 2 M ac cab ee s .

t h ere is a stra n gely p ar t i cul aristi c d oc t r in e of re t r ibut i o n

f or S in Th e t e ac hing in 1 (3 ) E sd r a s a n d B a ru c h is th a t
.

of t h e Old T e st a m e n t but t h e d oc tri n e a s t o t h e m e r it s of

,

t h e F a th ers is e x p r e ssly r ep udi a t e d i n B aru c h 2 (4 ) .

Esdr a s is im p or t ant ; e s p ec i ally a g ain t h e S al a thi e l Ap o

, ,

c al se H e r e t h e o r igin of si n is tr a c e d t o Ad a m th ough
yp .
,

its co n n e c t i on wi t h him is n ot e x p l ain e d ; bu t S i n i s re

g a r d ed a s u n ive rs al e ac h m ,an c l othing hims elf with t h e e vil

h ea rt I n t h e B ook of Wisd om th e r e is a b e li ef i n an o rigin a l

.

st a t e of g ood whi c h is so d ec id edly c o ntr a di c t e d by a l a t e r

,

a ss ag e ( xii 10 1 1 ) a s t o e m p h asiz e b eli e f i n a di ffe r e nt

p .
,

a uth orshi p f or t h e t w o p a rt s on this

p oint a s ,

on t h e subj ec t of D ea th it is , th a t is im p or t an t
f or us t h e s ec o nd offe rs n o thing n ew
, .

(d) The D f
octri n e o Grace an d F ree wi ll -
.

A t ru e b al a n c e b e t wee n th e s et w o is k ep t in E c cl e si asti c us
th e y are sh own as c om p l em e nt ar y n ot con t r adi c t ory thus, ,

Co nt inuing t h e t e ac hing of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t con ce r ning t h e

o mni p ot e n ce of God an d t h e r e s onsibili t y of m an Simil a r
p .

t eac hing is f ou n d i n T obi t Th e r e s t of t h e b ooks b el onging

.

t o this c e n tury h av e n othi n g th a t c alls f or p a r ti c ul a r n oti ce ,

bu t in t h e s ec o nd ary t ex t of E c c l e si as t i c us t h e s am e b al an ce
is f ound as i n t h e fi r st I n 1 M acc ab ee s mu c h m or e em p h a sis
.

is l aid on Fr ee will th a n on G r ace owing t o a g r owi n g

-

disin c li n at i o n t o a s c r ib e ac ti on am ong m e n di r ec tly t o God ,

b ecaus e of His i n ex p r e ssibl e m aj e sty I n t h e Additi on s t o .

 3 12 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
whi c h are to p r ece M e ssi ani c Kingd om m e n t i on e d
de the .

I n t h e e agl e visi on (xi xii a n d t h e vi si on of t h e m

—
.
an

rising fro m t h e sea an d in t h e Ez r a l e g e nd th e

p re e xist e n c e of t h e
-
M e ssi ah is t aught Th e M e ssi a ni c .

Kingd om its elf is t o b e of limit e d du r a ti on an d in t h e , ,

e agl e visi on G e nt i l e s a s w e ll a s J e ws are t o e n j oy it but

i n t h e visi on of t h e m
, ,

an fr om t h e se a t h e G e nt il e s are t o

b e wh olly d e str oy e d by t h e M e ssi ah an d H is kingd om is ,

o n ly f or His o n p eop l e t h e B ook o f Wisd om th e r e i s

w I n .

n o d oc tr i n e of t h e M e ssi ah n or is th e r e a b eli e f in a M e ssi a ni c

,

Kingd om in t h e J ewi sh P a l e stini an s e ns e but t h e t r a diti on a l,

J ewish e sch a t ol ogi ca l con cep ti on s are utiliz e d by t h e a u t h or

an d a gl or i ous futu r e is b eli e v e d t o b e r e s erve d f or t h e J e ws .

(f) Thel D octri n e of the F uture Lif e .

I n E cc l e si a sti c us t h e t eac hing o n t his subj ec t is sub

st an t i al ly of t h e n orm a l Old T e s t a m e n t t y p e t h e corru p ti on
of t h e b ody is l ook e d u p on a s t h e e n d of m an th ough ,

t h e an nihil a ti on of t h e S p irit as w e ll is e vid e nt ly n o t

c on t em p l a t e d .

On ce or twi ce d eat h is S p ok e n of as a r e s t Th e d e ve l op .

m e n t in this d oc tr in e whi c h is kn ow n t o h ave t ak e n p l ac e

during t h e s eco nd ce ntury B C is r e fl ec t e d by som . . e a rfi t i ons .

I t is of p a rt i c ul ar int ere st t o n ot e th at i n on e or t w o cas e s t h e

G reek sh ows signs of s om e de vel op m e n t of c on cep ti on wh er e
i n t h e H ebrew t h e n or m al Old T e st am e n t p ositi o n is m ain
t ai n e d . I t is v e ry n oti ceabl e t h at a kind of t ec hni cal s en s e
h as b ecom e a tt ac h e d t o t h e w ord w orm as i n M ark ix , .

4 8. I n T o bi t t h e n o rm al Old T e s t a m e nt d o c tr in e i s t a ught .

I n Judith t h e only r e f er en ce is a n im p or t a nt on e a s it W i t ,

n e sse s t o a d evel op m ent of t h e th ough t of H ade s as a p l ace

of p unishm e n t Th ere is s om ething simil a r t o t hi s in t h e
.

Pr ayer of M an ass e s I n t h e Ph a ris a i c r ece nsi on of E cclesi

.

a st i c us w ords a dd e d h e r e an d th e r e S h o w a d e v el op m e nt

of t h ough t as t o t h e Futur e Lif e Th e n e x t b ook whi c h

c ont ai n s r e f ere nce s t o t his is 2 M ac c ab ee s an d h ere an i m
.

,
 I n B aru ch th ere are t wo is ol a t e d r e f e r e n c e s ; an d in b o th
t h e t eac hing is th a t or di n arily f o und i n t h e Old T e s t am e n t .

In 2 (4 )Esdr a s th e re is an e xtr aordin ary wea lth of m at e r i al ,

m ostly c onfi ne d t o t h e S al a thi e l A p ocalyp s e H e re t h e .

d oc t rin e of t h e r e sur r ec ti on is n ot al t og e th e r c o nsist e nt an d ,

t h e writ e r s th ought is n ot qui t e easy t o und e rst a nd

’

he
s eems t o h a ve b eli e ve d th a t t h e m at e ri al b ody b eca m e
Wh olly a nnihil at ed at d ea th but t h e s oul wh en r el e a s e d
, ,

fr om it a ssum e d a n on m at e ri al b ody in t h e I n t e rm edi a t e

,
-

st at e an d th a t this b e ing in corru p tibl e did n ot und e r g o

, , ,

an y furth er c h a ng e a t t h e Judg e m e nt Th e R e surr ec ti o n

.

a pp a r e ntly t ake s p l ace imm e di a t e ly aft e r d eath I t is .

un cer t ain wh e th er t h e wi c k e d r is e as we ll as t h e r ight eous .

Minut e d e t a ils are give n a s t o t h e lot of t h e wi c ke d an d

t h at of t h e right eous i n t h e Int e rm edi at e st a t e but n on e as ,

t o t h e dur ati o n of this . A t its c l os e c om e st h e Judg e m e n t .

H e r e th ere is t h e s am e a mbiguity ; t h e writ er s mind is

’

n ot c l ea r wh e th e r t h e age of in c or ru p ti o n a n d e t e rnity i s

t o b egin imm e di a t e ly aft e r d ea th or o nly a t t h e Judg e m e n t

, .

But th e re is n o w a nt of defin i t en ess as t o t h e h ap p in e ss

of t h e right eo us a n d t h e t or m e n t o f t h e wi c k e d b oth will
b e e n orm ously in c r e a se d a t t h e Judg e m e n t an d th e n n o ,

in t e r ce ssi o n of t h e righ t eous f or t h e w i c k e d will a va il .

I n th os e p or ti ons of t h e b ook whi c h h a ve p r ob ably b ee n

a dd e d by t h e R e d ac t o r th e r e is s om e im p or t a nt t eac hing a s

t o a g e n e r al r e surr ec ti on a n d a re uni on of s oul a n d b o dy

,
-

whi ch is t o t a k e p l ace a t t h e b eginning of a n ew a ge s even

d ays aft e r t h e c l ose of t h e M e ssi a ni c Age This is p art of
.

a n ew e s c h a t ol ogi c a l s c h e m e quit e di ffere nt fr om th at

i

of t h e S al a thi e l A p oc a ly p s e an d s ee kin g t o combin e t h e

,
3 4
1 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
s h at ol ogy of t h e individu al with th a t of t h e n ati on I n
e c .

t h e B ook o f Wisd om th e r e is n o r e sur r ec ti o n of t h e b ody th e

only imm ort a li t y is th a t o f t h e s oul an d it b e gins on t his
,

e ar t h Judge m e nt t ak e s p l ace imm e di at ely aft e r d eat h an d

.
,

th er e is n o I n t e rm e di at e st a t e Th e bliss of t h e r ight eous

.

an d t h e t orm e n t of t h e ung odly are of a p ur ely S p i r itu a l

kind I t s ee ms as th ough t h e a uth or w er e ac qu ai n t e d

.

with m ore th an on e J ewish e s ch a t ol ogi c al s c h em e an d ,

use d th e m with ou t r ec ognizing t h eir i n consist e n c y He .

s ays n o thing a s t o wh er e t h e s ce n e o f t h e Judg e m e nt will

b e l aid h e is n ot ign or a nt of t h e P al e sti n i a n J ewish b eli ef ,

bu t b e i n g of an H ell e ni c c ast of mind h e c ann ot a ccep t i t

, , .

(g ) Th e D f A ngels
octri n e o .

I n Eccl e si a sti c us t h e r e are bu t few r e f er en ce s in xlii 1 6 .

h oly on e s are un abl e t o r ecoun t G od s m arvell ous

’

the
w orks t h ough s t re n gth is give n t h em t o st and in His p re se n ce
, .

I n T obi t t h e a n g e l R ap h ael p l ays an im p or t a n t p art ; h e

bi n ds Asm od e us an d ap p e ar s as gu ardi an a n g el t o T obi t
,

on his j ourn ey Th e a ng eli c h os t is r e f err e d t o i n viii 1 5

. . .

Th e re is n o m e nt i on of an g e ls i n Judi t h but i n t h e Ad dit i on s

,

t o D ani el t h e a n g e l of t h e L ord ap p e a rs i n each n fitli e s t ori e s .

Th e a n g eli c h os t is s p oke n of i n t h e Pr a y er of M an a ss e s an d ,

a gu ardi a n a ng e l i n t h e E p is t l e of J er e my a n d t h e r e is a n
,

i n cident al r ef ere nc e t o an g els i n t h e Additi ons t o Esth e r

‘

A s om ewh at f an t as t i c r ep r e s e nt at i on of t h e ac t ivi t y of
a n g els is give n in 2 M ac c ab ee s i n t h e s t ori e s of Heli odorus

an d of t h e rid e r l eading I sr ae l t o b att l e a n d of t h e r e li abl e

dr eams of M accab aeus N o oth e r b ooks r e f e r t o a ng els
.

t il l w e com e t o 2 (4 ) Esdras an d h er e i n t h e S al athi el

,

A p oc alyp se a g re atly d evel op e d a ng el ol ogy ap p ears A t .

t h e h e ad of t h e a ng eli c h ost st a n d s e ve n ar ch ang els an d ,

God c ommuni c a t e s wi th t h e s ee r by m ea n s of t h e a ng els .

I n t h e B ook of Wisd om t h e p l ace of th e s e is t ake n by t h e

W ord or by Wisd om t h e d e vel op m e nt of d octrin e h aving
,

h er e e limin a t e d an g el ol ogy al t og e th er .
 PA R T II

IN T R OD U C T I ON T O THE B OO KS
OF T H E AP O C R Y P H A
3 20 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
E cc l i ti u i
es a s 8 cP h ri i r
s, ni n
c rca 5 B C 1 0 . a sa c ece s o B C 10 0 -
0

T bi t M b n
. . . . .
,

o P . re -
ac ca aea .

Ju di t h
A ddi t i n t D n i l ( x p t i n g
th Pr y r f A
o s

ri whi h t hM o
b n b u t t h mi ddl f
a e e ce
a c ca aea a o e e o

n d nt ury
,
e a e o za as c

bm )
e se c o ce B C
M
. .

i p s re -
a cc a an

R t f E th r
es o s e

Pr y r f M n
a e o a a sse s

1 M be a c ca P
es tM b n i os -
a cc a aea , c rca B C . . 1 10 .

1 ( 3 ) E dr s as

W i d m E rli t p r t i n mi dd l f fir t nt ury
s o a es l t t p rt i n o o e o s ce B C . . a es o o

b gi nnin g f fir t nt ury
.
,

e o s ce A D .

M b B ginnin g f fir t nt ury
.

2 a c ca ees e o s ce A D .

B ru h d t h E p In rp r t m rli r
. .

a c an e . co o a es so e ea e

f J r mi h
o E d f fir t
e e a m t ri l n o s a e a

( 4 ) E dr nt ury Ch p i ii xv xvi
. .

2 s as ce A D . a s . a re

ltr
. . . . . .

a e .

I n qu t ti ns fr m t h s b ooks t h e t r n sl t i n of Dr
o a o o e e a a o .

Ch rl s d his e dit rs h
a e an s a rul bu t ot always b een o
1
as a e, n ,

use d Th e origi n al t ex t s us e d a e
. r
‘

E l i t i u f t h H br w S m d t x t (D i W i h i t d
c c e s as c s: or e e e en
’
s e e e s e es

j u S i h H b di h u d D ut h Gr k
,

es s ra c f th e r sc n e sc or e ee

Sw t t x t ( Th Old T t m t i G k d H rt
, , ,
’ ’
e e s e e es a en n ree an a s

t x t f C d 4 8 (E l i ti u p p
,

e o o 7 . 2 cc es a s c s, 1— 1,

(4 ) E d r t h L t in B d J m t x t ( Th F u th
.

f
’
2 s as : ly or e a en s an a es e e o r

B k fE
,

oo pp 8 o zra , . 1— 2,

re s t of t h e b ooks Swet e s t e x t m ent i on e d ab ove

’
F or t h e , .

Th e Li t e r a tu r e give n at t h e h e a d of e ac h c h ap t e r d oe s .

n ot
p r of e ss t o b e m or e t h a n a s el ec t i on Edi t i ons of o r igin a l .

t ex t s an d t ext cri t i cal dis c ussi on s are n ot give n as r ef er en ce s

,
-

, ,

t o th e s e will be f ou n d i n t h e L it er a t ur e c i t e d .

1
Th e A p ocryph a an d P seudep i g ra ph a of the Old Testa mt en
 CHAPTER I

T he W i sd o m o f J e sus, t he S o n o f S i rac h ;
or E c c l e si ast i c us
[L I T ERA T U RE Fri t h D i IV i— z sc e, e e shei t j esus S i ra ch s erk ld rt un d
h im i
.

ub t t
erse z Ed e rs e n W ac e I I p p 1— 2 39 ; R y ssel
K u t h I p p 3 4 75 ;
.

h h r i j dim
, , , ,

i n a z sc 2 0— Sc ec t e S tud es i n u a s
n d S ri ) p p 5 5
. .

H r t E l i ti
, ,

(S e co e es .
— 10 1 a cc es a s cus

O t l y E l i ti Th C mbri d g Bibl
, ,

es er e c c es a s i
c us, n e a e e

C h rl
,

( 19 12 ) B ox an d O est e rl e y i n , a I pp
e s,6 8 5 7] ,
. 2 — 1

I . THE T I TLE OF THE BOOK

CCLE S IAS TI CU S n am e with whi c h w e are ,
the
m ost f amili ar give s n o indi ca ti on a s t o t h e c ont e nt s
,

of t h e b ook ; i t h as h owe ve r b ee n t h e titl e wh e re by t h e

, ,

b ook w as kn own in t h e We st ern Chu r c h e ve r sin ce t h e third

c e ntury St J e r om e re t ain e d t h e famili ar titl e i n his L atin
. .

Versi on of t h e Bibl e an d i t h as c ontinu e d in t h e Chur ch

,

e ve r S in c e On accoun t of its m a nifold inst ruc ti on i n con

.

du c t of life i t w as mu c h us e d in t h e e ar ly Churc h e s p ec i ally ,

in t h e c as e of c at ec hum en s t h e title th e r e f o r e of E cc lesi , ,

ast i c us w as p r ob ably give n t o I t b ec aus e it w as t h e

ec c l e si a sti ca l or Chu r c h b ook a r excell en ce Wh t the
p a .

o rigin al titl e w as w e do n ot kn ow bu t in m ost m a nus c r i p t s

of t h e Gr ee k V e rsi on t h e titl e giv e n i s Wisd om of J e sus
t h e son of Si r ac h in t h e Sy r i ac Versi on it is Wisd om
B ot h th ese were t ransl ati ons fr om t h e
” 1
of B a r Sir a .

1
Th e fin l a ch was a dde d i n Gr ee k to S h w th
o a t th e n ame
was ind ec l i n bla e .
3 22 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

H ebrew so t h a t w e S h all n ot b e far wr ong i n b e li eving th a t

,

t h e o ri gin al t itl e ran Th e Wisd om of B en Si r a

”
or -

, ,

Th e Wisd om of J e sus B en Si r a Th e Gr ee k t r a nsl a t o r

” 1
-
.
,

in t h e Pr ol ogu e t o t h e b ook s p ea ks of hi s g r an df a th e r ,

J e sus as t h e a uth or I n t h e Talmud t h e b ook is r efe rr e d

.

t o as Th e B ook of B e n Si r a t h e n ame J e sus-

w ould h av e b ee n omi tt e d by t h e R abbis f or obvi ous r e as ons .

II . THE A UTHO R AN D HI S B OOK

I n t h e Pr ol ogue t o t h e Gree k Ve rsi on t h e wri t e r s ays t h a t
h e is ab ou t t o t r ansl a t e his gr a ndf at h e r s w ork ; in t h e
’

H ebrew t ex t t h e au t h or give s his n am e as w e h ave s ee n ,

this is als o give n in t h e subs c ri p ti on ; m or eove r i n t h e ,

T al mud t h e auth or is give n as B en Sira Th ere is t h ere -

.
,

f ore e ve ry r eas on t o b eli e ve t h at t h e au t h or w as B en Si r a

,
-

a n d this is univ e rs all y ac kn owl e dg ed Th at h e wr ot e t h e .

wh ol e of t h e b ook d oe s n ot a dmi t of d oubt u n i t y of auth or

shi p is st am pe d u p on t h e w ork t hr ough ou t Fur t h e r t h at .
,

t h e G r ee k t r a nsl a ti o n r ep re se nts subs t a nt i ally t h e a uth or s

’

b ook whi ch his gra nds on h ad b ef or e him is a ls o p r ac ti cally

c e rt a i n
. O n t h e ot h e r h and i t m ay b e d oub t e d wh e th e r
,

t h e b ook r e p r e se nts t h e fi n al f orm whi ch t h e a u t h or int e nd ed

it t o h a ve ; wh eth e r h e w as int e rru p t e d i n his w or k or ,

wh e th er h e di ed b ef ore h e w as abl e t o sif t an d a rr a nge his

m a t eri al a c are ful study of t h e b ook l eave s t h e im p r e ssi on
,

t h at t h e auth or l e f t it in an in c om p le t e st at e Th e m ai n .

r ea s ons f or this b eli e f are three firstly i n m any p art s of t h e ,

b ook t h e m a t er i al seems t o b e t hr own d own in a s om ewh a t

c h a otic st a t e wh e r ea s a li tt le obvi ous sifting w ould p ut things
,

righ t ; for e x am p l e : in on e s ec ti on (xiv 2 0 — xvi 2 3 ) t h e . .

f oll owing subj ec t s are d ealt with i n this or de r— t h e bl e ss ed

n ess of s e eking Wisd o m whi c h is o nly obt ain abl e by th os e

wh o f ear God ; hum a n f r ee will ; t h e c urse of ung odly -

1 In t h e H br w t x t t h u t h r p
e e e e a o s ea k s o f him l f se as S im eo n
f J hu ( J u ) t h f El r r
,

the son o es a es s , e son o eaz a , the son o f Si a .

3 4
2 T HE B OOKS OP THE APOCRYPHA

of our f a t h er s an d t h at his obj ec t in d oing so w as t h at h e

,

might by t eachin g h e lp oth e r s t o a kn owl edg e of t h e Law

, , ,

as w e ll a s in c ar r ying out its p r ec ep ts

’
B en Sir a s own .
-

words b e ar out t h e t ruth of this f or h e is e vid e n tly S p e aki n g ,

from p e rs on al e x p e ri enc e wh en h e s ays L e isu r e i n cre ase t h

wisd om t o t h e sc r ib e (xxxviii 2 4) m ore ove r his ve ry .
,

in t im a t e kn owl e dg e of t h e Old T e st am e nt is j us t wh at on e
would e x pe c t of a s c rib e this kn owl e dg e is e vid e nt on ev ery
ag e of his b ook whi c h is s a tur a t e d with t h e th ough t s of t h e
p ,

Old Te st am e n t Wisd om Lit e r atu re alm os t t h e ve ry w ords ,

of whi c h occ ur a g a in a n d a g a i n in t h e con c luding c h ap t e rs

of his b ook (x l iv l 2 4 )h e S ings t h e p r a is e s of all t h e gr eat
—
. .

on es of Isr ae l an d sh ows h ow h e h as his Old Te st a m e nt a t

,

his fi n g e r s e nds B earing in mi n d wh at is s aid i n t h e

’
.

Pr ol ogu e i t is highly p r ob abl e th a t B en S ir a is re fe rring t o

,
-

hims elf as t h e t ru e s c rib e i n writing t h e w ords i n xxxviii .

2 4 xxxix 3
—
. h e r e h e p ass e s in r e vi ew va r i ous c a ll ings i n life ,

an d d ec l ar e s th a t it is n ot p ossibl e f or m en t o ac quire wisd om

if th eir tim e is t ake n up i n e arning th e ir live lih ood by t h e s e

m ea ns in d es c ribing th e n t h e m anner in whi c h h e wh o
, ,

m edit at es i n t h e Law of t h e M os t High g oe s ab ou t his”

w ork B en Sira se ts f orth t h e m ent al ac tivi ty of t h e scrib e

-

i n su c h a w ay as t o m ake it cer t ai n th a t h e is im p ar t i n g t h e
s ecre t s of his own p r ac ti ce He s ays of su ch an on e t h at h e
.

S ear h t h t t h wi d m f ll t h n i nt
c e ou e s o o a e a c e s

A d i
n u p i d wi t h t h p r p h t f l d ;
s oc c e e o e s o o

H h d t h t h di
e ee e ur f m f r n wn
e sco se s o en o e o ,

A d nt r t h i nt t h d p t hi n g
n e e e f p r bl
o ; e ee s o a a es

H e r h t h ut t h hi dd n m nin g f p r v rb
se a c e o e e ea o o e s,

A d i
n n v r nt wi t h t h d rk yi ng f p r bl
s co e sa e a sa s o a a es

( xxxix . 1— 3 )

Obvi ously n o t ru e m an wh o h ad given hims elf so wh ol e

h eart e dly t o t h e s t udy an d ac quisiti on of h oly l earni ng

w oul d be c ont en t t o keep i t t o hims elf an d so B en Sira ,
-

gives us cl early t o u n ders t and t h at h e was a t each er earn es t ly

 I my m u th d p k f h
op e n o an s ea o er,

H rk n t my t hin g th ugh y
ea e o bu t f w
ea c o e be e

A d mu h ilv r d g l d h ll y q uir t h r by (li

, ,

n c s e an o S a e ac e e e 2
3 .

Th e S imil s us ed by B en Sir a r g ar di ng hims e lf as a suc

e -
e

c ess or t o t eache rs of Wisd om wh o h ad g one be f re are i n o

t e est i g as S h owing th at h c l aim e d t be a li n k t h ough

r n e o , a

m
humble one i n t h e great c h ai n of Isra l s i n sp ire d writ e rs
’
e

He s ays f or exam e i n one p l ce

.
,

, , a :

A dn fas m I w or t r m fr m t h riv r
e, a s as a s ea o e e

m f rt h n d ui t int g rd n ;
,

A d In ca e o as a co o a a e

I sa id I wi ll w t r my g r d n a e a e

I will bu n d nt ly w t r my g rd n b d
,

a a a e a e e s

A d 1
n my tr m b m riv r
0, s ea e ca e a e

A d my riv r b m
,

n e e ca e a se a

Y te g in wil l I p ur f rt h d t rin
a a pr ph y
o o oc e as o ec

A d l v it f t n l g n r ti n
,

n ea e or e er a e e a o s .

L k y (
oo d e ) t h
an t I h v t
se e l b ur d f my l f nly
a a e no a o e or se o

Bu t f ll t h t h t dilig nt ly k h (xxiv 3
,

or a o se a e se e er . 0

a n ot h er p a ss ag h e s ays e

I i nd d m l t f ll
ee ca e as o a

t h t gl ft r t h gr p g t h r r ;
, , ,

A S on e th a e an e a e e a e -
a e e s

I d v n d by t h bl
a a ce in g f G d e ess o o

A d fill d my wi n p r gr p g t h r r
,

n e e -
ess a s a a e -
a e e .

C n id r th t
o s t fe my l f l n h v I l b ur d
a no or se a o e a e a o e

Bu t f ll t h t k W i d m (xxxiii 6
,

or a a se e s o . 1

A n d on c e again
Y t g i n wi l l I fix my t h ugh t
e a a d m k my d t i n t o hi n f rt h s an a e oc r e o s e o ,

A t h full m n
s e th t w l ft h d y
oo on e e a

H k n u nt m y p i u
.

ear e o ( xxxix
e, e ff ) o s . 12 .

All th ese p ass g es S h ow th t B n Sir a r eck one d hims lf

a a e -
e

as foll owi ng i n t h e li n e t h ough the l as t in the succ ession

—
326 l TH E BOO K S OF -
THE A POCRYPH A

of the wise m
suc h as t h e wri te rs of Pr overbs an d E Ccle
en

si ast es a n d th a t t h e r e f ore his c l a im t o b e a t e ac h e r i n Isr a e l

,

w as j ustifi e d Whil e qu oting f reely f r om t h e Old Te s t am ent

.

wri t e rs an d t h e r eby ac kn owl edging his indebt e dn e ss t o

,

t hem h e of t en e xp an ds a qu ot ati on e sp ec i ally from Pro

, ,

verbs t hus m aki n g t h e p rove r b i n t o a lit tle e ss ay so th a t

,

al t h ough h e d oe s n ot S h ow g r ea t o rigin al ity of t h ought h e ,

nevert h ele ss h as his own idea s whic h h e s et s f ort h i n his own

w ay .

3
S om e furth er d et ail s con ce rn i n g t h e a uth or may b e g a th e r e d

f r om his b ook if as s eems r eas on abl e t h e w ords of xxxix

, , .

1 3 —
qu ot e d ab ove are t a ke n as re fe rring t o t h e wr it e r
, ,

himself th e n t h e s am e mus t b e s aid of t h e w ords w hi c h

,

f oll ow i n t h e t e xt v i z : , .

Wh o se rv t h m n g gr t m
e a o ea en

An d a
pp r t h b f r p ri n ;
ea e e o e ces

Wh o t r v ll t h t hr ugh t h l n d f t h p p l
a e e o e a s o e eo e s,

An d t t th g
es e d d il m n g m (xxxix
oo an ev a o en .
4)

fr om th e se words w e m ay g a th er th a t B en Sir a h a d at on e -

t im e b een in t h e servi ce of s om e influ en ti al p ers on an d th a t ,

h e h ad S p e nt s om e tim e i n t ra v e l ; of t h at h e s p e aks m or e
-

th an on ce f or h e s ays i n xxxiv ,
1 0 —
12 : .

He t h a t i s wi t ho u t e xp e ri enc e k nowe t h li tt l e
Bu t t h e well v erse d man ha t h sk ill
,

-
.

I n my jo urn e yi n g I h a v e seen mu c h
An d m a n y t h i n g s h a v e be fa ll en m
,

e .

O ft e n w as I i n d an g e r e v en u nt o d ea t h
Bu t w as p re serv ed be ca u se o f t hese th i ng s (i xp ri
,

e . e e e nce an d

k no wl e d g e o f t h e w orl d )
.

n ot h er p assa g e (li 1 3 )h e re fers t o t h e t im e b ef or e h e

In a .

h ad c omm en c e d his t r av els Th e d a ng e r of whi c h h e s p e a ks .

in t h e p ass ag e j ust qu ot e d w a s owing t o t h e f ac t t h at h e

h ad b e e n t h e vi c tim of s om e sl a n d er ous t ongu e if one ,

may b e guide d by his w ords i n 11 1 — 1 2 wh ere h e t han ks

.
-

.
,

God i n sayi ng .
3 28 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

l at i n g this b ook ; d e voting i n dee d mu c h wa t chful care , ,

an d skill duri n g t h e tim e a t my dis p osal in ord e r th a t h a vi n g ,

c om p l e t e d t h e b ook (i e i t s t r a nsl a t i on ) I migh t p ublish i t

. .
,

f or t h e b en efi t of th os e wh o i n t h e l and of th e ir s oj ourning
were de sir ous t o l ear n b eing a l r ea dy p r ep ar e d in r esp e c t of
,

th e ir m ora l c ultu r e t o live by t h e L aw Th os e w ords .

e n abl e us t o fix t h e d a t e ap p r oxim a t e ly of t h e t r a nsl ati on , ,

of t h e b ook ; f or th e re w a s on ly one Egyp ti a n king of

t h e n a m e of Eu e r g e t e s t o wh om t h e tr a nsl at or s w or ds
’

c ould a pp ly n a m e ly Eu e r g e t e s I I su rn am e d Ph yscon w h o
, , ,

re ign e d alt og e th e r fift y f our y ears fi r s t h e w as j oint rul er

- -

with his e lde r b r oth er Ph ilom e t or ( B C 1 70

, an d th e n . .

h e r e ig n e d al on e (B C 1 4 5 Th e thi rt y e ighth y e a r
. .
-

of his r e ign w ould b e B C 1 3 2 s oon aft e r this d a t e th er e

. .
,

f ore t h e Gree k tran sl a ti o n w as m ad e H a ving g ot t his

, .

d at e it is n ot diffic ult t o fix an ap p r oxim at e d a t e f or t h e

origi n a l w or k it w ould b e ab out fifty or S ixty y ea r s e a r li e r .

At t h e en d of c h ap t e r xlix an d b eginning of l a ccording t o . .

,

t h e H eb r e w of our b ook it s ays : ,

G r ea t a m n g h i br t h r
o s e e n an d the gl ry o of h i s p e op l e

S im n t h ri
,

W as eo , e son of J oc h a n an , th e p es t .

This Sim e on s ec ond of t h e n am e w as high p ri e s t from

, the ,
-

B C 2 1 9— 1 99
. . B en Sir a wa s c l ea r ly a c ont em p or a ry of his
-

( see I 1 . but t h e w a
y in whi c h h e wr it e s ab out him
sugg e sts th a t Sim eo n must h a ve b ee n de ad s om e tim e wh en
B en Sir a w r ot e ; we sh a ll th e r e f or e n ot b e f ar w r ong i n
-
, ,

a ssig n ing t h e y ea r B C 180 or t h e r e ab ou t s a s t h e d at e

. .
, ,

of t h e com p osi t i on of t h e b ook in its or igin a l f or m I t is .

,

h owe ve r c ert a in t h at t h e b ook w a s in p r ep ara ti on f or s om e

,

year s b e f ore this for S in ce a s we h av e al r eady s ee n B en , ,

Sira h ad his own h ous e of inst r u c t i on wh er e h e g ave l ec t ure s

t o his p u p ils we m ay j ustly a ssum e th a t t h e cont e nts of his
,

b ook rep re se n t t h e p ith of t h e s e l ec t u r e s .

1
E u rg
e e est I r ign
e ed f or t w en t y fi v e y r e a s, B C . . 2 4 7— 2 2 2 .
the o rigi n al l angu ag e w as H ebre w : i n his Pr ol ogu e t o t h e
b ook t h e transl a t or s ays Thi n gs origi n a lly s p ok e n in
H ebrew h ave n ot t h e s am e f orc e in t h em wh en th ey are
tr an sl at e d i n t o an oth er t ongu e ; an d n ot only th e se but ,

t h e Law itself an d t h e Pr op h ec i e s an d t h e r e st of t h e b ooks

, , ,

h ave n o sm al l di ffere n c e wh en th ey are S p oken in th eir

”
origin a l f orm Alth ough h e d oes n ot ac tu all y say so it is
.
,

p r e tty obvi o us th a t B en Si r a s g r a nds on im p li e s h e re th a t

-
’

I n th e
’
h e tra nsl at e d hi s gr a ndf a th e r s b ook fr om H ebre w .

s eco n d p l ace i n St J er om e s tim e i t w ould a p p ear th a t

’
.
,

H ebrew m an usc ri p ts of t h e b ook e xist e d i n P ale stin e f or ,

i n his p re f ace t o t h e B ooks of S ol om on h e s ays th at h e f ou n d

t h e b ook of J e sus t h e son of Sira c h in H e bre w Th e n ag ain .
, ,

i n l a t er tim e s S aadi ah (A D 9 2 0 ) s p ea ks of t h e exist e n ce of . .

C op i e s of t h e H e b r e w t e x t an d h e s a ys th a t t h e v owel p oint s ,
-

we re adde d whi c h was as a rule only d on e in t h e case of

, , ,

can on i ca l b ooks And l astly in a numb e r of cas e s t h e

?
,

r en de rings of t h e G r ee k n ece ssit a t e t h e assum p ti on th at

t hey were tran slat ed f r om H eb r ew .

Bu t all d oubt wh ere su c h e xi st e d w as set at re st by t h e

, ,

dis covery ( 1 8 96 —1 90 0 ) of a numb er of fragm ent s of t h e

H ebrew t ext Th ose t o wh om this im p ort an t find or rath e r
.
,

se ri es of fi n ds is due are Mrs Lewis an d Mrs Gibs on C owl ey

, . .
,

an d N e ub au e r S c h ec ht e r an d T a yl o r G Marg oli out h L e vi

, , .
, ,

Adl er an d Gast e r Alt og e th er ab out thirty l eave s were

, .

f ound ; th ey are fragm e nts b el onging t o f our di fferent

1
Co wl y
e an d Ne ub u r a e Th e O g ri i n al r
H eb ew f
o a po rti on f
o

xi
,

E cclesi asti cus , pp . x .

, .
3 30 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

m an us cri p ts an d t h ey all c am e fr om t h e G eni z a h of a Syn a

,

g ogu e i n C a ir o A S all th e se m an us c ri p ts are writ t en on

.

p ap e r a n d n ot on v e llum th e y c a nn ot b e e arli er t h an t h e
nin t h cent ury A D for p ap er was n ot i nt roduce d until this
; t h ey a ll b el ong p r ob ably t o t h e e n d of t h e t e nt h
. .
,

1
c e n t ury

or t h e b eginni n g of t h e e l e v en th cent ury ?

Th e qu e sti on a ris es a s t o wh eth er t h e H ebr ew of t h e s e

m an us c ri p ts is n ot a t ran sl at i on from t h e G reek or Syri ac
f orms of t h e t ex t whi ch h ad b ee n i n e xis t en ce f or a n umb er
of ce n t uri e s p r e vi ously an d furth e r it mus t b e a sk e d th a t
, ,

e ve n su o si n g H e br e w t o h a v e b een t h e origi n a l l a ngu ag e

pp
of t h e b ook d o th e s e fr agm e n t s p r e s ent t h e origi n al H ebr e w
, ,

or a l at e r f orm of t his ? Th e a nsw er t o th es e qu e s t i on s

i n v olves a de t ail e d s t udy of t h e t ext in i t s va ri ous f orms ,

a n d a c om a ris on of t h e s e with t h e H ebr e w t ex t ; c l early

p
a t ec h n i c al discussi on of t hi s ki n d w ould b e out of p l ace

h ere ; w e can on ly give a résum é of t h e re sults of su ch s t udy .

As a g e n eral rul e a t ex t whi ch I s a tra n sl ati on b e trays th e

f ac t by c er t ai n i n di c ati on s which are alm os t i n f allibl e ;
i di om at i c e x p re ssi ons i n t h e origin al misund ers t a ndin gs of ,

w ords In t h e origi n al an d c ons e qu ent mis t ran sl at i on whi ch

i nt e rfere wi t h t h e s en se of a p ass ag e c lumsy di ct i on owi ng ,

t o difficul t i e s i n givi n g a p r op e r r en d e ri n g of t h e orig i n al ;

t h ese an d ot h er sig n s of t h e n on origi n ali t y of a writi ng are
-

a lm os t c e rt a i n t o S h ow t h ems e lv e s bu t t h e H ebr ew o f E l é
c c e

si ast i cus d oe s n ot r s nt sig n s f t hi s ki n d I t s wh ol e

m
p e e o

t h e sym et ry
.

st yl e s t am p s i t s l an gu ag e as t h e origi n al on e

of t h e H ebr ew i n t h e m ai n p oints i n t h e s am e di re c t i on ;
m ore over t h ere are a n um
, ,

, b er of i n s t an ce s which c oul d b e
give n whi c h ex clude t h e p ossibili t y of t ran sl at i on fr om
e i t h e r G r ee k or Syri a c t h ere are al s o m any case s i n whi ch
t h e V e rsi on s h a ve n o e quival ent f or t h e H ebr ew an d l a s t ly ,

1
Cp . M u nd Th m p
a e o son , H a n dbook of Gr eek an d L a ti n P a laeo
gra ehr . P 43
S ee C ast er i n t h e J ewi sh Qua rterly R evi ew 6 8 8 ff
1 x 11
,
.
pp . .
332 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
be see n th a t a p art from di fferen ce s of re nde ring th ere
, ,

is this fund am ent al di fferen c e b e t wee n t h e t w o : t h e

Auth oriz e d Versi on con t ains a l arg e n umb er of vers e s whi c h
are omit t e d i n t h e R e vise d Versi on Th e se omi ssi on s .

are n ot e d i n t h e R e vis e d Ve rsi on f or i n t h e m ar gi n on e c on

,

st an t ly c om e s ac r oss t h e w ords Verse is omi t t ed

Th e r e as on of t his di ffe re n c e
”
by t h e b est auth oriti e s .

b et wee n t h e t wo V ers i on s is th at f or t h e R e vise d Ve rsi o n

on ly t h e gr ea t un c i als of t h e f ourt h ce ntury A D w e r e us ed . .

wh e rea s f or t h e Auth oriz e d Versi on a n umb e r of cursive

“

m anusc r i p t s b el onging t o a mu c h l at e r tim e were us e d .

Th e p r oce dur e of t h e R e vis e rs is j ustifi e d on t h e gr ounds

of t e xtu al c ri ti c ism f or as a uth oriti e s t h e gr e a t un c i al m an u
,

scri p t s of t h e f ourth ce ntu ry are far su p eri or t o t h e c ursive s

of t h e t hirt ee nt h an d f ourt ee nt h c e n turi e s ; on t h e ot h e r

h a nd t h e Auth or iz ed Versi on is n ot only su p p or t e d by e arly

.

p a tristi c a uth o rity but al s o by, th a t of t h e Old L a ti n V e rsi on

whi ch c o nt a i n s m a ny r ea lly a n c i e n t el em ents ?

Th e re is ,

of cours e a g r ea t d ea l of m a tt e r comm on t o t h e u n c i a l
,

an d c ursive m a n us c ri p ts a s r ep r e s e nt e d by t h e R e vis e d

an d Auth oriz e d Ve rsi o ns ; bu t t h e di ffer en ce b et wee n this

c omm on m a tt e r an d t h a t whi c h is p e c uli a r t o t h e c ursiv e s

is v ery m ar ke d ; t h e a d di t i on s n umb ering a hun dre d an d

,

fifty lin e s or m ore be sid e s m a ny Vefb al a ddi t i on s (an d it is

,

m ore th an p rob abl e th a t b oth a m ou n t ed t o m a ny m ore

origi n ally) must h a ve b e e n a dd e d f or s om e S p ec i al r e a s on
, ,

an d t h a t r ea s on wh at ever it was mus t h ave exis t ed at a

, ,

1
In thi s c onn e ct i on i t i s im p o rt ant t o n o t e t h e foll owi n g fa ct s
a l l t h e Gr e e k m a n u sc ri p t s u n c i al a s w e ll as c ur siv e s ha v e a gr e a t

m
,

d i sp l a ce ent i n t h e t e x t xxx 2 5 xxxiii 1 3 a h a v i n g e x c h an g e d

, ,

l wi h xxxiii — xxxvi 1 6 a si n c e a ll t h e Gr ee k m an u sc ri p t s
. .
,

p a c e s t 1 3 b
ha v e t hi s di sp l ace m ent i t i s obvi ou s t ha t all ul tim a te ly go back t o a
. .

si n gl e p a r e nt m a n u sc ri p t ; n o w t h e O l d L a ti n Ve r si o n h as n ot g ot

t h e d i sp l a ce m ent a n d y e t i t i s a t ran sl a ti on fro m t h e Gr eek c ouse

q u ent ly t hi s v e r si on r ep r e sent s a c on di t i on o f a ff ai r s whi c h i s o l de r

,

t han t h e o l dest Gr eek m an u scri p t s .

th ey are fragm e nts of t h e Wisd om of a S crib e of t h e
Ph a risee s an d cont ai n t e n t a tive Greek re nde r ings of m any
,

of t h e t e c h n ic a l t erm s an d wat chw ords of t h e S ec t A S .

J esus B en Sira d ealt with t h e earli er S c ri p ture s so s om e

-

un kn own di sc i p l e d ealt wi t h his m a st e r s com p ositi on

’
.

” 1
He re ce ived t h e dep osit an d a dd e d t o it Mr H art . .

works out this th eory on p p 2 7 5 3 2 0 of his b ook foll owing .

-

his l ea d w e h ave studi e d t h e m att e r indep e nde n tly an d

, ,

h ave f ound th a t t h e m ore it is studi ed t h e m ore firmly ,

is his t h e ory sub st an t i at ed fi B e f ore c oming t o d eal i n

s om e de t ail with this subj ec t it wi ll be we ll t o p ut t h e qu e s ,

ti on : Why sh ould a Ph a r isee h ave f elt it i n cumb e nt u p on

him t o m ake th e s e a dditi ons Th e a nsw e r p r oof f or whi c h ,

wi ll be offe r ed in a m om e nt is th a t E c cl e si asti c us in it s ,

o rigin a l f orm rep r ese nts t h e S adduc ze an ” 1

st a n d oint
p ,

an d at t h e c l o s e of t h e M ac ca b aea n st r uggl e wh e n Ph ari

sai sma
,

e a r e d a s an ac tive m ove m e nt an d t h e Ph arise e s

pp
b ecam e t h e d omin a nt p a r ty i n Israel it was n o d oubt c on ,

si dered e ss e nti a l th a t a b ook lik e E cc l e si a sti c us whi c h ,

w as gre a tly in v ogu e (f or as far as it we nt it w a s o r th od ox )

, ,

S h ould b ea r on t h e f a ce of it t h e m a r ks of Ph a r is a i c or th o

d oxy an d thus b ec om e a v e hi cl e for t h e p rop ag ati on of

,

1
Op ci t p 2 74 ; he a dds in a n ote t h a t t h ese a dd i ti ons d o
n e ce ssa ri ly p roc ee d fr o m t h e han d of on e ind ivi d u al w e feel
. . .
,

n ot

c on vi n c e d t h a t h e i s righ t h e r e a l so

W e use t hi s t erm as b e in g t h e m o st c on v eni ent bu t st ri c tly

.

sp ea k i n g i t i s an an a c hr o n i sm f o r as w e h a v e see n a b o v e (C h a p vii )
,

t h e te rmb e l on g s t o p ost M acca b ae a n t im e s

.

w e use i t h e r e as re p re
.
, ,

se nti n g t h e p r e M a cca b ae an t en d en c y whi c h l a t e

-
r on devel op e d into
S a dd uc aean i s m .
 THE B OO K S OF THE A
‘ "

POCRYPH A
‘
‘ '

3 34

We S h all firs t s ee k t o S h ow th at E cc l esi asti cus in its

n ow

or igin al f orm rep re s en t e d t h e tr a diti on a l S adducaea n .

st a ndp oint an d th a t t h e a dditi ons r efl ec t t h e t eac hi n g of

,

t h e Ph a ris ee s We h a ve alrea dy dea lt with t h e sp ec ifi c

.

d oc t rin e s of th e s e t w o p art i e s so th at wh at is n ow t o be ,

s aid S h ould be r ead in t h e light of wh at h as b ee n writt en

in Ch ap t e r VI I .

VI . THE S A D D U CE A N D OC TR I N AL S TA N DPO I N T IN

E CCLE S I AS T I C U S
nsidering first i n wh a t re sp ec ts J osep hus acc oun t
’
In co

of t h e t eac hing of t h e S a ddu c ee s is r e fl ec t e d in E cc l e si a s

t i c us it mus t b e b orn e in mi nd th a t t h e b o ok in its origin a l

f orm w as wri tt e n b ef ore t h e distin c tive d oc trin e s of Ph ar i
sai smh a d b ec om e f o rmul a t e d an d th er e f or e b e f or e an y
,

thing i n t h e n a ture of a nt ag onism b et wee n S adducae an

a n d Ph a ris a i c t e ac hing h a d a ris e n i t is n ot t o b e sup p os ed
th at t h e t wo p arti e s w ere fr om t h e first S h arp ly divid ed ,

still l ess t h a t th e y a c quire d distin c tiv e n a m e s I t is his .

t ori c ally m ore p r ob abl e th a t t h e dive r g e n c e increase d

g r adu ally an d w as i nt e n sifi e d an d at l as t d efinit e ly r ealiz ed
, ,

i n t h e r eligi ous r evi val of M accab aean t im e s ” 1

Th e e vi .

d e n ce whi c h J osep hus give s is l a t e in hi s tim e t h e op p osi

ti on b e t wee n t h e t wo p ar ti es h ad fully d eve l op e d an d as , ,

so oft e n h ap p e ns b e t w ee n o o si n g a rti e s th e ir r e s e c tiv e

pp p p ,

t en et s t ende d t o b ecom e ex aggerat e d Of this t h ere is .

n at ur all y n o S ig n in E c c l e si asti c us C owl e y righ t ly p oin t s .

out i n s p e aking of t h e S a ddu cee s duri n g t h e p e ri od t h at

,

su cceed e d t h e M ac cab aean st ruggl e th at in th eir p oliti cal ,

r el ati ons the y S h ow a sym p a thy with f or eign influ en ce s

whi c h w as strongly r ep r ob at e d by t h e n ati on alis t i c Ph ari
see s Thus w e find th em acc use d p e r h ap s j ustly of t oler
.
, ,

a ting Gr ee k r e li gi ous p r ac ti c e s an d e ve n of a d op ting th em,

.

This is t h e l e ss surp rising if it b e conside re d th a t t h e Jud a ism

1
Co wl y
e , Op . ci t .
, iv .
42 37 .
33 6 TH E BOO KS OF TH E APOC R YPHA
I h ll t b n t i d m n g ill u t ri u p p l
s a no e o ce a o so s o s a eo e,

A d wh t i my
n a ul m n g t h m
s f th p iri t
so f ll t h a o e ass o e s s o a e

hil dr n f m
c e o en ?

I nt ru t h u nt m H will t h v r p t o e e no a e es ec

my w y w h will m rk t h m
, ,

A d n f as or a s, o a e ?

If I i s n, y b h ld th it
no e e e o e

O i f I d l u ntruly i
r ll
ea r y w h will k n w i t ? n a se c e c o o

M y righ t u d lin g w h d l r t h i t
,

eo s ea o ec a e

A d wh t h p i th r d r i di t nt
,

n a f tho e s e e, or e ec e e s s a

Th y t h t l k u n d r t n di n g t hi nk t h thi n g
.

e a ac e s a e se s,

A d th m n f f lly t hi n k t h t hi
e an o o e s .

P ositiv t eaching o t h c l ose r l at i on shi p whi ch sh ould

e n e e

n rm lly xist b etw en God d me is giv n gai n n d

o a e e an n e a a

a g i n in t h e b ook Sir s d oc t rin e f sin is i n ad qu t

’
a B . en -
a o e a e,
1

i t is t u ; bu t th at is in S p it e f ot in con sequ e n ce f
r e o , n o ,

his x lt d te a hing con c rn in g God

e eac e .

R eg r ding t h e t c hing on hum an free will B e Sir a

a ea -
n -

s om e tim s r fl e ts e th or oughly S adducaean s t n d p oint ;

e c a a

n ot hing c uld b m ore u n c om p r omisi ng for ex am p le

o e , ,

t h an this :

G d r t d m
o fr m t h b gi ni ng
c ea e an o e e n

A d pl d him i h n d f hi Y t
,

n th ac e n e a o s e zer ?

If t h u d ir t th u
o so n t k p th
es mm n dm nt
es o ca s ee e co a e

A d i t i wi d m t d Hi g d pl ur
, ,

n s s o o o s oo ea s e

P ur d t b f r th d w t r
.

o e ou fi e o e ee a re re an a e

S t r t h f r t h t hi n h n d u nt t h t whi h t h u d ir t
,

e c o e a o a c o es es

Li f d d th bfr m
.

e an ea a re e o e an ,

Th t whi h h d ir t h h l l b giv n hi m (xv 4

a c e es e s a e e . 1

With this my a a ls o be co m p are d xxxvii . 1 7, 18

°

r t f t h h rt d lib r t i n
Th e oo s o e ea
’
s e e a o s

Brin g f rt h f ur br n h o o a c es

G d d vil li f
oo d d th
an e e an ea

Bu t t h t n gu rul t h v r t h m l t g t h r
, ,

e o e e o e e a o e e .

On t h e ot h er h nd a ss e rt i on s r eg ardin g t h e ac t i on of
a ,

Divin gr ce e ot w an ti n g ; p erh ap s t h e m os t p oi nt e d
e a ar n

of t h e s e is t h a t c on t in e d i n t h w ords of xxxiii 1 3 1 5 a e .
—

S b v p p 6 7 ff 1
ee a o e, . 2 .

1 L n t ur l t nd n y in l in t i n
e . a a e e c , or c a o
 E v e n t hu s l oo k up o n a ll the w rk o s of Go d
h di ff r nt th r p p it
,

E ac th f th e e , on e e o os e o e o e .

O n t he subj ec t of imm or t ality n d resurr c ti on t h e t eaching a e

is e n t irely th t of t h e S addu c s ; few p ass g s will

a ee a a e

illus t r t e thisa

Wh n m di t h h in h ri t t h
e a an e e e e

W rm d m gg t li
o d r p in g t h i n g ( x
an a o , ce an c ee s .

I t is c all ous c ounse l whi ch B en Sira give s t o a m ourn e r -

for a ft e r t e lling him t o m ou r n f or a day or t w o an d t o ,

be m od era t e in his s or r ow b ec aus e s ad n ess of h eart p r os

t rat e th vig our h e c onc lude s as f oll ows :
,

him m r
An d l e t u p y t hy t h ught no o e occ o s,

Di mi t h r m mbr n f him d r m mb r (t hy )
s ss e e e a ce o an e e e en d

R m mb r him h th h p
, .

e t fe h e no or e a no o e

Th u n t t p r fi t hi m whi l t h u h m t t hy l f
,

o ca s no o e o ar es se

R m mb r h i d m f i t i t h d m f t hy l f ;
.
,

e e e s oo or s e oo o se

Hi y t r d y d t hi n t d y !
,

s es e a an e o -
a

W h n t h d d i t r t l t hi m m ry r t
,

e e ea s a es e s e o es

n l d wh n h i ul d p rt t h (
,

A d b n e co 6
so e e s so e a e x x x v uI . 1

Th e s am e dre ary beli e f , or r ath e r n on -

b e li ef , occ urs in
xli .
3 , 4 :

F r ea h i t i t hy d
n ot de a t s es t iny
R m mb r t h t t h f rm r l tt er sh a r e i t wi t h t h ee
, ,

e e e a e o e an d the a

Thi i t h p rt i n f ll fl h fr m G d
.

s s e o o o a es o o

n t t h u wi t h t nd th d r f t h M t High
,

A dh w n o ca s o s a e e c ee o e os

B it f et h u nd y r f or a o sa e a s, or a hu n dr d f t th t t h u liv
e or or en a o es t
I S h l th r r pr h n r in g li f ( p xvii 7
, ,

n eo e e a re n o e oac es c o ce n e C . . 2 ,

Th ere are vari ous oth er p assag e s t o t h e s am e e ffec t ,

while n one oc c ur whi c h S h ow t h e slight es t a dva n ce on t h e

t eac hin g whi c h t h e se c on t ai n .

R egardi n g t h e att i t ud e t owards t h e n on J e wish w orld -

,

B en Sir a is dis t i n c t ly t ol eran t ; i t was t h e M ac c abaean

-
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
s t ruggl e whi c h h ar d e n e d t h e J ews t owards t h e G e ntil e s
ne verth ele ss B en Sira h as n o d oubt ab out t h e sup eri ority
-

Th e a ttitud e whi c h i s m
,

of his own r ac e ore i n accord a n ce

.

with t h at o f t h e S a ddu c ee s m ay b e s ee n i n t h e wh ol e
p a ss a g e

xviii 8 — 1 4 wh ere h e s p e aks of m

.
,
an g e n e r ally an d t ea c h e s ,

’
th at G od s m erc y is e xt e nd e d univers ally
Th e m r y f m i x r i d u p n hi w k i
e c o an s e e c se o s o n n,
'

Bu t t h m r y f G d i xt n d d t ll fl h
e e c o o s e e e o a es

R p r vi n g d h t ni n g hi n g
,

e o d t an c as e an ea c

A d bri n gi n g t h m b k h p h r d h i fl k (v r
, , ,

n e ac as a s e e s oc e se

Th s m u iv r s lis t i c s p i i t is e xhibit d i n xxx vi 1 7

e a e n e a r e .
°

Th u wil t h r t h p r y r f Thy rv nt
o ea e a e o se a s,

A rdin g t Thy g d f v ur t w r d Thy p p l

cc o o oo a o o a s eo e

Th t l l t h n d f t h rt h my k n w
a a e e s o e ea a o

Th t Th u t t h t rn l G d
a o ar e e e a o .

A s triki g p ss g n t i ni g simil ar t eachi n g is xxxvi

n a a e co a n .

1— 5

Sav 0 G d f ll
e us , o o a

t Thy f r u p n ll t h n t i n
,

A d n cas ea o a e a o s

Sh k Thy h n d g in t t h tr n g p p l
.

a e a a a s e s a e eo e,

A d l t th m
n Thy p w r e e see o e .

A Th u h t
s n t ifi d Thy l f i u b f r t h m
o as sa c e se n s e o e e

gl ri fy Thy l f i t h m b f r u ;
,

S o o se n e e o e s

Th t t h y m y k n w w l k n w
a e a o as e a so o

Th t t h r i n n t h r G d bu t Th
,

a e e s o e o e o ee .

Th e nly p ass ag e (i n t h e origin al f orm of t h e b ook )of a p art i

’

c ulari st i c c h a r ac t e r is th a t in whi c h Wisd om is d e s c rib e d in

h a ving t ake n up h er ab ode i n Israe l (xxiv 6 bu t h ere .

it h as t o be r em emb er ed th at on e of B en Sira s great obj ect s

’
-

in writing his b ook w as t o sh ow t h e su p e r i ority of Israe l s

’
- ~

wisd om ove r th a t of t h e Greeks This h owe ve r is q ui t e

“

.
, ,

di ffe r e n t fr om t h e lat er Ph a ris ai c sp irit of act ive h ostili t y

t o all t h e G e ntil e w orld .

Th ere are a few p a ss ag e s whi c h seem t o be utt e red ag ains t

t h e Or al Law I t is t ru e t h e da ta w e p osse ss r eg ar ding t h e
.
,

b e gin n in gs of t h e f orm at i on of t h e Or a l Law are v ery s c a nty

34 0 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

An ot h er f ac t whi ch is w or th em p h a sizing is t h at th ere is n o

m enti on of an g els or dem ons in t h e b ook ; this is m or e or
l ess in acc ord a n ce with S adducae an th e ol ogy Fin all y on .
,

t h e g e n er al subj ec t of t h e S adduc aean s t a n dp oint of t h e

b ook w e m
,
ay qu ot e s om e im ort a nt w or ds of Dr
p T a yl o r ?
.

He s ays : We h ave n o au t h en t i c r em ains of S adducee

lit er a tur e bu t i t h as b een sugg e s t e d wi t h a c e rt ain p l ausi
,

b ili t y t h a t t h e b ook E c c l e si a sti c us app r oxim a t e s t o t h e

st a nd p oin t of t h e p rimitive Caduq in ( S addu cee s)as r eg ards
its th eol ogy its s acerd ot alism an d i t s w a n t of sym p at hy
, ,

with t h e m odern S of e r im ( S c rib es ) Th e n am e of Ez r a is .

sig nifi cant ly omit t e d from its c a t al ogu e of w ort hi e s It

r em ains S ingul ar r e m arks Kuen en t h at t h e m
.

, an wh om ,

a l a t e r g e n e r at i on c om p a r e d na m a d e a lm o s t e qu al t o
y , , ,

M os es is p ass ed ove r i n sile nce

,
IS i t n ot r eal ly m os t
.

n atu r al t h at a J esus b en Sirach did n ot feel sym p at hy e n ough

f or t h e fi r s t of t h e S c rib e s t o give him a p l ac e of h on our i n
t h e s eri e s of Isr a e l s gr ea t m D
’
en ? r T ayl or m e nti ons ’

als o t h e im p ort a nt f a c t t h a t in t h e B a byl on i a n T almud

a nh e drin r oob t h e B ooks of t h e S a ddu c ee s an d t h e B ook

( S )
of B en Sir a are p l ac e d sid e
-
by sid e on t h e Ind ex e x
p u rg a t ori us All. th a t h as b ee n s a id r ec e iv e s c onfirm a ti on

fr om t h e fur t h er f ac t t h at in t h e H ebrew t e xt of t h e Can

ti el e whi ch f oll ows 1 1 2 t h e se w ords occ ur
1
.
,

G iv e t h ank s u nt o Him t h a t g a v e t h e son s o f Z a d ok t o b e p ri est s ,

F or H i s m er c y e n d ur e t h f or e v er .

En ough h as n ow b ee n sa i d t o S h ow t h at our b ook i n i t s

o rigi n al f or m r e p r e s e n t e d t h e S adduc aean s t a nd p oint We .

h a ve n ow t o d eal wi t h t h e Ph aris ai c a ddi ti ons .

VI I . P HAR I S A I C A D D I T I O N S To E CCLE S I AS T I C U S
THE .

Th e bri e f r e f e r e n ce t o s p e c ifi c Ph aris ai c d oc t rin e s give n i n

c h a t e r V I I § iii ( a )a b ov e will e n abl e us t o f orm an Op ini on
p , .
,

1
In h is ed i t i n f P i q A b th ( d
o o r e o zu p . 1 15 .

1
Thi s is o n ly p r rv d i n H br w
e se e e e .
ca e s with out s
p ec ifying in whi c h m anus c ri p ts or Ve rsi o n s it

I n illustrati on of wh a t h as b ee n s a id ab out t h e Ph ar is aic

’
t ea ching c on ce rning God an d m a n s re l ati ons t o Him t h e
f oll owing e x am p le s w ill be f ound inst r u c tive I n xvi 1 9 . .

occ urs t his a dditi on

Th e wh l w rl d o e o w as m ade , an d e x i st e t h , by H i will s .

A stro ng r rti
e a sse o n of th e divin e g ove r n nce f t h wor l d
a o e

is a dd e d to xviii . 2 :

Who w rl d i t h h ll w f H i h nd
g ui d e t h t h e o n e o o o s a

h g b d i nt u nt Hi will
,

A n d a ll t i n s a re o e e o s

F H i t h K i n g f ll k i n g
or e s d th y e i Hi p w r ; o a s, an e are n s o e

H p r t t h m n g t h m t h h ly t hi n g fr m t h
e se a a e a mm n o e e o s o e co o .

A x m p l f t h intim t e r l ti nshi p xi ting b twee n

n e a e o e a e a o e s e

G d o d m i th an dditi n t xxiii 2 7
en s e a o o .

T f ll w ft r G d i gr t gl ry
o o o a e o s ea o

A d l n gt h f d y it i f th t b f Him
,

n e pt d
o a s s or ee o e a cce e o .

And ag a in in t h e a dditi o n t o xxiv 2 3 .

'

Fa int n o t bu t be stron g i n t h e L o r d
A n d c l e a v e u nt o Him t h a t H e m a y st r en g t h e n y o u
, ,

C l ea v e u nt o Him t h e L o r d t h e A lmigh t y
.

H e i s t h e o n e a n d on ly Go d an d b esi de H i mt he r e i s n o vi ur
, ,

,
Sa o .

Alth ough n ot e x p l i c itly st a te d it is m en of Israel wh o a re

1
iti n
Th e f u n d tt r d i t h Gr k ur iv n umb r d
a dd o s a re o sca e e n e ee c s es e e

2 3 55 7 6 4 8 ( t hi i t h f r m t r p r
0 10 2 nt t iv f t h gr u p )
s s e o e os e e se a e o e o

m w r d d d by l t r rr t r f C d x Al x ndrin u
, , , , ,

2 53 so e e e a e a a e co ec o o o e e a s

l i t h S yri
a so n d O l d L t i n V r i n ( S t J r m i n rp r t d
e ac an a e s o s e o e co o a e

t hi i t h Vulg t i t t d ) d i t h S yr H x p l w ll
.

s n e a e as s oo an n e o -
e a a as e

as i t h q u t t i n fr m t h b k i
n e o a th wri t ing f Cl m nt f
o s o e oo n e s o e e o

Al x n dr i
e a a.
3 42 THE B OOKS OF THE APOCRYPH A
m eant i n th es e qu ot a ti ons but s om et im e s Is r ae l is s p e c i ally
,

m e nti on ed so f or e x am p le in t h e a dditi on t o xvii I 7

, ,
.

W h om [i e I sra e l ] H e bro ugh t up as H i s first — b rn o

W i t h se v e ri t y y e t l o vi n g t h e m
. .

I m p a r t in g the m ligh t lv
, ,

to the of o e ;
An d He for sook th m t
e no .

This t eac hing of t h e Divin e g overn an ce of t h e w orld i n ,

v olving a s it d oe s m a n s d ep e nd e nce u p on God is b al an ce d

’

by t h e d oc t rin e of hum a n f r ee will ; an e x am p l e of thi s -

may be s ee n in t h e a dditi on t o xx 3 1 : .

B tt er i s p ersi st ent en d uran ce (li t p a ti en c e)i n se e k in g t h e Lor d

e

Than a driver (li t c ha ri ot eer) of hi s o wn li fe wi thou t a m aster

.
,

. .

I n this c ou p l e t t h e Ph aris ai c d oc tr in e of m an s free Will is

’
-

m a i nt a i n ed whil e t h e S adduc m
,
an d e ni al of p r o vid en ce is
c omb at e d .

Turning n ow t o t h e t eac hing of t h e Ph aris ee s con ce r nin g

t h e futur e life t h e f oll owi ng a ddi t i on is f ou n d a f t e r xix I 7
, .

Th e k n o wl dg
mm n dm nt f t h L rd i li f giving
e e of the co a e s o e o s e -

i n tru t i n
s c o

A d t h y w h d t h t hi n g t h t pl in g u nt Him h ll p lu k
,

n e o o e s a are ea s o s a c

th efrui t f t h t r f imm r t li ty
o e ee o o a .

Th t ac hing of r w ard h r af t e r f r t h e righ t eous m

e e e ay b e e o e

inst an c d fr m xviii 2 2 an d t h e ddi t i on t o this ve rs e

e o . a .

Th e or igin a l t ext runs :

Dly e a n ot t o p ay t hy v ow in d ue t im e
w it t ill h b e ju st ifi e d
,

An d a n ot d ea t to .

D eath is h er e re g ard e d as a m ean s of a t onem e n t as in t h e ,

l at er R abbini cal li t erat u r e ; bu t from t h e Ph aris ai c p oi nt

of vi ew th e s e w or ds s ee m ed i n ad e qu at e so t h e f oll owi n g ,

w ords were a dde d

F or t h e r w rd
e a of Go d a bi d t he to t rn i t y
e e .

It h as b ee n s t a t e d ab ove th at rep en tan ce w as on e of t h e

wat chwords of t h e Ph arise e s f or t h e S addu cee s wi th th ei r ,

c old d oc t ri n e of God repe nt an ce c ould h ave h ad bu t li tt l e

,
 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
W i sdo m in igh t d di rnm nt f t h L w
an d s an sc e e o e a

C m fr m t h e L r d ;
o e o o

L v o d u p righ t w y
e an a s

C m fr m t h L r d
o e o e o

F lly d d rk n h v b n f rm d f i nn r
o an a e ss a e ee o e or s e s,

A d f n vil d r vil bi d t h wi t h t h m
as or e -
o e s, e a e e .
1

Ag ain ,
in xxix 1 9 aft r t h fi r st l us e :
.
,
e e c a

Th inn r f ll t h i h i ur t y hi p
e s e a e n s s e s ,

occ urs t he a dditi on : Tr ansgr essing the co mm andm ent s

L or d
” 2
of the .

Th e re f ere n c e is t o e vil m en wh o as t h e s ec ond lin e of t h e ,

vers e sh ows are ruin e d b ec aus e th e y b ec om e sure ty f or

,

e vil p urp os e s i e f or t h e s a k e of usu r i ous p r ac ti ce s ; t h e

, . .

a ddi t i on wa s th e r e f or e m a d e in ord e r t o e m p h a siz e t h e f a c t

, ,

th a t this w as a tr a nsgre ssi on of t h e L aw .

Fin all y wh at J osep hus s ays a b out t h e a sceti cism of t h e

,

Ph aris ee s is illustra t e d by t h e a ddi t i on t o xix 5 Th e . .

o r igin a l t e x t h e r e r uns :

He t h a t h a t h p l e asure i n wi ck e d n ess sh all b e bro ugh t t o d e stru c t i on

an s ti c t e nd en c y is
a ce l
c ea rly dis ce rn ibl e in th e Ph ar is ai c
a ddit i on whi c h s ay s:

An d h e t ha t a v er t e t h his ey e fro m p l ur
e as es c o r wn t h h i li f
e s e .

Th e se e x am p l e s will su ffi ce it m ay b e h op e d t o sub st a n , ,

t i at e t h e c o nt e nti o n th a t t h e n um er ous l at e r a dditi on s

whi ch h ave for t h e m os t p ar t b een p re serve d in t h e cursive
m a nus c r i p t s m e nti on ed a b ove are t h e w or k of a Ph aris ee ,

or Ph a r is ee s .

Th a t th e s e a dditi ons are p os t M accab aean g oe s with out -

s aying but c l ose r indi c ati on s of d at e are n ot f or th comi n g ,

so th a t w e c a nn o t d o m o r e th an sa th a t th e y b e l ong in
y
all p r ob a bility t o t h e l a s t ce ntu r y B C . .

Th i ddi t i n ur i t h H br w t x t w ll i t h ur iv
1
sa o o cc s n e e e e as e as n e c s es .

H br w f h p t r xxix i t xt nt bu t t h d di ti
,

Th e e e o c a e s no e a ; e a o n
p r b bly xi t d i n t h n d ry H br w i t ur i t h S yri
.

o a e s e e se c o a e e as o cc s n e ac

V r i n
e s o w ll i t h ur iv
as d i t h Old L ti n V r i n
e as n e c s es an n e a e s o .
d eal t with in t h e l ast ch ap t er of P art I B ut the r e are .

s om e ot h e r w ays a ls o use ful th ough of l e ss im p ort a n ce

,

wh ereby th e se b ooks c an be utiliz ed for N ew Te st ame nt

, ,

study S om e of th e m an d ab ove all E cc l e si asti c us thr ow

.
, ,

mu c h ligh t on t h e c ust om s an d m a nn e r of life of t h e J e ws

whi c h hel p s us in a numb e r of p a r ti c ul ar s t o unde r st and
“

t h e G os p e ls b e tt e r ; o th e r s su c h as Ju di th i llust r a t e t h e
, ,

int e ns ely n ati on al fe eling of t h e J ews whi c h h elp s t o e x

l in mu h th t e r ea d in t h e A c ts s e c i a lly St P a ul s ’

p a c a w e p , .

trea tm e nt by t h e J ew s or ag a in t h e ear ly p a r t of B ar u c h
, ,

give s us s om e in sight int o t h e l ong p r a ye r s whi c h we r e i n

v og ue a m ong t h e J ew s ; Wisd om sh ow s us a m ong o th e r ,

thi ngs t h e H ell e n isti c s p i r it wh e reby n ot a few J ews

, ,

e s p ec i a lly th o s e o f t h e Dis p e r si on w e r e a nim a t e d ; this

,

is im p ort ant f or t h e under st a nding of mu c h th a t w e r ea d

i n t h e P a ulin e e p istl e s Oth e r p oint s will sugg e st th e m
.

s elve s t o th oughtful r e ad e r s of th e se b ook s I t i s n ot .

,

h owe ve r with m att ers of this kin d th at w e c an d e al h e r e

, ,

f or s p ac e w ould n o t p e r mit of it Wh a t we int e nd t o

.

t ouch u p on b ri efly in t h e fin al sec ti on of eac h of th ese int r o

duc t i on s t o t h e A p oc ry p h a l b ooks wh e n c a ll e d f or is c hi e fly
, ,

th ugh x lusiv ly th i f h study o f t h e N e w

( o n o t e c e ) e r use o r t e

Te st am e nt from a lit e r a r y p oint of vi ew t h e m a in p ur p os e

,

b e ing t o t ry an d sh ow th a t t h e w r it e r s of t h e N ew Te st a
m e nt b ooks h ad re ad an d studi e d th ose of t h e Ap oc r yp h a
n ot of cours e th a t th e s e w r it e r s w e r e as f amili a r with th e m
, ,

as with t h e ca n oni ca l b ook s of t h e Old Te st am ent bu t th a t ,

they value d th em an d utiliz ed th em s om e m ore th an othe rs

,
.

This is t o be e x p e c t ed fr om t h e outse t b oth b ecause t he ,

3 46 THE BOO KS O F THE AP OCRYPH A
Old Te s t am en t th ey use d c on t ai ne d th e s e b ooks as int egral
p a rt s of t h e S c ri p tu r e s a n d b e ca us e t h e early Churc h ,

Fa th ers h eld t h e m i n high e stim ati on ; this l a tt e r is n ot

“

like ly t o h ave b ee n t h e c a s e u nl e ss th at a t t i t u de t ow ards

th e s e b ooks h ad b ee n h a nd e d d own .

Th ere are firstly a few e x am p l es a m ong m any of p aralle l

, , , ,

t h ough t s b e tween E cc le s i astic us an d t h e G osp els which

m ay b e p oi n t e d out :

l i ti u E cc e s as M tt h w
c s .
St . a e .

xxviii F rgiv t hy n igh

2 o vi 4 F i f y f rgiv m
e e . 1 . or e o e en

b ur t h i njury d n t t h t h ir t r p y ur h
. .

o e o e o ee , e es asse s, o ea

A d t h n wh n t h u p r y t
n e l y F t h r will
e o l f a es ,
v en a e a so or

t hy i n will b f rgiv n giv y

,

s s e o e .
e ou .

S t Luk . e .

xlviii S
[ p10 k i n g f E l h
j ]
I 7 A d h
ea h ll g ob f r hi l a 1 n e s a O e o e s

p iri t d p w r
. .
.

T t urn t h h rt f o f i th e ea o a ce n e s an o e

f t h r u nt t h
a e s hi l dr n f E lij h t t urn t h h rt
o e c e O a o e ea s

f t h r u nt t h
. ,

f th o e a e s o e

hil dr n c e .

Th e v erb al ide n t ity b e tween t h t w o p ass ag e s h er e e

sugg es t s eith er di r c t i n flu en c e o ls e t h a t a urr t s aying

e ,
r e c en

( fr om M l iv 6 )h as b e n a d op t d i eac h
a . . e e n .

xi 9 W h t tim h i t h I xii 9
. 1 . a e A d I will
e sa y 1 2o n sa

h v f und r t t my ul S ul t h u h t
.
, ,

a e o es o so o o as

w wi ll I nj y my mu h g d l i d up f
, , ,

A d
n no e o c oo s a or

g d oo s, m n y y r t k t hi n a ea s a e e e ase ,

H e k n w th t wh t l t
o e t d rin k
no d b m rry a o ea an e e
h ll b f ll ; Bu t G d i d u nt him
, .

s a
-
e a o sa o

H h l l l v th m t th r Th u f li h
,

e s a ea e e o o t hi e s, o oo s on e , s

an d di e . n igh t i t hy ul r q ui d f s so e re o

th d t h t hi n g whi h ee an e s c

t h u h t p r p r d wh o as e a e ose

h ll t h y b
,

s a e e

Cp a ls o Eccl e si a s t icus xxxi 3 with t h e Luc a n ass ag e

p
.
.

l a s t qu ot e d .

Ex am p l e s of o th er sm all d et ails illustr at ive of t h use ful e s

ne ss of E cclesi a sticus fo t his p urp os e i 1 2 0 whi ch r e ar .

—
,

offe rs an i n t e r s t i ng omm nt a y on M a t th w xi 1
e c Wis e r e
9 .
3 48 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
vi i 35 36 . F rg
vi i t i 7 P ur r ligi n d u n d
o e t n ot to s . 2 . e e o an e

i fil d b f r G d d F th r
.
,

t h e s ck e e o e o an a e

t h u Wil t b l v d f t h t i t hi vi i t t h f t h r
,

F or o e o t e or a . s s, o s e a e

I l l t hy d i n g
n a r m mb r o l sd wi d we i t h ir
e e ess an o s n e

t hy l t d as en fll i t i d t k p him a c on , a n o ee

Th n wil t t h u n v r d l f u n p tt d fr m t h
,

e o e e o se s o e o e

rrup tly
co . w rl d o .

A l arg e n umb r of oth r e x am p l s c oul d b give n am on g

e e e e

t h e m t h e f oll owing will be f ound ins t ru t ive c

C mp r E
o a el i t i u xiv xix 6 xxv 8 wi t h J m
c c e s as c s . I . 1 . a es

v 3 4 viii 3 xxviii
, ,

. 1 I . .

x vii i 6 8
, , ,

x 1 —1

xxvii i nt x t
.

d . I 2 an co e

iv 6 xxxiv . 1— 22

vi 9
.
,

. 1

iv 6 . 2

xlviii 3 d ont x t . an c e
 CHAPTER I I

The Book o f T o bi t
Fri t h D i B ti h T bi d j d ith k la t i
— z sc e, e c er o
"

a an u er
’

r n

E x g ti h H n d bu h A p k ry p h n
,

“
e e sc d es a ( 8 5 3) c zu en o e 1

H flmo A g an , y i h A kt { i h M d ty
n sz u e a us s pp r sc en en ) er s sc er r rer ,

fl ( 8 8 ) Full r i W ( 8 8 8 ) C ny
.

1 8 2 1 I pp
0 49 4 e n ac e , 1 —2 0 1 o

b r R nd l H rri d A gn S mi t h L wi Th S t ry f
. .
, ,

ea e , e e a s, an es e s, e o o

A bi k fr mth S y ri
ar A o bi A m i E thi p i
e Gr k a c, d ra c, r en a n , o c, ee an

Sl i
a von cVr i ( 8 98) n d d l rg d i t i n f t hi
e s on s 1 a se c o an a e e o o s

w rk w i u d rly i 9 4 L oh i K u t h I I p p 3 5
o as ss e ea n 1 1 r, n a z sc 1

4 7 ; S m d A lt
.

m i
, ,

1 d H k
en ft d A hi k er a n d er un es c a rro ans a n se n

p ( 9 8 ) S h ur r I I ii i p p 3 7 4 4 G rm n
,

V h d lt i
er A n ss z u eso 1 0 c e -
e a

Hi t i
. .
, , ,

’
c d III p p 37 5 8 ( 9 9) N 2 t S g
—2 d A/ ik 1 0 a u, s o re e a esse z ar

( 9 9) E M y r D P p yr f ti
. .
, ,

1 0 d eE l ph
e pp er a us un von e an n e,

ti
. .
,
'

8 ( 9 ) U d A i l P E l ph
'

10 2 -
12 g 1 a 12 p y n na ra r n sc ze a rus a us e an n e,

( 9 ) S im p n i C h rl H rri
,

pp 6 8 2— 2 1 I pp
11 74 4 so n a e s, 1 —2 1 a s,

L wi i C h rl I I p p 7 5 7 8 4 (tr n l ti n
. .
, ,

e d C yb
s, a n on e a re , n a e s, 1 — a s a o s

f th S y i A r bi A rm n i n E t hi p i d Gr k V r i n
.
,

o e r ac, a c, e a o c an ee e s o s,

w ll s f t h A r m i fr gm nt fr m E l p h ntine)
,

as e a o e a a c a e s o e a

S l t h rt i l
e e a so T bi t i t h E y l B i t by R b rt
e a c es o n o n e nc c r o e

S mi t h i y l Bi bl by E rb t i H ti ng
. .

’
son th E n e Di t
nc c n as s e .

f th Bi bl by M r h ll j w h E y l by T y )
. .
,

o e d i e th a s a ,
an n e e is nc c . o .

E F ORE we m e t o d eal with t h e B ook of T obit it wi ll

co

be well f or re asons whi c h will b ec om e a p p ar e nt a s

,

we p r ocee d t o r e l a t e t h e st ory of A ch i k a r t h e Wise

,
This .

st ory must at on e tim e h ave b ee n ve r y wid e sp r ead an d

o
p p u l a r I t h as c om e d own t o us in se ve r al f or ms whi ch
.

di ffe r l a r g ely f r om e a c h oth e r but w hi c h are n e verth e l ess , , ,

a ll v a ri ati ons of t h e s am e st or y in th e i r e ss e n c e A mu c h .

mutil at ed f orm of t h e st or y w as f oun d a m ong t h e rec e ntly

discovered Ar am a i c papyri of Elep h a ntin e whi ch sh ows ,

3 49
35 0 T HE BOOK S or THE APOCRYPHA

th t
a it w as c ur r en t a m on g t h e J ews at l east as early
as t h e fifth c e ntur y B C . .

Th e f oll owing a cc oun t is dr a w n fr om t h e va ri ous ve rs i on s ,

an d is on ly an out lin e of t h e m a in oints

p .

I . THE S TOR Y or A C HI KAR T HE WI S E

S enn acherib King of Assyri a h ad a vi zi er n am ed Ach i k ar
, , ,

a wise a n d e rudit e s c rib e He condu c t ed t h e a ffai r s of t h e

.

ki n gd om wise ly an d we ll Wh e n t h e king di e d an d E sarh a d

.
,

d on his son r e ign e d i n his s t ea d Ac hi k ar con t inu e d t o h old ,

t h e s am e offi ce I n course of t im e Ach i k ar b ecam e very

.

ri ch an d h e h ad m an y wive s an d buil t m an y c a stl e s but

, ,

h e h a d n o son A n d a s h e gr e w old h e f elt t h e w a nt of a son

.

m ore an d m or e Th e n h e p raye d e ar n estly th at h e migh t

.

h ave a son I n r ep ly t o his p rayer it was t old him th a t n o

.

son sh ould be gr a nt e d him but th a t h e must ins t ea d a d op t ,

N adin 1 his n ep h ew This Achik ar did an d educat ed

, .
,

N adi n c arefully t eachi n g him all m ann er of wisd om N ow

, .

wh e n Ach i k ar felt t h e we akn ess of old age c omi ng u p on him

h e b e s ought t h e king th at h e w ould app oint N adi n vizi e r
i n his p l ace This t h e king c onse nt e d t o d o ; an d N adi n
.

w a s m a de vizi e r But N adi n did n ot f oll ow t h e wis e

.

c oun s e ls whi c h h e h a d r ec e iv e d fr om A ch i k ar but s ca t t e re d

his w ords a s it were t o t h e wind ; an d h e ill t re at e d t h e
, ,
-

se rv ants an d h andm aide ns of his u nc l e an d sl ew his h orse s , ,

an d h a rm e d his mul e s A n d wh en Ach i k ar s ought t o

.

co rr e c t t h e misgui d e d c ours e of his a d op t e d son N a di n ,

sl a nd ere d him i n t h e ea r s of t h e king an d ac c us e d him of ,

tr ait or ous int ercourse with t h e e nemi e s of t h e ki ngd om ,

l a ying at t h e s am e t im e f org e d l e t t ers b ef or e t h e ki n g i n

p r oo f of A ch i k ar s g ui l t Th e n
’
t h e ki n g sh owe d t h e l e tt e rs
.

t o Achi k ar an d s ought an e x p l a n a ti on ; but Ach i k ar w as

,

so h orrifi e d a n d t a ke n a b ac k t h a t h e c o uld n ot u tt e r a w ord

2
.

1
Thi s fo rm o f t h e n a m e given i n t h e Ara m ai c fra gm ent s
is th e
when I saw t he m my t ongu e st a mm ere d an d my limbs
.

2 An d ,
 THE BOOKS O F THE APOCRYPHA

co mm a nd w a s only t oo delight e d t o h e ar th at Ach i k ar w as

,

still alive an d ri chly r ew a r d e d N ab usem

, ak h Th e n Ac h i k ar .

w as b r ought a n d d ec l are d hims elf r ea dy an d abl e t o a nswe r

,

a ll th a t t h e kin g of E gyp t sh ould ask Wh e n Ach i k ar .

c am e t o t h e c ourt of t h e kin g of Egyp t h e s a id h e w ould

sh ow t h e king h ow t o build a c as t le b et w ixt h e av e n an d

ea rt h . Th e n h e a ske d t h a t lim e an d st on e an d c l a y an d
wor km e n migh t be h e ld in r e adin e ss Wh e n all w a s p re .

p are d Achi k ar let out of a b ox whi c h h e h a d br ought with

hi mt w o e agl e s wi t h r op e s ti e d t o t h e ir fee t ; u p on eac h
ea gl e h e se t a b oy ; an d as t h e e a gl e s s oa r e d u p w ard an d

r em ain ed bet wixt h eaven an d e art h t h e b oys began t o ,

sh out : B r i n g bri c ks b r ing c l ay th at w e m

, ay build t h e
,

king s cas t le f or w e are st anding idle Bu t t h e king

’ ”
.
,

f ound n o m eans of su p p lyin g th em with bri c ks an d c l ay up

i n t h e air an d h ad p e rf orce t o give up t h e id ea of buildi n g a
, -

c a stl e b e twi xt h ea ve n a n d e a rth Thus did Achi k ar t h e

.

Wise delive r king Es ar h a dd on f r om his e mb arr a ssm e nt .

Ac h i k ar w a s p l ace d a g a in a t t h e h ea d of t h e r oya l h ous e h old

a n d g r ea tly h on our e d On b eing aske d by t h e k ing wh at
Bid t h em give m
.

e ls e h e d e sir e d h e rep li e d :
,
e my son

N adin t h a t I may t each him a furth er l ess on ; f or h e h as

,

f or g ott e n my f orm e r t eaching Th e n Achi k ar c aus ed

.

N adin t o be b ound an d t hrash e d af t er which h e w as con

fi n ed in a d ark c h amb e r at t h e e n tr a n ce t o Ac h i k ar s h ous e
’

a n d e v e ry t im e A chi k ar w e nt in or out h e utt e r e d p r ec ep ts

of wisd om f or N a di n s b e n e fit Fin ally N adi n swell e d

’
.

up like a b a g a n d di ed .

Th e m oral of t h e st or y with whi ch it c on clud e s is give n

, ,

thus To him th a t d oet h g ood wh a t is g ood sh all be ,

recom p e ns e d ; an d t o him th a t d oe th e vil wh at is e v il ,

sh a ll b e r ewa r de d And h e t h at digg e th a p i t for his n e igh

.

b our fillet h it with his own st a ture

,
.

This st ory of Ach ik ar t he Wise mus t h ave e nj y d gr

o e ea t
t hi n gs , f or ul ar s t ory n ot only unde r g oe s ch ang e wh e n
a o
p p
ss e d f r om h a nd t o h a n d but s om e tim e s it m
p a , a
y a ssum e a
f orm a lm ost un r ec og n iz abl e at fi r st an d only wh e n t h e ,

e ss e nti a l tra i ts are s ought b ehi n d t h e e xt e r n a l a e a r a n ce

pp
can t h e k e r n e l of t h e o rigin al st or y b e r ec ogniz e d I t is .
,

th eref ore n ot surp rising th at g re a t di ffe re n ce s are f ound i n

,

t h e Sy r i ac Ar abi c Arm e n i an Ar am ai c A et h i Op i c H e br ew
, , , , , ,

Sl av on i c a nd Gree k f orms of t h e st or y whi c h a re still p re

s er ved Bu t i n t h e cas e of all th e se in s p it e of vari a ti ons of
.
,

f or m an d m a t t er an d in sp it e of t h e a dditi on of m an y
,

e xtr a n eous d e t a il s d r awn f r om diff e r e nt s our c e s t h e o r igin a l ,

s t or y li e s imb e dde d a n d sh ows its elf t o h ave b ee n utiliz e d

t o a g r ea t e r or l e ss e xt e nt .

N ow t h e p a r ti c ul a r int e r e st th a t t h e st or y of Ac h i k ar t h e
Wis e h as f or t h e s t udy of t h e B ook of T obit li e s in t h e f ac t
t h at t h e wri t er of t h e l att er utiliz e d t h e f orm er i n t h e c om
p o siti on of his b oo k h e a ssum e s m or e ove r a s w e sh all see
, , ,

a kn owl e dg e Of t h e s t ory of Ac h i k ar t h e Wis e am ong his

read ers .

II . THE R E L AT I ON S HI P BE TW E E N TH E B OO K O F T OB I T AN D

T HE S T OR Y OF A C HI KA R TH E W I S E .

I t S h ould be s aid a t t h e ou t s e t th at t h e b e st f orm of t h e

Greek t ext of t h e B ook of T obit is th a t of C odex S i n a i ti cus ;
i t is this t e xt whi ch h as b ee n utiliz e d h e r e 1
.

Th e first a n d m ost obvi ous p oint of int e r e st in this c on

nect i on c e n tr e s in t h e e rs on of A c hik ar In t h e B ook of
p .

1
It i s gi v e n in S w t
e e, Th e Old T
esta mti
en n Greek , v ol . 11 .
pp .

81 5 —8 4 8
35 4 THE BOO KS OF TH E AP OCRYPHA

T obi t h e ap p e ars w h en firs t m e n t i on e d qui t e i nc ide nt ally

, , ,

as th ough h e w e r e w e ll k n own In i 2 1 2 2 a ft e r t h e
1
. .
, ,

a ss a ssin a t i on of S e n n ac h e rib by his t w o s on s h a s bee n

re ferre d t o it c on tinu e s A n d t h ey fled un t o t h e m o u n t a i n s

,

of Ar a r a t a n d S a ch erd on os [Es a rh a dd on] his son r e i ne d

, g
a ft e r him a n d h e a p oint e d A ch ei k ar os [A chik a r] t h e son
p ,

of A n ael my br oth e r ov e r al l t h e t ribut e of his ki n gd om

, ,

a n d h e h a d a uth o r ity o v e r a ll t h e condu c t of a ffa irs Th e n .

Ach e i k aros p ut m e r igh t [ i e wi t h t h e ki n g] an d I cam e . .

,

d own un t o N i ne ve h F or Ach eik aros h ad b ee n t h e c hi ef .

c up b ear e r a d ( k ep r ) o f h S ig n t an d t h e c hi e f
2
-
n e e t e e

m inis t e r an d overseer of t h e t ribu t e u n d e r S en n ach ereim

, ,

[ S e n n ac h erib] king of Assyri a an d S ach erdon os app oi n t e d

, ,

him a second t im e (t o t h e se offic e s)

”

This agree s with wh at is s aid ab ou t t h e p o sit i on of Ac h i k ar

i n t h e st ory give n ab ove .

In xi 1 8 it is s a id tha t Achi k ar an d N ad ab his c ou si n

.
, ,

c a m e t o t h e w e dding of T obi a s This sudd e n m e n t i on of .

N adab wh o h as n ot b een refer r ed t o b ef ore in t h e b ook

.

, ,

i n c onn ec t i on wi t h Achi k ar is c u ri ous as it s t an ds an d sh ows ,

c l e a rly e n ough t h a t t h e wri t e r of t h e b ook mus t h a ve b e e n

f ami li ar with t h e st ory of Achi k ar an d th a t h e a ssum e d ,

t h e s am e of his r ea d e rs Th e slight v ari a ti on i n t h e f orm .

of t h e n a m e ( N ad ab f o r N a di n ) a n d his b e ing c all e d t h e ,

c ousin inst e a d of t h e n ep h e w of Achik a r d oe s n ot a ffec t t h e ,

m ai n p oin t .

But t h e m os t s t riki ng p r oof t h at t h e writ er of T obit

u t iliz e d t h e s t ory of Achik ar is s ee n by his r e fe re n ce t o i t in
xiv 1 0 :. A n d n ow do t h ou my c hild g o f or t h fr om , ,

N in e veh an d abide n ot h ere I n t he day i n which t h ou

, .

buri est t hy m oth er with m e i n t h a t s e lf s am e day t arry n o ,

-

l on g er in th ese p ar t s F or I see th at t h ere is mu c h u nr ight

.

1
r m i fr gm nt t hi i t t h
In t h e A a p p r nt ly
a c a e s s no e ca se , a a e .

1
I th A hik
n t ry h i
e ll d t h S r t ry d Gr t S l
c ar s o e s ca e e ec e a an ea ea

f S nn h rib k i n g f A y d N in v h (S yri V r i n i ii
’

o e ac e , o ss n a an e e ac e s o .
35 6 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
A sk co v ry m
un l se of e e an My i t w i th t h
son , a sso c a e e

t h t i wi
a s d d pi
se , a nt y es se n o an wi m se d t h u wil t b
an , a n m o e co e

co u n l t h t i p r fi t bl (iv
se a s o a e . wi li k h i m (ii
se e .

It i g d t
s k p
oo l th o ee c ose e If t h u h t h r d o w rd l t as ea a o e

r t f k i n g bu t t nf
se c e o a o co ess i t di i t hy h t d r v l
e n ea r an e ea

it t m l t it b m
,

d r v l th w rk f G d
,

an e ea e o s o o o no an es e co e a

( xii h t o l i t hy m u t h d burn
co a n o an

th d th u l y bl mi h
.

ee , an o a a e s

on t hy ul d b ng r d so an e a e e

g in t G d (
,

a a s o 11 .

Th ere are o t he r min or indi ca ti on s of t h e wr i t e r of T obi t

h a ving utiliz e d t h e Achik ar st ory su ch as t h e unusu al d oubl e ,

d e sc ri p t i on of t h e e m p i re Assyri a an d N in eveh i n t h e , ,

e a rli e st r ece n si on o f our b ook (xiv 4 1 5 c p i whi c h

1
. . .
, ,

occ urs als o in t h e A c hi k ar st o ry ( i I ) but t h e da ta giv e n are .

suffi c i e n t t o S h ow th at t h e Ach ik ar st ory is with ou t d oubt

one of t h e s our ce s of t h e B ook of T obi t Th e obj ec t which .

t h e wri t e r h a d i n intr odu c ing s om e of t h e A ch i k ar st o ry

e l e m e nts i nt o his b ook w a s p r ob ably th at it migh t b e
p po ul a r iz e d t h e r eby T h e Ac hi k ar s t or y must h a v e b ee n
.

im m e ns ely p op ul ar wh e n on e r em emb e r s t h e m anif old f o rms

in whi c h i t h as com e d own t o us an d t h e B ook of T obi t by ,

b e ing in s om e s or t c on n ec t e d with it w ould h ave comm en d e d ,

its elf t o G e n t il e s a s well a s t o J ews , .

Th a t t h e a uth or of our b ook u t iliz e d oth er n on J ewish -

s our ce s in c om p osing i t is ve ry p r ob abl e Th ere is for e x am p l e .

, ,

a st riking r e s e mbl a nc e in one or tw o p a rticul a rs b e t wee n t h e

B ook of T obi t an d t h e S t ory of t h e gr at ef ul de ad m

”
an ,

an Arm e ni an t al e acc ording t o whi c h a w e al thy m

, an w a s

on ce ridi n g t hr ough a f or e s t wh e n h e c a m e u p on s om e m en

misusi n g a corp se ; on inquiri n g t h e r eas on f or t his h e is

t old t h at t h e d ea d man h ad owe d them m oney h e p ays t h e
d ead m a n s d ebt an d bu r i e s t h e corp s e He t h e n c onti n u e s
’ ‘

.
,

his j ourney h om e N ow in t h e c ity in whi c h h e dwel t t he re

.

1
S im p so n in , C h rl
a es, I , p . 19 1 .
w om an in m a rri a ge in S p it e of wh a t h as oc c urr ed He .

su ccee ds in his desi r e But on t h e night of t h e wedding

m
.

th e re issu es f or th f r o t h e m o uth of his brid e a s er p e nt

whi c h seeks t o bit e him an d thu s kill him bu t t h e unkn own
se rving m an w h o h ad b e e n k ee ing gu a rd sl ay s t h e s e r e nt
-

, p p , ,

a n d thus s a ve s t h e life of t h e brid eg r oo m t o wh o m h e th e n ,

m ake s hims elf kn own as t h e d ea d man wh ose c orp se t he

b r id egr oom h ad buri ed in t h e f or e st 1
Th e tra i ts c o m m on .

t o this st ory a n d t h e B oo k of T obit are so m a r ke d th a t it is

di ffi cul t t o b e li e ve th a t th e re is n o c onn ec ti on b e twee n t h e
t w o ; th a t t h e l a tt e r is ind e bt e d t o t h e f o rm e r is p r ob a bl e
be c a u se of t h e ve r y wid e sp rea d e xist e n ce of t h e St or y of
t h e gra t e ful d ea d m i n va r i o u s f orms in A si a an d E urOp e
”
2
an .

An oth er p os sibl e s ou r c e but l e ss st r iking th an th a t j ust ,

referr e d t o i s Th e Tr ac t at e of Kh ons which w as

, ,

o rigin ally w ritt e n f or t h e p u r p o s e of p r op a g a ting t h e c ult of

t h e Egy p ti a n g od Kh ons ; in it oc c u r s t h e st o r y of a
be autiful p r in ce ss w h o w as p os sesse d by a d em on but by ,

t h e h e l p of Kh ons t h e d e m o n w as e x pe ll e d an d t h e p rin ce ss
c ur e d
3
.

III . THE C O N TE N T S OF THE BOOK OF TO B I T

In fi r st p art of t h e b ook c h ap t e r s i iii T obit rel a t e s
the , , .
—
.
,

h ow h e his wife A nn a an d his son T obi a s h ad b ee n ca rri e d

, , ,

aw a y c a p tiv e t o N in e v e h in t h e d a ys of Sh alm an e se r k ing ,

1
h r r I I I p 4 wh r furt h r li t r t ur i giv n
S ee S c u e 2 1, e e e e a e s e
:

t h E n gli h tr n l t i n f S h ii nt i n t hi i t h b n
.
, ,

e s d a t s a o o c re r oe s n o co a s as ee

a dd d t t h l t ( f urt h ) G rm n d i ti n
e o e as o e a e o

furt h r S imr k D g t G h d d di d k b
.

S 1
ee e ,
oc T dt ,
er a e er ar an e an a re n o erz

( 856)
1

F 1
d t il
or S h n i d r K lt
e a s d D h
see d B byl i
c e e u ur a n en en er a on a

d j d p p 6 38 fl
,

an u en , , .
35 8 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPH A

of Assyri a ; h e e m p h a siz es his l oy al ty t o t h e Law s a ying ,

th at h e an d his family h a d alw ays b ee n c ar eful i n keep ing t h e

ordin a n ce s of t h e L a w b oth wh e n th e y live d in th e ir own

l and as well as in t h e l and of th eir e xil e He m ent i ons .

s p ec i al ly hi s a r d e nt z eal in giving al ms an d in a cc or ding ,

d ec e nt bu r i al t o th ose of his r ace wh o h ad b ee n mu r d er ed

a n d wh os e d e a d b odi e s h a d b ee n c a st out of t h e w alls of t h e

c ity . On ce wh e n h e w as ab out t o sit d ow n t o t able a t t h e

f ea st of P e nt ecost h e b ad e his son g o out an d s ee k s om e on e
wh o w a s in w a nt an d bring him in t o p a rt ak e of t h e f e a st .

T obi a s his son went f orth accor dingly ; but h e s oon r etu r n e d
, ,

an d r ep or t e d t o his f at h e r th a t on e of his r ac e h ad bu t n ow

b ee n mu r d ere d an d th at his b ody lay in t h e m a r ke t p l ace

,
-
.

T obit w e nt out f or th w ith an d t ook up t h e b ody f r om t h e ,

stree t a n d l a id it in on e of t h e c h amb e r s till suns e t wh en h e ,

int e nd ed t o bu r y it A n d wh e n t h e sun w as set h e digg ed

.
,

a g r a ve a n d bu r i e d t h e d e a d b ody But as h e h ad t ou c h e d .

a d ea d b ody h e w a s un c l e a n a n d th e r e f or e could n ot re e nt e r
,
-

his h ouse l e st by c on t ac t h e S h oul d cause oth ers t o be

,

un c l ea n so h e l a id d own in t h e c ou r ty ard by t h e S id e
1
,

of a w a ll a n d b ec a us e it w as h ot h e l e ft his f a c e un cove re d
,

but t h e d r op p ings of s om e s p ar r ows fell int o his e ye s an d h e ,

b ec am e blind Th ere f oll ows h er e a sh ort sec ti on (ii 1 1 — 1 4 )

. .

a b out Ann a whi c h is quit e out of p l a ce

,
Th e st ory is t ak e n .

whi c h t ells of Tobi t s s orr ow at his

’
up a g a in a t c h a p t e r iii ,

a fll i c t i on a n d of his p r a y e r t o God th at h e m
.

a d i e ( ve r s e s
, y
1 Th en a n ew el em ent in t h e st ory is intr odu ce d .

S a r ah t h e d aught e r of R agu el of E cb at an a in M e di a su ffe r s

, ,

r ep r oac h b ec ause sh e h as n o child al th ough sh e h as h ad ,

s e ve n husb a nds eac h of th e s e husb a nds h ad h owe ve r b een , ,

sl a in by Asm odaeus t h e e vil d e m on on t h e n igh t of his

, ,

we dding S ar ah like T obit p r ays in h er grea t affli c ti on th at

.
, ,

sh e m a y di e T obit a n d S a r ah th ough th e y kn ow n ot hing

.
,

of ea c h ot h er h a v e th e r e f or e this in comm on th a t th e y are

, ,

1 Cp . N u mb r e s xix . 1 1— 1 3 , 16 tf . ,
360 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

of th e sm oke will drive t h e d em on away ( vi 1 0 On .

t h eir arrival a t t h e h ouse of R a guel they are welcom e d

by th eir h ost ; R ap h ae l m ak e s all a rr ang em e nts with
r eg a r d t o t h e m a rri ag e b e twee n Tobi a s an d S ar ah At t h e
m
.

r
p p o e r ti e T obi a s burn s t h e liv e r an d h e ar t of t h e fi sh with
all su cc e ss ; th er e is rej oi c ing an d fea sting in t h e h ous e of
R ague l (vi i viii ) At Tobi a s r e qu e st R ap h ae l g oe s t o
.
, .
’

Gab ael a n d fe t c h e s t h e m on e y b e l onging t o T obit ( ix ) .

I n t h e m ea ntim e T obi a s p are nt s are b eginning t o fee l

’

a n xi ous ab out his l ong d e l ay (x 1 — 7a ) T obi a s an d his wife

. .
,

S arah h ow ev er r e t urn t o N in eve h t o t h e g r ea t joy of T obit

, ,

an d A n n a Th e fi r st ac t of T obi a s on s eeing his b lind f a th e r

.

a g ai n is t o bring out t h e g all of t h e fish an d app ly it t o t h e

l at t er s e ye s ; t h e b e n efi c i al effec t is imm e di at e ; Tob it

’

r eg a ins his sigh t an d weep s for joy (x 7b— xi

,
. .

Th e l as t s ec ti on of t h e b ook (xii — xiv ) t e lls of R ap h ael . .

m a king himse lf kn own t o T obit an d of t h e wisd om of ,

R ap h ae l aft e r whi c h is a dd ed an acc ount of R ap h ael s

’

a s censi on ( xii ) t h e t w o l as t c h ap t e rs give t h e p r a ye r of

.

T obit a n d his l a s t w o r ds

IV THE
. R E L IGI O U S S TA N D PO I N T O F THE W R IT E R
I n vari ous im p o rt ant p a rt i cul ars t h e wri t er of t h e B ook
of T obi t an d B en Sir a oc c u p y t h e s a m e r e ligi ous st a nd p oin t
-

i n ot h ers a cert ai n dive r g e n ce is t o be n oti ce d whi ch p oi nt s t o

a d e v el op m e nt of d oc trin e A b r i ef e x ami n a ti on of t h e
.

r eligi ous st an dp oin t of t h e t w o wri t ers is t h ere f ore b oth , ,

int ere stin g an d ins t ru c tive .

( )
a W e will r e f e r firs t t o th o se p oi nt s i n whi c h t h e t e ac hing

is id ent i cal .

Wi t h reg ard t o t h e Te m p l e c ultus at J e rus al em i t wi ll

suffic e t o qu ot e on e p ass ag e fr om eac h b ook t o S h ow t h e
ide nt ity of vi e w ; in T obit i 6 —8 occ ur th ese w ords : . I
use d t o g o t o J e rus al e m with t h e first frui t s a n d t h e firstli ngs
an d t h e t e nt hs of t h e c at tl e a n d t h e firs t S h ea rings o f t h e
 An d forsa k e mini t r n ot Hi s s e s .

Gl ri fy G d
o d h n ur t h
o p ri t
an o o e es

A d giv t h m t h i r p r t i n i t i mm n d d t h
,

n e e e o o as s co a e ee

Th f d f t h t
e oo p o ff ri n g e d th h v
res ff rin g f t h h n d
a ss o -
e an e ea e o
-
e o e a

rifi f righ t un ff rin g f h ly t hi n g

, ,

Th e sa c ces o d th eo s e ss, an e o e s o o s

( xxxv xlv 4 . I —I I ,
. 1

B oth writ rs l y mu h str ss o e th r l g l ordin n s

a c e n o e e a a ce ,

a b v
o lle Pr y r
a d Almsgiving
on th s d
a e t n ee dan e e o no

illust r ting s th y
a ,
aft n s p ke n of in ith r b ook
e a re so o e o e e

but t w o p oints t h e sp i ri t an d t h e efi ,
i ea ey of almsgiving are ,

wort h S pe c i al m enti on : in T obit iv 1 6 it is s a id : Le t .

n ot thin e e e b e
y g rudging wh e n th o u giv e st a lm s a nd a

sim
,

il ar s p i r it of wh ol e h eart e d n ess is e nj oin e d in E ccle -

si ast i c us xviii 15 18 : .
—

My son , brin g no bl mi h t hy g d d d
e s on oo ee s,

N or i n giving an y gi ft u gri f t h r ugh w rd

ca se e o o s

Th e gi ft of an e n vi u m n um t h t h y
o s an co s e e e es .

In like m ann e r t h e efficac y of al ms is s p ok e n of b y b oth

wri t e r s in an id e nti c a l se nse ; in T obi t iv I O it is s aid : .

“
Alms delive re th f r om d eath an d su ffe r e th n ot t o c o m e ,

int o d arkn e s s a n d B en Si r a s ays

:
-

fl min g fi d t h w t r q u n h
A a re o a e e c

d th lm givin g t n f i
,

S O o a s a o e or s n .

B oth w i t ers m or v r u t h e w rd a lm t syn onym ous

r ,
eo e ,
se o sa os

with righ t eousn ss F sting t r ng te y r iv s

. a ,
s a e o sa , e ce e

p r ac ti c ll y a o n o ti e i n
n T bit th o ugh B Si r
c insists u p n
o o ,
1
en -
a

1Th r f r n e t f t in g i
e e e 8 d ce t b l ng t t h t u t x t
o as n x 11 .
, oe s n o e o o e r e e .
36 2 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPH A
i t s right use ( xxxiv On on e oth e r p oint of l eg a l .

obs e rv an ce h owe ve r b oth writ e rs l ay simil a r e m p h a sis

,
In ,

Tobit ii 8 I O T obit s ays

.
,
A n d wh e n t h e sun w as set I ,

we nt an d di gge d a gr a ve an d bu r i e d him And t h e s am e .

night I wa sh e d myself an d c am e i n t o my court y ard an d lay

d own t o sl eep t h e obs e rva n ce of this l eg al p r ec ep t
is re f err e d t o by B en Sir a in th ese w ords : -

H e w h o w ash et h wi t h) d d b dy d t u h t h i t
a ft er (c onta c t a ea o , an o c e

Wh t h t h h g in d by h i b thi n g ( xxxiv
a a e a e s a ? . 2

Th simil r i t y of t h e r ligi us st n d p oin t of th e s e t w

e a e o a o

writ r s my b e furth r illus t r t ed by th ir u i

e a li ti e a e n versa s c

at ti t ud d th eir t ch i n g
e an t h f utu lif Alth ough ea on e re e .
,

n orm ally B en Sira l ooks u p o n Isr ael as p re emin e ntly t h e

,
- -

n ati on u p on whi ch G od s in t ere st is c e n t re d h e S h ows a

’

br oad er outl ook in su c h a p a ss ag e as xviii 1 1 4 .

—

As w t r fr m t h
a d r op gr in f n d
of a e o e se a , o r as a a o sa

S o m n f w y r i t h t rn l d y
a re a
’
s e ea s n e e e a a s .

Th r f r i t h L r d l n g u ff ri n g t w r d t h m
e e o e s e o o s e o a s e

A d p ur t h t Hi m r y u p n t h m
,

n o e ou s e c o e

Th m r y f m x r i d up n hi w k i
.

e i
e c o an s e e c se o s o n n,

Bu t t h m r y f G d i xt n d d t ll fl h
e e c o o s e e e o a es

R p r vi n g d h t ni ng hin g
,

e o d t an c as e an ea c

A d bri n gi n g t h m b k h p h rd h i fl k
, , ,

n e ac as a s e e s oc ,

T bi t in lik m n n er c ont m p l at e s ll m
o ,
en as c omi g
e a ,
e a n

within t h e p l e of G od s m er cy
’
a :

I x l t my G d
e a d my ul h ll r j i i t h K in g f h v n
o an so S a e o ce n e o ea e

O f H i gr t n ll m t ll
,

s l t ea ess e a en e

A d l t t h m giv Him t h nk i n J ru l m
,

n e e e a s e sa e .

A brigh t ligh t h ll hi n u nt ll t h nd f t h
s a rth s e o a e e s o e ea

M n y n t i n h ll m fr m f r
a a o s s a co e o a a

A d t h i n h bi t nt f t h u tm t nd r t h u nt Thy h ly
,

n e a f th a s o e os e s o e ea o o

n m a e

W i t h t h ir gi ft l i t h ir h n d u nt t h K i n g f h v n
e s a so n e a s o e o ea e

G n r ti n
e e a f g n r ti n o h ll u tt r r j i in g i Th
s o e e a o s s a e e o c n ee

A d Thy n m t h t i
n l t u nt t h g n r t i n f t rni t y (xiii
a e a s e ec o e e e a o s o e e .

p xiv 4
—1 1
7 ; c . .
364 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

as co m p ar e d with t h e t e aching of B en Sir a f or i n hi s b ook -

,

the r e is scarcely an y ref e r e n c e t o a ng e ls xlii I 6 (an d , .

,

p ossibly ,
xliii 2 6 )
. b e ing t h e o nly on e It is t h e s am e with .

t h e subj ec t of d e m on ol ogy whi c h h as n o p l ace in t h e t eac h

ing of B en Si r a whil e in T obit t h e r efe r e n ce s t o A sm
,

, odaeus
“ ”
t h e e vil d em on ( iii 8 I 7 c.
p ,
v i I 4 ) an, d t o m .e th ods .

o f e x or c i sm ( vi —
7 9 . 1 6 —18
, viii 2 3 ) ,S h ow th a t
. b e li e f,
i n

t h e ac t ivity of d em ons h ad be gun t o assum e a p ositi on of

c o nsid er a bl e im p ort a n c e i n p op ul ar su p ers t iti o n .

This comp aris o n b etwee n t h e religi ous st andp oint of

t h e writ e r of T obi t an d th a t of B en Sir a S h ows th a t th e r e is -

mu ch affin ity b etwee n t h e t w o an d l ea ds t o t h e c on clusi on ,

th at in t h e m ain th ough n ot in all r e sp ec ts b oth b el ong t o

, , ,

t h e s am e sc h ool of th ought We h ave se e n t h at B en Sira

.
-

r ep re sent e d t h e p oi n t of vi ew of th ose wh o m ay b e r eg a rd e d

as t h e p r ec ur s ors of wh a t d ev e l op e d int o t h e S a dduc eea n

a r ty a ft e r t h e Ma cc ab m a n struggl e T h e writ e r of t h e
p .

B ook of Tobit app r oxim at e s t o this st a ndp oint u p on t h e

wh ole th ough in s om e r esp e c t s h e in c lin e s t o oth er
,

direc ti ons L oyal t y t o t h e L aw an d be li e f i n Pr ovide n ce

.
,

a s we h a ve p oint e d out i n a n ot he r c h ap t e r are n ot ,

i n com p atibl e with t h e S adducm an p osit i on t h e p r omin en t

stre ss l aid on almsgivi n g an d i t s e ffi cac y (iv I O xii 9 ) .
, .

d oe s n ot di ffe r fr om t h e t eaching of B en Sira on t h e subj ec t -

.

I n his univers alisti c at titud e th ough like B en Sira an ard e n t

,
-

I srae lit e t h e wri t e r of T obit f oll ows i n t h e t eaching of t h e

,

gre at e st p rop h et s an d in t hi s di ffe r s fund am e nt ally from

,

t h e st and p oi n t of th os e wh o l at e r d e v el op e d in t o t h e p a rt y
, ,

of t h e Ph a r is e e s Th at th er e is n o t eac hin g on t h e resur

.

r ec ti on i n p a ss ag e s wh ere on e w ould j ustly l ook for it h ad

suc h a d oc tr in e be e n h eld p oints i n t h e s am e direc t i on
,
.

O n t h e oth e r h a nd t h e de vel ope d t eac hing on t h e t ra n

_
,

sc en den t al c h a r ac t e r of God t h e a ng e l ol ogy a n d d e m on ol ogy

, ,

a n d t h e S li g ht indi ca ti ons of t h e be ginnin g of e sch at ol ogic al

t e achi n g p oint away from t h e p ositi on indicat ed This fac t

,
.
 365

is full of in t erest as S h owi ng th at p ri or t o t h e M accab aean

st ruggle n o h ard an d f ast li nes we re dra wn be twee n diff e re n t
sc h ools of th ought al t h ough de finit e t e n de n c i e s we r e di s
,

t in c t ly obs e rv able We are in clin ed t o see i n t h e writ er of

.

t h e B ook of T obit a t h ink e r wh o se n at ura l t e nd e n cy w as t o

f oll ow in t h e wake of t h e old con se rvative sc h ool but wh o w as ,

n ot un i n fluen ced by t h e rising th ought of t h e A oca ly t ist s

p p
8 n d w h o fe lt th a t muc h of wh a t
( see xiii 1 —1
. xiv 3 a, .

wa s t aught by t h e Chassi di mw a s of p e rm a n e nt v alu e In .

Cha ssi di smwe re c ont ain ed t h e ge rms 1

of wh a t be f ore l o ng

de ve l op e d int o t h e A p oc a lyp tic M ovem e nt an d Ph aris aism

a s l ong a s th e se on ly r e m ain e d t e nd e n c i e s th e r e w a s n othing

fun d am e n t ally a n t ag on isti c i n e ithe r an d in t h e w ri t e r of ,

t he B ook of T obit we se e this e x e m p lifi e d This h e l p s us .

,

by t h e w ay t o underst a nd why we find l at e r S p ec ifi ca lly

,

ap oc al yp ti c tr a i ts in Ph a ris a i c t e ac hing an d s p ec ifi c a lly ,

Ph a ris ai c tra i ts in A p oc alyp ti c t e ac hing an d this in S p it e

of t h e p r on oun ce d a nt ag on ism whi c h in c ourse of t im e a r ose

be tween t h e t w o Thi s f ac t is t o be ex p l ain ed n ot so

.

mu ch on t h e a ssum p ti on th a t on e influ en ce d t h e ot h e r ,

a s th a t b ot h de sc e nd e d fr om t h e s am e a n c e st or v i z , .

Chassi di s m .

V . THE D ATE B O O K ITS I N TE G R I T A N D P LAC E O F

OF T HE ,
Y ,

O R IGI N
From wh at h as j ust b ee n s aid w e are led t o t h e c on c lusi on
th at our b ook be l ongs t o t h e s am e p eri od as th at of E cc lesi
ast ic us th ough p e r h a p s s lightly l a t e r i n th a t p e r i od th a n t h e
,

l att e r b ook It s d oc trin al st a ndp oint like th at of E cc lesi

.
,

ast i c us is re—M acc ab ae a n Th a t th e r e is n ot t h e slight e st

, p .

referen ce t o t h e M acc ab aea n st ruggle p oint s in t h e s a m e

direc ti on Vari ous re as ons s om e of the m rather f orce d
.
, ,

h ave bee n p ut f orward t o sh ow th a t t h e b ook is of mu ch l at er

d at e oth er s t o p r ove th a t it is mu ch e arli er ; but we fee l
,

1
S ee a bv o e, pp .
92 f .
36 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOC RYPHA
co nvi nce d th a t t h e sure s t guide t o t h e d at e of a J ew ish b ook
writt e n b e twee n th ose tw o gr e at hi st ori c al l a ndm arks t h e ,

tim e of Ezra an d t h e b egi nn in g of t h e Christi an era is its ,

d oct rin al s t andp oi n t 1

This t ake n a s a wh ole can in t h e
.
, ,

c a s e of our b ook o nl y p oi n t t o a tim e p r e vi ous t o t h e M ac c a

b aean struggl e f or aft e r this p artie s a nt ag onis t i c t o e ac h

, ,

oth e r b ec am e d e fi n i t e ly f orm e d an d su c h an a tt i t ud e a s ,

th at of t he writ e r of t h e B ook of Tobi t w as t h e n un t hi n kabl e

h e must th en h a ve b ee n e ith e r a S addu cee or a Ph arisee or
an A oc al y t ist ( Ess e nism d oe s n ot c om e int o con sid e r a ti on
p p
h ere) wh ere as in p oint of f act h e sh ows a mixt ure of all
, , ,

three t e nden c i e s Th e b ook is n ot n ece ssa rily l at e r th an

.

E cc l esi as t ic us f or al t h ough i t d oe s in s om e re s p e c t s S h ow a
,

d e ve l op m ent of d oc tr in e i t is quit e p ossibl e for c on t em p or

a ri e s t o b e i n subs t a nti al a greem ent an d e t f or on e t o h old
y
S ligh t ly m or e a dv a n ce d vi ews on ce rt ain p oints t h a n a n ot h er .

Our b ook m a
y thus b e a ssig n e d t o a d a t e n ot mu c h l a t e r

th a n B C 1 75 an d n ot e arli e r t h an B C 1 9 0
. . . . .

A c areful s t udy of t h e b ook sh ows n o r ea s on for que s t i oning

i t s in t e gri t y ; t h e a uth or h as obvi ously utiliz e d diff ere n t
m at e ri als i n c om p osing his s t ory bu t ap art from mi n or ,

det ails his com p osi t i on h as n ot b ee n a dded t o by ot h e r

,

writ e rs .

Th e p l ac e of orig i n of t h e b ook c an n ot be d ecide d with an y

c e rt a i nt y i t li e s b e tw ee n P a l es t in e an d Egyp t th ough t h e ,

b al ance of p r ob abi lity p oints t o t h e l att e r Th e b ook w as .

writt e n for t h e J ews of t h e Disp ersi on this is cl ear fr om su c h

w ords as t h e f oll owing :
G iv t h
e nk s u nt o Him b e fore t h e Gent il e s y e chil dren o f Isra el
a ,

F or H e h a t h sc a tt er e d yo u a m on g t h e m
,

An d t h e r e H e h a t h S h o wn y ou H i s gr ea t n ess ;
,

An d e x t o l y e H i mb e fore all t h e livi n g ( xiii 3 .

,

an d the wri t er himself s ays he is t ivi t y i n xiii

in c ap . 6

1
Th e d e a i that th e b o ok i hi t ri l
s s o d t h r f r b l ng t
ca an e e o e e o s o the
se v nt h
e ce nt ury B C
. . d oes no t m ri t
e ri u n i d r t i n
se o s co s e a o .
36 8 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA
i n volve t ec hni caliti es whi ch w ould be in ap p rop ri at e h ere .

I t must suffi ce t o say th a t t h e G ree k as a wh ol e d oes n ot r ea d

like a tr ansl ati on wh at e ve r m ay b e t h e c a s e in is ol a t e d
,

inst an ce s If on e r eads t h e G ree k of E cc l esi asti c us whi c h

is a dm
.
,

i t t edl y a t r ansl ati on an d c om p a re s it with th at of ,

t h e B ook of T obit t h e di ffe r e n c e is e n or m ous a n d f orce s, ,

on e t o b e li e v e th a t if T obit w as or igin al ly wri tt e n in H eb r e w

or A r am ai c it s G r ee k f o rm mus t b e n ot a tr a n sl at i on but a
, ,

a r a p h r as e
1
p .

I t is h owe ver quit e p ossibl e th at t h e h om e of t h e writ e r

, ,

w a s P a l estin e an d th at f or s om e r e a s on or o th e r h e w a s
,

c om p e ll e d t o S p e nd s om e c onsid e r abl e t im e in Egyp t B en .

Si r a s gr a nds on w h o w as e vi de ntly a n ative of P ale stin e

’

, ,

c am e int o Egyp t an d continu e d t h e r e an d issu e d his gr a n d

f ath er s b ook in a G r ee k f orm whil e livin g th e r e On t h e

’
.

su pp ositi on th a t t h e writ er of Tobit was a n ative of P a l e stin e

s oj ou r ning in Egyp t t h e A r am ai c tra its in his b ook c ould be
e x p l a in e d in a q uit e n a tur al w ay .

VI . THE VAL U E O F TH E B OO K F OR NE W T E S TA M E N T S TU D Y
Th er e are a few p a ss ag e s in t h e B ook of T obit whi c h on ,

b eing c om p ar e d with simil ar on e s in t h e G osp e ls illustrat e ,

1
rig n E p d A f i xiii y t h t t h b k w
O e a t w i tt n
r c sa s a e oo as n o r e

i H br w J r m P f i V li b i T b y h tr n l t d i t
. .
, ,

n e e e o e, ra e n er s r o sa s e a s a e

fr m t h Ch l d (i A r m i ) bu t t hi w i t l f tr n l t i n
. . .
,

o e a ee e a a c s as se a a s a o

whil t h Gr k p u t t h n rr t iv fr m i 3 iii 6 i t h fi t
. .
, ,

for e e ee s e a a e o — n e rs

p r n d fr m h r n w r d nt i n u i t h t hir d p r n J r m
. .

e so an o e e o a s co es n e e so e o e s

A m i ( whi h i i l l p r b bili t y r p r nt d by t h m n u ri p t
,

ra a c c s n a o a e e se e e a sc

e di t d by N ub u r T h B
e k / T bi t A C h ld
e a e t t 8 78 )
e oo 0 o a ee ex 1

m k t h wh l n rr t iv i t h t hir d p r n bu t i f t h rigi n l
, ,

a es e o e a a e r un n e e so e o a

f rm f t h t ry w w i tt n i t h t hir d p r n t h ugh u t i t i m
o o e s o as r e n e e so ro o s u

t hi n k bl t h t i l t r f rm t h fir t p r n w ul d h v b n
,

a e a n a a e o e s e so o a e ee

s ub t i t u t d i i 3 iii 6 l n O t h th r h n d i t w ul d b q ui t
s e n —
a o e n e o e a o e e

n t ur l f t h rigi n l wri t r t mm n hi t ry i t h fi t p
. . .
,

a a or e o a e o co e ce s s o n e rs er

son a n d l t r t f ll i nt t h t hi r d p r n f
a e o a t hi l tt r i t h imp l r
o e e so or s a e s e S e

i r f rm f n rr t i n Th H br w V r i n f q ui t
,

an d ea s e o o a a o e e e e s o s are o e

lt dt d Ob vi u ly t n l t i n ; N ub u r 0 p
.

a e a e, an o it
s d ra s a o s see e a e ,
. c .
, an

G t r Tw U k w H b w V i
as e , o n
f th e
no T bi t L g dn e re ers on s o o e en
a bund an ce if th ou h a ve muc h acc or ding t o t h e abund a n c e ,

the ref ore give al ms ; if th ou h a ve li tt l e b e st ow it an d be

n ot a fr aid t o give alm
, ,

s ac cor ding t o th at littl e f or th ou

l aye st up a g ood t r easure f or thyself a g ai n st t h e day of
Th e S p irit of this t eachi ng is e nd ors ed but
”
nece ssity .
,

m ade m ore S p i ritu al in t h e f ami li ar words of M a tth ew vi 1 9

, .

21 La y n ot up for yourse lve s t re a sur e s u p o n t h e e a r th

but lay up f or y our selve s t r ea su re s in h eaven f or wh e r e
thy treasure is th e re will thy h eart be als o
,
An e ve n .

m ore p oint e d ill ust r a ti on is s ee n on c om p a r ing T obit xii 8 1 0 .

—

wi t h M a tth ew v i 1 — 6 t h e f or m e r runs
. B e t t er is p ra ye r
with t ruth an d a lms with r ight e ousn e ss th a n r i ch e s with
, ,

u nright e ousn e ss ; it is b e tt e r t o give alms th an t o la y up

g old in M at the w v i 1 —6 almsgiving an d p r a y e r .

are like wis e p l ace d t og e th e r only h e re a g a in t h e t ea c hing i s

,

full e r an d d eep e r Ag ain in T obit iv 1 5 it is s a id Wh a t

th ou thyse lf h at est do t o n o m
. .
,

an
,
this n eg a t iv e
inj un c ti on is p ut p ositively in M atthew vii 1 2 All things .

the ref ore wh ats oeve r ye w ould th a t m e n S h ould d o unt o

y ou ,
e v e n so d o ye a l so unt o th e m ( p
c Luk e vi . .

On ce m or e in T obit iv 1 6 t h e c omm and is given

, . Give
of thy b r e a d t o t h e hungry a n d of thy g a r m e nt s t o th e m
,

th a t a re n ake d this re minds on e irre sistibly of M a tth e w

xxv 3 5 3 6
.
,
I w as an hung red an d ye g a ve m e me at
-

,
I
was thirsty a n d ye g a ve m e d r ink I w as a st r a ng e r an d ye
t ook me in ; n aked an d ye c l othed me
, ,

.
,

Th a t St P aul w as well ac qu aint ed with t h e B ook of

.

T obit an d w as influ en ced by it seems t o c om e out c l ear ly in

, ,

s om e p assage s in his ep istl e s thus t h e words i n 2 C or inthi a ns

ix 9
.
,
Let e ac h m a n do a c c or ding a s h e h a th
p u rp o s e d i n

his h eart not grudgingly or of nec essity ec h o wh at is s a id

”
,
3 70 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
i n T obit iv 7 1 6 . . As t hy subs t a nce is
, , ( qu o t e d ‘

n d i n ve r s e 1 6 t n
a b ov e
) L t t hi b grudgi n g
'

a e n o e e e e
y
wh e n th ou give s t al ms (cp I Cor x vi 2 2 Cor viii . . .
, . .

Alth ough t h e ide nti cal inj un c ti on is given i n T obi t iv 1 za .

a n d 1 Th e ss a l oni a ns iv 3 an d in T obi t iv 1 5 6 an d E h e si a ns
.
,
p .

v 1 8 t h e y do n ot n ece ss arily im p ly th at S t P aul w as

.
, .

indeb t e d t o this b ook f or th e m b ecaus e t h ey are so g en eral

in c h ar act er O n t h e oth e r h and t h e th ough t i n R om an s vi
.
, .

23 , F or t h e w ag e s of si n is d eath s ee ms t o b e d erive d ,

f r om T obi t xii 1 0 Th ey th at commit si n an d u nright eous

.

n e ss are e n emi e s t o th e ir own life

”
I n t h e firs t ep is t l e t o
Tim ot hy t h e influ e n c e of our b ook m
.

a
y als o b e dis cer n e d
i n a few c ase s ; t hus i n vi 6 t h e w ords , Bu t g odlin e ss
.
,

with cont e nt m en t is g re at g ain are in t h e ir e ssen ce c l os ely ,

a n al og ous t o wh at is wri tt e n in T obit iv 2 1 And f ear n ot .

,

my child b ecause w e h ave b e c om e p oor ; th ou h as t mu ch

,

wealth if t h ou f ear God an d avoid e very ki n d of si n an d do t h e

, ,

t hings which are g ood in t h e sigh t of t h e L ord t hy God In .

t h e s am e w ay t h e p a ss ag e a l r e a dy qu ot e d T obit iv 9
, , .
,

f or t h ou l a ye s t up a g ood t r e asur e f or thys elf ag ai n st t h e d ay

of n ece ssi t y is S p i ri t u aliz e d i n 1 Tim othy vi 1 9
,
l ay .

ing up in st or e f or th emselve s a g ood f ou n da ti on a g a ins t

t h e tim e t o c om e th at th e y m ay l ay h old on t h e lif e whi c h
,

is lif e indeed It is als o w orth m enti oning th at t h e e x p r e s

.

si on King e t e r n al i n 1 Tim othy i 1 7 occ urs als o in .

T obit xiii 6 . .

I n a few oth er p a ss ag es iden tity of t h ough t an d verb al

simil ar iti e s are of int e re st t h e c ombin a ti on of g ood wor ks
a n d al msd ee ds is f ound i n T obi t i 3 a n d A c t s ix 3 6 ; In . .

T obit xii 1 2 t h e w ords

. I di d bring t h e m em or i al of y our
,

p r a y e r b e f or e t h e gl o ry of t h e L o rd r e mi n ds on e f or c ibly o f ,

Act s x 4 : . Thy p r ayers an d t hin e al ms are g on e up

f or a m em ori al b ef or e God Th e id ea of bi n di ng t h e d e v il
.

occ urs b ot h i n T obit viii 3 a n d R e v e l a t i

. o n xx 2 a nd the .
,

d e sc ri p t i on of t h e n ew J erus al em in T obi t xiii 1 6 1 8 h a s

.

—
.
 CHAPTER I II

T he Book o f J ud i t h
[L I T ERA T U RE Fri t h D i B h T bi u d j udi th k ld t i
— z sc e, e uc er o a
‘

n er r , n

E x g ti h H n dbu h d A p k ryp h n ( 8 5 3) B ll
.

e e sc es a c zu en o e 1 a ,

ni W I pp
ace, 4 36 S h ii I I iii p p 3
2 1— 3 7 G rm n d
0 c r er , 2— e a e .
,

in K u t h I p p 4 7 6 4 G t r
. . .
, , ,

—1
III p p 3 3 7 ; L Oh
2 0- 2 r, a z sc . 1 as e ,

i n t h P r din g f t h S f Bibli l Ar h l gy f
.
, ,

e o cee s o e oc o ca c aeo o or

h l K mm j
.

1 8 94 pp 5 6 6 3 ; S 1 t—1 u b d Bc k di th
o z, o en a r er as uc u

d D
.
,

h ( 8 9 6 ) W ii
’
un d b B l
u er e un h A I
ra c l L h
e 1 n sc e, us sra e s e r

h ll
a II pp
en , 64 8 5 ( 9 8 ) C wl y i C h rl
,
. 1 — 1 I pp 4
1 0 o e , n a e s, ,
. 2 2

I C ON TE N T S
. AN D C HA R A C TE R O F THE B OO K
HE b ook p urp ort s t o t e ll of e ven t s whi ch t ook p l ac e
in t h e r eign of N e bu ch a dn ezza r wh o r e ign e d ove r ,

t h e Assy r i a ns in N in e v eh I t t ells of h ow this king in t h e .

t welfth year of his reign gathered t oget her m any n at i ons

t o fight wi th him a g a inst t h e M e d e s t h e coll ec t i on of t his
h ost s eems t o h ave t a ke n fiv e y e ars f or it w as n ot un t il t h e ,

s eve n t ee n t h yea r of his re ig n th a t N ebu c h adn e zz a r att ac ke d

an d c onqu e re d Ar h a x a d king of t h e M e d e s
p N ow a m ong , .

t h e p eop l e s wh om N ebu c h a d n e zz a r h ad summ o n e d t o j oi n

him in this w ar al l th ose of t h e we s t h ad re fused t o re sp on d ,

a m ong t h em b e ing th os e t h at were in C arm el an d Gil ead ,

in t h e high er G alil ee an d t h e great p l ain of Esdr ae l on all ,

t h at were in S am ari a an d t h e citie s there of an d bey ond ,

J ord an unt o J erus al em (i 9) th e se an d m any ot hers .

,

t heref ore N ebu ch adn ezz ar de t er mi ne d t o p u n ish n ow t h at

,

h e h ad su c c essfully d ealt wi t h t h e M e d e s S o h e c omm an ds .

37 2
 it c h e s his c am p be t w ee n G e b a an d S c yt h op olis an d r ests
p ,

t h ere f or a m onth in ord e r t o g ath er t oge th e r all t h e b ag

g age of his h ost (ii 2 1 — iii Th e J e ws a re n ow fill e d
. .

with anxi ety an d s p e e dily set a b out t a king m ea sure s of

,

d e fe n ce ab ove all the y f ort ify t h e vill ag e s on t h e m oun

,

t a in t op s
-
J oakim t h e high p ri e st t ake s t h e l ea d an d
.
,
-

c omm a n ds t h e p e op l e of B e thuli a t o s e iz e t h e a s ce n t s of

t h e hill c ount r y ove rl ooking t h e p l ai n of Esdra e l on

-
be ,

c a us e by th e m w a s t h e e nt r an ce int o Jud aea a n d it w as ,

ea sy t o st op the m f r om ap p roaching in a smu c h as t h e ,

a p p r oac h w as n a rr ow with s ac e f or t w o m e n at t h e m ost

p ,

(iv 1
. Th e p e op l e th e n g iv e th e ms e lve s t o f a sting an d
r a ye r s c a llin g u on God t o h e l th e m in this h our o f
p , p p
d ang e r (iv 9 . H ol ofe rn e s on h ea ring of t h e p re p a ra
,

ti ons m ad e t o re sist his a dva n ce is g re a tly in ce nsed Th e n,

.

Achi or t h e l e ad e r of t h e A mm onit e s w h o h a d j oin e d t h e

,

Assyri a n a rmy wa r ns H ol ofe rn e s by p oi n ting t o t h e p as t

, ,

hist o ry of t h e J ews th a t the i r God inv ar i a bly h el p e d th ese

,

eo l e so l o ng a s th e y r e m a in e d f a ithful t o Him ; so th at
p p
if th ere is n o l awl essn e ss in th ei r n a ti on Ach i or con clud e s
”
, ,

let my l o r d n ow p a ss by le st th e i r L ord d e f e nd th e m
, ,

an d the ir God b e with th e m an d w e sh a ll b e a r e p r oac h

,

be fore all t h e e a rth H ol ofern e s h owe ve r re s ent s this

.
, ,

wa rn ing thinkin g th a t Ach i or s int en ti on is t o p r ot ec t t h e

’

J ews by thus see kin g t o dissu ad e him f r om furth er advan ce .

To p un ish Ach i or H ol ofe rn es h as him b ound an d t ak e n t o

,

t h e f oot of t h e hill on whi c h t h e f ort r e ss of B e thul i a is

situ a t e d h e is l eft t h e re in t h e h op e s th at h e will be kill e d
by t h e en e my Bu t t h e Israelit e s on fi n di n g him t ake hi m
.
, ,

i nt o t h e city an d trea t him kindly ( v H ol ofe rn es n ow

.
,

m ake s a dem on s t rati on i n t he valle y i n t h e sight of t h e

3 74 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA
g arris on in B ethuli a his obj ec t b eing t o insp ire t h e J ews
,

With d r ea d an d d esp air an d thus indu c e th em t o submit

,

t h e c ap tu r e of this m ount a in f ort r e s s w a s e ss e n t i al f or t h e

furt h e r a dva n ce But t h e child r e n of Es au r ealiz e th a t it
.

i s n o e asy m a t t e r t o r e du c e a n al m ost im p r egn abl e f or t r e ss

like this o th erwise th a n th r ough f amin e ab ove all if t h e ,

w a t e r su p p ly is cut off t h e g ar r is on will s p eedily b e f or ce d

,

t o give in r em ain in thy c am p th ey say t o H ol of e rn e s

,

a n d k eep s af e e v e ry m
,

an of thy h o st an d let thy s e r v a nts ,

e t o ss e ssi o n of t h e f ount a in of w a t er whi c h i ssuet h f orth

g p
from t h e f oot of t h e m oun t ain ; f or all t h e inh abit a nts of
B et huli a h av e th e i r wa t e r th e n ce an d thi r st will kill th em ,

a n d th ey will give up th e ir c ity H ol ofer n e s s ee s t h e

.

wisd om of this a dvi c e whi c h is ca r r i e d out Th e re sul t is

, .

th a t t h e p eop l e i n B e thuli a su ffe r t e rr ibl e dis t re ss an d are ,

r e du ce d t o d e s p a ir ; t h ey com e t o Ozi a s t h e eld e r of t h e ,

c ity an d c al l u p on him t o surr e nd e r

,
Ozi a s im p l or e s t h e m
t o h old out f or a n oth e r fiv e d a ys firmly b e li e ving th at ,

God will h ave m e r c y u p on t h e m an d n ot f ors a k e th e m

u tt e rly T o this t h e p eop l e c ons e nt
.

Th e s e firs t se ve n c h ap t ers whi c h c onstitut e n e a rly h al f

,

t h e b ook f orm in r e ali t y o nly t h e intr o du c t i on t o wh a t

,

f oll ows ; t h e h er oin e of t h e st or y h a s n ot yet e ve n b een

m e nti on e d Th e wri t e r h as b r ought his n a rr a t ive t o a
.

oint wh e r e hum a nly s e a king n othing c an s a v e t h e ill

p , p ,

f a t e d p eop l e of B e thuli a ; bu t h e l ea v e s t h e im p r e ssi on u p on

his h earers t h at t h e y are t o e x p ec t s om et hing w onderful
t o h ap p e n du ring t h e fiv e d ays of w a iting f or t h e e n d .

And i n t ru t h t h e st ory th at f oll ows is e xtra ordin a r ily

, ,

dram at i c f r om c h ap t e r viii onwar ds on e is c arri e d a l on g i n

.

alm os t br e a t hl e ss e x c i t em e nt i t is a m a st e r p i ece of n a rr a
,

t ive t h ough t h e on e thing t h at p er h ap s s om ewh at m ars it s

e rf ec ti on is t h e writ e r s r ’

p p on e n e ss t o b e d i ffus e .

Wi t h c h ap t e r viii Judith is in tr od u ce d first h er g e n ea l ogy

.

is given she b el on gs t o t he t ribe of Sim eon t h en ot h er d e t ails

,
3 76 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
k n ow th at S h e h as com e t o t e ll an d it is this t h e I sr ae lit es
, ,

are ab out t o d o s om e thing whi c h will b r ing d ow n u p on

th em t h e w r ath of God b e ing in di r e s t r ait s th ey are g oing

t o e at s a n c tifi e d f ood whi c h is c o nt r ary t o t h e L aw
,
th ey
are m e rely wa iting t o r ec e iv e li c e n c e t o do this fr o m t h e

a uth o riti e s in J e rus al e m wh e re t h e s am e thing h as a lr ea dy

,

be e n d on e an d as s oon as th ey rece ive t h e p e rmissi on t h ey

,

will t ra nsg r e ss t h e L aw ; th e n will be H ol of ern e s c h a n c e

’
.

S o Judith s ays sh e wil l g o f orth e ac h n ight a n d will ,

r a y t o God Wh o wi ll t e ll h er as s oon as t h e p e op l e h a ve
p
c ommit t e d th e i r sins ; a n d I wi ll c om e an d sh ow it

al s o u n t o th ee a n d th ou sh a lt g o f or t h wi t h all t hy h os t ,

a n d th e r e sh all b e n on e of th e m th a t sh a ll r e sis t th ee .

And I will l ead t h ee thr ough t he m idst of Judaea ,

until th ou c om e s t over ag ainst J erusal em ; an d I will

set thy s e a t i n t h e midst th e r e of N ee dle ss t o say th at
” '

H ol of e r n e s is g r eat ly p le a s e d with th e se w or ds F or three

.

d a ys Judith an d h er m aid r e m ain in t h e c am p within th e ir

own qu a rt e r s e ac h n ight t h e y g o f ort h t o r
p ya t h e,
gu a r ds
b e ing instru c t e d t o let th em p ass out sid e t h e cam p (x xii .
—
.

But on t h e f ourth day H ol of e rn e s g ive s a f east t o whi c h

h e invit e s Judith ; sh e c om e s ; t h e f e a s t l asts l ong an d ,

H ol of e rn e s b ec om e s infl am e d with wi ne an d c a st s e vil eye s

u p on Judith . Th en all t h e s erva n t s g o f r om t h e t e n t .

Judi th an d H ol ofern e s are l eft al on e ; but t h e l att e r is ove r

c ome wi t h wi n e Judit h ap p r oac h e s t h e c ouch wh ere on
.

h e li e s th e n utt e ring a h asty p raye r f or stre ngth sh e s eiz e s ,

t h e w arri or s s c imit a r an d h ews his h ea d fr om his b ody

’
.

S h e c alls h e r m aid w h o p ut s t h e h e a d of H ol of e rn e s int o h er

,

bag of vi c tu als an d th ey b oth p a ss out of t h e c a m p a n d

, ,

r e tur n t o B e thuli a (xii I o—xiii . . Th e re is imm ense joy

in t h e ci t y wh e n th ey l earn wh at Judi th h as d on e t h e h ea d
of H ol of erne s is hun g out on t h e b attl e m e n t s Th e Assyr i an
.

a rmy on l e ar n ing wh a t h as h a
, p p e n ed are p lu n g e d i n t o f ea r
,

a n d confu si on ; t h e Is r aelit e s f a ll u p on th e m an d p ut th e m
Be thuli a at a ri pe old age (xv i 1 8 .

Th e first que sti on as t o t h e c h ar ac t er of t h e b ook th at

n at urally arise s is wh eth e r or h ow far it is hist ori cal Th e , , .

Op e ni n g w ords of t h e b ook are in th e ms elv e s suffic i e nt t o

sh ow th at t h e w rit e r is n ot t o be l ooke d u p on as a hist ori an .

He s ays In t h e twelfth ye ar of t h e re ign of N ebuch adnezz ar

, ,

wh o r e ign e d ov e r t h e A ssyri a ns i n N in e ve h an d a g a in

i n ii 1 ff it is n arra t e d h ow in his eight een th ye ar h e s e nt

. .

H ol ofe rn e s t o und ert ake t h e c am p aign i n t h e we st But .

furth e r in iv 2 3 it s ays th at t h e p e op l e we r e ex cee dingly

, .
,

a fr ai d at t h e a p p r oac h of H o l of e r n e s an d w e r e tr oubl e d f or ,

J e rus al e m an d for t h e t em p l e o f t h e L or d th eir God ; be

,

c a us e th e y w e r e n ewly c om e up fr om t h e C a p tivity an d a ll ,

t h e p e op l e of Jud aea we r e l at e ly g a th e re d t og e th e r ; a n d
t h e v e ss e ls an d t h e alt a r an d t h e h ous e were s a n c tifi e d
, , ,

aft e r t h e p r of a n a ti on How utt e r ly unhist ori c al a ll this

.

is c an be see n at on ce by re fe rr ing t o 2 King s xxiv xxv an d .

, .
,

J eremi a h xxxix xl N ebu c h adn ezz ar w as king of B a by lon

.
, .

( N i n e ve h fell in B C an d it w a s in t h e e ight ee nth y e a r

. .

of his r e ig n ( B C 5 8 6 ) th a.t J e rus al e m was b e si eg ed an d

.

c ap ture d f or t h e s econd tim e t h e fi r st tim e b e ing in 5 97 ; ,

a n d so f ar fr om th e p e op l e h a vi n g n e wly c om e up f r om t h e
.

Cap t ivity it w as j ust i n this y ear th at a furth e r e x p or t ati o n

,

of J ews t ook p l a c e Th e r e turn fr om t h e C ap tivity w a s a t

.
,

t h e earli e st in B C 5 3 6 t h e r ebuildin g of t h e Te m p l e t ook

,
. .
,

l
p ac e s om e tw e nty y e a rs l a t e r Th e n a g a in in iv 6 — 8 J oa kim
.
, ,
.

t h e high p ri e st is rep r e s e nt e d as S u p r e m e r ul e r ; but a s a

-

m a tt e r of f ac t G e d ali ah h ad b ee n app oint e d by N ebuc h ad

nezzar as g ove r n or ove r t h e c iti e s of Jud a h ( 2 Kings xxv 2 2 .
,

J et xl
. .
3 78 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
O n t h e f ace of i t th er e f ore t h e b ook is n ot t o b e r eg ard e d
, ,

a s hist ori c al Yet t h e writ e r is w e ll ac qu aint e d wi th t h e

.

Old Te s t am e nt an d so f ar as t h e g eograp hy of P al e st in e
,

is con ce rn e d h e is th or oughly a u fa i t We must c on clud e .

th a t h e sim p ly c h os e t h e hist ori cal n am e s an d t im e s as

t h e fr a m ew ork i n whi c h t o p l ace his s t ory in ord e r th a t h e
might th er eby r e nd e r i t m ore dr am at i c ; h e p urp osely
c ommits g r oss hist or i c al blund ers i n ord er t o m a ke it cl e ar
t o his r ead e rs at t h e ou t s e t th a t t h e his t ori c al p e ri od c h os e n
is m erely for li t e ra ry effec t ; th e y are t o unders t an d th a t
this is fi c t i on n ot hist ory it did n ot t ak e p l ace i n this or
,

th a t d efi n it e p eri od of J ewish hist ory bu t sim p ly o n c e ,

u p on a t im e t h e r ea l va gu e n e ss of t h e d a t e b ei n g t r an s
’

p aren t ly disguis e d i n t h e m a nn e r whi c h h as b ecom e f amili ar

i n t h e f olk t al e s of ot h e r p art s of t h e w or ld
-
” 1
Th ere is of .
,

c ours e a lw a ys t h e
p ossibili t y t h a t s om e his t oric a l b a sis
may e xist for t h e act u al st ory of Judith as dis t inc t fr om
,

its fram ewor k an d this is h eld t o b e t h e cas e by s om e

,

s ch ol ars ; Zun z f or e x am p l e s ays :

, I t is qui t e p ossibl e
,

t h at i n s om e P al est ini an t own a p op ul ar f es t iva l migh t

h ave b ee n c el ebra t e d i n m e m ory of t h e h e r oi c dee d of s om e
w om an an d th a t wh e n t h e re al occ asi on of it h ad b een
,

f org ott en an d h ad give n p l ac e t o a l eg en d with m an if old

e mb e lli shm e nt a st ory w as c om p os e d i n h on our of Judith
, ,
,

e stru c ti on of t h e Te m l e
” 2
p r e sum a bly b e f o r e t h e d p Th e .

f ac t th at se ve ra l f orms of t h e st ory e xis t su p p ort s this id ea

( see t h e n e xt s e c ti on ) Bu t t h e m aj ority of s ch ol ars are
.

disp ose d t o regard t h e b ook as p ure fic t i on (wi t h a sp ec i al

obj ec t i n vi e w a s w e sh all see p r e s ently ) an d wi t h ou t a n y ,

b asis of f ac t .

As a p i ece of li t e rary w or k t h e b ook mus t c omm an d

si ncere adm ir at i on ; t h e a u t h or is a m as t er i n t h e art of
st ory t elling
-
an d t h e w ay in whi c h h e int e rt wi n e s t h e
,

1
T rr y
o e in the j ew i sh E n cy cl vn 38 8 b
(2 m
.

j
. .
,

1
D i e gottesdi en stl i ehe n Vor trdg e der ude n d
'

p . 1 32 .
380 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
I t is p r ob abl e th a t all th e s e rece nsi ons g o b ac k t o a single
a r c h e typ e
1
But in t h e s ec ond p l ace th e re e xists i n
.
, , ,

H eb r ew quit e a di ffe r e nt a n d mu c h sh or t e r f orm of t h e

,

st ory t his f orm is p r es erve d in a H ebr ew m anusc ri p t f ound ,

by G ast e r b el onging ap p r oxim a t e ly t o t h e yea r A D 1 0 0 0

2
, . .

its h om e w as a cc or ding t o G ast e r s om ewh e r e i n B abyl on

, , ,

a n d h e b e li e ve s th a t it must h ave b el ong e d origin ally t o

t h e old Meg ill a t h Ta an i t h a R abbini cal tr a c t a t e b e l on g i n g ,

t o t h e H a ggadi c lit e r ature In t h is sh ort er f or m s om e of t h e .

e ss e nti al f ea tu r e s of t h e s t ory di ffe r f r om t h e l ong e r f orm

thus S el e u c us t a k e s t h e p l a ce of N ebu ch a dn e zz a r Judith

,

a p e a r s n ot a s a wid ow but a s a m aid en t h e d a ught e r of

p , ,

Ah it ob t h e s ce n e of t h e st ory m ore ove r is n ot p l ace d i n , ,

B e thuli a but i n J e rus al em ; an d t h e rel at i on s b e twee n

,

Judith an d h er vi c tim are give n i n s om ewh at u nblushin g

d et ail This f orm of t h e st ory oc cu r s als o in t h e Megi llat h
.

Ta ani t h (c h ap as w e n ow h a v e it . h ere the r e are ag ai n

s om e v a ri ati ons for accordin g t o Zun z , Judith is rep re
, ,

s ent e d as t h e d augh t e r of J och an an or of Mat t at h i ah an d , ,

as a h er oin e b e l onging t o t h e H a sm on aea n p e r i od

” 3
.

Th e qu e sti o n n a tur al ly a ris e s h e r e as t o whi c h of th e s e

f orms m ost n early rep re se nts t h e o r igin al st ory Th e ra th er .

intri ca t e d et ails whi c h w ould h ave t o be give n i n orde r t o

a n swe r this w ould b e w ea ris om e w e must c o nt e nt ourse lve s ,

th e r ef ore with s aying th a t th e r e c an b e littl e d oubt th at

,

t h e sh ort e r H ebr e w f orm must be r eg a r d e d as c oming

, ,

c l os e st t o t h e o rigin a l f orm of t h e st ory In c om p ar ing t h e .

c on t e n ts of eac h f orm a s giv e n r e sp e c t ive ly in t h e G r ee k MS S

, .

a n d i n t h e m a g a zin e in whi c h G a st e r s m a n us c ri p t h as b ee n
’

e s een th at a v a ri e t y of i n di c at i on s le ad
p ublish e d it will b ,
l
t o t h e c onvi c ti on th at t h e sh ort e r f orm is t h e old e r

1
So a cco r di n g t o Sc hl o z, Op . ci t .
, pp . xxiv . f .
(see t h e L i t r t ur
e a e

a bv
o e )
i t r t ur abo v e
.

1
S ee t h e L e a e .

1
Op . ci t .
, p . 131 .
 THE BOO K OF J U D ITH
III . THE T E AC HI N G AN D P U R POS E OF THE B OO K
Th e se t w o subj ec ts go t og e th er ; f or t h e a nswe r t o t h e
on e is t h e a nsw e r t o t h e oth er Th e t eac hin g is th a t of t h e .

ri gidly ort h od ox Ph a risai c typ e ; obse rva n ce of t h e L aw

is t h e on e thing n ee dful This is vividly b r ought out whe n .

e x t oll e d
’
e ve r Judith s i
p yet is h e r st ri c tn e ss with r e g ard

t o t h e di e t a ry l a ws is d e sc rib e d in xii 1 —9 (see als o x 5 . .

,

xi 1 2— 1 5 ) wh e n at l ast sh e sits d ow n at t h e b anqu e t of

.

H ol ofe rn e s it is s aid S h e t oo k an d at e an d dr ank b e f ore

him wh a t h er s e rvan t h ad p rep are d (xii Her f a sting .

an d obse rv a n ce of t h e fe a st d a ys is m e nti on e d in viii 6 : -

.

And sh e f ast e d all t h e d ays of h er wid owh ood s ave t h e ,

e ve s of t h e s abb a ths an d t h e s abb a ths an d t h e e ve s of t h e

, ,

n ew m oons a n d t h e n e w m oons a n d t h e f ea sts an d j oyful

, ,

d ays of t h e h ouse of Is r ae l (c p iv”

Ritu al abluti on s . .

a re r e fe rr e d t o in x 3 xii 7 9 h e r d e v oti on t o p r a y e r in t h e
.
,
.
, ,

wh ol e of c h ap t e r ix an d in c ide nt al ly i n viii 3 1 xi I 7 .
,
.
, .
,

xii 6 xiii 3 4 7 1 0 I t is stra ng e th a t th e r e is n o r efe r e n ce

.
, .
, , ,
.

t o a lmsgiving Furthe r z e al f or t h e Te m p l e is sh own in

.
,

iv 2 3 iv 1 1 1 5 v 1 9 viii 2 1 2 4 ix 1 8 1 3 x vi 2 0 ;
.
, , .
—
, .
, .
, , .
, , , .

a n d t h e duty of m ourning in viii 5 6 x v i 2 4 Th e si n of .

, , . .

withh olding th e i r du e s f r om t h e p r i ests is e m p h a siz ed in

xi 1 3 Ph a ris ai c p a r ti cul ar ism i s t o b e d i sce rn e d in viii 2 0
. . .
,

ix 1 4 xvi 1 7 ; p r ose lyt ism in xiv 1 0 a n d e t e rn al p unish

.
, . .

m e nt on t h e G e nt il es in xvi 1 7 Th e w orship of t h e On e . .

God of Isr a e l an d t h e t e ac hing c on c e rning Him is of c ou r s e

, ,

insist e d u p on th r ough out .

It will thus be see n th at alth ough muc h of t h e t eac hing ,

is th a t of t r ad iti on al Jud aism cert ain S p ec ifi cally Ph a r isa i c

d oc t rin al p oint s st a nd out c onsp ic u ou sly this it m
,

ay b e ,

s aid in p a ssing m ake s our b ook im p o r t ant for t h e study of

,

th Lm
m
ite r
t p r e Ch -
r isti a n Jud a ism .

Th e m ai n p u rp o se of t h e b ook is th e r ef o r e c l early t o
e
(see
, ,

in c ul cat e a nd t o f orwa r d Ph arisa i c Jud aism ; an d a t t h e

time wh e n this b ook w as writt e n (see t h e n ext sec ti on )
 38 2 THE BO OKS OF T HE APOCRYPHA
‘

this w as e x t re m e ly n eedful f or alth ough th ere were s om e

things i n t h e Ph ar i sai c p re se nt a ti on of Jud aism whi ch w e r e
n ot condu c iv e t o s i r it u al r e ligi o n i t c a nn o t b e t o o str o ngly
p ,

i n sist e d u p on th a t Ph a ris a ism w as t h e on e an d only bul

w ark a g ainst h e ath e nism in th os e d ays a n d t h e u p h old e r ,

of a t ru e m on o th e isti c f a ith I t h as b ee n t ruly p oint e d out

.

by Elb og e n t h a t t h e Ph aris ee s are usu ally d e sc r ib e d as

1

t h e p a r ty of n a rr o w l eg alisti c t e nd e n c i e s an d it is f or g ot t e n ,

h ow st r e nu ously th e y l a b ou r e d a g a inst t h e H ell e n izing

m ovem ent f or t h e m ai n t e n an ce of M on oth e ism ; it is f or
g ott e n th a t th ey built up r eligi ous indi vi du alism an d p urely
S p iri t u al w or shi p th a t it w as thr ough t h e m m ore e spe c i ally
th a t b eli ef in a future life w as d eep e n e d ; an d th a t th ey
c a rri e d on a p ow e rful missi on (p r op ag a nd a) .

Te ac hing of a di fferent kind i n our b ook an d o f subsi di a ry ,

im p or t a n ce is th at wh e re G od s h on our is c o n cern e d His p eo

’

p e must figh t n o m a tt e r h ow g r e a t t h e o dds ag ainst th e m m

l ,
ay

b e A w arli k e s p irit bre a th e s t h r ough ou t t h e b ook bu t it is

.

a g a i n st t h e e n emi e s of God t h e h e a th e n n a t i o n s t h a t this

, ,

S p i r it is dire c t e d so th a t it is t h e n e e d an d duty a n d gl ory

of r e ligi ous w a rf a r e th a t is in c ul c at e d .

IV . THE D AT E O F THE B O OK
Th e hist oric al d et ails give n in t h e b ook are as w e h ave ,

s ee n wh oll y unreli abl e ; th ey c ann ot t h eref ore be of an y

, , ,

use i n s e e king t o fix a d a t e I n t h e abs e n ce of oth er i n di ca

.

ti on s th ere is only on e w ay i n whi c h t his c an b e ap p roxi

m at ely as ce r t ain e d an d t h a t is by t h e t e ac hing an d con t e n t s
,

of t h e b ook But as h as al r ea dy b een p oint e d out t h e

.
,

f or m in which t h e st ory is give n i n t h e A p oc ryp h a is n ot t h e

e a rli e s t ; so th a t w e must s ee k t o e st ablish d a t e s b oth f or

t h e f orm t h at w e h a ve h e re f oll ow e d n a m e ly th a t of t h e , ,

A p oc ryp h a an d f or t h e s t ory as it ap p e are d i n i t s origin al

,

1
Th e R el i gi ous V e ws i f
o the P h a ri sees, p 2 ; se e a sol H rf r d
e o

i mi t
,

m
.

P h a ri sa s , s Ai and i ts M eth od, p p 2 8 2 — 3 3 5

. .
38 4 THE BOO KS O F TH E APOCRYPHA

co nt ains n o ref ere n ce s t o ce re m on i al Obse rv a nce s a f ac t which ,

p r o v e s th at i t must h a ve b ee n writ t en b e f or e Ph aris a ism

h ad h ad t im e t o d e vel op this is of i t self suffic i e n t t o S h ow

th at t h e b ook in i t s origin al f orm w a s wri t t e n b e f ore B C . .

1 0 0 ; so t h a t w e sh all n ot be f ar wr ong i n fixing t h e d at e of

this a b out t h e middl e of t h e s ec o nd c e nt ury B C . .

V . O R IGI N AL L A N G U A G E O F THE B OO K
THE
Th ere c an b e n o t w o Op i n i on s as t o wh at t h e origin a l
l an gu ag e of t h e b ook w as n am ely H ebrew ; i n n um er ous
,

i n s t an ce s t h e Gree k p r ove s i t self t o h a ve b ee n t r anslat e d

from H ebrew t h e idi oms b eing th ose of cl assi c al H ebrew ;
,

so t h a t t his w as t h e origin al l an g u age of b oth t h e l on g e r an d

sh ort er f orms S t J er om e i n t h e p ref ace t o hi s t ransl at i on

. .
, ,

s ays t h at h e h ad t h e b ook be f or e him i n Ar am a ic ; this

c an n ot h owe ve r h av e b ee n t h e o rigi n al f or n e i t h e r Ori ge n
, , ,

n or t h e J e ws with wh om h e w as i n c ommu ni c at i on k n e w

e ith e r of a H ebre w or an Ar a m ai c f orm of t h e b ook Th e

1
.

H ebre w origin al w as l os t al t oge th er i n t h e We st bu t mus t ,

h a ve b een p re serve d i n s om e f orm or ot h er i n t h e E ast .

1
L Oh r , Op . ci t .
, i . 1 48 .
 CHAPTER IV

T he A dd i t i o n s to t he Book f D an i el
‘

[L I T ERA T U R E — BrimD J hr as a p o k ry ph i sche S usa n n a -

B i t ch , in a

hi ht d L i t r t ur ( 8 7 7) B ll
,

b ii h c f ii jii di h
er G r sc e e sc c e un e a 1 a

S h ur r I I iii p p 8 8 G rm n
,

i Wn II p p 3 5 36
ac e , 83 0 — 0 c e 1 — 1
e a

45 8 ; S h l j di th d B l d d Dr h
. .
, , ,
.
,

c d III p p 45 2— c o z, u un e un er ac e

Ju liu D i g i hi h D i l Z dt d i hr
. .
, ,

( 8 96 )
1 s, e r ec sc en an e -
us ze un e

k i h G lt g
a n on sc D ub n y T h
e e Th A ddi t i
un t a e e re e on s o

D i l ( 9 6 ) R t h t in i K u t h I p p 7 9 3 ;
,

an e 1 0 o s e n a z sc 1 2— 1

B nn tt K y d W i tt n D vi i Ch rl I p p 6 5 6 6 4
.
, , , ,

e e a an o a es , n a e s, 2 —

t l by M r h ll i H t i g D i t f th B i bl
. .
, ,

Th
’
e a r i c es da s a n as n s e o e e, an

K m p h u n i t h E y l B i bl ]
.

a a se , n e nc c . .

I P R E LIMI N A R Y R E M AR KS .

E F ORE d li g with th s Additi on s individu lly

ea n e e a

a w rd my b s id b ut th m oll c tiv ly N on e
o a e a a o e c e e .

of th m e ur in t h H brew Bibl
occ d in nly m nue e e an o on e a

sc ri p t f t h S p tu gint p r p r
o e e th y f und but i n t h
a o e a re e o
1
e

g re t un i ls ( B A Q ) whi c h nt in Th dot i
’

a c a ,
V rsi n
, ,
co a eo on s e o

o f t h S p tu gi n t th y ll pp r
e e a int gr l p rts f t h e t e x t
,
e a a ea as e a a o

o f D ni la In t h Gr k m nus ri p t s
e . br k s p r at
e ee a c no ea or e a e

t i t l divid s th s Gr k dditi ns fr m t h r st f t h t ext

e e e e ee a o o e e o e ,

ex cep t th t wh n D ni l is divid d int

a e visi ons t h e first a e e o
‘

,
’

visi on is m ad e t o b egin a t i 1 Sus a nn a b e ing thus e x c lude d .

,

from t h e numb e r B el on t h e o th er h a nd is t r ea t e d as t h e , ,

Wh a t t h e ac t u al numb e r of Additi ons

” 1
l ast of t h e vi si ons .

ori gin ally w a s is un ce rt ain ; th ey are usu ally rec k on e d a s

1
Vi z C od C h i si a n us
. a c ur ivs e of t he n i nt h ce nt ury .

w
.

1
S e t e I n tr to the O T
, . . . i n Greek ,
p . 26 0
38 6 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
t hr e e i t is p ossibl e h owe ve r th at fiv e or igin ally s ep ar at e
; , ,

i e c e s w er e in corp or a t e d int o t h e t e x t of t h e S ep t u ag i nt
p ,

viz t h e S t ory of Sus an n a t h e Pr ayer of Az ari ah a sh or t

.
, ,

n arr at ive p i ece t h e S ong of t h e Thr e e Childre n a n d B el

, ,

a n d t h e Dr ag on Th e s e c on d t hi r d an d f our t h of t h es e are
.
,

usu a lly r eg a r de d a s f ormi ng on e p i ece ; t his qu es t i on w e

sh all c onsid e r imm edi at ely Alth ough s om e of t h e s e .

Additi ons are qui t e in app r op r i at e i n t h e ir p re se nt con t ex t ,

th ey h ave fr om ve ry e ar ly t im e s b een r eg ar de d a s b e l onging

t o t h e B ook of D ani el p r op er fr om t h e Fat h ers i t is c l ear
t h at i n t h e earlies t Christi a n C op i e s of t h e S ep t u agi nt b ot h
Sus an n a an d B el f orm e d p art of D a ni el t o whi ch t h ey are ,

a s c rib e d by Ir en aeus an d Ter t ulli a n an d im p lici t ly by ,

Hi p p oly t us Th e r e m ark abl e l ett e r of Julius Afri can us t o

.

Orig en whi c h t hrows d oub t on t h e g e nui n en ess of Sus ann a ,

c a lli n g a tt e nti on t o indi cat i on s of i t s G r ee k ori gi n f orm a ,

s oli t a r y e x cep t i on t o t h e g en eral V i ew e ven Orig en l ab ours

t o m a in t ain t h e ir c a n oni c ity
” 1
Cl em e nt of Al e x an dri a a ls o
.

a
pp a r e nt ly r e ga r d e d Sus nn
a a
2
an d t h e S on g of t h e Thr e e

Childr e n a n d B el a s c a n oni cal ; an d a s t ring of oth er

3 4

a u t h o r iti e s could b e c it e d A use ful colle c t i on of r eferen ce s

.

t o an d qu o t a t i ons fr o m th es e Additi ons in ea rly Chris t i a n

writi n gs is giv en by aub n ey The Three Addi ti ons to an i el
D , D ,

6 —8 0 163 1 6 9, 2 35 — 239
pp 7
-
.
,

II . THE PRA Y ER OF A Z A R I AH
This a ddi t i on consis t s of t w o p i eces : a narrat ive p or t i on ,

vers e s 1 2 3 2 7 an d t h e Pr aye r i t self vers es 2 2 2 N ow i n

'

- -
.
, , ,

t h e Ar a m a ic of D a ni e l iii 2 3 2 4 t h e t e x t ru ns (23) And .

,

t h es e three men Sh adrach M esh ach an d Ab ed n eg o fell

, , ,
-

d own i n t h e mids t of t h e burni n g fi e ry fur n ace (2 4) Th e n .

N ebu c h ad nezz ar t h e king was a s t on ied an d r ose up i n

, , ,

1
S w ete Op ci t p 26 0
1
S tromt i iv
a e s

S tr m i
. .
, , . . .

3 E cl ogce P roph eti cej, I .

4 o . .
38 8 TH E BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

of the ca n on ic al D a ni el v iz t h e fl a m e of t h e fire sl ew t h os e
, .
,

men th at t ook up Sh adrach M esh ach an d Ab ed n eg o , ,

-

but th es e w ords do n ot occur in t h e on e m a nuscri p t m en ,

t i on ed ab ove of t h e S ep t u agint p r op e r whi c h w e p oss e ss

, ,

n or in Th eodot i on s V e r si on ; th ey are a dde d i n t h e Al ex

’

a nd ri a n m a nus c ri p t but are e vid e ntly a l a t er a dditi on a s

,

this m anusc r i p t als o cont a i n s t h e refe r e n ce t o t h e Ch aldaeans

a s giv e n in t h e qu ot a ti o n a b ov e .

Turning n ow t o t h e Pray er i t s elf we n ot i ce fi r s t th at t h er e

,

is n othing in i t whi ch c onn ec t s it with t h e ep is od e t o whi c h

i t is su p p os ed t o b el ong t h e w ords of ve r se 2 whi ch int r o ,

du c e t h e Pr ay er viz , Th e n Az ari a s r o se up an d p r ay e d thus

.

an d op e n e d his m ou t h i n t h e mids t of t h e fi re an d s a i d ,

a re a n e x p ansi on m ad e in ord e r t o giv e it a n ap ea r a n ce

p
of conn e c t i o n wi t h v e rs e 1 p r ob ably t h e w ords ra n o r igin

a lly : Th e n Az ari as r os e up a n d p r aye d t hus or s om e ,

thing t o t his effec t Th e Az a ri a s h e r e m ent i on e d is n ot on e

.

of t h e Three Child r e n m oreover if t h e Pr aye r h ad ,

o r i gin ally b ee n w r itt e n in r ef e r en c e t o th e m w e sh ould

e x ec t it t o h a v e b ee n p ut in t o t h e m outh of H a n a ni ah
p
( An a ni a s )
,
i .e t h.e e quiv a l e nt o f t h e Ar a m ai c Sh ad r ac h ,

wh os e n am e is always p l ac e d firs t .

Th a t t h e Pr aye r w as c o mp os e d duri n g t h e early p art of t h e

M a cc ab aea n struggl e s eems p r ob abl e f or t h e f oll owin g
r ea s ons : in v er s e 5 i t s ays In all t h e things t h at Th ou
,

h a s t br ough t u p on us an d u p on t h e h oly c ity of our f a t h e rs

, ,

e v e n J er us al e m Th ou h ast ex ec u t e d t ru e j udg em en t s f or
,

ac cording t o t ruth an d j us t i ce h a st Th ou br ough t all th e s e

t hings u p on us b ecause of our si n s Th e n ati on h as t hus .

su ffe r e d a dve rsi t y I n vers e 9 i t s ays furt h er :

. And
Th ou didst d elive r us int o t h e h ands of l awl e ss e n emi es ,

a n d m o st h a t e ful f or s a k e rs of God a n d t o a kin g unj ust ,

a n d t h e m ost wi c k e d in a ll t h e w orld Th e s e l awl ess .

e n emi e s w h o are m os t h at e ful f or s ak e r s of God are t h e

e xtr em e H e ll e n is t i c J e ws m en ti on e d in 1 M acc a b ee s i 1 1 1 5 ;
—
.
 an d a re brough t this day in all t h e w orld b ec ause of our sins .

N eith er is there at this time p r in ce or p r op h e t or l eade r ,

,

or bu r n t o ffe r in g-
or s ac r ifi c e
, or obl a t i on ,or In ce ns e or , ,

p ce t o offe r b e f or e Th ee a n d t o find m e rc y
l a This .

c e rt a inly d e s c r ib e s t h e s t a t e of a ffa irs i n P al e stin e a t t h e

b eginni n g of t h e Macc ab wan s t ruggl e t h e d a t e of t h e c om

p o siti o n w ou l d th e r e
, f o r e b e ab ou t B C 1 7 0
, an d t h e . .

a ss ag es qu ot e d r ea d like t h e w o r ds of on e w h o live d i n
p
P al e stin e Th e indi c ati o ns in t h e Pr aye r of its h a vin g b ee n
.

o rigin ally w r itt e n in H e br ew w ou ld p oint in t h e s am e

1

di rec ti on .

Th e c o nj ec t u r e m a y b e h a z a r d e d th a t in its o rigin al f o r m

it was i n n o w ay c onn ec t e d with t h e B ook of D a ni el it w a s

ins ert e d b e f ore t h e Greek tr a n sl a ti on w as m ad e b ec aus e
, ,

its auth o r h ap p e n e d t o h a ve t h e s am e n am e as on e of t h e
h er oes in t h e D a ni el st or y but sin ce s om e C op i e s of D a ni el
must h a ve e xist ed whi c h did n ot c ont ain this a dditi on
th e re wa s a d oubt as t o wh e th er it h ad a n y r igh t t o a p l ace
t h e re Th e c an oni cal D a ni el an d t h e S ep t u agint r ep r ese n t
.

res p ec tive ly th e s e t w o Op ini ons .

With t h e Pr aye r sh ould b e c om p a re d D a ni el ix 4 1 9 a n d .

-

B ar u c h i 1 5 iii 8 ; all th r ee p a r t ak e of a liturgi cal c h a r

.
—
.

ac t e r this b ec om e s abund a ntly c l ea r if one reads th e m i n

c onn e c ti on w ith ce r t a in p or ti o ns of t h e m od e r n J e wish

Litu r gy M or ning P r aye r ”

Sing e r s ed iti on The
’

see , ,

A uthori zed D a i ly P ray er B ook p p 3 7 ,

It i s diffic ul t
.

t o ge t aw a y fr om t h e c onvi c ti o n th a t a ll th r ee of t h e p i ec es
j ust m e n ti on ed we r e in s om e w ay c onn ec t e d wi th t h e an ci e n t
1
wt y
S e e sa s Th e a ddi ti n t D n i l iii
o o a e 23 is c ea l rly Mi dr ashi c

mi ti ri gin l Op i t
.

an d p r b bly h
o a ad a Se c o a ,
. c .
, p . 26 1 .
3 90 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
J ew ish Litu r gy ; wh e t h e r e xtr act s f r om tim e h on oured -

r a y er s or b a s e d u p on t h e s e it is of cours e im p ossible t o
p , ,

say bu t th e y qui t e distin c tly br e at h e t h e J e wish li t urgi c a l

,

s p i r it .

III . TH E S ONG O F T HE T H R E E C H I LD R E N
This S ong is i ntr odu ce d with t h e w ords of ve r s e 2 8 Th e n
t h e th r ee a s out of on e m,
on t h p r a is e d an d gl or ifi e d an d , , ,

bl e sse d God in t h e furn ace s aying thus t h e c o nn ec ti o n

with t h e Three Child re n is b r ought ab out I n ve rs e 6 6 . ,

a t t h e co n c lusi on of t h e S on g a n oth e r c onn ec ting link is ,

br ought in
i
O A n an a s Az a as a n d ri M i l bl y t h L r d
sa e ess e e o

i g ri highly x l t Him f v r
, , , ,

S n H i s p a se a n d e a or e e .

F or H e at h hr u
esc e d us f o p w r f rmH d d v d fr m t h
a es, a n sa e us o e o e o

dea t h
liv r r m mi d t f t h burning fi ry furn vn
,

An d d e e e d us f o th e s o e e ace, e e

tou f th fi h t h H d liv r d
o e re a e e e e us .

A n cluding d ox ol ogy ( v r s es 6 7 6 8 )is add ed I t is p o

co e ,
. r

b bl th t ll th s t h r ver s s f orm a l at er a dditi on

a e a a e e ee e .

This S ong ag in p r t from t h a dd d v rs es h s n othin g

a ,
a a e e e , a

i n i t whi ch w ould conn ec t i t with t h Three Childr e en .

I ts t n of e xult ti on is i n s t r ng on t r s t t o t h d sp ond nt
o e a o c a e e e

t on of t h P r y r ; t his is h owe ve r
e e ae indi eti n of t h e , , on ca o

d a t f its c om p ositi on th ough a n g t ive o

e o viz i t cann ot ,
e a n e, .
,

h av b n writt n du r in g t h M cab n st r uggl

e ee e It e ac aea e .

c nn t
a oo th
,
th r h nd h v b e n writt n b f r this
n e o e a ,
a e e e e o e

s t ruggl t h a dv n c d b li f i n t h futu r lif t ugh t i n

e as e a e e e e e e a

v rs 6 4 p r clud s t his t h at v r s runs

e e e e e e

O y p iri t
e d s ul f t h righ t u bl y t h L rd
s an so s o e eo s, ess e e o

S in g H i p r i d highly x l t Him f vr
,

s a se , an e a or e e .

W must th er for d t e i t ft er t h M cc b aean s t ruggl

e , e e, a a e a a e,

p r ob ably s n aft r o ccoun t of i t s j ubil nt t n e

oo e Lik , n a a o . e

th eP r y r this S ong w a wri t t e n in H ebr w t h ough t h

a e , s e ,
e

argum ent s f or a G r eek ori gi n al i n b ot h c as e s c ann ot be

 THE B OO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA
7
W E
s t or y 18 bri efly a s f oll ows Sus ann a was t h e<daugh t er >
.

Th e
of a J ew dwe lling i n B abyl on n a m e d J oa kim ; sh e w as ,

b e autiful an d d e vout Am on g J oak i ms f r i e nds w ere t w o

’
.

e ld e rs of t h e p e op l e w h o w e r e j udg e s ; th e s e t w o we r e
fre qu e nt visi t or s a t t h e h ouse of J oakim Th ey b oth f ell i n .

l ove wi t h Sus ann a unb ekn o wn t o e a c h oth e r ; but eac h ,

w as d e t ec t e d by t h e ot h e r on e m orn in g wh e n th ey h a d gon e
out in t o t h e g a rd e n wh e r e Sus a nn a w as w ont t o b a th e .

Th ey th e r e f ore agree d t o act t oge t h e r in t h eir wi c ke d d esign

, ,

but on ap p r oac hing Sus a n n a th ey were rep uls e d by h er with

i n dign at i on an d i n orde r t o p r ot ec t th emselve s th ey acc use d
,

h er of h avi ng b ee n unf a ithful t o h er husb a nd by a dmitting

a y ou n g m an s ec r e tly in t o t h e g a rd e n This ac c us a ti on .

th e y bring aga ins t h er in t h e p ubli c c our t As Sus ann a h a s .

n o m eans of
p r ov ing h er inn oce n c e sh e is a ccording t o t h e ,

L aw cond emn e d t o d e a th
, On h er w ay t o e x ecuti on t h e .

c r owd is s ep a r a t e d by a y oung m an n a m e d D a ni el wh o ,

m aint ai n s th at Sus an n a s c ond emn ati on is due t o f a ls e ’

witn e ss ; an d b a sing his d em a nd on t h e L aw insists th a t

, ,

t h ere sh all b e a n ew t ri al }
A t this n ew t ri a l t h e y ou n g man

D an i e l e x a min e s t h e t w o witn e ss e s an d a sks eac h s e a r a t e ly

p ,

und er whi c h tr ee in t h e g a r d en t h e c rim e of whi c h t h ey accu se

Sus ann a t ook p l ace ; on e s ays und e r a mast ick tree t h e , ,

oth e r und e r a h olm t r ee

, This c ont r adi c ti on re veals th eir .

f alse n ess an d th ey are cond emn ed

, S o wh e n th e y h a d .

g agg e d t h em t h ey led th e m out an d hurl e d th e m in t o a

,

c h a sm ; th e n t h e a ng e l of t h e L ord c a s t fire in t h e mids t

1
Mi hn S nh drin i i t i i d I f m u f
In t h e s a, a e v 2 s sa : so e ca se or

x t n u ti n i br ugh t f rw r d h i (i t h n d mn d) b h l f
.
,

e e a o s o o a on s e e co e e e a

h i li b r t d t h rwi h g f t h h ll f ju d g m nt )
. .
,

e s e a e t (i o e se e oe s ou e o e a o e e

t n d S m ( r d i t d) p r n ll fr nt f him
. .
,

to b e s o e . t i o e ac c e e e so ca s ou n o o

(i e h i b in g l d t t h p l
as e sf x u ti n) S d t h
e e o a ce o ec o o an so , e

t n d f h vin g m m
. . e e

son f do i g in g f rt h t b
so a n so , s i tt do o o e s o e or a co e

s uh d uh i
c an d f whi h u h
s c d u h t h wi tn
a s n , an o c s c an s c are e esses

wh v r h n yt hi n g t brin g f rw r d i n hi f v ur l t hi m m
oso e e as a o o a s a o e co e

f rt h d u tt r i t
o b h l f f him (i t h
an e on e a o . e . e
na m ely th at a c rimin al w h o h as be e n c ond em n ed is t o h a ve
,

e ve ry C h a n c e of c l e a r in g him se lf e ve n u t o t h e v e ry e n d
p ,

a n d th a t a d e qu a t e witn e ss mus t b e f orth c oming b e f ore a n

ac c us e d m an m ay b e c ond e m n e d I n f ac t t h e p ass ag e .

r e fe r re d t o is on e of se ver al oth e r s whic h c ould be give n

im p lying th a t a r e f or m in t h e administra ti on of j usti ce
h a d a t on e tim e t a k e n p l a c e a m o ng t h e J e wish a uth o rit i e s .

B all f oll owin g B rii ll sh ows in t h e a dmira bl e intr odu c ti o n

,
1
, ,

t o his c omm e nt a ry on this b ook th a t this r e f o r m w as ,

institut e d at t h e inst a n c e of Sim on ben S h et ac h w h o live d

du r i n g t h e r e igns of Al ex and e r J an n wus ( B C 1 0 3 7 6 ) an d . .
—

Al e x and r a (B C 7 6 —6 7 ) it c onsist e d fi r stly in t h e i n st i t u

1
. .
, ,

ti on of a p r op e r e x amin a ti on of wit n e ss e s in t h e Mi shn a ,

P i rq e Ab ot h i 9 i t is s a id . Sim on b en S h e t ac h u sed t o
sa
y Ex amin e t h e wit n e ss e s a bund a ntly a n d b e c a uti ous
i n thy w or ds l e st th e y l ear n f r om th em t o give f a l se
, ,

a nswe rs .But Sim on ben S h et ach w as a l so in t h e w or ds of ,

B all ,
t h e c h am p i o n of a n oth e r r e f o rm in c onn e c ti o n with
t h e la w of t estim ony A S t h e b r o th e r i n la w of king
.
- -

Ale x a nde r J an n aeus h e w as abl e a ft e r a l ong st r uggl e t o

, , ,

s ecu r e t h e t r ium p h of his p ar ty t h e Ph a ris ee s in t h e S a n , ,

h edri n a n d of th e ir p rin c i p l e s in t h e admini st r a ti on of t h e

,

Law ov e r th e i r Op p on e nt s t h e S a ddu cee s

,
Acc or ding
, .

t o S adduc aean p r in c i p l e s th e y w h o h a d f a ls ely acc us ed a

,

man of a cap it al c r im e we r e only p ut t o de ath if t h e se nt e n ce

h ad a l r e ady b ee n ex e c ut e d on th e ir vi c tim Th e l e g a l .

f e r a lly
‘ ’
a h orism lif e or lif e w as Co nst ru e d lit T h e
p , , .

Ph ari s ee s on t h e o th e r h a nd r elying on D eu t e r on o my xix

, ,
.

1
S ee t h e w rk m nt i
o s e o ne d u n de r th e L i t r t ur giv
e a e e n a bv o e .

1
Th e J wi h n m w
e s a e as Sa lm
o e .
3 94 THE B OOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
consid ere d t h e i n ten ti on of t h e acc use rs as e quival e nt
t o ac t u a l murd e r A ccordi n g t o t h e m t h e m axim lif e ‘
.
,

f or lif e c am e int o a p p li c at i o n as s oon as i n c on s e qu e n c e of ,

t h e f als e d ep osi t i ons s e nt e n ce h ad b ee n p r on oun c e d a lth ough

, ,

n ot yet ca rri e d out Th e law a t t h e tim e e x t r aordi n a r ily

.

f a voure d i n f orm a ti ons Th e wi t n e ss e s wh o we re als o t h e

.
,

acc us e r s w er e o nly e x a min e d ab ou t t h e m ain f ac t so th a t

, ,

t h eir f alseh ood c ould n ot e asily b ecom e e vide n t an d e ve n

if it did t h e y got off with ou t p unishm e n t t h ough t h e acc use d
, ,

h ad a c t u a lly b e e n ex ec u t e d This c rying e vil t h e Ph aris ai c

.

p a rt y s ought t o r e m e dy by t h e intr o du c t i on of a m or e rig or

ous e x a min a t i on of witn e ss e s an d by m aki ng t h e l aw m or e

Th e a uth or s ai m th er e
,

s e ve re a g a ins t f alse witn e sse s .

’

f ore i n writing this b ook w as t o sh ow by m ea ns of a s t ory

, , , ,

t h at t h e a dminis t rati on of j ust i ce w as in s om e m ost

im p ort an t p ar t i c ul a r s de fec t ive an d t o p ut f orth t h e Ph aris a i c ,

sugg e s t e d r e f orm as t h e p r op e r r e m edy .

Th e qu e sti ons of auth orshi p d a t e p l ace of w r i ting a n d , , ,

l an gu ag e are all p r ac t i ca lly a nswe r e d by wh at h as b ee n

,

s aid it w as w ritt e n by a Ph ar is ee during t h e l a st qu a rt e r ,

of t h e fi r st c e n t u ry B C in J e rus al em (or at an y r at e i n
. .
, , ,

P a l e s t in e) t h e l a ngu ag e w a s in all p r ob ability H eb r e w .

Th e j udi c i al a cum e n of t h e y oung m an wh o e x ami n e d

t h e f a lse wi t n ess e s an d u p on wh om
, a S p i r i t of dis c ernm e nt

( v e r s e 45 S e
p t u a
,
gint ) w as b e st ow e d w as p r ob ably t h e ,

r e a s on of t h e n am e of D ani e l My j udg e is El b eing give n

t o him Thus w ould su ffic i e ntly e x p l ai n why it b ec am e
.

p r e fix e d or a dd e d
, t o t h e B oo k o
,
f D a ni el with whi ch i t ,

h as oth erwis e n o c onn e c ti on .

V B EL . A N D THE D G RA O N
This a dditi on f oll ows t h e p rec eding on e in all t h e G ree k
m anus c ri p ts by whi c h it is t rea t e d as an int eg r al p art of t h e
c an on i cal a n i el D .

1 Th e n sha ll ye do u nt o him as h e t h ough t t o do u nt o hi s bro t h er .

3 96 THE B OO KS or THE A POCRYP HA
"

(p r e sum abl y t h e p r op h e t of th a t n am e is int e nd e d ) b r ings

him his dinn er h a vi ng b een c onveye d by an a ng el f r om
,

P a l estin e t o B abyl on for t his p ur p os e Fin ally D ani el is .

,

r el e ase d by t h e king a t wh ose ord er th os e wh o w ould h ave

,

b r ought a b ou t his d e st ru c ti on are ca s t in t o t h e den of li ons

a n d d e v our e d i n s t ea d .

Th e p u r p os e of this a dditi on is obvi ously t o thr ow ridi c ul e

on id ol a t ry a lth ough t h e s t ory is s om ewh a t u e ril e i t
p
may we ll refl ec t f orms of id ol at ry whic h ob t a in e d n ot only
in B abyl on in e ar li e r d ays b ut a ls o am ong t h e G ent il e s at ,

t h e tim e wh e n t h e a uth or live d (ab out B C 1 0 0 or a li t tl e . .

,

e a r li e r ) th a t is t o say th a t b oth i m ag e s an d living a nim als

w er e w orshi p p e d By t h e dr ag on . is p r ob ably m eant
a serp e n t ; w e kn ow th a t s e r p e n t s w er e k e p t a t Gr ee k
1

S h r in e s for e x am p l e i n t h e t em p l e of A e s c ul ap iu s a t
,

E p id a u r us a n d e ls ewh e re an d w e r e th e r ef or e p r ob ably
1
,

Th e w r it e r of this a dditi on m
, , ,

obj ec t s o f w r shi p lik e ly

1
o a
.
y
e n ough h a v e h a d this kind of id ol a t r y in mind wh e n S p ea king

of t h e d r a g on Th a t D a ni e l sl aying t h e d r ag on w as
.
“ ”

int e nd e d t o be a r efer en ce t o t h e m yt h of M er od ac h an d his

c onflic t with Ti a m a t s ee ms highly im p r ob abl e f or t h e a ddi ,

ti on is c l e ar ly a p hili p p i c a g ains t id ol a try a n d th ere w oul d ,

b e n o p oint in r e f err i n g t o this p r im e v al c omb at As i t is .

n ot lik e ly t o h a v e b ee n wri t t e n f or J ews t h e origin al l an gu ag e ,

w as p r ob ably Gr ee k ; th e r e is n othing in t h e c om p ositi on

whi ch indubit ably st am p s it as h aving b ee n t r a nsl a t ed fr om
a S e mit i c o r igin a l We are in clin ed t o r eg ard it as b el onging
.

t o t h e s am e typ e of li t e r a ture a s t h e Sibyll in e O r acl e s an d ,

w r i t t e n f or t h e p u r p os e of J ewish p r op ag a nd a ; cp vers e .

1 “
Th e G r
w r d t r n l t d d g n d n t rigi n ll y
eek o a s a e ra o e o es o a a

l rg rp nt H m r u dr k o d ph i i nt r h n g bly wi th u t
a e se e o e ses a n an o s e c a ea o

th l t p p r nt difl E v n th d k f Gr k myt h l gy
.

e eas a a e er e n ce e e ra on o ee o o

r m in nt i lly rp nt W i tt n D vi i C h rl I 6 5 3
.

e a s e sse a a se e -
o a es n a e s, , .

R u
1
oG k V ti
se , Ofi i g
ree pp 9 3 ff o ve er n s, 1

B t h B r u d H ll di p k f g d w r hip p d
. .

3 o e os s an e a us s e a o o s o s e a s se r

pe nt i s B byln n ( W iatt n D vi ) o o a es .
 AS t h e a uth or ch oose s B abyl on a s t h e sc e n e of his st ory it
,

is n ot unn atu r al th at h e sh ould m a ke D a ni e l his h ero thi s

w ould accoun t for t h e additi on h a ving sub se qu e ntly b ee n
ap p e nd e d t o t h e B ook of D a ni e l .

Th e verse s 33 3 9a whi c h intr odu c e t h e H ab akkuk e p is od e

—
, ,

are p r ob ably f r o m som e l e g e nd r e g a r ding t h e p r op h e t of

th a t n am e ; th ey h a ve b ee n in ep tly ins e r t e d h e r e ; t h e
n a rr ative reads far b e tt er with out the m viz (ver se 3 2 )
, .

A n d D a ni e l w as in t h e li on s den six d a ys ; (ve rs e 3 9 b)

but t h e L or d God r em emb ere d D a ni e l .

I t w ould be h az ar d ou s t o a tt em p t t o a ssign an y p ar ti c ul a r
l ac e a s t h e h om e of this a dditi on b e y ond s a ying th a t if
p , ,

w e a re corr ec t in su p p osing th a t t h e littl e c om p ositi on w as

w ritt e n for p r op ag a ndist p ur p ose s it i s m or e like ly t o h a v e
,

b ee n writt en s om e wh e r e in t h e Disp e r si on th a n in P al e stin e .

 CHAPTER V

T he A dd i t i o n s to t he B o ok o f E st h er

[L I T ERA T U RE J .
— osep hu s, A n ti q . XI vi Fri t h z sc e, in K rgu e e
i
.
, ,

fa sstes exeget sch es H a n dbuch eu den A p ok ryp h en des A l te n

Testa m en te s ( 18 5 1
) S c h ii re r Op ci t II iii pp 1 8 1— 1 8 3
h l K mm t
.

mi t
, .
, ,
.
, .

Sc o z, o en ar uber d a s B a ch E sth er sei n en

Z usd tzen ( 18 92 ) C o rn i ll Op . ci t pp 2 6 1— 2 6 3 (18 96 ) J aco b

Bu h E in t h Z i t hri ft f ii di Al tt t
. .
, , ,

D as c sth er bei den l xx e e sc r e es a

m
.
,

en t li c h e W i ssensc h a ft pp 4 ff ; S w t . Op it2 1 e e, c

K u t h Op i t I p p 9 3 if
. . .
,

2 5 7— 2 5 9 ( 1 9 0 0 R l i
pp ) y sse n a z sc c 1

( 1 9 0 0 ) Gr e gg i n C h arl es Op
. . . .
, , , ,
.

, ,
. ci t .
, I .
pp . 665

I . THE N ATU R E AN D O B J E C T OF THE A DD I T I ON S

N the can oni c l B o k of Es t h r
a s t ory is t old of
o e the
h ow e Ah asu r us king of P ersi
a dismiss e d his qu ee n
, , ,

Vash t i b e c ause sh e r efus e d t o ob ey his c omm andm ent t o

,

c om e an d sh ow h er b ea u t y t o his a ss embl e d gu e s t s a t a

f e s t ival I n h er p l ac e t h e king c h ose Esth er a J ewish

.
,

m ai d en b el onging t o t h e trib e of B enj amin t o be his ,

qu ee n Esth er wa s of t h e J e wish e xil e s living in P ersi a

.
,

an d w a s und e r t h e p r ot ec ti on of h er c ousi n M ord e cai but

She h a d n ot sh ow e d ( i t t o)h er p eop l e n or h er kindr e d f or ,

M ord ec ai h ad c h arg e d h er t h a t sh e sh ould n ot sh ow it

”
.

I n c onse qu en ce of t h e p ositi on n ow occu p i e d by his cousin ,

M ord ec ai c am e t o cour t e ve ry day i n ord e r t o wat ch over

h er int e r e sts On on e occ asi on h e w as t h e m ea ns of s avi n g
.

t h e king all un c o ns ci ous f r om a ss assin a ti on ;

,
this w a s ,

duly t old t o t h e king by Esth e r But M or d ec ai h ad t h e .

misf or t un e t o offe nd H am an t h e king s C h a mb e rl a in ; in

’

3 98
40 0 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCR Y PHA

Pur t h at is t h e lot t o c onsum e t h em an d t o de s t r oy

, , , ,

th em (ix 2 4 .

I t h as b een n ece ss ary t o give this ou t lin e of t h e c ont e nt s

of t h e c a n oni c a l B ook of Es t h e r in or d e r t o S h ow t h e oin t
p
of t h e a ddi t i ons in t h e S ep tu agi nt ; f or as f ou n d i n t h e
E n glish Ap oc ryp h a t h e a ddi ti ons are t ak en t og et h e r an d
tre at e d as on e wh ol e bu t by b e ing t hus s ep ar at e d from t h eir
c on t e x t s th e ir ra i son d etre is n ot s ee n In t h e S ep t u agi n t
’
.

t h e a dditi ons f orm e l ab or at i ons of c e r t ain p a ss age s of t h e

can o ni c a l Esth e r so th a t i n ord e r t o see t h e obj ec t of t h e

a dditi ons e ac h mus t b e c onsid ere d f r om t h e

p oi nt of V i ew
of its o r igin a l si t i n 1
p o o .

(1 ) Th e fi r s t a ddi t i on is give n i n t h e English A p oc ryp h a

as xi 2 — xii 6 ; . in t h e S ep t u agin t i t p reced es ch ap t e r i
. . ,

a n d t a k e s t h e f or m of a n in tr odu c t i on t o t h e wh ol e s t o ry .

I t t ells of h ow M ord ec ai h ad a dream whi c h h e i nt erp re t e d ,

a s a r e v el a t i on of t h e f ac t th a t an a t t e m p t w as g oing t o be

m ade u p on t h e king s life (see ii 2 1 2 3 in t h e c an on i cal

’
—
.

Esth er) He t ells t h e king of t h e threat en e d d ang e r ; h e

.

wat ch e s t h os e wh om t h e d r ea m h as r e veal ed as t h e cul

p ri t s an d o ve rh ea rs t h e m whil e m aking t h eir p l an s ; h e
,

th e n d e n oun c e s t h e m t o t h e king an d t h e con sp irat ors , ,

h aving c onfe sse d t h e ir g uilt are e x ec u t e d M ord ecai is ,

.

p r om ot e d t o a p l ace of h on our at c our t .

Th e obj e c t of t his a dditi o n is t h e r e f ore t o sh ow h ow , ,

M ord ecai firs t g ot a dvan ce m ent at t h e c ourt of Art axerx e s

(Ah a su e rus ) .

(2 ) Th e secon d a ddi t i on is given i n t h e E nglish Ap oc ryp h a

as xiii 1 7 whi c h in t h e S ep t u agin t c om e s b et w ee n v e rs e s
.
—
,

1
It h ul d b n t d t h t i t h n ni l E t h r t h h p t r
s o e o e a n e ca o ca s e e c a e s

r un fr m i t x 3 i t h A p ryp h t h h p t r
o o n umb r d n e oc a e c a e s ar e e e

t h ugh t h y m n u t iv ly ft r t h n ni l
. .

as o ef th ca e co sec e a e ose o e ca o ca

E th r
s e i x 4 t xvi 4 ; t hi u nn
v z ry nfu i n i d t
. o 2 s e c e ssa co s o s ue o

St J r m w h r l g t d t h Gr k i nt rp l t i n t t h
. .
,

e o e od f th
e e a e e ee e o a o s o e en o e

n n i l b k bu t i t h h d t h ff t f m k i n g t h m u i t lli
.

ca o ca oo as a e e ec o a e n n e

gi b l e ( S w t Op i t p e e, . c .
, .
t o p e rish , all
J ews b oth y ou n g an d old lit tle c hildren an d
, ,

w om e n in one day e ven u p o n t h e thi r t ee nth day of t h e

, ,

t welfth m onth which is t h e m onth Ad a r an d t o t ake t h e

, ,

sp oil of th e m for a p re y t he n foll ows t h e additi on of t he

S ep tu a gint I n t h e l e tt e r t h e kin g t ell s of h ow it h ad b ee n
.

his wi sh e ve r sin ce h e cam e t o t h e th r one t o see his p e op l e

livi n g i n qui e tud e an d p eace fuln e ss ; but th a t ac c or ding ,

t o inf o r m a ti o n h e h as r ec eive d f r om H a m a n this h a s n ot ,

b ee n p ossible of at t ai nm e n t b ec aus e of a c e r t ain m align ant

“

e o l e th a t h a d l a ws con tr a r y t o a ll n a ti ons a n d c ontinu a lly

p p , ,

set a sid e t h e c omm a ndm e nt s of king s so a s t h e uniting

,

of our kingd oms h on ou r ably int e nd e d by us c ann ot g o

, ,

f orwa r d Th e c omm a nd is th e n giv e n t o e xt e r min a t e

.

th e s e p e op le in ord e r th a t t h e a ffai r s of t h e kingd om can be

se t tl ed .

Th e obj ec t of this a dditi on i s e vid e ntly t o e m p h a siz e

t h e p e r il in whi c h t h e J e ws w e r e owing t o t h e m a c hin ati ons
of H a m a n An oth er obj ec t m
. ay a ls o h a v e b e e n t o S h ow

t h e high f av ou r whi c h H am a n e nj oy e d (h e is s p ok e n of as
on e th at e x cell e d in wi sd om a m ong us a n d w as ap p r oved ,

by his c on st a nt g ood w ill an d st eadfa st fidelity ) in or d e r ”

t o p l ace his ign omini ous d ow nf all i n m ore p r o n oun c e d

re li e f
.

(3 ) T h e n e xt a d d it i o n ( xiii 8 — xiv 1
9 in
. t h e Engli
. sh
A p oc r yp h a ) c om e s a ft er iv 1 7 of t h e ca n oni c al E st h e r
. .

It c ont ains a p ra ye r of M or d ec ai (xiii 8 a p r a y e r of

.

E sth e r (xiv 1 a n d on e v e r se
.
(xiii 1 8 ) whi c h s ays .

th at all Israel als o p r a ye d t o God ; th e se are p r aye r s f or

d elive ran ce f r om t h e d a nge r h anging over t h e p eop le of
.

J eh ov ah i n Vi ew of t h e king s l e tt e r Th e s e p r ayer s b r eath e

’

.
4 2
0 THE BOO K S OF THE APO C RYPHA

a Sp iri t of d eep d e v ot i on an d l oyal t y t o God Th e obj ec t .

of this a ddi t i on is obvi ous ; i t is t h at t h e u tt e r l ac k of

r eligi on in t h e c an oni cal b ook sh ould be m ade g ood ; as
1

is well kn own t h e n am e of God d oe s n ot occ ur a S i n gle t im e

,

i n t h e can oni cal Esth e r .

(4 ) Th e f ou r th a dditi o n ( xv 1 1 6 i n t h e E n.glish A
—
p oc ry
f ll ws imm e di a t ely a ft er t h e p r ece ding on e This is
p h a ) o o an .

e l ab or a ti on of v 1 2 of t h e ca n oni c a l Es t h e r whi c h v e rs es are

.
, ,

omit t e d in t h e S ep tu a gi nt ; i t r ec ounts in det ail Esth e r s

’

a p p ea r an ce b ef or e t h e kin g f or t h e p ur p o s e of i n viting him

t o t h e b a nqu e t as m e nti on e d i n v 3 ff of t h e c a n on i c a l b ook . . .

Th e obj e c t of this a d di ti on is simil a r t o t h a t of t h e

p r e c eding i t is t o sh ow th a t t h e su c c e ss of Es t h e r s i nt e r
’

vi ew wi t h t h e king w as due t o t h e all s eei ng God an d -

S a vi ou r u p on Wh om sh e c all e d b efore s e tt i n g f or t h
, .

( )
5 This a dditi o n ( xvi 1 —
2 4 i n t h e English
. A p oc ry p a)
h
c om e s a f t e r viii 1 2 of t h e can oni cal Es t h e r
. i t p urp ort s t o
give t h e c ont en t s of t h e l et t e r of Art ax erx e s (see viii 8 ff . .

of t h e ca n oni c al Esth e r ) w r i tt e n t o r e v ok e t h e ord e r giv e n

in t h e f orm e r on e (see H ere t h e obj ec t is twof old ;

in t h e fi r s t p l ace it is on ce m ore t o give a r eligi ous t on e t o
, ,

t h e b ook ; t h e king sp ea ks of t h os e wh o tr y t o e s ca p e
t h e e vil h at ing j us t i ce of God
-
h e s ays t h at t h e J ews
are t h e C hildr e n of t h e m ost high an d m os t mighty living

God Wh o h ath or d e r e d t h e kingd om b ot h un t o us an d t o

,

our p r og e ni t ors in t h e m os t e x c e ll e n t m a nn er an d in

oth e r w a ys h e g iv e s due h on our t o God by wh a t h e s ays .

S ec ondly a n ot h e r obj ec t of t h e a ddi t i on s eems t o be t o

'

mitig a t e t h e r at h e r bl ood t hirsty sp irit of t h e can on i cal

Esth e r .

(6 ) Th e l a st a dditi on (but firs t i n p osi ti on i n t h e Engli sh

A p oc ry p h a x 4 xi 1 )c om e s at t h e e n d of t h e b ook in t h e
, .
—
.

S ep t u agint ; x 4 1 3 c ont ain t h e int er p r e t ati on of t h e

.
—

1
U n l ess t h e m nt i e o n o f fast i n g , in iv . 16 ,
ix .
31 , c an b e in c lu d d i n
e
 CHAPTE R VI

T he P ray e r o f M an asse s

[L I T ERA T U R E — B ll i n W
a ac e , ii .
pp 3 6 1 —
3 71 N est l e S ep tua i n ta g
iii K ut h
.
,

studi en , .
pp 6 ff .
(1 8 9 9) R y ssel i n a z sc 1 pp 16 1

R yl h rl
. .
, , .

1 71 ; e, in C a es, I , pp . 6 12

I . THE C O N TE N T S O F THE P RA Y ER

H E Pr ayer is a b ea utiful on e fin ely c onstru ct ed , ,

full with ou t b eing d r awn out an d breathin g thr ough ,

out d eep p e rs on al r e ligi on I t is cer t a i nly one of t h e b es t.

p i ece s in t h e A p oc r yp h a .

Af t er t h e inv oc at i on t o God Almigh t y t h e God of our ,

f a th e rs of Ab r ah am an d Is aac an d J acob an d of th eir

, , , ,

r igh t eous s eed c om e s an ac kn owl edgem en t of His p ower

,

a n d gl ory ; all t hings tr e mbl e b e f or e His migh t an d His ,

wr ath ag ains t sinn ers is un endurabl e ; yet His m erc y is

with out limi t t o t h e r ep en t an t Th ou art t h e L ord
M os t High of grea t c om p a ssi on l on g suffering an d abu n d an t
, ,
-

in m e rc y an d rep en t e st Th ee f or e vils of m
,
en
”
i e G od , . .

in His p ity r el e nts b ecaus e o f t h e su fferings of m en e ve n ,

th ough br ought on th em by th e ir own sins God is th e n .

c a ll e d u p o n t o fulfil His p r omis e of f orgiven ess t o His

r ep e n t a nt s erva n t Th e su p p lic at or c onfe ss es his m anif old
I amn ot
.

sins a n d p r ot e st s his s ens e of unworthin e ss :

,

w orthy t o b eh old an d see t h e h eigh t of h eave n by r ea s on of

t h e multitud e of min e iniquit i e s Th e n aft e r furth e r .

c on fes si on of sin an d p l eadi n g wi th God t o p ut away His

,

404
 II . THE O R IGI N O F T HE PRA Y ER

In Chr oni cle s xxxiii 1 2 1 3 it is s aid th a t wh en Man

2 .
,

asse h w as i n di s t re ss h e b e s ought t h e L o r d his God ,

an d humbl ed hims e lf g r ea tly b e for e t h e God of his fa th e r s .

And h e p raye d un t o Him ; and He was e ntreat e d of him ,

an d h ea rd his su p p li ca ti on a n d br ough t him a a in unt o

g ,

J e r us al e m u nt o his kingd om Th e n M an asse h kn ew th at .

t h e L or d He w as God A g ain in ve r s e s 1 8 1 9 of t h e s a m e
”
.
, ,

c h a p t e r t h e c h r oni c l e r s a ys : N ow t h e re st o f t h e a c ts of
M an a sseh an d h i s p raye r unt o his God an d t h e w ords of
, ,

t h e s ee r s th a t S p ak e t o him in t h e n a m e of t h e L ord t h e ,

God of Israe l b e h old th e y are writt e n a m ong t h e ac ts of

, ,

t h e ki ngs of Is r ae l His p r aye r als o an d h ow God w as

.
,

e nt r e a t e d of him b eh old th ey are w ritt e n in t h e his ,

”
t ory of Hoz ai 1
Th e Prayer o f M a n a sse s it is usu ally ,

h eld p u r p orts t o be t h e p rayer t o wh i c h t h e ch r on i c l er

,

ref e r s ; B all for e x am p l e s ays :

,
I t is e vide nt fr om t h e
,

re fer e nce s in 2 Ch r oni c l e s xxxiii 1 8 1 9 th a t a p raye r of .

,

M a n a sse h writt e n i n H eb re w lay be f ore th at wr it e r [i e t h e

, ,
. .

c hr oni c l e r] an d w e m ay p e r h a p s ve ntur e t o a d d th a t th e r e

is n othi ng i n t h e f orm or subst a n ce of t h e Pra ye r b ef ore us

whic h c an f airly be all eg ed a g ai nst t h e p ossibility of its
h a ving b ee n ultim at ely d e r ive d fr o m th a t l os t H ebre w
origin a l . We in c lin e t o think th a t t h e Gree k is a free
transl ati on fr om s om e l ost H a gg adi c n a rr at ive whi c h ,

w as its elf p e rh ap s f ound e d u p o n t h e old e r d oc um e n t f r om

1
In t h e m rgi n
a of t h e R ev i se d Ve ri
s o n t hi s no t e o cc urs Or ,

the seers .
S o th e S ep t u a
gi nt th i s i s, n o d o ub t wh a t sho ul d be
,

r ea d .
40 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
whi c h t h e ch r oni c l er d e r ive d his p e c uli ar de t a ils of t h e
hist ory of M an a sseh
” 1
This is an a t t r ac tive th eory
“

.
,

but th e re are s om e obj e c ti on s t o it whi c h will ap p ea r as we

p r oce e d Ryl
. e o ffe r s an e ntir e ly di ffe re n t h
yp ot h e sis as

t o its or igin I t is easy t o und e r st a nd t h a t t h e ch r oni cl e r s

’

st or y of M a n a ss eh s r ep e n t an ce an d p r aye r an d d elive r a n c e
’

f r om c ap ti v ity mus t h ave p r odu c e d u p on t h e minds of

d e v ou t J ews a p r of ound im p r e ssi o n Th e r ecord of his .

id ol atry an d of his p e r s ec uti on of t h e s erv a n t s of J eh ov ah

h a d st a m p e d his n a m e with inf amy in t h e a nn a ls of Jud ah .

Bu t sid e by sid e with his wi c ke dn e ss wer e c omm em ora t ed

t h e unusu al l e n gth of t h e king s r e ign an d t h e qui e t p eace
’

fuln e ss of his en d Th e c h r oni c l e r s s t o ry of t h e r ep e nt an ce

’
.

a n d c onv e rsi o n of M a n a ss e h p r ovid e d an e x p l a n a ti o n of a

s eemingly unint e lligibl e a n om aly H e n cef orth his n am e .

w a s a ss oc i a t e d by J e wish t r a diti o n n ot only with t h e g r oss es t

a c t s of id ol a try e ve r p e rp e t r a t e d by a king of Jud ah bu t ,

a ls o with t h e m o st f a m ous ins t a n c e of Divi n e f or giv e n e ss

t owards a r ep ent ant S inn er Wh at m ore re m ark able .

e x am p l e c ould b e f ound of t h e l ongsu ffe r ing c om p a ssi on o f

t h e A lmighty an d o f His r ea din e ss t o h e a r an d t o a nswe r

,

t h e su p p li cati on of a c o nt r it e p e ni t e nt N othing w ould b e

m ore n at ur al t h an f or a d e vout J ew t o e ndeav our t o f r am e
in fi tt ing t e r ms t h e kind of p en it e nti a l p r aye r whi c h ac c ord , ,

i n g t o t h e t r a diti on M an a ss eh h a d p our ed f orth wh e n h e

,

w as in c ap tivity in B abyl on Th e s en tim e n t s e mb odi e d

.

i n suc h a f orm of p e titi on migh t con ceivably b e ap p r op ri at e

t o t h os e of his cou nt rym e n wh o h ad f all e n in t o id ol atry ,

a n d w h o migh t ye t b e r ec l aim ed f r om t h e e r r o r of th e ir
” 1
w ay .

H ere again on e f eels t h e s t reng t h of t h e a rgum e nt ;

,

but we c ann ot h elp b eli e ving th at th er e are r ea s ons whi ch

mili t at e ag ai n s t t h e accep t at i o n of t his hyp oth e sis a s a
whole .

1
Op ci t p 36 2
1
Op ci t 6
. .
,
. . . .
,
p . 12 ,
40 8 THE BOO KS or THE APOCRYPHA

si n . Th at t h e w ords were so underst ood i n e arly t im e s is

r o v e d by t h e r en d erin g of t h e Ethi op i c V e rsi on qu ot e d
p ,

by B all whi c h r e ads h ere

,
I h ave l ab ou r e d in fe tt ers of
iron an d c ontinu e s
”
,
th at I migh t get r e st f r om sin f or
,

my s oul ; but by this als o I h av e n ot g ot t e n r e s t Th e .

firs t of t h e s ent en c e s und er c onsid er at i on th ere f ore w ould , ,

be ap p r op ri at e i n t h e m ou t h of an y c ont r it e sinn er a n d ,

t h er ef or e d oe s n ot by an y m ea ns n ecess a r ily r efe r t o

M an a ss eh With r e g a rd t o t h e s econd s e nt e n ce
. I h ave ,

”
set up ab omin a t i ons a n d h a v e multi p li e d d e t e st abl e t hings
, ,

t h e r e f er e n c e m ay w e ll b e t o 2 Chr o ni c l e s xxxiii 6 wh er e .
,

M an ass eh s e vil d oings are e num er at e d But it is n ot

’
.

wi t h ou t signi fi c a n ce t h a t w e h ave i n t his p assag e t h e on e

s eri ous v a ri ati on in t h e Gree k t e xt of t h e Pray e r ; f or t h e
un c i al T r eads h ere in p l ac e of I h a ve set up ab om in ati ons
, ,

an d h a ve multi p li e d d e t e s t abl e t hi n gs th e se w ords ,

I h ave n ot d on e Thy will n or k ep t Thy c omm a ndm e nts

” 1
.
,

Th e v ari e t y of r eadi n g j ust at t his p a r t i c ul ar s p ot sugge st s

t h e p ossibility of t h e t e x t h e re h a vi n g b e e n u n ce rt ai n an d ,

o f h a vi n g p e rh a p s b e e n a lt e r e d f or a p a rti c ul a r ur
p po s e
1
.

We are i nc li ne d t o b e li e ve t h at this Pr aye r was n ot origi n

ally c om p os e d i n r ef e r e n ce t o M a n a ss eh a n d th a t t h e t itl e , ,

t oge th er with t h e w ords I h ave set up ab omin ati ons , ,

an d h av e mul ti p li e d d e t e s t a bl e thi n gs w as add e d l a t e r , ,

an d thus m a d e t o r ef e r t o M a n a ss e h this h avi n g b ee n d on e ,

u n der t h e i nflu e nc e of t h e n um er ous l eg en ds c on ce rn ing this

ki n g whi ch s ee m t o h ave b een c urrent 3 .

1
yl tr t t h w r d
R e ea s t h ugh t h y t d i t h t x t f
e se o s as o e s oo n e e o

C d T i
o . ddi ti t
n aI h v t up
on o
( whi h i t h a i e se c s e c a se n

th L ti n V r i n ); bu t r din g t S w t pp t i ti u ’
e a e s o a c co o e e s a ara us cr c s

th y e t
are d d i t i n bu t
no an ub ti t u t i n
a o , a s s o
Th t x t f C d A g h w v r wi t h t h t f t h A p t
.

1
e e o o . a r ees, o e e , a o e os o

li l C
ca ti t ti
on s u on s .

S3
Fri t h ; K g f t
ee z sc eg t H db h d Ap k y
urz e a ss es exe e an uc eu en o r

T t m t i p p 5 8 fi B ll Op i t p p 3 6 ff
.

ph d A lt
en es en es a en es, . . 1 . a , . c .
, . 2 .
 said Th ou th eref ore O L ord th a t art t h e God of t h e
, , ,

right eous h a st n ot ap p oint e d rep e nt an ce un t o t h e right e ous

, ,

unt o Abrah am an d Is a ac an d J ac ob whi c h h a ve n ot sinn e d

, , ,

a g a i n s t Th e e this d oc t r in e of t h e si nl e ssn ess of t h e

a t r i ar c hs d oe s n ot as f ar a s w e k n ow b e l ong t o p re
p , ,

M accab ae a n tim e s I n ve r se 4 are t h e se w ords :

. Wh o
h a s t shut up t h e D eep an d se al e d it w ith Thy t e rr ibl e an d
,

gl ori ous N am e Wh om all things do d r e ad

, '
t h e su p e r
n a tur a l e ffic a c y whi c h is h e r e im p ut e d t o t h e N a m e of God

is like wise a l a t e con cep ti on Furthe r t h e wh ol e burd e n .

,

of t h e Pr a ye r n a m e ly t h e n eed of r ep e nt a n ce is a s p ec ifi c a lly
, , ,

Ph a risai c tra i t p ointing t o p ost M accab aea n tim e s And

,
-
.

l astly t h e c on cep ti on of t h e und e rw or ld is a d e ve l op m e nt

,

of t h e old e r b e li ef v e rs e 1 3 ru n s N or p a ss Th ou s e nt e n c e
e wh e n I a min t h e l ow e st p a rt s of t h e e a rth ;
,

agai n st m

f or Th ou O L or d art t h e God of th e m th a t r ep e nt
, , Al .

th ough the r e is n o hint of t h e r esurrec ti on h e r e t h e ve ry ,

f act th at God is c on ce ive d of as in an y w ay c on ce rn e d

with t h e s ouls of t h e d ep a r t e d is in it se lf an a dva n ce u p on
t h e n orm a l t eac hing of t h e Old T e st a m ent a n d p oints t o a ,

c om p a r a tive ly l a t e d a t e I t is of cours e im p ossibl e t o

.
, ,

a ssig n a n e x ac t d a t e t o t h e c o m p ositi o n ; R yssel b eli e ve s

th a t like a numb e r of oth e r ap oc ry p h al w or ks it w as com
, ,

o s e d during t h e M a ccab aea n struggl e with t h e p urp os e of

p ,

urging u p on t h e J ews t h e efficacy of t rue repe nt a n ce as a

m eans of d elivering th e m out of t h e ir t r oubl e s Thi s is .

p o ssibl e but t h e t ea c hing p o int s as w e h a v e s a id t o a p ost

, ,

M ac cab ae an tim e On t h e oth er h an d th e re is n o rea s on

.
,

for reg a rding it a s p o st Christ i a n t h e f ac t th at i t is n e v e r

-

qu ot e d or r e fe rr ed t o until it app e ars verba ti m in t h e

4 1 0 THE B OO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

D i da scali a (first h a lf of t h e thi rd cen t ury A D ) d oe s n ot

1
. .

n ece ss ari ly im p ly a very l a t e d at e ; its S h ort n ess a n d t h e

c h a r a c t e r of its c ont ents su ffi c i e ntly ac count f or its n ot b e ing

m e nti on e d e a r li e r S om e tim e b e t wee n B C 1 0 0 5 0 seems as

. . .
—

likely a d at e as an y .

IV . THE W R I TE R A N D T HE LA N G UAGE IN WH I C H HE WR OT E
Th ere c an b e n o s ort of d oubt th a t t h e r of this w i t er
Pr a ye r w as a Ph ar is ee an d m ore ove r on e of t h e b e st t yp e
, , ,

t h e s p i r i t of t ru e r eligi o n br e at h e s t h r ough it an d i t c an ,

only h a v e b ee n writ t e n by on e wh o w as t ruly r e ligi ous .

Th e Jud a ism whi c h t h e Pr ayer r e fl ec t s is of t h e P al e stini a n

typ e an d b e ing a p raye r on e would e x p ec t it t o h ave b een
,

or igin ally writt e n in H e br e w t h e h oly t ongu e

“
Th e Gr ee k
,
.

f orm in whi c h we n ow p oss e ss this com p ositi on d oe s n ot ,

i t is tr u e r ead like a t ra nsl at i on e x cep ting h ere an d th ere

,

(e g vers e 7 wh e re Ch arl e s thinks a r eal p i ece of e vid e n ce

. .
,

on b e h alf of a S e miti c or igin al is t o b e f ound ) but a s , ,

B all p oints out t h e w r it e r m

,
ay h a v e t ak en p ai n s t o
s of t e n d own t h e h ar shn e ss of a b aldl y lit er al t r a nsl ati on .

Wh ere li n guis t i c indi ca ti ons do n ot give d efinit e c lu e s w e ,

mus t b e guid e d by oth e r c onsid e r at i ons ; t h e writ e r b eing

a J ew of t h e or t h o d ox P a l e s t ini a n typ e i t is h a rd t o b el ie v e

th a t h e w ould h a ve c om p os e d a p raye r i n an y l an gu ag e
t h an t h at i n wh ic h h e h ad always b een acc ust om ed t o p ray
an d set f orms of p r a y e r lik e t h e on e b e f ore us w ould h a v e
, ,

b ee n writ t e n in H eb r e w n ot in Ara m ai c ,
.

1
Th e D i d l i w in rp r t d i nt t h A p t
a sca a as co o a e o e os oli ca l C on sti
t uti on s of whi h i t f rmc th fir t i b k ; t h
o s e s s x oo s e A p osto li lca

C on sti tu ti on sb l n g t t h f urt h fi ft h nt u y
e o s o e o or ce r .
 '

THE B OOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

As t o t h e auth or or m ore st r i c tly c om p il er of t h e b ook

, , ,

i t is c l ear th at h e w as an ard e nt p atr i ot an d a rigid a dh e r e nt ,

of orth od ox Jud aism his intim at e kn owl e dg e of t h e

g eogr ap hy a n d t op ograp hy of t h e H oly L and m ar ks him
out as a n a tiv e of P a l e stin e His r eligi ous st a nd p oint is
.

of p a rti c ul a r int e r e st f or h e writ e s a t a tim e I I b l w

,
-

( see e o )
wh e n t h e distin c t de vel op m e nt of t h e S addu cee s an d Ph a r i
s ees as op p osing p a rt i e s h ad al r ea dy t ake n p l ac e yet whi l e ,

h e is an u p h old er of J ewish orth od oxy an d imbu e d with

a n in t e ns e ly a t r i o ti c S i r it h e s ee ms n ev e rth el e ss t o h a v e
p p , , ,

b el onge d t o t h e c irc l e of t h e S a ddu cee s ; a lth ough a

l oy al u p h olde r of t h e Law his z eal is n ot C h arac t eriz e d by ,

an y a
pp r o a c h t o Ph a r is a i c f a n a ti c ism ; his sym p a thy f or

t h e J e wish high p r i e sth ood -

is fre qu e ntly m a nif e s t e d
his t ol e r a n t a tt itud e t ow a r ds t h e p r of an ing of t h e S abb ath
e r y di ffe r e nt f r om th at wh i ch
( see .ii 4 1 ,
ix 4 3. ff ) is v .

would h av e b ee n a d op t e d by a Ph a r is ee th e r e is n ot t h e
“

s ligh t e s t hint of a b eli ef in t h e life a ft e r d eath (see ii 5 2 ii ,

. .
,

wh ere a r e fere n c e t o thi s would h a ve b ee n emin e ntly ap p r o

p r l a t e h a d it b ee n b eli e v e d in ) Th e s e r e a s ons
g o f ar
. in
” 1
j ustifying t h e Op ini on th a t t h e auth or w as a S addu c ee .

Furth e r it is n oti ceabl e th a t t h e writ e r h as a s tr ong b e li ef

,

in wh a t may b e ex p re ss ed by t h e m od e r n p r over b th a t ,

God h el p s t h os e w h o h el p th ems e lve s but his insist e n c e

on m a n s fr ee will b e ing t h e d e c isiv e f ac t or in hum an a ffa i r s
’
-

is b al an ce d by his firm b eli ef i n t h e exist e n ce of an a ll

s ee ing Pr ovid e n c e (see e g iii 1 8 ff iv 1 0 ff ix 46 x ii
,
. .
,
. .
, . .
,
.
, .

15 ) y e t i t is str a n g e th at God is n ot o n c e m e nti on e d by

n am e i n t h e wh ol e b ook This a ttitude w as d oubtle ss i n .

,

a r t o wing t o t h e influ e n c e of c ert a in r e ligi ous t e nd e n c i e s

p , ,

c e ntr e ing a r ound t h e d oc trin e of God whi c h w er e b e ginning ,

t o m anif est th e ms e lve s Just as th ere w as a di si n cli n a

.

t i on on accoun t of i t s t ranscende nt h olin ess t o ut t er t h e

, ,

n am e of God an d inst ea d t o subs t itut e p a r ap hrase s for i t

, , ,

O est erl ey Op ci t I
1
,
. .
, , p .
59 .
t i on al o rth od oxy of the S a ddu c ee s .

D A T E O F THE B OO K
II . THE
Th e Firs t B ook of M ac c ab ee s must h a ve b ee n writt e n
b e twee n t h e d at e s 1 3 5 B C an d 6 3 B C Th e e ve nt s r ec or d e d
. . . .

in t h e b ook t ook p l ace b e twee n t h e y ears 1 75 B C an d 1 3 5 . .

B C
. .so th a t this l a t t e r d a t e i s t h e e a r li e st p ossi bl e a t whi c h
,

i t c a n h a ve b ee n writt en On t h e o th e r h and P om p e y .

t oo k J erus al e m in t h e autumn of 6 3 B C a n d by e nt e r ing . .

,

int o t h e H oly of H oli e s d es ec ra t e d t h e Tem p l e ; h ad this 1

h ap p e n e d b ef ore our b oo k w a s writt e n it is in c on ce iv abl e

th a t n o m enti o n sh ould h a ve b ee n m ad e of it but as n o
re fe r e n ce i s m a d e t o it th e re c an b e n o d oubt th a t it t ook
l ace a ft e r t h e b oo k w as w ritt e n W e c an h ow e v e r et
p g .
, ,

n e are r th a n this ; it is s aid in xiii 3 0 in r efe re n c e t o t h e .

,

s ep ul c hre whi c h Sim on t h e M acc ab ee b uilt f or his p a re nt s

an d his f our br oth e r s a t M odin This is t h e s ep ul c h r e
whi c h h e m ad e a t M odin an d it is th e r e unt o this day ,
”
.

I t is s a id i n xiii 2 5 th a t this s ep ulc h r e w a s built on t h e

.

d eath of J on a th a n i e in 1 4 3 B C an d t h e w or ds unt o
,
. . . .
,

this day im p ly th at it h ad b ee n in e xist e n ce for s om e

”

c onside r abl e tim e wh e n t h e a uth o r w r ot e his b ook Th e r e .

are n o m ea ns of a sc e r t a i ning h ow l ong a tim e e l a se d b e twee n

p
t h e building of t h e s ep ul c hre an d t h e writing of t h e b ook ,

but if w e a ssum e th a t it w as ab out h alf a ce nt ury thi s ,

w ould give as t h e d a t e of t h e b ook s om e tim e b e twee n 1 0 0

B C an d 9 0 B C
. . an d this is a d a t e t o whi c h a fu r th e r f ac t
. .

p o i n t s f or i n xvi 2 3 2 4 it is s aid . And t h e re st of t h e act s

,

1
O e st e rl e y Op c i t , p 6 1
.

J hu iv
, . . .

1
S e e ose p s A n ti q , X I V
, .
, . 2— 4 ; B lle .
j ud I ,
vu .
3
—6 .
 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
‘

1
4 4

of J ohn ,
an d of his wa rs an d his val i an t d eeds whi c h h e di d
, ,

an d of t h e building of t h e w a lls whi c h h e built an d o f his ,

d oings b eh old th e y are writ t e n in t h e c h r oni cl e s of his high

,

p r i e sth oo d f r om ,
t h e tim e th a t h e w as m a d e high
p ri e st -

a ft e r his f a t h e r Pr e sum ably t h e c h r oni c l es h e r e r efe rr e d

” 1
.

t o t ook up t h e n arr ative at t h e p oint a t whi c h t h e writ e r o f

our b ook c ea s e d f or t h e Old T e st a m e nt f or mul a ( an d it
,

W ill h ave b ee n n ot i ced th at t h e p h r a s eol ogy of this p ass ag e

is b ase d on th a t of t h e Old Te st am e nt ): And t h e r est
of t h e a c t s etc is a lways em p l oye d in r ef er e n ce t o a
.
,

rul e r wh os e re ign h as a lrea dy c om e t o an en d so t h at t h e

writ e r of our b ook w as wri t in g subs e qu e ntly t o t h e tim e at
whi c h t h e c hr oni c l e s of J ohn s high p r i e sth ood h ad b ee n
’
-

c om p il ed .Th e high p r i e s t J ohn i e J ohn Hyrc an us

-

, . .
,

di e d in 1 0 5 B C an d th ere f or e t h e w r it e r of our b ook must

. .
,

h a ve b egun his w or k s om e tim e a ft e r this d a t e th ough i t is ,

n ot lik e ly t o h a v e b ee n l ong a ft e r this Our c on c lusi on is .

t h at t h e b ook in it s finish e d f or m ap p ear e d b et ween 1 0 0 B C . .

an d 90 B C .Bu t i t is p r ob abl e th at t h e g a th e r ing of his

.

m at e r i als w as b egun by t h e auth or s om e c onsid er a bl e tim e

b ef or e this f or t h ere are s om e grap hi c p ass ag e s in t h e b ook
whi c h give t h e i mp re ssi on th at h e w as an eye witn ess of -

wh a t h e d e s c rib e s (see e g xiv 4 1 5 in whi c h t h e d et ails of

,
. .
, .
—
,

Sim on s r eign are d e s c r ib e d) I t s ee ms n ot im p r ob abl e

’
.

th at t h e w r i t e r b eg a n t o g at h e r m at er i als f or his his t ory as

e a r ly a s t h e r eign of Sim o n Th e c a r eful w ay in whi c h his .

b ook is wri tt e n an d t h e num er ous offi c i al d oc um ent s f r om

,

whi c h h e m ad e e xtract s sh ows th a t t h e au t h or must h ave ,

t ake n a l ong t im e ove r his w or k .

III . THE O R IGI N AL LA N G U A G E AN D L I T E RA R Y C HA R A CT E R

O F T HE B OO K
Th at t his b ook was or igin al ly writt e n in H ebre w s carc ely
a dmi t s of d oub t ; w e h ave a l r ea dy p oin t ed out th a t t h e
S e e f ur t h er S ch ii r e r Op ci t I I iii
1
, pp 13 14 , . .
,
. .
, .
416 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

s ources of t h e b ook Th at h e al s o h ad writt en s our ce s t o

.

d r aw fr om m ay b e a ssum ed fr om su c h p a ss ag es a s ix 2 2 .

And t h e r e s t of t h e ac t s of Jud as an d his w a r s an d t h e , ,

va li a n t d eeds whi c h h e di d an d his gr e at n ess t h e y are

, ,

n ot wr itt e n ,
th e im p li c a t i on b eing th a t s om e ot h e r things
r el ating t o hi mwere writ t en (cp xi 3 7 xiv I 8 2 7 4 8 49) . .
, .
, , ,

a n d xvi 2 3 2 4 al r ea dy qu ot e d
.
, , A n d t h e r e s t of t h e ac ts
of J ohn b eh old th e y are writ t en i n t h e c h r oni cl e s
,

of his high -

p r i e sth oo d .

In a ddi t i on t o th es e s ource s t h ere are a c ert ain numb e r

,

of d oc um e n t s whi c h h a v e b e e n in c or p or a t e d int o t h e b ook .

Th e s e are f or t h e m os t p ar t im p ort a nt an d will r e quir e a ,

lit tl e d e t aile d c onsid era ti on Th er e are in t h e first p l ace

.
, ,

s om e l e tt e rs of jewi sh orig i n as f oll ows : ,

(a ) A l et t e r fr om t h e J ews in Gile ad a sking Jud a s t o

s e nd t h e m h e l p b ecause th e y wer e b eing a tt ac k e d by t h e
G e ntil es (v 1 0 . Alth ough this p u r p ort s t o c ont a i n
t h e ve ry w ords whi c h w e r e writ t e n i t is m or e p r ob ably ,

m erely a summ ary of wh at t h e auth or of t h e b ook h ad

d erive d f r om s om e w ell i n f or m e d s ource Th at it rep re
-

h owev er t h e c on t en t s of s om e wri tt e n d oc um
.

se n t s, ,
e nt ,

a n d w as n ot sim p ly a v e r b al m e ss ag e is e v ide nt ; f or it ,

st ands in con tr ast t o wh at is s t at e d t o h a ve b ee n a verb al

m e ss ag e in v 1 5 . .

( b) A l ett er f r om J on a th a n t o t h e S p a r t ans (xii 6 .

Th e s om ewh a t a rtifi c i al w ay in whi c h this l e t t e r h as be e n

p r e ss e d int o t h e t e x t is su ffi c i e n t t o a r ous e sus i c i on
p I n .

xii 1 w e are t old of an e mb a ssy b e ing s e n t t o R om

. e the
n arr a tive is br oke n by v ers e 2 whi c h re fe r s t o a l e t t e r th a t
,

h a d b ee n s e n t t o t h e S p a rta n s an d t o o t h e r p l ac e s in
ver s e 3 whi c h c om e s n atural ly aft e r ve rse 1 t h e th re a d of
, ,

t h e n a r r ative is t a k e n up a g ain Th e n in verse 5 wh e r e on e

.
,

might r ea s on ably h ave e x p ec t e d fu r th er d et ails c on c erning

t h e e mb assy t o R om e it g oe s on t o say :,
A n d t his is
th e C opy of t h e lett er whi c h Jon at h an wr ot e t o t he S par
h er e an d t h e im
, p r e ssi o n o f s o m e thing b e i n g ou t o f o r d e r
is f or c e d u p on one The n as t o t h e l e tt e r its elf it is n ot
.
,

qui t e ea sy t o und e r s t and wh a t t h e p u rp os e of it w a s In .

verse 1 0 t h e obj ec t is s aid t o be t h e ren ewing of b r othe r h ood

a n d fri e nd shi p w it h t h e S p art a ns b ut in t h e s am e b r e a th ,

as it w e re it is s aid th a t t h e J ews n eed ed n on e of th ese

,

things h a ving for our e n cou r ag em e nt t h e h oly b o oks

,
-

w hic h a re i n our h a nds Th e n ag a in i n ve r se 1 3 a ft e r

”
.
, ,

refere n ce h as bee n m ade t o t h e afllict ion s whi c h t h e J ews

h ad e ndure d t h e l e tt e r c o ntinu e s ( i n ve r s e s 1 4 1 5 )
, , We
were n ot mindful t h e r ef ore t o b e tr oubl e s om e unt o you
, , ,

a n d t o t h e r e st of our c o nf e d e r a t e s an d f r i e nds in thes e ,

w ars ; f or we h a ve t h e h e l p whi c h is f r om h eave n t o h e lp

us an d w e h a ve b ee n d e liv e r ed f r om our e n e mi e s a n d our
, ,

e n e mi e s h a ve b ee n b r ought low Th e l e t t e r c o n c lud e s

wi th t h e w or ds ( ve r se s 1 7 ,We c omm a nd ed th em
( i
. e t h
. e a mb as s a d o r s ) th e r,
e f or e t o g o a ls o ,
unt o y o u an d ,

t o s al ut e you a n d t o d elive r you our l e tt e r s c o n ce r ning t h e

,

re n ewing (of fri e ndshi p ) an d our b r oth er h ood A n d n ow .

y e sh all d o we ll if ye give us an a nsw e r th e r e t o Thus i n

.
,

one an d t h e s am e l e tt e r whil e on t h e on e h a nd f ri e nd shi p

, ,

an d b r ot h e r h ood are a sk e d f or on t h e oth e r it 15 s a id th a t

, ,

th e se are n ot re qui r ed ; an d ye t in t h e c on cluding words ,

of t h e l e t t e r s om e a nxi e ty is e vin ce d th a t a r e p ly sh oul d b e

f orth c oming Th a t a re l ati on shi p of s om e kind h ad exist e d

.

b e twee n t h e J ews an d t h e S p a rt a ns is p ossibl e e n ough .

But t h e a mbigu ous c h a r ac t e r of this l e t t e r in c lin e s on e t o

d oubt its g enuin e n es s P r ob ably it w as in se r t e d by a
.

l at er e dit or wh o d e si re d t o em p h asiz e t h e f ac t th a t a
re l a ti on shi p h ad e xist ed b e tw ee n his p eopl e an d t h e S p a r t an s ,
418 THE B OO KS OF THE APOC RYPHA
wh i l e n ot W ishing m ake i t ap p ear t h at his p e op l e h ad
to
an y n ee d t o d ep e nd u p on f or e ign h e l p i n t h e ir s t ruggl e

a g a ins t th e ir e n emi e s .

I n c onn e c t i on wi t h t his l ett er t h e f oll owing on e mus t b e

c onsid e r e d .

()c A l e tt e r fr om A r e i os king of t h e S p
,
a r t a ns t o Oni as ,

t h e high p ri e s t (xii 2 0
-
This owe s its p re s en ce h er e t o
.

t h e f ac t t h at in t h e l e t t e r j us t d e al t wi t h J on at h an c i te s t h e
e xist e n ce of f orm e r f ri e n dshi p b e t w e e n t h e J e ws an d t h e

S p ar t an s as a r eas on f or r e n ew n t h e s am e (xii 7 9) i t is .
—

a dd e d a s an ap p e ndix t o J on a t h a n s l e tt e r Th e or igin a l
’
.

of this d oc um e n t mus t h a v e b ee n wr i tt e n at l e a s t a ce ntury

a n d a h a lf e a r li e r t h e f ac t of i t s b e in g qu ot e d h e re sh ows
wi t h wh at c a r e su c h d ocum en ts we re p re s e rve d .

(d) In xiv 2 7 4 7 we h a ve a s our ce of an e nt i r ely di ffe re n t

.
—

c h a r ac t e r This p a ss ag e c ont ains a p an e gy r i c on Sim o n

.
,

t oge t h e r with a résumé of his p r osp er ous reign I t is .

s t at e d t o h ave b een engr ave d on t abl e s of bra ss an d t o h ave ,

b ee n set up in a c onsp ic u ous p l ace wi t hi n t h e p rec i n ct s of t h e

s an c t u ar y c op i e s of i t are als o s aid t o h a ve b ee n d ep osi t e d
i n t h e tre a su r y ( vers e s 2 7 4 8 On com p aring t h e de t ails
, ,

of Sim on s r e ign giv e n i n t his s e c t i on wi t h t h os e in c h ap t ers

’

xi —xiii h owe ve r i t will b e f ound th at th ere are se ve r al

. .
, ,

c h r on ol ogi c a l dis c r ep a n c i e s Th e c o urs e of t h e his t ory a s

.
,

give n in t h e b ook its elf is ackn owl e dg e d on all h ands t o b e

, ,

on t h e wh ol e of a th or oughly t rustw ort hy c h a r ac t e r

,
bu t if
t h e p a ss ag e i n qu e s t i on b e r eally t h e copy of a n origin a l
d oc um e nt whi c h s eems ver y p r ob abl e t h e accur ac y of
, ,

c h ap t e r s xi — xiii is t o s om e e x t e n t im p ugn e d
. .
, ,
I t is di fli cult
.

t o su p p ose th a t on e an d t h e s am e a u t h or w oul d wri t e t h e

his t ori cal account of Sim on s r eign in t h e se c h ap t e rs an d t h en
’

i n t h e ve r y n ex t c h ap t e r g o on t o give a résum é of wh a t h ad
r e c e d e d di ff e ring fr om it i n a numb e r of r t i ul r s T h e
p p a c a .

sugg e s t e d e x p l an at i on of t h e di ffi cul t y is as f oll ows : Th e

ri
o g in a l wri t e r of t h e b oo k g a v e in ch a
p t e rs xi i
— x ii a sub
. .
 2
4 0 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
h ere t oo I t r ep r e s e nt s an o rigin al l e tt e r t h e c ont e nts of
.
,

whi c h wer e utiliz e d by our a uth o r an d el ab or at e d by him in ,

ac cord a n c e with his id e a l s .

( )
d A l e tt e r f r o m A nti oc hus V I t o J o n a th a n ( xi This .

is c lear ly a su c c in c t summing up of t h e cont e nts of t h e —

origin a l l e tt e r ; its e xt r e m e sh ort n e ss an d t h e abs e n ce of

s alut a ti o n sh ow t h at al th ough writt e n in t h e first p ers on
, ,

it d oe s n ot p r ofess t o give m ore th an t h e gen er al s en s e of t h e

or igin al .

(e) A l e t t e r f r om D e m e trius I I t o Sim on (xiii 3 6 .

This l e tt e r in whi ch t h e Syri an king ac k n owl edge s recei p t

,

of c e rt a in p r e s en ts fr om t h e J e wish high r i e s t an d c onfirms

p
-
,

ea r li e r p ri vil eg e s is st a m e d with t h e m ark of g e nuin e n e ss

, p
it r eads like an origin al an d is d oubtl e ss a cop y of one
, .

(f) A l et t e r from Anti oc hus V I I t o Sim on (xv 2 To .

s om e e x t en t wh a t h as b ee n s aid in r eg ard t o ( b)an d (c)ap p li e s

a ls o t o this l e tt e r I t is p r ob ably n ot a ve rba ti mcop y of
.

t h e ori g in al but r ep r e s e nts a t all e ve nts i n p arts t h e con

, , ,

t e n t s of t h e ori gin al On t h e ot h e r h and th er e are e l em ents

.
,

in it whic h are t h e e x p r e ssi on of ar de nt d esi r e s r at h e r th an

of ac tu a l f ac ts .

L a stly th ere is a third c l a ss of d ocum e n t a ry s ource s whi ch

,

r ecor d t h e r el at i ons b e twee n t h e J ews an d t h e rulers of

foreig n k i ngdo m s .

(a) A t re a ty of a lli an ce b e twee n t h e R om ans an d t h e

J ews (viii 2 3 . I n vers e s 2 4 ff i t is s t at ed a s on e of t h e
.
,

a r ti c l e s of t h e t r e a ty th a t if t h e R om a ns are a t t ac k e d by an

e n emy t h e J e ws m
,

ay n ot r e nd e r th a t e n emy an y h el p ,

W h e th er of f ood arms m on ey or shi p s (verse

, , ,
Thi s
m e nti on of shi p s is h eld by s om e t o S h ow t h at this
d ocum e nt b el ong ed t o a d at e l at e r th an t h e tim e of Jud as ,

in wh os e tim e t h e J ews p osse sse d n o shi p s an d th at t h ere ,

f ore t h e wh ol e s ecti on is a l at e r int erp ol ati on But it is .

quit e p ossibl e th a t t h e f oresight of t h e R om an s suffici en t ly

e x p l ains this m e nti on of shi p s or th e y might h a ve a ssum e d
 ( )
b A l e tt e r from t h e S p art a n s t o Sim on ( xi v 2 0 .

We are c onfr ont e d he re with a di ffi c ulty simil ar t o th at

whi ch oc curs in t h e l et t e r f r om J on ath a n t o t he S p art an s
in xii 6 — 1 8 (see ab ove ) Th e sec ti on Op e ns ( ve rse 1 6 ) with
. .

t h e w ords A n d it w as h ea r d at R om e th a t J on ath a n w as
dead an d e ve n unt o S p art a an d th e y were exc ee dingly
, ,

s orry. It th e n g oe s on t o say th a t t h e R om a ns wr ot e
t o Sim on w h o h ad su ccee d e d hi s br oth e r J o n ath an on
, ,

t ables of b r ass t o re n ew t h e f ri e ndshi p an d t h e c onfe dera c y

(vers e 1 8 ) but th en inst ea d of givin g a cop y of this d oc u
,

m e nt as might reas on ably be ex p ec t e d it g oe s on t o say

, ,

An d this is a Cop y of t h e l e tt e r whi c h t h e S p a r t a ns s e nt

”
.

In this le tt er it is st a t e d th a t t h e t w o J ewish amb a ss ad ors

w h o were t h e b e a re rs of it w e r e N um enius t h e son of ,

Anti oc hus an d Anti p at e r t h e son of J as on But t h e n t h e

, , .

n a rrat ive (verse 2 4 )g oe s on Aft e r this Sim on se nt N um e nius

t o R om e with a gr e a t shi e ld of g old of a th ous a nd p ound
weight in ord e r t o confirm t h e Confederac y with them
, .

On t h e p re vi ous occ asi on on whi c h m e nti on i s m ade of a

c onfed e r ac y b e twee n t h e J e ws a n d t h e R om a ns on t h e on e ,

h and an d t h e S p a r t a ns on t h e oth e r t h e s a m e t w o a mb ass a

, ,

d or s were se nt fi r st t o t h e R om ans an d th e n t o t h e S p a rt ans

, ,

on t h e s am e j ou r n e y (see xii 1 6 1 7 ) on t h e p re s e nt occ a si on

.
,

it is t o be p r esum ed f or t h e t ext im p li e s it th at t his was

, ,

a g a in d on e but if so h ow is one t o acco un t for t h e f ac t th at

,

in t h e le tt e r t o t h e S p ar t ans th e se amb ass ad ors are s aid t o be

t h e b e a re r s of it whil e imm e di at ely aft e r ( ve r s e it is
sai d th at N um
, ,

e ni us st art ed on his j ou rn e y P Th e re is als o a

furthe r difficul ty is it likely as st at e d i n t h e t e xt t h a t on
, ,

t h e d e at h of J on ath a n t h e R om a ns w ould h a ve t a ke n t h e
422 THE B OO KS OF THE A POCR Y P HA
initi a t ive i n rene wn t h e t reat y with t h e J ews ? This
se ems t o be di r ectly c ont r adic t e d by wh at is s ai d i n ve r s e 2 4
(qu ot e d ab ove) I t w ould ap p ea r th at vers e s 1 7 2 3 are an
.
—

int e rp ol a ti on adde d l at e r this w ould al s o e x p l a i n t h e oth e r

wis e un acc ount abl e w ords an d e ve n unt o S p a rt a ,
in ,

ve r se 1 6 whic h were p resum ably p ut in b ec ause of t h e

,

int e rp ol ati on Th e c ont e n ts of this l ett er read like an offic i a l

.

d oc um e n t t h e p r ob abili t y is th at use w as m ad e of s om e
,

g enuin e record whi ch w as i n t er p ol at e d a t a l at e r p e ri od .

()
c A l e t t e r fr o m Lu c ius t h e R o m a n c on sul t
,
o Pt o l e my ,

Eu e rg e t e s I I king of Egyp t (xv 1 6

,
This is t h e cop y .

of a c i r cul ar l e t t e r writt e n i n t h e n am e of Lu c ius t h e

c onsul an d br ought b ac k f r om R om e by N um e nius
,
I n it .

t h e fri e ndshi p b e twee n t h e R om a ns an d t h e J e ws is p ro

c l a im e d C op i e s of it are s e nt n ot only t o t h e kings of E gyp t

an d Syri a bu t a ls o t o a n umb e r of sm all ind ep e nd e nt St at e s

, .

N ow J os ep hus (A n ti q X I V viii 5 ) m en ti ons a l e t t e r f r om

.
, , .

t h e R om an S e n a t e writt e n in t h e n a m e of t h e p r ae t or Lu c ius
,

Val e rius in r ep ly t o a m e ss ag e b r ough t by a J ewish e mb assy .

As in t h e c as e j ust re fe rr e d t o N um e nius t h e son of Anti , ,

oc h us is on e of t h e a mb a ss a d ors (t w o oth e r s accom p a n y him )

, ,

an d h e b ri ngs a gift of a g old e n shi e ld t h e c o nt e nt s of this

l e tt er are simil ar t o th os e of t h e l e tt e r in our b ook an d it is ,

likew is e se n t t o a numb er of p e tty ind ep en d en t S t at e s But .

,

acc ordin g t o J os ep hus this h ap p e n e d i n t h e n inth y e a r of

,

Hyrc an us I I wh o r e ign ed B C 6 3 — 4 0 N ow if as is m ain t ain ed

, . . .
,

by s om e e sp ec i al ly by Wi llri c h J os ep hus is r ight h er e t h e

,
1
, ,

p a ss ag e w e a re d ealing with mus t b e a n i n t er p o l a t i o n .

M ommsen h as indeed p r oved th at J osep hus is re c ordi n g

1
, ,

g enuin e hist ory i n sa ying t h a t t h e p raet or Lucius Vale rius

s e n t a l ett er t o t h e J ews with t h e c on t ent s as given during
, ,

t h e reig n of Hyrc an us I I This d oe s n ot h owe ver .

, ,

con sti t u t e an i n su pe r a bl e di ffi c ul t y f or on e of t h e c on s uls i n ,

1
j uden un d Gr i ech en vor der mk ka a bdi sche n E r hebun g p p 7 0 ff
m
. .

K ut h i
,

1
H er es, ix p p
. . 28 4 ti .
, cp . a z sc , Op . ci t .
, .
p .
30 .
 42 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

th e l a s t sh ows h ow t h e w ay t o p oli t i ca l ind ep e n de n ce w as

s ec ur e d 1
Th e c ont e nt s of t h e s e t og e th e r with t h e sh ort
.
,

I nt r odu c t i on by whi c h th e y are p r ef aced mus t n ow oc cu p y ,

o ur a t t e n t i o n .

( a ) Th e C on q uests ofAlexa n der the Grea t an d t he D i vi si on

m
,

f o hi s E p i re (i 1 — 9 ) .

In p regn a n t w or ds Al ex a nd e r s c onqu ests are t hus summ e d

’

up And h e w ag e d m a ny w ar s an d w on st r ongh olds an d , ,

sl ew ki n gs an d p re ss e d f orw ard t o t h e e nds of t h e e a rt h

, ,

a n d t ook s p oils fr om m an y p eop l e s I n d e sc ribing wh at .

h app e n e d on Al ex a nd er s d ea th b ed t h e wri t er s ays th at t h e

’
-

kingd om w as divid e d a m ong t h e dying king s c hi e f minis t e r s

’

whil e h e w as yet al ive a n d th a t aft er h e w as d ea d t he y

”
,

all a ssum e d t h e di a d e m This d oes n ot ag r ee with t h e

.

s t at em e nt m ad e by Jus t in M ar t yr D i odorus S i culus an d , ,

Cu rt ius t o t h e e ffec t t h at wh e n t h e dying king w as n o l ong er

,

a bl e t o S ea k h e h a nd e d his S ign e t —r ing t o t h e c ap t a in of

p
his b odyg u ar d P erdi cc as wh om h e thus indi c at e d as his
, ,

su c ce ss or Th a t all t h e c hi e f minis t e r s a ssum e d t h e di a d em

.

a ft e r t h e king w as d e a d is an in a cc ur a t e st a t e m e nt as only ,

fiv e of Al e x a nd er s g e n e r a ls a ssum e d t h e t itl e of king an d

’

th a t n ot un t il B C 3 0 6 s e ve nt ee n ye ars a ft er his deat h

. .
, .

H e re as in a numb e r of o th er c a se s t h e writ er of our b ook

, ,

sh ows th at his kn owl edg e c on ce r ning t h e affa irs of f ore ig n

n a ti ons is im e rf ec t
p bu t t h e v alu e of t h e b ook as a wh ol e ,

an d t h e c r e dibi lity of t h e n a rr a t ive in g e n e r al is n ot a ffec t e d ,

by th e s e in acc u r ac i es w e see in t his o nly t h e sim p l e s t a nd

p oint of t h e obs e r ve r wh o f oll owi n g his s ource s c onfi n e s his

, ,

vi ew e x c lusively t o t h e circl e of J ewish affa irs (S ch ii rer ) .

(b) The Origi n al C a use o f the S truggle ; the L ea dership

o f M a tta thi a s ( i . Io -
ii .
70 )
As we are c l e arly S h own in t his divisi on t h e origin a l ca use
1
Th ugh thi di d
o s n ot a c t u a lly co m b u t u nt il m t im
e a o so e e a ft er
the p ri d d l t wi t h
e o ea in o ur b oo k .
 G e ntil e s ; th ey j oin e d themse lve s t o t h e G e nt il e s an d ,

s old th emselve s t o do e vil (i . Wh e n Anti oc hus E p i

h a n e s h ad o v e rcom e Pt ol emy king of E gy p t h e r oc ee d e d
p , p ,

t o d ea l with t h e J ews ; h e we nt up ag a ins t Isr ae l an d

J e rusal em wi t h a gre at a rmy ; an d in his arr og an ce h e
”
e nt e r e d int o t h e s a n c tu ary (i 2 0 2 1 ) h aving t ak e n
.
,

e v eryt hing in t h e T em p l e on whi c h h e c ould l ay h a nds h e ,

re turn e d h om e F or t w o years t h e p eop l e we r e l eft in p e ace

.

th en a n othe r bl ow w as infli c t e d on the m A p oll oni us .

,

c hi e f c oll ec t or of tribu t e
”
a ,
w as s e nt by Anti oc hus t o
J erus al em with a n army h e p r e t e nd e d th a t his mis si on w as
a p eac e ful on e an d with sm ooth w or ds im p os e d u p on t h e
,

e op l e ; th e n sudd e nly h e f e ll u p on t h e c ity a n d a g e n e r al

p ,

sac k s eem s t o h ave t a ke n p l ace Th e c it a d el w as oc c up i ed

.

by t h e f ore ign tr oop s a n d t h e p e op le we r e re du ce d t o sor e

,

str ait s All this h owe ve r did n ot r ous e t h e p e op l e t o

.
, ,

r esist a nce Th en c am e t h e edic t of unifor mity of worshi p

.
,

p ut f or th by Anti oc hus t o r e aliz e h ow this w as int e nd e d t o

a ffe c t t h e J e ws it will b e w e ll t o qu ot e som e w ords fr om it

t h e J e ws w e re c omm and e d th a t th e y sh ould p r ac tis e

c ust oms f ore ign t o t h e tr a diti o ns of t h e l a nd a n d th a t th e y
,

sh ould cease t h e s ac r ifi c ing of t h e wh ol e burnt offe rings an d -

,

s ac rifi ce s an d d r ink offe rings in t h e s anc tu ary an d th a t t h ey

,
-

sh ould p r of a n e t h e s abb aths an d f east s an d p ollut e t h e

,

sa n c tu a ry an d th os e w h o h a d b e e n s a n c tifi e d ; th a t th e y

sh ould m ore ove r bui ld high p l ace s an d s ac red g r ove s an d

, , , ,

shrin es f or id ol s an d th a t th e y sh ould s ac r ifi c e swin e an d

,

oth e r un c l ea n a nim als ; a n d t h at th ey sh oul d l e av e th e ir

s on s un circ um ci ze d an d m a ke th e ms e lve s a b omin abl e by

,

mean s of p r acti sing e verything th a t was u ncl ean a n d p r ofa ne ,

4 2 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

so th at th ey might f orge t t h e L aw an d c h an g e all t h e ,

tr adi ti on al or din ance s (i 44 . It was this whi c h w as t h e

imme di at e c aus e of t h e M acc ab aea n r e vol t Bu t it m a
.
y be
qu e sti on e d wh e th er Anti oc hus w ould h ave a tt em p t ed su ch a
c ru e l coe r c i on h ad it n ot b e e n f or t h e p r e s e n ce of th a t str ong

H e ll e nisti c p ar ty a m ong t h e J ews t o whi c h r e f ere n ce h a s

a l r ea dy b ee n m a d e N o s oon e r w as t h e e di c t p r omulg at e d
.

th an t his H e ll enisti c p ar ty b e g a n t o c arry o ut its c omm a nds

m a ny i n Is r ae l t ook d eligh t in t h e king s f orm of Worshi p
’

a n d th e y b e g a n s ac r ifi c ing t o id ols an d p r of a n e d t h e s abb at h

,

(.i T h e king s of
’
fi c e r s w e nt fr o m c ity t o c i t y t o e nf or c e

t h e edi c t a rig or ous s e a r c h w as al s o m ad e f or all Cop i e s of

t h e Law whi c h we r e bu r n e d
,
h orribl e c ru elti e s were p er
e t rat e d on all wh o r e m ai n e d f ai t hf ul t o t h e a n ce str a l
p
r eligi on Int ense indign at i o n t ook h old of t h e f aithful i n
.
“

I sr ae l ; numb ers r esis t e d an d su ffere d d ea th r at h er t h an

,

de ny t h eir God ; bu t r esist an ce of i n di v idu als w as of n o

a v ail ; wh at w as re quire d w as a l ead er ar ou n d wh om t h e
eo l e c ould g a th e r an d w h o w ould dir ec t c or p or at e ac t i on
p p ,
.

Su c h a l ead er s oon ap p ea r ed .

In g oing fr om c ity t o c i t y t o e nf orc e t h e d ec ree s of t h e

king s e di c t t h e r oy al ofli cers c a m e t o M odi n t h e p r e s e nt
’

, ,

E l Me di je e a st of Lydd a
-

,
t his w as t h e n ative c ity of t h e
f amily of t h e M acc ab ee s of wh om M att athi a s w as t h e h ea d
,
.

Th e offic e rs c a ll e d on him t o set an e x a m p l e of ob e di e n ce t o

t h e r oy a l c omm a nds bu t h e indign a n tly r efus e d
,
th ereu p on
an a p o st a t e J ew st e e d f o r t h wi t h t h e obj ec t of s a c r ifi c i n g
pp
acc o r ding t o h e a th en rit e s on t h e al t a r a t M odin ; t his
a r ous e d t h e right e ous wr a th of M a tt at hi a s t o t h e high e st

p i t ch ,
h e r ush e d u on his f a i t hl e ss f ell ow t ow n sm a n a n d
p
-

kill e d him as h e s t ood by t h e al t ar th e n turning u p on on e

of t h e king s o ffi c e rs h e sl e w h i mt oo
,

Le t e ve r y on e th a t
’

.
,

is z e al ous f or t h e Law h e t h e n c r i e d out t o his p eop l e an d

t h a t would m ain t ai n t h e coven ant com e a ft er me ! Th e
, ,

s t an d ard of r e v ol t w as n ow d e finit ely r a is e d l arg e numb ers

 4 2 8 THE BOO KS O F THE APOCRYPHA

c h arging Lysi a s on e of t h e s ee d r oy al
, t o und e rt ake t o ,

unish t h e r e b e ls Th e first ac t of Lysi a s w as t o r a is e a

p .

f orce of f or ty th ous a nd f oot m e n an d s eve n th ous an d h orse ,

whi c h h e d e s p at c h e d und e r three of his g en erals P t ol emy , ,

N i ca n or an d G orgi as t o Jud aea t o subdu e Judas An

, , .

a tt e m p t e d nigh t sur p r is e by G or gi a s with p a rt of t h e Sy r i a n

a rmy f a il e d thr ough t h e vigil a n c e of Jud a s ; an d t h e f ol

l owing d ay Jud a s a g ain t ook t h e initi at ive wi t h great su cc e s s ,

t h e Syri a ns fl ee ing in dis or d e r an d l osing ab ou t t h r ee t h ou

,

s an d m en Th e n e xt y ea r Lysi a s r a is e d a s t ill l arg e r a rmy

.

whi c h h e comm a nd e d in p e r s on ; but ag a i n t h e f ort un e of

w ar w e nt ag ainst h im an d h e su ffe re d a s eri ous d e feat
, .

Th e J e ws we r e n ow abl e t o e n j oy a sh ort re s p i t e whi c h w a s ,

utiliz e d for t h e p urp os e of re buil di ng an d re de d icat i ng t h e

- -

Tem p le It w as on this occa si o n th at t h e fe a s t of Cha nuk k ah

.

D e di ca t i on w a s institut e d ; it h as b ee n re gul a rly

obs e rv e d by or th od ox J e ws e v e r sin c e .

Bu t p eace did n ot l a s t l ong t h e J ews we re n ow a tt ac k e d

by s om e of t h e sm all er p e op le s wh o h ad m ad e c omm on c a us e
wi t h t h e c hi ef en emy H oweve r Jud a s h ad lit tl e difficul t y i n
.
,

silenc ing th e se viz t h e Ed omit e s B wan i t es an d Amm oni t e s

,
.
, , , .

S ca r cely was this accom p lish ed wh e n Jud a s rece ive d n ews ,

th a t m a ny of his p e op l e i n Gilea d we re i n st ra its owing

t o t h e h os t ili t y of t h e G e nt il e s ; i n G alil ee a ls o t h e s a m e
thing w as h app e ni n g He t h ereu p on s e n t his br oth er Sim on
.

wi t h an ade qu at e f orce int o G al ilee while h e hims elf we n t ,

ov e r t h e J ord a n In b ot h t h eat re s of t h e w ar su cc e ss
.

c on ti n u e d t o a tt e nd t h e J e wish a rms .

I n B C 1 6 3 A nt i oc hus E p i p h an e s di e d whil e yet in

. .

P e r si a ; h e w as su ccee d e d by his son A nt i ochus E up at or , ,

wh o h ad b ee n n ou rish e d up whil e yet y oung by Lysi a s .

But t h e de ath of E p i p h an es br ough t n o re s t t o t h e J ews .

Jud as h ad i n t h e m ea ntim e r e turn e d t o J e rus al em ; an d

, ,

h e d e t e rmin ed n ow t o e x p e l t h e g a rris on whi c h h ad b een

st ati on e d in t h e C it ad el fr om t h e b egin n ing of t h e struggl e .
 be si eg e d in t h e c it ad el m a n age d t o s end word t o t h e king ,

w h o c a m e accom p a ni e d by Lysi as with a l arg e a rmy t o

, ,

c h e c k t h e d e signs of Jud a s In this h e su cc ee d e d f or t h e

.

tim e B eth sura wa s st arve d out an d J erus al em w as t ake n by

,

m ean s of an act of t h e b ase st t reac h e ry This h ap p en ed in .

t h e f oll owi n g m a nn e r : wh e n Anti o c hus E p i p h an e s w as on

his d ea th bed h e d e sign a t e d Phili p one of his n eare st f r i e nds
-

, ,

as r eg e nt du ring t h e min ority of t h e n e w king ( vi 14 15 ) .

,

bu t t h e l at t e r h ad b ee n und er t h e sp ec i a l c ar e of Lysi as
hith e r t o an d a s Phili p w a s in P ersi a whil e Lysi as with t h e , ,

n ew king w as in Syri a a t h e a dqu a r t e r s

, Lysi as t ook t h e,

l ac e of a dvis e r a n d guid e t o t h e king N ow whil e t h e king

p .

w as busy fighting a g ai nst Jud a s as j ust re c ount e d Phili p

, , ,

d et e rmin e d t o ass ert hims elf r e tu r n e d f r om P e rsi a an d

,

s ought t o t ake unt o him t h e g ove rn m e n t (vi 5 6 ) h e h ad .

with him t h e a rmy whi c h E p i p h anes h ad led i n t o P e r si a

t h e p ositi o n w as c l e a r ly s e r i ous f or t h e king a n d Lysi a s so

on t h e a dvi c e of t h e l a tt e r ea ce w as m a d e w ith Jud a s a n d

p ,

all th a t h e h ad b ee n fight ing f or i e r eligi ou s lib e r ty w as

, . .
,

acc ord e d Jud as t r usting t o t h e g ood f aith of t h e king an d

.
,

Lysi as c a m e f o rth a n d
, , t h e king e nt e r e d int o M ount
Si on but h a ving thus g ot p osse ssi on of t h e s tr ongh old
t h e ki n g r ep udi a t e d his oa th an d h ad t h e p l ac e dism a ntl ed
, ,

t h ough t h e J ews st ill re t ain e d th e ir h old u p on it Th e n h e .

we nt t o d ea l with Phili p wh om h e f ound i n p o ss essi on of

,

Anti och t h e cap it al ; h e f ought ag ainst Phi li p d efea t ed

hi m a n d t ook t h e c ity
, ,

, . His t r ium p h w as h owe ve r sh or t , ,

live d ; f or i n t h e f oll owing y ea r h e w as a ss assin at e d by

c omm a nd of D em e t rius w h o n ow b ec am e king
, A sh ort .

digres si on is n ec ess ary h ere i n ord e r t o e x p l ain t h e p ositi on of

43 0 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
D em et rius Wh e n A nt i oc hus I I I (t h e Gre at ) di e d h e l e ft
.

tw o s ons S e l e u cus I V ( Ph il op at or) t h e e ld e r wh o b e c a m e

, , ,

king an d Ant i ochus (aft e rwards E p i p h an es) wh o lived at

, ,

R om e a s a h os t ag e I n or de r th a t his br oth e r migh t b e re .

l eas ed S el e u c us IV se n t his ow n son D e m e t rius as a h ost age

, , ,

t o R om e Wh e n A nti ochus r e ac h e d Syr i a h e f ound th at his

.

br ot h er h ad b ee n murde r e d an d ins t ead of r e qui t ing t h e ,

kindn e ss th at h ad b ee n sh own him by e n dea v ouring t o h el p

D em et rius t h e l aw ful h e ir t o t h e t hr on e h e usurp e d t h e
, , ,

kingd om himself whil e D em e t r ius w as l e ft in R om e Wh e n , .

An t i ochus E p ip h an es di ed his son a s w e h a ve s ee n c am e t o , ,

t h e thr o n e th ough D em e t rius w a s of c ours e s t il l t h e rightful

, , ,

h eir Bu t D em et rius su ccee de d in m aking his e sc ap e fr om

.

R om e an d w as t hus e n abl e d t o com e t o his own This w as

, .

in B C 1 6 2 . h e w a s t h e first king of t hi s n am e t o r eign ove r

.

Syri a an d re c eive d t h e n am e of S ot er ; h e reig ne d t ill

,
1

B C
. . 15 0 .

No s oon er w as D em e t r ius s eat e d on t h e thr on e t h an t h e

w ar a g ai nst t h e J e ws r e c omm e n ce d B ac chid es on e of t h e .
,

ung odly Alci m

’
king s fri e nds an d the us
,
wh om ,

D em e t r ius h ad m a de high p ri es t we r e s e nt ag ainst Jud a s -

bu t B acchid e s s oo n r e t urn e d t o t h e king l ea ving Alci m

,

us ,

with an army t o l ook aft e r t h e l an d He h owe ver als o .

, ,

r et urn e d t o t h e king whe n h e saw t h a t Jud a s w as t oo s t r on g

for him Th e king th e r e f or e s e nt a n ew a rmy a g ai ns t t h e
.
, ,

J ews und e r t h e c omm and of N i can or O n ce m ore Jud as .

w as vi c t ori ous N i ca n or f ell i n t h e b a ttl e an d his a rmy w as

,

sc at t e r e d Th en it is s aid t h e l a nd of Jud ah h ad re s t a
.
, ,

little whil e (Vii If w e are t o t r us t t h e con t en t s of

.

C h ap t e r viii of our b ook Jud a s a t t his p oint m a d e an al li a n c e

.
,

wi t h t h e R om an s (see ab ove p in conse qu ence of which ,

.

t hey wr ot e t o D em e trius s ayi ng Wh erefore h as t t h ou , ,

m ad e t hy y oke h eavy u p on our fri e nds an d con fe d er a t e s t h e

1
vi ur Sa o o n a cc o unt of h is h vin g d liv r
a e e ed th e B byl n i
a o a ns
fr mt h
,

o tr e sa a
p H e r a c l i d es .
43 2 THE BOOK S O F THE APOCRYPHA
is thus u rt e d first by on e a n d the n by t h e oth e r c lai m
co en t

t o t h e thr on e .

Wh en it is s ai d a s qu ot e d ab ove th at t h e swor d c ease d

, ,

from Is r ael t h e p e ri od of p eac e w a s according t o our ,

b ook on e of ab out s e ven years durin g t h e wh ol e of thi s

,

t im e t h e only act of w ar recor ded is t h e ab or t ive att emp t by

B acc hid e s t o subdu e J on a th a n a s t old i n ix 5 8 —7 3 , S o t h at . .

i t l ooks a s t h ough D em etr ius I h ad give n up t h e s t ru ggl e

ag a i n s t th e s e f ormid a bl e c h am p i ons of lib er t y But t h e .

J ews h ad n ot yet g ai n e d all th e y int en d ed t o h ave ; th eir

firs t obj ec t ive viz religi ous lib e rty w as already a t t ain e d
, .
, , ,

m ai nl y thr ough t h e e fforts of Jud a s ; but th e y h ad n ow

l earn e d t o r eali z e th eir own p ower an d h ad det e rmi n e d ,

t o ac quire p oli t i c al ind ep en d e n c e a s w e ll .

I n B C 1 5 3 wh en D em e tri us h ad rul e d for ab ou t t en

. .
,

year s a ri val t o t h e Syri an th r on e ap p ea r e d i n t h e p ers on of

This m
,

on e Al e x an d e r B a l a s . an a l ow b orn n at ive of
,
-

Smyrn a g a ve himself out t o b e t h e son of A nt i oc hus E p i

,

p h a n e s ; t h e c l a im r ece iv e d s o m e su pp or t ow i n g t o hi s

r e se mbl ance t o t h e l a t e usurp er Anti ochus E up at or Th e ,

.

c aus e of Al e x a nd e r w as t ak e n up by A t t al us I I king of ,

P erg amum w h o su pp orte d his c l ai ms t o t h e kingd om of

,

Syri a a g ai n st D em et rius Alth ough acc ordi n g t o P olybius

.
,

( xxxiii . 1 4 i t, w a s w e ll k n o w n t h a t t h e c l a ims of Al e x a nd e r
were with out j ustifi cat i on h e w as n e ve rt h el e ss su p p ort ed
, , ,

by t h e R om a n S en at e wh o p r omise d t o h el p him His

, .

su cce ss t o whi c h we S h all r efe r p res ent ly w as l arg ely due t o

, ,

t h e f ac t th a t D em e t rius was h at e d by hi s own p eop l e on

a cc oun t of his ins ol e n ce an d di ffic ulty of acce ss an d ,

b ecause h e w as sl othfu l an d n eglige nt ab out p ubli c affai rs

so J os ep hus t ells us (A n ti q X I I I ii .
,
Al ex a nd e r ap p e are d
,
.

sudde nly u p on t h e s cen e his firs t act w as t o t ake p oss e ssi on

of Pt ol em ais in this h e h ad n o di fficulty f or h e w as wel ,

c orn ed as king by t h e inh abi t a nt s As s oon as D em etrius

.

h eard of t his h e g ath ere d his f orc e s t og e th e r ; bu t bef ore

 We h ave i nt e d t h ee t his day t o be hi gh p ri e st of
a
pp o -

thy n a ti on .Thi s was t h e first b egi n ni n g of t h e est ab

li sh m en t of t h e H a sm on aea n
1
high p ri e sth ood th ough it w as -

n ot fully cons oli d a t e d until s om e y ea r s l a t e r (B C It . .

w a s in v ai n th a t D e m e t rius wr ot e a s eco nd l et t e r t o J on ath a n

fu ll of t h e m ost xt ra vag ant p r omise s
e
3
(x 2 6 f or
J on a th a n an d t h e p e op l e g a ve n o c re d en ce t o h i s w or ds
an a lli a n c e w a s on t h e oth e r h a nd m a d e with Al e x a nd e r
, ,
.

A b a ttl e w a s th e n f ought b e twee n A l ex a nd e r a n d D e m e t r ius

but t h e ac c ount of this as give n in x 4 8 ff is i ncom p re h en
, . .
,

S ibl e w e h a ve t o t urn t o J os ep hus (A n ti a X I I I ii 4 )t o und e r

'

. .
, , ,

st and wh a t reall y h ap p e n ed And wh e n it w a s c om e t o a

b a ttle t h e l eft wing of D em e t r ius p ut th ose wh o op p ose d
,

the m t o flight an d p u r su e d th e m a gr ea t w ay an d sl ew
, ,

m any of th em an d sp oil e d th e ir c am p But t h e ri ght wing

, .
,

wh e re D em et rius h ap p e n e d t o be w a s b e a t e n an d as f or ,

all t h e r e st th ey ran away But D em et r ius f ought c ou r

, .

a geously a n d sl e w a grea t m a ny of t h e e n e my
,
but as h e w as
in p ursuit of t h e r e st his h or se c a r ri e d him int o a d eep b og
, ,

wh e r e it w as h ar d t o get out an d th e r e i t h a p p e n ed th a t , ,

u p on his h orse s f alling d own h e c ould n ot e scap e b eing

’

k ill e d f or wh e n his e n e mi e s saw wh a t h a d b e f all e n him th e y ,

1
Th e na m e
H m n n dy ty m fr m t h t f t h
of th e as o aea n as co es o a o e

an t r f th h u
ce s o o A m (J
e p hu A ti q
o X I I vi
se , s on aeus ose s, n . 1

X I V xvi 4 X VI vii i d t h v b n t h gr n df t h r
.
, ,

. wh i o s sa o a e ee e a a e

f M tt t hi
.
, ,

o a a as .

1
It i i M b xiv 4 t h t w
s n 1 a c ca t l d f t h r tifi t i n by
ees 1 a e a re o o e a ca o

pl f t h hi gh p ri t ly d p ri n ly d ign i ty i t h h u
.

th pe eo e o e -
f es an ce n e o se o

A m w
s on usA d th J w d t h p ri t w r w ll p l
n e d th t e s an e es s e e e e ase a

S im n h ul d b t h ir l d r
o s o d high p ri t f
e vr
e ea e an -
es or e e
3S bv p 49
ee a o e, . 1 .
42 4 THE BOO K S O F THE A POCRYPHA

r e turn e d b ac k an d en com p a ss e d D em e t rius r ound an d

, ,

th e y all threw th ei r d art s at him but h e be ing n ow on f oot , ,

f ought b r avely but a t l e ngth h e r ece ive d so m any wounds

th a t h e w as n ot a bl e t o b e ar up an y l ong e r an d fell Th e , .

b attl e se e ms thus t o h a ve be e n ind ecisive until D em etrius

, ,

fell wh en e vid ent ly his f oll owe rs l ost h ea rt Al ex a nd er s

’

next st ep was t o m ake a t re aty with Pt olemy VI Ph ilomet or

,

, ,

king of E gy p t wh os e d aught e r Cl eop at ra h e m arr i ed t h e

, , , ,

m a rri ag e b e ing ce l e bra t e d with g re at p om p a t Pt ol em ais ; t h e

E gyp t i an king hims elf w as p r e se nt Al ex a nder furt h er
.
, ,

invit e d J on ath a n t o Pt ol em ais wh ere h e was rece ive d wi th

,

much h on ou r t h e fri e ndshi p an d alli an ce b et wee n t h e t w o

,

b e ing t hus c ons olid at e d .

F or a f ew y e ar s Al e x an d er w as l e ft i n p e ac e ful p os s essi on
o f t h e Syri a n th r o n e but in B C ,
1 47 t h e son of D em e t r ius
. .
,

D em et rius N i c at or c am e fr om Cre t e wh e re h e h ad b ee n
,

livi ng in e xil e S in c e t h e w ar b e tw een his f at h e r an d Al e x a nd er

b ega n an d s ought a s t h e righ t ful h eir t o r eg ain his ki n gd om
, , ,
.

He ap p oin t e d A p oll on ius his c omm a nd e r i n c hi ef An - -

.

a rmy h avi ng b e e n r a is e d A p oll on ius e nc a m p e d in J a mni a

,

( J a bn e h,) a n d t ri e d co n c lusi ons firs t wit h J on a th a n Al e x a n ,

J on ath an w as ably s econ de d by hi s broth e r

’

de r s ally .

Sim on an d b e twee n th e m th ey i n fli c t e d a se ve re d efeat on

,

A p oll onius Al e x an der on h e aring this

.
,
h on oure d J on a ,

th an yet m or e an d h e s en t unt o him a bu ckle of g old as ,

t h e use is t o give t o su c h as are of t h e kindre d of t h e kings

m or eove r h e g a ve him Ekr on an d all t h e b orders th ereof
,

f or a p osse ssi on ( x .

This fri endshi p b e twee n Al e x ande r an d J on ath an w as

s oon d estin e d t o p l ac e t h e l att e r in a ve r y awkward p ositi on ,

th ough h e m an ag e d t o e xt ri c at e hims elf owing m ainly t o

his h avi n g so firmly e st ablish e d his p ower This c am e .

ab out in t h e f oll owing w ay A t r e a ty w as m a d e b et wee n

.

P t ol emy VI an d em et rius N ic at or i n S p it e of t h e f orm er s

D ’

a lli a n ce with Al e x a nd e r Anti och w as b esi e ge d by Pt ol emy

.
,
4 3 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
fr onti e r Th e J e wish l ead er s were n ot S l ow t o ap p r eci at e
.

this p oliti c st ep on t h e p a rt of Anti oc hus th ey i m m e di a t e ly

unde rt ook a vi c t o ri ous c am p aign a g ainst th eir ow n e n emi e s
as w ell a s a g a inst th os e of t h e king J on a th a n hims elf .

we nt t o G al i l ee whith er D em e t rius h ad fled with t h e p ur

, ,

os e of p unishing him D e m e trius s eems t o h a v e su ccee d e d

p
in g at h e r ing an a r my ag ain an d a p it ch e d b a ttl e t ook p l ace
, .

A t first i t l ooke d as th ough J on at h an wer e g oing t o get t h e

w ors t of it but ultim at ely h e t rium p h e d an d D em etr ius ag ai n ,

fle d an d f or t h e p r es e n t g a ve up t h e st r uggl e i n Syri a in
, , ,

or d e r t o t r y his f or tun e a g a i n s t t h e P a rt hi a n s bu t h e w as
t a ken p ris on er by t h e P arthi a ns an d rem ai ned in cap t ivity for
,

t e n y ea rs a f t e r whi c h a s w e sh all see h e ag ai n a p p e a re d i n

, , ,

Syri a .

I n t h e m ea n t im e Tryp h on hims elf asp ire d t o t h e Syri an

thron e ; h e c aus ed A n ti ochus VI t o be kill e d an d usurpe d ,

t h e kingd om But f ear ing J on at h a n Tryp h on cap t ure d

.
,

him by tre ac h ery an d im p ris one d him .

( e ) Th e L ea dershif
p ( xiiioI xvi 2 Si
4) m on .
-
.

Sim on s fi r st ac t w as t o t ry t o aven g e his br ot h e r ; h e

’

di d ind ee d s e ve r e ly d e fe a t Tryp h on an d drive him out of

, ,

t h e c ountry but n ot until Try p h on h ad mu r d ere d J on a th an

,

with his ow n h and It w as Sim on s c o n vic ti on th a t his

’
.

wise st c ours e w ould n ow be t o bri n g ab out t h e te inst at e -

m e n t of D em e trius I I ; h e acc ordingly s e nt m esse n g e rs t o

D e m e t rius with this intim ati on an d of c ou r s e rece ive d a , , ,

very f av our abl e r ep ly (xiii 3 6 Th e n e x t t hin g t h a t

.

w e h e ar of D e m e tr ius is th a t h e we n t in t o M e di a t o g e t
h el p t o fight ag ainst Tryp h on wh o h ad by n o m ean s give n up
,

his h op e s of r eg ai ning t h e t hr on e D em etr ius w as c ap ture d .

,

h oweve r by t h e king of P e rsi a an d M e di a an d ag ai n shu t

, ,

1
up i n p ris on .

1
N o f ur t h e r m e nti o n 15 m a d e o f him i n 1 Mac c a be e s ; h e w a s
mur de red t hree or fo ur years l at er by t h e u surp er Al e xan der Zabi n as ,

w h o g a v e hi m sel f o ut t o be t h e son o f A l e x an de r Ba l as .
 THE FI RST BO OK O F MACCABEES 43 7

Wit h D e m et ri us I I i n p ri so n an d Tryp h on d r ive n out of ,

t h e country a n e w as p ir ant t o t h e t hr on e n ow ap p e a rs i n t h e
,

e rs on of A nt i oc hus VI I ( Sidet es) t h e br oth e r of D e m e trius

p , .

Th e n ew ki n g as h ad n ow be com e c ust om ary firs t

, ,

a ddr e sse s himse lf t o t h e J e wish l e ad e r ; h aving g ain e d his

g ood w ill by m a king m an y p romi ses Anti oc hus e nt e rs int o
-
,

t h e kingd om H ere h e finds Tryp h on wh om h e be si eg e s

.
,

in Dor ; Tryp h on m an age d t o e sc ape by shi p an d is n o ,

m ore m en t i on ed i n our b ook 1

Sh ortly a ft e r this An ti ochus .
,

be li e vi n g p re sum ably t h at hi s p ositi on w as suffic i en tly

, ,

st r on g an d d esiri n g t o S h ow t h a t h e c ould s t and al one

, ,

re p udi at e d his t re at y with Sim on an d w ould n ot r ece ive ,

him ,
but se t at n ought e ve ryt hi ng th a t h e h ad p re vi ously
c ov e n ant e d wi th him ; a n d h e w as e str a ng e d fr om hi m

(xv . Th e n h e p roc ee de d t o s e nd a f orce und e r Ce n de

b asus t o a t t ac k Jud aea a n d t o worr y t h e J e wish p eop l e in ,

va ri ous ways Sim on feeling t h e weight of age u p o n him

.
, ,

a pp oint e d hi s t w o e ld e st s ons Jud a s a n d J oh n t o und e rt a ke , ,

t h e fu r th e r p r os ec uti on of t h e w a r Th ey a tt ac k Ce n debw us .

an d d e f e a t him ; Jud a s w as w ound ed but J ohn r e tu r n ed ,

t o Jud aea i n p e ac e (xv 9 .

,

Our b ook n ow give s an acc ount of a n oth e r a c t of treac h e r y

whi c h th r eat e n e d t o a n n ihil at e t h e direc t lin e of t h e f amily
t h e son of Ab ub us Sim on s
’
of t h e M a cc ab ee s Pt ole my .
, ,

son i n law
- -
w h o h a d b ee n ap p oint e d
, c a p t ain ove r t h e

p l ai n o f J e ri c h o d e si r e d t o s ec u r e f or hims e lf t h e su p r e m e
,

o w e r f or whi c h p u r p os e it w a s n e c e ss a ry th a t Sim o n a n d
p ,

hi s s ons sh ould b e g ot out of t h e w ay Th e wr it e r of our .

b ook rec oun t s i n p re gn ant p h r ase s wh at h ap p e n e d N ow

Sim on w as visiting t h e c i t i e s th a t we re i n t h e c ount r y a n d ,

t aking car e for t h e g ood orderi ng of th e m And h e we n t d own .

t o J e ri c h o h e hims e lf an d M a tt a thi as an d Jud a s hi s s on s

, , ,

1
hu (A ti q XIII i i ) y t h t h
J ose p s n v 2 sa s a e fle d fr o m Dr o a to
Ap m wh r h w t k n d urin g t h i g h
. .
, ,

a ze a , e e e as a e e s e e, and
p ut t o d ea t ,

wh n h h d r ig d t h y r
e e a e ne ree ea s .
”
4 3 8 THE BOOK S OF THE APO CRYPHA
in the hund re d a n d se ve nty s e ve nth yea r
on e -

in t h e e l e ve nth m onth t h e s a m e is t h e m onth S e b a t

, F eb
rua ry] And t h e son of Abub us r eceive d th e m dec eitfully
.

int o t h e littl e st r ongh old th a t is c all e d D ok whi c h h e h ad

,

built an d h e m ade th e m a gr e a t b anqu e t an d h e hid m

,
en

th ere And wh e n Sim on an d his s ons h a d d r unk f r ee ly

.
,

Pt ol emy an d th e y th a t we r e with him r os e up an d t ook th eir

,

a rms an d c a m e u p o n Sim on int o t h e b a nqu e ting h a ll

, , an d

sl e w him an d his t w o s on s an d c e r t ain of his s erv a nts An d

, .

h e c o mmitt e d thus a g r e a t ac t of t r eac h e r y a n d r ec om p e ns e d

,

e vil f or g ood (xvi 1 4 . J ohn w as n ot wi th his f ath e r

a t t h e tim e but Pt ol e my d e s p a t c h e d his c r ea tu r e s t o G a z a r a
, ,

wh e re J ohn w as st a ying t o mu r d e r him F ort un a t ely

, .
,

h owe ve r J ohn w as w arn e d in tim e an d h e l aid h ands on

, ,

the m en th a t c a m e t o d e str oy him a n d S l e w th e m

,

(xv i .

Our b ook c l os e s wi t h a r ef e re n c e t o t h e ac t s of J ohn whi c h

are wri tt e n i n t h e c hr o ni c l e s of hi s high p ri e sth ood
-

(xvi .
 THE BOO K S THE APOCRYPHA
S eptua g i nt l
Vu ga te E g li h
n s E n
g li sh

Bi bl e A poeryph a
1 E sd r as E r
z a

2 E sd r as , 2 Es dr as N h mi h
e e a 2 E sd r i as

r B ii
.

or E sd as . .
1

1 r E sdE dr as, o r s as

A t g t h r wi t h
o e e 2

Ch n i l xxxv
,

ro

xxx i d m t f v
c es

an os
.

o
,

3 E sd r as Ez ra I E sd r as

N h mi h vii i (t h
.

e e a e

Gr k E r
.

ee z a

N t x t nt o e a 4 E sd r as

No eq uiv l a e nt 5 Es dr as

I t will conduce t o c l ea r n ess if we s p ea k of our p r e s e nt

b oo k as t h e Gree k Ezra an d ign or e th e s e confusing titl e s .

By t h e H ebre w Ezra is m ea nt of c ours e t h e c an oni cal , ,

b ook of Ezr a .

I I C ON TE N T S
. OF T HE B OO K
As will b e s een by r ef e rring t o t h e t abl e give n ab ove t h e ,

c on t e nt s of our b ook c orr esp ond subs t ant i ally with p art s
of t h e c an oni c a l S c ri p t ur G r ee k Ez r a d oe s
”
es ; but t h e
3

n ot ru n wh ol ly p ar all el with t h e H eb r ew Ezr a so th at

”
,

in e n um er a ti n g t h e c on t e nts of t h e f orm er it will be n eces

sary t o r e c ord a g ainst e a ch s ec t i on t o wh a t p a ss ag e i n t h e

c an on i c al S c r i p ture s it c or r e s p onds wh eth er t o s om e p ass ag e ,

i n t h e H ebre w Ezra or in 2 Chr oni cl e s or in N eh emi ah , ,

.

i 1— 5 8
. 2 Chr on xxxv xxxvi 1 —2 1 ) Th e b ook b egins
. .
, .

v ery abru p tly with a l ong ac c ount of J osi ah s c el eb r a ti on

’

of t h e P a ss o v e r in J e r us al em ( v e r s e s 1 Th en f oll ows
t h e st ory o f J o si ah s d ea th a t t h e b a ttl e of M e gidd o wh e r e
’

h e w as d e f eat e d by t h e king of Egyp t refe r e n ce is m ad e t o

1
Th f rm d rigi n lly
e se o b k i n t h S p t u gint
e o a on e oo as e e a t he ir
d ivi i n i nt t w b k i p r b bly d t C hri t i n i n fl u n
,

s o o o oo s s o a ue o s a e ce .

1
I t h S p t u gi nt t h r i
n e e q uiv lant t t h t w h e e s no e a e o e se o c ap t e rs
see t hi b l w p p 5 f
on s e o . 10

x p ti n t t hi bl w
, .

1
F thor e e ce o s o s, see e o .
t h e p e op l e and rebuilding of t h e Tem p l e in J e rus al e m
t he
t h e s ac r e d v e ss els of t h e Te m p l e are give n b ac k .

ii 1 6 —3 0 (
.
Ezra iv 7 2 4 ) Th e S am a rit a ns address a
2 .
—

l e tt er t o A r t ax e rx e s ac c usi n g t h e J e ws of t h e int en ti on t o reb e l

in r ebuilding t h e w alls of t h e c ity an d war ni ng him of wh at ,

t h e r e sult will b e if t h e bui lding is p e r sist e d in ( v e r s e s 1 6

Th e p u r p os e of t h e l e tt e r i s su cc e ssful an d t h e building ,

c ease s until t h e second yea r of D ariu s ( ve r s e s 2 5

iii I V 3 (n o c o rre s p onding p ass ag e in t h e c a n on i c a l
.
—
.

S c ri p tu r es) Th e wisd om c om p e titi on am ong three y oung

men of D arius b odygu ard Z erubb abel p r oves himself
’
.

t o b e w is e st an d is re w ard e d by t h e king (iii I iv 4 6 ) t h e .

—
.

rew a r d c o nsist s i n gra nting Z e r ubb ab e l his r e qu e st th at t h e

king w oul d issu e a d ec r ee p e r mit ting t h e J ews t o r e t urn t o
th eir c ount ry an d r ebuild t h e w alls of J e rus al e m an d t h e
Tem p l e (iv 47 Z e rubb ab e l s th anksgivi n g (iv 5 8
’

. .

an d t h e r e tu r n of t h e e x il e s ( v 1 .

V 4—6 ( n o c o rr e s p onding p a ss a g e in t h e ca n o ni c a l S c r i p
.

t ures): The se verses c ont ain t h e fragm ent of a list of t h e

re turn ed e xile s .

v 7— 73
. Ezra 11 I — iv 5 2 4 an d N eh vii 6 —7 3 )
. .
,
. A .

list of th ose w h o r e turn e d f r om B abyl on und e r Z e rubb ab el ,

J oshu a a n d N eh emi ah ( ver s e s 7 46 ) t h e r ebuilding of t h e —

Te mp l e ( ve r s e s 47 6 5 ) t h e S am a r it a ns d esire t o a ssist in
—

t h e w ork but are re fus e d

, in conse qu e n ce of this th ey p l ot
ag a inst t h e J e ws an d t h e building is sus e nd e d ve rs e s 6 6
,
p (
vi I — vi i 1 5
. . Ezra v I — v i 2 2 ) Th e building of t h e
. .

Tem p l e is b egun ( vi I — 6 ) t h e l e tt er of S i si n n e s t h e g over n or

.
,

of Sy r i a a n d Ph oe ni c i a t o D a rius a sking him t o signify his

, ,
44 2 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
ap p o r val of t h e u n d e rt aki ng (vi 7— 2 2 ) t h e f av our able .
‘

rep ly of D a rius ( vi 2 3 Th e c om p l e t i o n of t h e building

.

of t h e Te m p l e a n d its d e di ca ti on ( vii
, I —g ) Cel ebr ati on . .

o f t h e F ea st of P a ss ov e r ( vii I o I s) .
—
.

vi ii I ix 3 6
.
—
.Ezra vii I X 44 ) With t h e p e rmissi on
1 : .
—
.

of Art ax e rx e s Ez r a g oe s t o J e rus al e m with

, c e rt a i n of t h e

c hildr e n of Isr ae l an d of t h e p r i e sts an d L e vit e s ( viii 1 .

C op y of t h e c ommissi on w r itt e n by Art ax erx e s t o Ez r a

( v iii 8 . A list of t h os e w h o r e t urn e d with Ezr a ( viii .

Th e r e turn t o J e rus al e m an d Ez r a s w or k in
’
25 ,

c omb a ting mix e d m a r ri ag e s ( viii 6 I ix .

—
.

ix 3 7 5 5 (
. N eh vi i 73 viii
— z Th e r ea ding of t h e
. .
—
.

L aw of M os e s by Ezr a .

I t will t hus b e s ee n th a t t h e wh ol e of our b ook wit h t h e ,

e x c e t i on of iii I V 6 ru ns a r al—
l e l with a ss a g e s fr om t h e
p p
. .
p ,

H ebre w Ezr a an d p ar t s of 2 Chr oni cl e s an d N eh emi ah .

Bu t it will b e well t o c onsid er t h e r el a ti onshi p b e t wee n our

b ook an d t h e H ebrew Ez r a an d als o t o inquire as t o t h e ,

r el at i onshi p of 2 Esdra s or Esd r a s B t o our b ook , , .

III . THE HE B RE W EZRA ,

THE GR E E K E Z RA ,
AN D

2 E sD R As

I n t h e t able give n ab ove it will b e s ee n t h at t h e H eb r ew

B ook of Ezr a is r ep r es en t e d twi ce in t h e S ep tu agint viz , .

by 2 Esdr as an d t h e Gree k Ezra an d th a t b oth t h e

”
,

Gre ek f orms c on t ai n m or e th an sim p ly a tra n sl at i on of t h e

H ebr ew Ezr a si n ce 2 Esdr as h as t h e wh ol e of wh at w as
,

once a singl e H ebrew b ook ( Ezr a N eh e mi ah ) an d our -

Greek E zra h as s om e m att e r i n additi on t o t h e tr a n sl a ti on

of Ezr a .

Our firs t p oi nt is t o see h ow t h e H ebrew Ez r a an d t h e

Greek Ezra c om p are As r e g ards t h e s e qu e n ce of .

e ve nts th e r e a re o nly t w o c as e s of an y c onsid e r abl e div e r

g e n ce n a m ely ii 1 6 —3 0
, ,
Ezra iv 7— 2 4 )is out of p l ace
. .
,

an d ix 3 7 5 5 ( . N eh V11 73 — viii 1 2 ) whi c h f oll ows viii

— 2 . . .
44 4 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

to n oth e r ? How c om e s i t th at b ot h are c ont ain ed

on e a

i n t h e S ep t u agin t ? D O th ey b ot h g o b ac k to t h e s am e
H ebre w origin al P Th es e an d ot h e r qu es t i ons whi c h sugg es t
t he mselve s in s t udying t h e b oo k are by no m eans e asy t o
a nsw er a n d v e ry v a rying Op ini ons are h eld by s c h ol a r s
,
n or

d oe s it ap p ea r t h a t an y s oluti on offe re d is c l ear from objec

ti on s of s om e kind To d eal with t h e se th eori e s w oul d be out
.

of t h e qu e sti on h e r e f or t h e dis c ussi on of t h e m fills v olum e s

1

a f ew f ac ts m
,

ay h owe ve r be e num era t e d whi ch must be

, ,

t ake n int o c onsidera ti on in seeking t o a rrive at a c on clusi on .

( 1 ) Th e re are str ong grounds f or b eli e vi n g th a t t h e Gr ee k

Ezr a is of e ar li e r d at e th an 2 Esdra s ; i n t h e S ep tu agin t
it p rece d e s t h e l a t t e r ; J osep hus use s it an d app are ntly ,

d oe s n ot kn ow of 2 Esdra s t h e wri t e r of t h e Gree k

Ezr a utiliz e s Chr oni c l e s Ez r a an d N e h emi ah in su c h
,

a w ay as t o sugg e st th a t th e s e thr e e f orm e d on e wh ol e an d ,

h ad n ot ye t b ee n divid e d up ; in 2 Esdr a s t h e H ebrew

Ez r a is c l e ar ly a sep ar a t e b ook Th e H ebrew t ex t whi ch
.

und erli e s t h e Gree k Ezr a is oft e n a p ur er an d t h e r ef ore ,

in all p r ob ability an old e r on e t h an th at rep re sent ed i n 2

,

Esdr as F or t h e se r eas on s we are j us t ifi ed i n r eg arding t h e

.

Gree k Ezra a s of earli er d at e t h an 2 Esdras .

( 2 ) Th e Gre ek Ezra an d 2 Esdra s oft e n agree i n sm all

d e t ail s ; an d wh a t is m ore st riking th e y n ot i nfre qu en tly
, ,

a gr ee in d e vi at ing fr o m t h e H e b r e w Bu t on t h e ot h er
.

h a nd th e re are m an y p a ss ag e s i n whi c h t h e Gree k Ezr a

,

f oll ows t h e H ebre w m ore c l os ely th an 2 Esdra s N ow .

,

se eing th a t on e of t h e c h arac t e risti c s of 2 Esdra s is t h at i t

f oll ows it s H ebrew o rigin al i n a sl avish m an n er on e is led ,

t o t h e con c lusi on th a t t h e H e b r e w t e x t u n d e rlying t h e

Gree k Ez r a v a ri ed con sid e r ably f r om th at whi c h is rep re
se n t e d in 2 Esdra s But h ow is on e t o ac c ount for t h e agree
m e nts b etwee n t h e Gree k Ezr a an d 2 Esdr as j ust m
.

en ,

t i on ed P We sugg e st th a t s om e thing of t his ki n d t ook p l ace

1
They are c l early an d su c c inc t ly summ a riz ed by Tha ck era y i n
H ast ings D i et of the B i ble I 7 5 8 76 3
’
.
, ,
— .
2 Esd ras r ep re s ents in t h e m ain t h e M a ss o r e ti c t e xt A .

G r ee k tr ansl ati on w as m ad e of t h e e ar li er H ebr e w t e xt ,

b ef or e th at is t o say t h e H eb r ew t e xt b e cam e fix ed This

, , .

Greek transl a ti on w as t h e imm ed i a t e p ar e nt of our Gree k

I n t h e m eantim e t h e r e vi si on of t h e H eb r e w t e xt
”
Ezra .

t ook p l ace an d a t ra nsl at o r t r a n sl a t e d this int o G r e ek

, ,

utilizing at t h e s am e tim e t h e or igin al Gre e k tr a nsl a t i on ;

this rep res en ts 2 Esdr a s S o th a t a di ffe r ent H ebrew t ext
.

li e s ultim a t ely at t h e b ase of t h e G r ee k Ez r a a n d of 2

E sd r a s n e ve r th el e ss b oth h ave t o r ec ogniz e t h e p a r e nt a g e
of a n int e r m e di a t e G r ee k t r a nsl a ti on whi c h ac count s f or t h e ,

el e m e nts of a gr ee m e nt b e tw ee n th e m whil e th ei r di ffe r e n c es

a re account e d f or b e ca us e th e y w e re tr a nsl a t e d f r om d i ffe r e nt

H ebrew t exts Th e ac c om p anying di ag r a m will illu st r a t e

.

t h e sugg e sti o n m a de :

O rigin l H br w
a e e

O rigin l Gr a eek Re vi se d He br we

G r ee k Ez r a

2 E sd r as

This sugg e sti on i s a c ombin ati on of th ose Of E w a ld a n d 1

Sir H H H oworth. .
2
Wh at h as b ee n s aid d oe s n ot ac count
.

f or a ll t h e di ffi c ulti e s ; th e r e i s f or e x am p l e t h e p i ece iii , ,

.

1 v 3 t o b e a cc ount e d f or
—
. a n d t h e hist ori ca l in a cc u r ac i e s

( see n e xt s ec ti o n ) c o nstitut e a n o th e r diffic ulty Mu c h c a n .

,

h owe ver b e ex p l a in e d by r ec ognizi ng wh a t s eems t o b e

, ,

1
H i t ry
s o f
o l v
I sr a e pp 1 26 ff .

d myf
. .
,

2
I n t h e A ca e or 18 93 .
446 THE BO OK S OF THE APOCRYPH A
an und oubt e d f ac t th a t a re d ac t or h as b ee n at w ork on our
,

b ook but h as n ot finish e d his w or k t h ere s eems t o h a ve

,

b ee n a sp ec i a l p u r p os e whi c h this r ed ac t or h ad in Vi e w (see

s ec ti on V ) an d h e w as c o n cern e d with t his m or e t h an with
his t ori c al acc urac y Th e diffic ulti es are e n h an ce d by t h e
.

f ac t th a t t h e abru p t b eginni n g an d e nding sh ow th a t t h e

b ook is in c om p l et e in its p re s e nt f orm .

IV . THE H I S TOR I C I T Y OF THE B OOK

I n disc ussing t h e qu e st i on of t h e hist ori c al c h ar ac t e r of
our b ook i t is Obvi ously n ec e ss a ry t o t a k e t h e H eb r e w
Ezra an d N eh e mi ah i nt o account an d it will h el p us t o
s om e e x t e nt i n s ee king t o fi n d our w ay ab o u t t h e h op el e ssly
intri ca t e his t or i cal m az e in whi c h we s oon b ecom e i n volved
if w e b egin by dra wing up a c h r on ol ogi c al t abl e We will .
,

h owe ve r p ref ace this with t h e f oll owing list of P e rsi a n kings
,

t h e n a m e s whi c h are p ut in squ a r e br ac k e ts d o n ot c o n c e r n

’
us but th ey are adde d f or com p l et e n ess s ak e :
,

Cyrus as king of P er si a B C
, , . .

[ C ambys e s B C 5 2 9 5 2 2 ]
, . .
—

D arius I Hyst asp es B C 5 2 2 — 4 8 6

, , . . .

[ X e rx e s B C 4.8 6 — 6
4 5 ]
.

A r t a x e r x e s I Lon g i m
,

an us B C 4 6 5 4 2 6
, , . .
—
.

N ow w e give a c hr on ol ogica l list of e ve nts with t h e refer

en ces t o t h e c a n o ni c a l Chr oni c l e s Ez r a N e h e mi a h ; f or t h e - -

c orr e s p on ding r e f e r en ce s i n t h e Greek E zra see t h e t abl e

on
p p 440 ff
.

F all of J e rus al em B C 5 8 6 (2 Chr on xxxvi 1 7 , . . . .

Edic t of Cyrus in his firs t year p er mitting t h e r e turn of

, ,

t h e J e ws t o J e rus a l em und e r Z e rubb ab e l B C 5 3 8 , . .

( Ezr a i 1 .

L aying of t h e f ound ati on s t on e of t h e Tem p l e B C 5 3 6 -

, . .

(Ezr a iii 8 .

Buildi n g of t h e Tem p l e int e rru p t e d till t h e s econd y ear

of D a rius B C 5 2 0 ( Ez r a iv 1 5 2 4 [i n Ezr a iv 6 — 2 3
, . . .
—
, .
44 8 T HE BOO KS OF THE APOCR YPHA
th t
a the ve n t s were in th e ir wr ong ord e r o th erwis e w e
e ,

S h ould n ot h a ve f o und Cy r us m e nti o n e d first as i n ii 1 ff , . .

,

a n d Art a x e r x e s l ast as in viii 1 ff , An im p ort a nt f ac t in

. .

this conn ec ti on is th at J osep hus wh o f oll ows t h e Gree k ,

Ez r a an d n ot 2 E sdra s with i t s lit er al t ra n sl ati on of t h e

H eb r ew Ez r a h as C a mbys e s i n st e a d of Art a x erx e s
,
”
,

thus g e tting t h e orde r c orrec t a n d in f oll owi n g t h e t ext ,

of t h e G r ee k Ez r a h e h as a c onsist e n t c h r on ol ogy But

, .

t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e p ass ag e i n qu e sti on (ii 1 6 3 o)S h ow th at .

~

t h e p osi ti on i n whi c h it s t a nds must b e wr ong b ec a use it

s p eaks of t h e int e rrupti on of t h e b uilding of t h e Tem p l e
b e f or e t h e f ou n d ati on is b egu n S o th a t if J os ep hus did n ot
.

himself a l t er A r t a x erx e s t o C ambys es whi ch is very ,

im p r ob abl e h e must h a ve f ound it in t h e s ource h e h a d

,

b ef or e him i n this c ase a re d ac t or or c om p il e r alt ere d t h e

n am e d esiri ng t o g et t h e n am e s of t h e P ersi a n kings i n th eir
,

right ord e r But if this is S O it sugg e s t s t h e f ac t th a t i n t h e

.

o rigin al tr a nsl a t i o n of t h e b ook t h e c hr o n ol ogy w a s i nc on

sist e n t i n whi ch c a s e t h e s am e mus t b e tr u e of t h e H ebre w

,

t ext whi ch t h e tr a nsl a t o r h ad b e f ore him N ow wh en we .

l ook at t h e H eb r ew t e xt of Ezra N eh emi ah w e find th at i t -

,

t oo c on t a ins hist o ri c a l in acc ur ac i e s of a s eri ous c h a r a c t e r

, ,

a n d th a t th er e h a s c l e arly b ee n a consid e r abl e m a n i p ul a ti on

of t h e t e xt Wh at seems t h ere f ore t o b e p re t ty c lear is

.
, ,

th at th er e we re s e ve ra l di ffer e nt H ebrew rec ords Of t h e

hist ory of t h e p e o p l e S in ce t h e R e turn an d t h at t h e k n ow ,

l e dg e oi this hist ory w as h azy but th at fin ally an aut h ori

t at i v e r e vis e d H e br ew f orm w as m a d e in whi c h t h e g e n er al
, ,

un cert ai n ty reg ar ding t h e his t or i cal e ve nts is stron gly

r efl ec t e d n ot only so bu t f or p art i c ul a r p urp os e s ( se e n ex t
,

s ec ti on ) ce r t ai n a sp e c t s of t h e hist ory were e m p h a siz e d ,

wh ile othe rs were t reat e d m or e s c a ntily ; t h e fin al re sult

b e ing th a t b ef or e an y Greek tr ansl ati on w as m ad e t h ere
were t w o a t l east H ebre w ac counts of t h e hist ory b oth
, .
,

c h a r ac t e riz ed by a p a rt i c ul a r t e nd e n c y an d b ot h ch ar ac t er ,
p o i n t r eferr e d t o ab ove in this c a se t h e E zr a st or y is m or e
l ogical di ffe ring from t h e can on i cal accou nt by m aki ng
,

Ezr a V11 —x t o be i m
. . m edi at ely f oll owe d by N eh e mi ah vii .

— viii 1 2
7 3 . .

Th ere are m any oth e r di ffe re n ce s b etwee n t h e Gree k

Ezra an d t h e c an oni c al b ooks d et ails of whi c h w ould be
,

out of p l ace h er e but t h e t wo given illust ra t e t h e m ai n

,

p oi nt r eg ardi ng t h e hist ori c ity of our b ook whic h w e wi sh

t o e m p h a siz e n am e ly th a t it s hist or i c a l va lu e is at t h e l owe s t
, , ,

e stim a t e on a l e ve l with th a t of i t s c a n oni c a l riv al ;

, e ac h

has m an y in acc ur a ci e s but eac h h as som e thing t o c ontr i

,

but e ; t o use one with out t h e oth e r i n d ealing w ith t h e

hist ory of t h e p e ri od would be a g r ea t mist ake It c an .

n o l on g er be a ssum e d C ook r ightly p oints out

,
th a t t h e ,

M assore ti c t ex t n ec ess ar ily rep r e se nts a m ore t r ustworthy

G r ee k Ezr a ) is
”
rec ord of t h e age a n d th a t E , t he z

nece ss arily ar bitr ary a n d m eth odl ess B oth sh are f un d a .

m ent al im p er fec ti ons E th erefore in an y c a s e d ese rve s

.
, ,

im p arti al conside r a ti on an d it s p r obl ems i n volve th ose o f

,

Ez ra N eh emi ah Th ese p r obl ems owing t o t h e abs e n ce

-
.
,

of d ec isive an d ind ep e nd e nt e vid e n c e c an b e h a ndl e d only ,

r o visi o n al ly ; but e n ough is c l ear t o p e rmit t h e c on

p
c lusi on th a t E r e p r e s ents a t e xt i n s om e re s p e c ts old er th a n

t h e p resent M a ss ore ti c t e xt t o whi c h h owe ve r s om e a tt em p t

Fr om a c om
, , ,

s eems t o h ave b e e n m a d e t o c onform i t .

p a ris on of b o th with J o se p hus an d oth e r s ourc e s ( n ot ably

D a ni e l )it w ould furth e r ap p e a r th a t E re p re se n ts on e of t h e
e fforts t o give a n account o f a e ri od t h e t ru e c ours e o f
p ,

whi c h w as c on fused an d f org ot t e n if n ot int e n ti onally ,

45 0 TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

o bsc ure d di ffere n t a tt em p ts w er e m a d e t o re m ove di ffi

;
c ult i e s an d in consist e n c i e s an d t h e d e s i r e t o giv e g r e a t e r
,

p r o min e n c e t o t h e
p r i e s t ly Ez r a t h a n t o t h e s ec ul a r g ov e rn or

N eh emi ah is p r ob ably re sp onsible for t h e arrangem ent of

t h e e x t a n t t e xt s 1
.

V . THE P U R POS E OF THE B O OK

I t is an Op e n qu e sti on as t o wh a t t h e S p e c i a l p urp ose w as
whi c h t h e writ er of t h e or igin a l H ebrew w or k h ad in his “

mind on e might at first n a tu r a lly su p p ose th a t i t w as t h e

s am e as t h e writ e r of an y oth e r J e wish his t or i ca l b o ok ,

n am ely t o give t h e hist or y of t h e p a r ti c ul ar p e ri od d ealt

with But a ssuming as w e m
. ay j ustly d o th a t our Gr ee k
, ,

t r ansl a ti on giv e s u p on t h e wh ol e an e quival e nt of t h e

, ,

H eb r ew th a t lay b e f or e it it is n ot di ffi cult t o discern a S p ec i a l

,

t e nd e n c y at w or k in it I n t h e fi r st p l ac e p olit i ca l his t ory

.
,

is quit e r el eg a t e d t o t h e b ac kg r ound ; but g r ea t str ess is

l aid u p o n e v er ything th a t h as t o d o with w orshi p an d r itu al ,

t h e r e ins t a t em e nt of t h e s ac rifi c i a l syst e m an d of t h e p ri e st s

an d th e ir duti e s t h e due su
pp ,
o r t o f t h e p r i e s t s t h e r e tur n ,

of t h e h oly ve ss els of t h e sa n c tu ary t h e c el ebr a ti on of t h e ,

fe stivals an d t h e p u ri fi cat i on of t h e c ong reg ati on I n a ddi

, .

ti on t o t his i t is t h e r ebuilding of t h e Tem p le whi c h is

,

e m h a siz e d
p whi l e t h e rebui lding of t h e city walls t ake s
,

qui t e a S ec o nd a r y p l ace It is p r e t ty e vid e nt t h e r ef ore

.
.
, ,

th a t t h e obj ec t whic h t h e wr it e r h ad in Vi e w w as n ot so
mu c h th a t of giving t h e hist ory of his p e op l e during t h e
p o s t-
e xil i c p e r i o d but r a th e r t o se
,
t f ort h t h e
p a r a m o unt
im p ort an ce of t h e w or shi p of t h e Te m p l e I n t h e sec ond .

l ac e an d c l o s e ly c o nn e c t e d with this is t h e fu r th e r p urp os e

p , ,

of p r e s e nt ing Ezr a as t h e on e r e a lly im p ort a n t p e rs on w h o

figure s in J ewish p ost exili c hist o ry an d with his n am e w as

-

, ,

of c ours e indiss olubly c onn e c t e d t h e L aw of whi ch h e

, ,

w as t h e gr eat ch am p i on Th e t itl e of t h e b ook in f ac t

.
, ,

1 Op . ci t .
, p . 2 .
45 2 TH E BO OKS O F THE APOCRYPHA

o v e r a ll m en i t affec t s all a like in t h a t it e n f orce s t h e m t o

f org e t (iii 1 7 19 . Th e s e c ond by p oin t i n g t o t h e un
,

limit e d po we r of t h e kin g ove r his subj ec t s wh o ob ey his

e v e r y c omm a nd m a int ains th at t h e ki ng is t h e str ong e s t
,

(iv 1
. Th e thi r d w h o it is a dd e d in p ar e nth e sis is
, , ,

Z e rubb ab el S p eaks at great e r l ength ; h e d eals fi r st wi t h

,

w om e n an d S h o ws th a t th ough t h e ki n g is gr e at an d win e
, ,

is s tr ong yet W om e n h a ve b or n e t h e ki n g an d all t h e

,

p peo l e th a t b ea r rul e by se a an d l a nd Ev e n of th
. e m c ame

t h e y ; an d t h e y n ou r ish e d up th e m th at p l a nt e d t h e vi n e
ya rds fr om wh e n c e t h e win e c om e t h
’

,
M a n s su cc umbing
.

t o t h e f a s c in a ti o n of w om a n an d t h e r e f or e h er su p e r i or
,

p ow e r is t h e th e m e of t h e v e r s e s t h a t f oll ow ( iv 1 3
, .

Th e s econd p ar t of his or a t i on is c o n ce rn e d with t ru t h an d ,

i t c ont a ins s om e r eally fin e s e n t e n ce s : O sirs are n ot ,

w om e n s t r ong (Y et )grea t is t h e e art h high is t h e h ea ve n , ,

swif t is t h e su n in its c ou r s e for i t com p ass e th t h e h e a v e n s

,

r ound ab out an d fe t c h e th its c ours e a g a in t o i t s own p l ace

,

i n on e d ay is He n ot gr eat th a t m ak e t h th ese t hi ngs ?

Th eref ore grea t is t ruth an d str ong er t h an all thi n gs
, .

Tru t h abid et h an d is s t r ong for e ve r S h e live th a n d c on

,

u eret h f or e v erm or e Bl e ss e d b e t h e God of Truth

q . .

And t h e n all t h e p eop l e sh ou t e d an d s aid Gr ea t is tr uth ,

an d s t r ong a b ove all t hings i n t h e L atin Ve rsi on : M ag n a

e st veri ta s et p raeva l et ( iv
,
N eedl ess t o say t h e l a st
.
,

’
s p ea ke r is t h e winn e r an d h e r eceive s t h e king s r eward
,
.

Bu t t h e c uri ous p art is t h at h ere w e sudd enly g et tr an sp ort e d

i nt o an e ntirely di ffe re nt r egi on of t h ought for on t h e ki n g ,

d esiring him t o m ake s om e fur t h e r r e qu es t over an d ab ove

wh a t h a d b ee n o rigin a lly s ett l ed h e r ep li e s : ,
R em emb e r
thy v ow whi c h t h ou dids t v ow t o bui ld J e rus al em in t h e
, ,

d ay wh e n th ou c a m e s t t o thy kingd om an d t o s e nd aw a y ,

a ll t h e v e ss els th a t w e r e t ak e n ou t
Th ou didst a ls o v ow t o build up t h e t em p l e ( iv 4 2 .

Th en t h e ki n g gives ord ers t h at all t his is t o be c arri e d

sa y th a t t his st ory d oe s n ot be l ong t o t h e cont e xt i n whi c h
it n ow st ands or indee d t o t h e hist ori c al r ecord at a ll of
,

whi ch our b ook is a com p il ati on for i t s p r e s en ce c reat e s ,

gr ea t ch r on ol ogi ca l c onfusi on Th e w ords i n iv 1 3 s p ok en

. .

in re f e r e n c e t o t h e thi r d y oung m
,

an t hi s w as Ze rubb ab e l , ,

do n ot b el ong th e r e th ey were a dd e d l at e r t o t h e st ory ,

but th e y are im p ort a nt b e caus e th e y p oin t t o t h e re a s o n

why this st ory w as int e r p ol at e d i nt o t h e hist ori c al c om p il a
ti on AS we h a ve s ee n t h e wh ol e p urp ose of our b ook i n
.
, ,

t h e f o rm in whi c h w e n ow h a ve it w a s t o lay str e ss on r itu al,

an d w orshi p , an d t o p l ace t h e p e rs on a n d w ork O f Ezr a in

t h e f or egr ound ; this r e fl ec t s t h e o r th od ox an d l e g a listi c

Ph a ris ai c a ttitud e An a tt em p t t o count e r b al an ce t hi s
.

w as m ad e by a H e ll eni sti c J ew w h o i n se rt e d t h e st ory of t h e

th r ee y oung m en (wh e th e r his own c om p ositi on or t a k e n f r om ,

s ome c oll ec ti on of st ori e s d oe s n ot a ffec t t h e p oint ) an d ,

a dd e d t h e w or d s this is Zerubb abe l f or t h e p u r p os e of

b ringing i n t o p r omi n e n ce this p e r s on a lity and th e re by ,

m a kin g Ez r a an d a ll whi c h his n am e c o n n ot e d n ot t h e s ole

im p ort a nt issu e in J ewry Z erubb ab el it w ill be rem e mb e r e d
.
, ,

w as t h e g r eat inst rum en t of t h e p r op h e t s H a gg a i an d Zec h a

ri ah (see Hag i ii Z ech iv ) h e rep res e nt ed th eref ore t he
. .
,
.
, . .
, ,

r o h e ti c al id ea ls e x r e ss e d f or e x am p l e i n such w ords a s
p p p , ,

N ot by might n or by p owe r bu t by my S p i ri t sa ith t h e

, , ,

L ord of H osts (Z ec h iv a s a g ains t t h e l eg a lism of Ezr a

. .

an d t h e s c h ool th a t f oll ow e d him a b ov e all his dis c i p l e s t h e

, ,

Ph a risee s in t h e p ost M accab ae an p e ri od

,
-
.

It n ee d s carcely be a dde d th at thi s st ory di d n ot b el ong

t o t h e H ebrew even in i t s l at e s t f orm ; i t was i n all p ro
45 4 TH E BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
b ab ili t y wri tt e n in G r ee k by a H e ll enisti c J ew ; yet th e
of a n Ar a m a i c o rigin a l is n ot e x c lud e d t
.

p o ssibility If i .

c ould b e p r ov e d th a t H e br e w or A r a m a i c w as t h e ori g in a l

l an gu ag e of t hi s a ddi t i on an d th at P a l e stin e w as i t s h om e
, ,

t h e in t e r e sti n g t h eo ry migh t t h e n b e p ut f ort h th a t it t o ,

g e th e r wit h t h e inser t e d w or ds t his is Z e r ubb ab el w as ,

a dd e d by a S a ddu cee in Op p o siti on t o Ph a ris ai sm ; Z e ruh

b ab el s c l os e conn e c ti on wi t h t h e high p ri e s t (see Hag i 1 2
’
-
. .
,

1 4 ii 2 4 a n d a ll Z ec h iv )w ould fully e x p l a i n t h e r eas on

, .
, ,
. .

of t h e ins e rt e d w ords Bu t whi ch e ve r vi ew be c orr ect t h e

.

m ain p u r p ose of t h e a dditi o n wo uld b e t h e s am e viz an , .

a tt e m p t t o c oun t e r ac t t h e influ e n c e of Ph a ris ai sm .

VI I . THE D A TE O F THE B OO K
Ve r y few w ords are n eed e d in S p ea king of t h e d at e of our
b ook or r a th e r of i t s c om p il ati on To fix t h e d at e of t h e
, , .

origin al d oc um e nts m ad e use of by t h e c om p il e r of t h e

H eb r ew f or m is n ot in qu es t i on h e r e If w e inqui r e as t o t h e .

d at e of t h e H e b r e w f or m whi c h lay b e f or e t h e Greek tr a n s

l a t or it must b e r ep li ed t h a t this d ep e nds u p o n wh a t th a t
f or m w as if i t cont ai ne d t h e m a r ks of wh at m ay b e c a ll e d

Ezra t ende n c y th e n it mus t p r ob ably b e p os t

”
the -

M acc ab aean in whi c h c as e our p r e s e n t G r eek t r ansl a t i on

,

migh t f ai r ly b e d at e d n ot l at e r th an t h e middl e of t h e l ast

c en tury B C . .

Bu t if e H eb r ew did ot ont ain t h s m r ks we r e fer

t h n c e e a —

e s p ec i ally t o t h e a ss a g e d e al t with i n t h e p r ece ding s ec ti on

p
— nd
a th ey are due t o t h e G ree k t r ansl at or or a r e d act or ,

whi ch w e b eli e ve m or e p r ob abl e th en t h e H eb rew e ve n i n , ,

t h e f or m in whi c h it l ay b ef or e t h e t r ansl at or w as p re ,

Macc ab ze an an d t h e G r ee k f orm t h ough p os t M accab aea n

, ,
-
,

might we ll b e d at ed ab out B C 1 0 0 I t is t o this l att er . . . .

d at e th at we in c lin e a n d it is c orr ob orEt eTh b y c onsid erat i ons

of v oc abul a ry a s h as b een w e ll sh ow n by D ewi c k 1
, .

1 Th e I n te r n a ti on a l j ourn al o f A p oeryph a A p ri ,
l 19 1 3, pp .
33 , 34 .
45 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
a n oth er wis e m an o f t h e H e bre ws wr ot e it in a p r O h et ic
p
sp irit p uttin g i t i n t h e n am e of S ol om on an d it w as re
, ,

c ei v ed
” 1
. Alth ough s om e of t h e e ar ly L a tin F a th er s
b eli e ve d t h a t t h e b ook w as t h e w or k of S ol om on t h ey f o rm e d ,

t h e e x c ep ti ons i t is obvi ous th at it c a nn o t h ave b ee n

writt e n by him as w e S h all see as we p r oc ee d Bu t i t may
,
.

well b e a sk e d W h y i t sh ould h a ve b een as c r ib ed t o S ol om o n

t h e usu al an d obvi ous a nswe r th at t o t h e J e ws S ol om on w as
t h e wisd om wri t e r p ar excellen ce an d th a t th er e f or e an y
-

on e d e si r ing t o c omm e nd a b ook on wisd om

,

w o uld n atur ally

c h oos e t hi s n am e a s a p s eud onym in p r e fe r e n c e t o a n y oth e r ,

is d oub t l ess c orrec t in a g e n er a l w ay ; but P lum p t r e h a s

sugg e s t e d a str ong er re a s on ; b e li e ving th at t h e b ook w as

writ t e n in a nt ag onism t o E c cl esi ast e s h e s ays :
2
Le t us ,

r em emb er i n wh a t ligh t i t [i e E cc l e si as t e s] must h a ve . .

p r e s e n t e d i t s e lf t o him [i e t h e writ e r of Wisd om ]

. . I t h a d .

n ot t h e c l aim whi c h c om es fr om t h e r e ve r e n ce due t o

t h e a u t h ority of a re m o t e a ntiquity or a n unqu e sti on e d
a ccep t an ce .He mus t h a v e kn own t h a t it h ad n ot b ee n
rece ive d as c an oni c a l w ith out s e r i ous op p ositi on t h a t t h e ,

st r i c t est s c h o ol of t h e Ph aris ees h ad b ee n ag ainst it s rec ep ti on ,

th at i t h ad s eem e d t o th e m t aint e d wit h t h e h ere sy of E p i cu

rae an i sman d S a dduc ee ism If it w as in t e r p re t e d th e n as it
.

h as Oft e n b ee n in t e r p r e t e d sin c e it m ay h a v e s ee m e d t o him ,

t o s a n c ti on a l awl e ss s e nsu alit y t o f all in w ith t h e th ough t s ,

of t h os e w h o s a id let us e at an d d r i n k f or t o m orr ow we
, ,
-

di e an d t o th r ow d oubt if n ot d eni a l on t h e s oul s imm ort a l

’ ’

, , ,

ity Was this h e s eems t o h a ve a sk ed himse lf t h e t ru e

.
,

Was it n ot his du t y t o bring b ef or e men

,

id ea l of wisd om
an oth e r S ol om on th a n th a t wh os e e x p e ri e n c e s e em e d t o en d

in m at e ri alism an d p e ssimism in t h e s cep ti c ism of a n e ndl e ss

,

d oub t And so h e t oo a d op t s with out an y h e si

, ,
n t he
1
Q u o t e d by Goo d ri ck 0 p ci tp 34
H e i s fo ll o w e d by W righ t B rt t h e ir w rk
. . . .
, ,

2
McN e ile a n d a n
o in o s

E c c l e si a st e s
, , ,

on .
 Wisd om 11 . 1 with Ec c l e si as t e s n . 23 , v . 1 .

11 . 2 iii 1 9 c p ix 11 .
, . . .

ii 3 . xii 7 .

ii 4 . i 1 1 11 1 6 ix 5 .
, .
, .
,

ii 5 . vi 1 2 viii 8 .
,
. .

ii 6 . ii 2 4 . .

ii 7 . ix 7 . .

ii 8 . ix 8 . .

ii 9 . iii 2 2 v ix 8 .
, . . .

I n Wisd om 11 1 ff F or th e y s a id within th ems elve s

. .
,

r e as oning n ot a r ight t h e w rit e r is d e s c ribing t h e

t en e t s of t h e ung odly a n d wh at h e s a ys ag r ee s n ot only in

subst an ce but oft e n e v e n ve r b ally with t h e c o r re s p on ding
, ,

p a ss a g e s in E cc l e si a st e s .

B ea r i ng Plum p t re s w or ds in mind th e r e f or e a n d r e m e m
’

, ,

b e r i n g wh a t h as b ee n s aid ab ove r e g a r ding t h e e stim at e

3

of t h e fun c ti on an d im p ort a n ce of a uth or shi p a m o ng E a st e rn s

of e a r li e r tim e s w e S h ould n ot b e j u stifi e d in se e ing an y

,

f r audul e nt int e nti on on t h e p a r t of our a uth or in p utting

t h e n am e of S ol om o n t o t h e titl e of his b ook .

AS t o t h e p e r s on ali ty of t e auth or but v e r y few da ta

h “

are t o be g a th e r e d f r om t h e b ook h e must in all p r ob ability

h ave b ee n a J ew (c p xii but a H elle nisti c J ew ye t
. .
,

1
E i
ccl es a stes, or, The P rea c h er pp 70 f
B rt n Th e B ook 0 / E cclesi a ste s p p wh r
. .
,

1
Cp a o .
57 f e e t h e p as
g qu o t e d i n f ull i n p a r a ll e l c o lum n s
. .
, , ,

sa es a r e .

3 S ee p p 2c o f
ri u u nt n bl t h ri r g r din g t h i d nt i t y
. .

1
F or t h e Va o s e a e eo es e a e e of

the a uth ro se e G rimm p p 6 ff F rr r p p 4 ff t h q u t i

1 a a 10 e es o n
mp it u t h r hi p i d l t w it h i t h n x t t i n
. .
, , .
,

of co os e a o s s ea n e e se c o .
45 8 THE BO OK S OE THE APO CRYPHA
l oy a l t o t h e Law 1 ( xviii w h o live d a n d w r ot e in Egy p t .

( see xii 2 3 ff xv 1 8 1 9 xvi 1 9 wh er e r e fe re n ce is m ad e t o

. .
, .
, ,
.
, ,

Eg yp t i a n a nim al w orshi p ) his J e wish fe eling is e vide n ce d

t hr ough out t h e b ook th a t h e w as d omi c il e d in Al ex andri a is
hi ghly p r ob abl e f or this w as t h e ce nt r e of J ewish H ell enisti c
,
-

c ultu r e AS G r e gg we ll p oint s out t h e a uth or

. m a ke s n o ,

e ffor t t o disguis e his sym p a thy with H e ll e ni c th ought He .

is a Euh em e ris t i n his account of t h e or igin of id ol w or shi p -

h e is a Pl a t onis t in his s e ns e of t h e b eau t y of t h e

w orld an d i n his a r gum ent th at i t s b eau t y p oin t s t o a
,

su p rem e Firs t C aus e He draws on Pl a t o f or his d oc t r in e .

of p re e xis t i n g m a tt er ( xi
-
of t h e
p r e e xist e n c e of t h e .
-

s oul (viii an d of t h e b ody a s an obst ac l e in t h e p a th

.

t o S p iri t u al k n owl e dg e (ix Th e t eac hing of t h e .

S t oics sugg e s t e d t o him t h e p en etr atingn ess of Wisd om ( vii .

an d h er qui c kn ess of und e r st a ndi n g ( vii Th e .

d oc t r in e of P r ovid e n ce (xiv 3 ) an d t h e c on cep t i on of t h e

"

f our c ardin al vi r tu e s ( viii we re a l oan p artly f r om Pl a t o .

an d p art ly f romt h e S t oi c s
'

This c ombin ati on of kn ow .

l e dge Of Egyp t an d sym p a thy wi th G r ee k studi e s p oints

p l a inly t o Al ex a nd r i a ; an d t h e inf e r e n ce is st r e ngth e n e d

by a c om p ar is on of Wisd om wit h t h e w r it i ngs of t h e Al ex an

d r i a n Phil o F or t h e affinity b e twee n th e m is so c l os e th a t
.
,

t h e a uth or h as b e e n s t yl e d a p re Phil o ni c Phil onis t Like -

.

Phil o (bu t in a m ore un c om p r omising w ay) h e is a J ew ,

l oy al t o t h e n a ti on al r eligi on ; an d n o ce nt r e offer ed t h e
s am e Op p or t uni t i e s as did A l e x a nd r i a f or a J ew w h o wish e d
t o unit e a li b e r a l e c l e ct i c ism w ith his t r a diti on al f aith
” 2
.

F or t h e influ e n c e of Gree k p hil o s op hy t o b e dis ce r n e d in t h e

'

b ook see P ar t I Ch ap t e r IV ,
.

1
So m
h l r h l d t r n gly t h t t h u t h r w a E
e sc o a s o s o a e a o as n sse n e

ea rli r mm nt t r h v rgu d i f v ur f t h u t h r b in g
e co e a o s a e a e n a o o e a o e a

C hri t i n Th t t h b k w
s a . w i tt n f J w i p r b bl p rt fr m
a e oo as r e or e s s o a e, a a o

ot h r n i d r t i n fr m t h n um r u r f r n
e co s e a t th Old o s, o e e o s e e e ce s o e

T t m nt d p t hi t y f t h J w
es a e an as s or o e e s

i t p xvii
.

Op . c .
, . .
460 TH E B OO KS OF THE AP OCRYPHA
‘

f ore , th ta t h e au t h or of
Wisd om qu ot e s from t h e B o ok of
J ob i n it sGree k o f rm m ake s it r e a s o n ably ce rt ain th a t our
b ook w as w r i t t e n duri n g t h e l a st ce ntu r y B C . .

( )
b Th e n e x t p o in t is as t o t h e hist or i c a l c onditi on s re
flec t ed i n t h e b ook Q .uit e r e c e ntly G oo dri c k h as e x amin e d

thi s qu e sti on with great car e an d it is on e whi ch n ee ds a ,

bri e f c onsid er at i on Rightly or wr ongly it is Oft e n t ak e n

.
,

f or gr a nt e d t h at t h e b ook w a s writ t e n at a tim e wh e n t h e

J ews we re su ffe rin g or h ad r ece ntly su ffer ed p e r s ecut i on
, ,

su c h p ass ag e s a s ii 1 0 — 2 0 vi 5 —9 are su p p os ed t o b e r e fe r
.
,
.

en ce s t o this Wh a t p e rs ec uti on is it th e n t o whi c h r efer

.
, ,

e n c e is m a d e ? G oodri c k b eli e ve s th at t h e al lusi on is t o a

p e rs e c uti o n und e r C a ligul a ( A D 3 7 Af t e r giving
. . t h e

hist ori cal d et ails h e sums up as f oll ows

, A s ore p ersecu
t i on h as j us t b een e ndured a p ersecu t i on n ot t o t h e dea th
ind eed bu t inv olvin g gr ave d am age an d distre ss This
, .

p e r s e cuti o n f
, ound e d in p a r t o n g r o ss c a lumny h a d a s one ,

of it s m a i n f e at ur e s t h e at t e m p t e d e nf or c e m e nt of id ol at ry ,

an d of id ol a t ry in i t s m os t ins a n e an d r e v olting f orm — t h e

w orshi p of a living m an This living man w as a p rin c e

.

ruling at a dist a nc e bu t his c omm a nds w er e e nf orce d by

,

a ost at e J e ws dw e lli n g c l os e at h a nd wh o h ad surr e nd er e d

p ,

th eir a n c i en t b eli e f with ou t sinc e r ely a d op ting an y ot her ,

an d r e r e s e nt e d n o r e ligi on e x c e t t h a t of E i c u r ea nism
p p p ,

f or whi c h t h e y s ought t o find t h e ir t e xt b ook i n t h e so c a ll e d - -

This p e r s ec ut i on h ad b ee n c arri e d
’ ’
S ol om on s Pre ac h e r .

on t hr ough t h e a g e n c y of t h e d r egs of t h e p op ul ace of

A l e x a nd r i a wh e r e i n w e r e
,

a n c i e n t Egy t a t its w orst combin e d

p ,

h atre d Of t h e J ews an d wild m ,

i sre a ti on of th eir
r eligi on an d or din an ce s Fin ally a tim e Of t em p orary
.
,

r ep os e mus t be p i c tu re d i n whic h it w as p ossibl e t o sub

,

st it ut e s e ve r e r e buk e f or furi ous c om p l a in t All th e se c on .

di t i ons t h e p e r i od fr om A D 4 1 t o 44 p r es en t s an d a n . .
,

e x a min a ti on of t h e B ook of Wisd om c onfi r ms t h e b e li e f th a t

 L e t us wi d w
n ot sp a e r the o

r v r n t h gr y h ir f t h ld m full f y r
,

N or e e e ce e e a s o e o an o ea s

Bu t l t t r n gt h b t f righ t un
.

e o ur l w
s e e o us a a o eo s ess,

F w k n i n d mn d u np r fit bl
or ea ess s co e e as o a e

Bu t l t li i w i t f t h righ t u f h i u l t
.

e us e n a or e eo s, or e s se e ss o us,

A d i npp d t
s o d in g o se o o ur o s,

A d u p br i d t h
n f in g in t t h L w
a e us or s s a a s e a

in g in t d i i p li n
,

A d d n th t
e n o un c e o us s s a a s o ur sc e

h v k n wl dg f G d
.

F h p f or th t
e r o e sse o a e o e e o o

ll t h him l f t h rv nt f t h L r d
,

A d n ca e se e se a o e o

H b m f r bu k t m hi n t i n ;
.

e e ca e or us a e e o o ur ac a o s

H i gri v u u nt
e s e v n t l k up n
o s o us e e o oo o

B u h i li f i u nli k t h r m n
,

’
e ca se s e s e o e e s,

A d hi n wy sp uli r a s a re ec a

A b mtlwr w u nt d by him
.

s a se e a e e e a c co e

t h fr m wy fr m u n l nn
,

A d h n b t i e a s a ne o o ur a s as o c ea e ss

ll t h t h l tt r d f t h right u bl d
.

H e ca e e a e en o e eo s e sse

A d v u nt t h t h t G d i h i F t h r
,

n a e a o s s a e

i f h i w rd b t ru
.

L t e us se e s o s e e

d m k tri l f wh t will h p p n t h i g i n g f rt h
.

Y ea , a n a e a o a a e a s o o

righ t u m b G d H will u p h l d him

.

F if th
’

or e eo s an e o s son , e o

A d will d liv r him t f t h h n d f t h m t h t ri p g in t

,

n e e ou o e a O e a se u a a s

19 W i t h i n ul t d t rt ur l t
s t t him
an o e e us es

Th t w m y k n w h i t l r n
.
,

a e a o s o e a ce,

A d ju d g n f hi n d ur ne of vil s e a ce o e

n d m n him t h m ful d t h
.

20 L t u e s co e o a s a e ea

h ll t h r b m d x min t i n f him fr m h i w w r d
.
,

S o S a e e e a e e a a o o o s o n o s .

G oodri k m int ins t h t w h v h r t h d s r i p ti n of

c a a a e a e e e e e c o

the p p r O i on of t h i ght u m Of t h
e ss lumni s w hi h
e r eo s an . e ca e c

h ad instig a t e d t h e p ers ec uti on th a t whi c h h ad obt ain e d ,

t h e wid e st c irc ul a ti o n w a s th a t of t h e h a t r ed of t h e
J ews for all m an k ind e xc ep t th e ir ow n n a ti on It i s p ro .

1
ri k Op i t p 5
Goo d c . c 1

W h v d pt d m f G d i k r n de ri n gs i n t hi s q u o t a
. . .
, ,

’
1
e a e a o e so e o oo r c s e

ti no b in g u p ri r t t h t f t h R vi
as e s e o o a o e e se d Ve r si on se e S w e t e s
’

t x t T h O ld T t m t i Gr k ii p 6
e , e es a en n ee , . . 0 6 f .
46 2 THE BOO KS OF THE APO CRYPHA
b ably llud e d t o i n 11 1 5 an d is c on t r over t e d in xl i 1 9
a .
, .

t h e r igh t e ous mus t b e a l ov er of m a nkind Furth e r

h e s ays th a t t h e a llusi on t o t h e dei fic at i on of living m
,

en is

p l a i n i n xiv 1 6 1 7 : .
,

Th e n i n t im e b in g nf r d t h im p i u u t m w k p t
, e e o ce , e o s c s o as e as a

l wa

A d by t h mm n d f d p t gr v n im g w r w r h i p p d
,

n e co a s o es o s a e a es e e o s e

Wh m m t b ing bl t h n ur i t h ir p r n t h ugh
,

o en , n o e a e o o o n e e se c e, ro

d w lli n ge t di t n a a s a ce,

C u nt r f i t i n g t h ir f t ur
o e e f wy e ea es ar a a

M d vi ibl im g f t h h n ur d k in g
,

a e a s e a e o e o o e

fl tt r by t h ir l t h b nt p r nt ( p l vi
,

To a e e z ea e a se as e se c . a so .

Fin all y t h e m os t s t riking r e f r en e t o ont m p or ry

,
e c c e a

m att rs s ys G oodri c k is th t in xix 5

e ,
a t t h e rights f , a . as o o

c i t iz nshi p
e

Bu t t h wi t h f t in g e se ea s s

( Fir t ) w l min g th mth t l dy h d th

s e co m right e a a re a s a re e sa e s,

V x d t h m wi t h
e e r l b ur e so e a o s .

R eg rding t h qu esti n f his t r i al c onditi ns by its lf

a e o o o c o e

G od i k s con t nti on
’
o r c t t h d t e of u b o k is w e ighty
e as o e a o r o

bu t e v n ehis rgum nt s d o ot n c ss rily c rry co

SO a e n e e a a n

v ci tio n I t is ot n ec e ss ry s Toy p oin t s out t su p p ose

. n a ,
a ,
o

t h at t h e wor k w as c omp os d in t h e mids t of e of t h e e on

vi ol ently h ostil e m ov m en ts Th uth or ve n if h liv d e . e a ,

e e e

in a r l tiv ly qui t tim w ould kn ow n ough of t h e g en r al

e a e e e, e e

f ort u n e s of his p eop l t o p ain t his p i c t ur s of su ff r ing (ii ve e e .

—
.
,

N o is his r ef r n c e t t h w or shi p of t h e s t tu s of
r e e o e a e

kings (xiv 1 6 — 2 0 ) c hr o n ol ogi cally

. f or divin e w or
shi p w as p a id t o P t ol emy I an d p o Anti oc hus I I , ,

as w e ll as t o C a ligul a a n d ot h e r R om a n e m er ors Th e
p .

a u t h or is in f ac t a s G r imm r em ar ks giving a l earn e d

, , ,

ac coun t of t h e or igin of id ol a try an d it is unn ec e ss a ry t o ,

a ssum e th a t t h e d e ifi e d
p rinc e s t o wh om h e r e f e r s w er e his
I t is als o n ec e ss a r y t o r em emb er th at
” 1
c ont em p or a ri e s .

t h e comm a nd t o w or shi p t h e st atu e of C aligul a m ea n t t h e

1
E n cy cl . B bl i .
,
iv .
5 347 .
46 4 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
ea rli er d at e for t h e l at t e r Th e L og os ide a is t h e l eadi n g
.
-

f eat ure of Phil o s sys t em a n d th ere is in Wisd om n o t r a c e

’

of t h e Phil o ni a n L og o s n or is t h e ,ivin e Wisd om e ve r e ve n D

id e n t ifi e d with t h e L og o s I n Phil o s t im e t h e L og os
’
.

d oc t rin e must h a ve b el ong e d t o c urre n t Ale x an dri an t h ought

h a d Phil o b ee n its or igin at or h e w ould h a v e a ss ert e d i t i n a
,

m or e p ol e mi c al m a nn er A cc ordi n gly t im e mus t b e all owe d

.
,

f or t h e d e ve l op m e n t of a d oc t rin e whi c h Phil o f ound r e ady

t o h a nd an d th a t l e ngth of t im e mus t h a ve s ep ar a t e d t h e
,

c om p o siti o n of Wisd om f r om t h e writings of Phil o Th e .

inf e r e n ce is (see G rimm I n tr p ,

th a t Wisd om w as .
,
.

c om p os e d a c onsid e r a bl e t im e p er h ap s a c e n t ury b ef or e , ,

Phil o wh o w as b or n ab ou t B C 2 0 b eg a n t o wri t e
, .
”
This
.
, .

is a s t r ong a rgum e n t t h ough i t d oe s n ot s ee m n ece ss a ry t o

,

d at e our b ook as mu c h as a ce n t ury b e f ore t h e t im e of Phil o .

H olm e s g r a nt s t h e validity of Gregg s a r gum ent (whi c h is

’

al s o t h a t of Grimm ) t h ough i t only m ean s

“
,as h e s ays , ,

th at t h e b ook must b e e arli e r t h a n t h e s t ud e n t li f e of Phil o -

,

whi c h may be p l ac e d fr om B C 5 — A D 5 Bu t ig n or an ce
. . . .

of t h e Al e x and r in e L og os d oc t rin e c an onl y affec t t h e d at e

of t h e fi r st p a r t of t h e b ook ; t h e s econd p ar t m ay wi t h

B ousset (R elig i on des juden thum s p 3 5 )b e d at e d a ft e r t h e , .

b egi n ning of t h e Em p ire (say B C on a ccou nt of xiv . . .

1 7 wh e r e t h e lik e n ess of a n a bsen t rul e r is m ent i on e d

, ( p
0 .

ci t .
p,
. All t hi n gs co nsid e r e d t h e m o s t p r ob a bl e d at e ,

w ould s eem t o b e t h e l at t e r h alf of t h e l a s t cent ury B C . .

,

t h e earli e r h alf of t h e b ook b el on ging t o t h e b egi nni n g t h e ,

l at er h alf t o t h e en d of t his ,

III Q U E S T I O N OF C OM P O S I TE A UTHOR S HI P
. THE

Th e qu e s t i on of t h e u ni t y or ot h erwis e of t h e b ook is , ,

a di ffi c ul t on e ; t h e argum en t s us e d i n su p p or t of e i t h e r

p osi t i on are s t r ong ; a ny o n e wh o r ea ds t h e m all w ould ,

w e sh oul d im agin e h e si t at e t o p r on ou n ce a d e fi n i t e op in i on
,

u n l ess he h ad s om e new argum ent t o p res ent on on e S id e

the se t w o p ar ts whi c h h ave sugg e s t e d c om p osi t e a u t h or shi p
t h es e are as f oll ows
( )
a T h e c on ce
p t i on o f God ; i n p art I G od s ac ti on is
’

re p re se n t e d in a w ay quit e di ffe r e nt f r om t h a t t aught i n

p a r t I I this will b e s ee n fr om t h e few f oll owing qu ot a ti on s

fr om each p a rt In v ii 2 2— viii 1 Wisd om is s p oke n of in

. . .

su c h a w ay as t o S h ow t h a t God ac t s i n di rectly t hr ough it

l vin g t w rd m
B e n e fic en t o o a an ,

ur fr fr m r ;
,

S t df t ea as s e, ee o ca e

A l l p w r ful ll urv yin g

,

-
o e a -

s e

A d p n t r t in g t h ugh ll p iri t
, ,

n e e a ro a s s

Th t a q ui k
ar e f u n d r t n di n g p urc ubt il o e s a ; e, s

W i d m i m r m bil t h n y m ti n ;
,

F or s o s o e o e a an o o

Y ea , S h p d th
e d p t t t h ll t h i n g by r
e rv a e n f h p ur
an e n e ra e a s e a so o er e

n e ss

br t h f t h p w r f G d
.

F h i
or s e s a ea o e o e o o

F h i or ff ulg n
s fr m v rl t i n g ligh t
e s an e e ce o e e as

u n p tt d mirr r f t h w rk in g f G d
,

A d n an s o e o o e o o o

im g f H i g dn
,

A d n an a e o s oo ess

t h ugh bu t h t h p w r t d ll t hing
.

A d h n s e, o on e , a o e o o a s

Bu t h r h t h fr m s d f t h w rl d t
e ea c th t h r wi t h
e o on e en o e o o e o e

full tr n gt h s e

A d r d r t h ll t h in g w ll ( p l x
,

n o e e a s e c . a so . 1

And g i n i n viii 6 i t is s id
a a . a

Wh m r th n W i d m i
o o e tifi f th
a t hin g t h t s ? o s an ar cer o e s a a re

I t is cl e r n ough from t h se p ass g s th at t h e Divi n act i on

a e e a e e

1
M Gr gg (Op i t p xxvii ) y
r e A tt k u p n t h u n i t y
c sa s ac s o e

f t h b k h v f il d ri u ff r t t d i p u t i t h r nt ly
. . . . .
,

o e oo d a e a e an n o se o se o o s e as ece

b n m d Thi i r lly t q ui t i rd n wi t h t h f t
,

ee a e s s ea no e n a cc o a ce e ac s

Mr Gr gg h v rl k d m t unimp rt nt ntribu t i n t
.

. e as o e oo e so e no o a co o s o

th e l i t r t ur e a th ubj t ; d urin g t h y r 9 3 9 6 q ui t
e on e s ec e ea s 1 0 —1 0 e

se ri u ff rt h v b n m d t h w t h t t h b k i f m p i t
o s e o s a e ee a e o S o a e oo s o co os e

a u t h r hi p by t l t fi fi t r t h l r
o s a ea s ve rs -
a e sc o a s .
 6 6 THE BOO KS O F THE APOC RYPHA “

4
-

isp r r
e s e n t e d a s b e ing ac c om p lish e d t h r ough ; t h e a
e g e n c y
I n c o n t ra st t o this G od s ac ti on is r ep re se nt e d
’
of Wisd om .

a s di rect in p a r t I I f or e x a m p l e in xv 1 w e r e a d : , .

Bu t Th u G d t gr i u d t ru
o o ur o ar ac o s an e,

L n g u ff ri n g m r y rd rin g ll t hin g
, ,

d i o s e , an n e c o e a s .

Th s m t rut h is t ugh t i n xiii 1

e a e a .

F b y n t ur
or l l m w r f li h a d h d e ap r p ti n f G d en e e oo s an a no e ce o o o

A d fr m t h g d t hi n g t b n h d t p w r t k n w Him
, ,

n o e oo s o e see a no o e o o

th t i a s,

N i t h r by givi n g h n ur t t h w rk di d t h y r
e e g i t h A ti fi o o o e o s e e co n z e e r cer .

( b) An oth er thing whi h is b li v d t p oin t t di ff r n c c e e e o o a e e e

of auth rshi p is th t in p r t I Wisd om p l ys

o m os t im p r t a a a a o

an t él wh r s in p art I I it i
r e, m nti on d
e ea This is '

S n e v er e e .
1

r th r st r iking s p ec i lly wh n t ke i n c nj un ti on with

a e ,
e a e a n o c

wh t h b n s id i ( ) f o
a as m ny p p rtuni t i s ccur
ee a n a ,
r so a O o e o

in p r t I I f or Wisd m t b m nti on d ; in
a umb r of o o e e e a n e

p ss g e s i t might h ave f und

a a
pl c v ry t ur lly F o o a a e e na a . r

an uth or wh o h as su c h an e x alt e d c on c ep ti on of Wisd om

a

as t h e writ e r of p art I i t cert a inly st r ik es on e as st r ang e -

t o find th a t h e sudd e nly ign or e s i t a lt og e th e r in p a rt I I

wh er eas if t h e l a t t e r w as of di ffe r ent auth or shi p n o p r obl em
p r e s e nt s its e lf .

( )
c Fu rt h e r t h e g e n e r a lly br oa d o utl ook of
, p a r t I st a nds

in st r iking c on t ra s t t o t h e p r on ou nc e d p ar t i cul a rism of t h e

s econd p a r t This in it self is of c ou r s e n ot suffici en t t o
.
, ,
e -

d ec id e t h e qu es t i on of orsh i
p in f a v our of du a li t y a n y

m ore th an t h e oth e r rgum en t s p u t f o rth ; but t h e

c umul a tiv e e ffe c t of all ca nn ot b e ign or e d ; a n d this is

e m p h asiz e d by on e m or e p e r h a
p s t h e str o ng e st a r gum e nt , , ,

vi z .

( )
d t ic
Stylis d linguisti di ff r n c s In p rt I t h
an c e e e . a e

I t i t ru t h t W i d m i m nt i n d i xiv bu t i t i u d t h r '

1 o s
s e a s e o e n 2, s se e e

i n q ui t d i ff r nt n fr m t h t f t h p r nifi d mi divi n
.

e a e e se se o a o e e so e se -
e

W i d m f p rt I
s o f t whi h i f n yt hin g t r n g t h n t h rgu
o a a ac c , a s e e s e a

m nt i n f v ur f di ff r nt u t h r hi p
, ,

e a o o e e a o s .
46 8 THE BOO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA

his tor ic a l sk e t c h (whi ch h e m e ant as an indi c t m e n t of his

ow n c ont e m or a r i e s ) th a t h e f org o t t h e hil os hi l t h e sis
p p op ca

with whi c h h e set out th a t t h e c h ang e of s t yl e is a n at ural

c on se qu e n ce of t h e c h a ng e of t h e subj ec t m a t t e r t h e m or a l -
,

a n d p hil o s op hi c a l dis c u ssi o ns f alling m or e e a sily in t o t h e

f o rm of t h e B ook of P r ove r bs t h e dram ati c s ce n e s of t h e

,

e a r li e r his t o ry r ea dily sugg e sting l eg e nd a ry t ou c h e s an d

highly col oure d l angu ag e ; an d t h a t th er e are m ar k e d

-

r es embl an c es of t on e an d s t yl e in t h e t w o p art s— e g t h e . .

rush of th ough t s of t h e s ec ond p art is p ar allel ed in t h e

d es c ri p ti on of t h e wi c k ed (v )an d of Wisd om (vi i 2 2 viii
. .
—
.

a n d t h e r e ligi ously e l e v a t e d an d dignifi e d t o n e of t h e firs t

p ar t a pp ea rs h e r e an d t h e r e in t h e s ec ond ( p
c i 1 3 1 5 . .
—
,

ix 1 — 6 with xi 2 3— 2 6 xii 1 9 xvi

. .
, .
,
Th ere is a grea t .

d ea l in wh a t is h ere s a id ; it c a nn ot b e d e ni e d t h a t i t is
v ery di ffi c ult t o c om e t o a d efinit e c on clusi on wh e re t h e
a r gum e n t s on b o th S id e s a re so st r ong A t t h e s am e tim e .

it is w or th r em emb e r ing t h at s om e writ e r s wh o a dv oc a t e

uni t y of a uth or shi p r ec ogniz e th at th ei r p ositi o n is n ot
im p r egn abl e Ei chh or n f or e x am p l e w as so s t ru c k by t h e
, ,

di ffer e n ce s b e twee n t h e t w o p a r t s t h a t a lth ough h e b eli e ve d

b oth we r e w r it t e n by t h e s a m e a uth or h e n e ve rth el e ss th ought
th a t t h e s ec ond w as wri tt e n in his y ou t h t h e f orm er in
matur er years Simil ar ly in one of t h e m ost r ece nt c om
,

.
,

men t aries on th e b ook th a t of G ood r ic k t h e auth or s ays :

, ,

it is p ossibl e th at a w r it e r wh o h ad l aid a sid e his w or k ,

di c t at e d i n t h e b eginning by irri t a t i on at ap os t a sy a n d
e r s ec uti o n g a v e i t a n ew c ol our by a d ap ting i t t o p h il OS Op h i c
p ,

id ea s whi c h h e h ad only l a t ely a ssimil at e d an d its or igin al , ,

int er e st h aving p a ss e d wi t h t he tim e s of p ers ecuti on whic h

sugg e s t ed it sh oul d e nd eav ou r t o Ob t ain a v ogu e f or i t by t h e
,

d i r ec t a s cri p ti on of it t o S ol om o n
” 1
G oodri c k is c onvin c ed
.

of t h e unity of a uth or shi p but thinks th a t t h e

,
S ol om on i c

1 Op ci t
. .
,
p .
77 .
Du al a uth or shi p s eems t o us t h e ea sie r an d m ore n a tur al
s oluti on th ough w e are n ot blind t o t h e f ac t th at t h e ea si e r
,

w ay is n ot a lw ay s t h e righ t on e .

IV . THE I CH THE B OO K W AS W R I TT E N
P U R P OS E S FO R WH

Wh th er u b ook we w r it t n by
o r ingl uth or as e a S e a ,
or

wh th ere h f t h t w p rt s w r f di ff r nt uth orshi p

eac o e o a e e o e e a

(see a b v I I I ) is imm t r i l
o e, f th ims a d bj c ts
,
a e a so a r as e a n o e

of t h bo k e c on c r n d ; o f th r is o d ub t th t i t
a re e e or e e n o a

w s f J wish uth r shi p

a o e d th t is w w r itt n f J ws
a o an a as e or e
1

— Egyp ti n J ws W h w r b s t by f ur s p e i l d ng rs
a e —
o e e e e o c a a e ,

viz Sc p ti i m M t r i lism Id l t r y
. e c s d P rs uti n
,
a e a ,
o a an e ec o .

Th t t h w r it r f ch p r t w
a e Jew w h v
o l r ea
a dy s e n a as a e e a e a e e

I ) t h t t h b k w wr itt n f J ws is l r n ough
a e oo as e or e c ea e

fr om t h e f c t th t it nt ins num r us llusi ons t o t h p s t

a a co a e o a e a

hist ry f Is r l whi h
o o m or th n llusi ons ; i t is
ae c are no e a a

t ak en f g r nt d th t t h r d rs und r st nd th em with ou t
or a e a e ea e e a

fu r th r x p l n ti on M r v r hist ri l c h r c t r s
e e a a . g ino eo e ,
o ca a a e are a a

an d a g ain sp oke n of with out m enti oning th eir n am e s it is

a ssum e d th a t t h e r ea d e rs will kn ow w h o is m ea n t S in c e t h e

ref er en ce s are t o p e r s ons w h o t ook a l eading p ar t i n t h e

p a s t hist o r y of Is r a e l I t is th e r e f o r e f or t h e b e n.e fi t of his , ,

own p eop l e in Egy p t th a t t h e writ e r w a r ns or e n cour a g e s

or d e n oun c e s acc or ding t o t h e p a rti c ul a r d a ng e r c omb a t e d

, .

1
tru e t ha t t h e b oo k o p en s wi t h an a ddr e ss t o rul ers ; bu t
It i s
G r e gg i s d o ub tl e ss righ t i n sa yi n g t h a t t h i s woul d see m t o be a
p ure ly rh e t o ri ca l a rtifi c e sc r e en i n g t h e r e a l p urp ose o f t h e b oo k
,

( p
O . ci t .
,
p .
 THE BO OKS O F THE APOCRYPHA

(a) S cepti ci sm .

Th e old p r obl e m of t h e g odly i n a dversi t y an d t h e wic k ed

in p r osp e ri t y w as e vid ent ly e x ercisi n g t h e minds of m an y
J ews in Al ex a n dri a t o t h e d e tr im ent of b ot h t h eir f a i t h an d
m orals Si nc e t h e r e w as n o divin e j usti ce an d lif e w as sh ort
.
, ,

t h ey advoca t ed m aki n g t h e m ost of lif e whil e th ey e nj oyed

it with ou t c on sid eri n g ot h ers Th e wri t e r in ii 1 2 0
,
.
, .
—
,

d esc rib e s t h e a tt i t ud e of t h e wi c k ed p u tt ing in t o t h eir ,

m ou t hs t h e w ords whi c h e x p r e ss t his a tt itud e :

S h rt o rr wful i
an d so li f o s o ur e,

An d th r i r m d y wh n m m t h t hi d
e e s no e e e a an co e o s en

v r k n wn t h t r t urn d fr m H d
,

A d n n w
n o e as e e o a e e o a es

B u by m r h n w r w b rn
.

e ca se e e c a ce e e e o

A d h r ft r w h ll b t h ugh w h d n v r b n
,

n e ea e e s a e as o e a e e ee .

C m th r f r d l t nj y t h g d t hi n g t h t w us e
:

o e, e e o e, an e o e oo s a no a re

A dl t n r t i n wi t h ll rn tn
e us use c e a y uth p o i a ea es ess a s o
’
s ossess o n .

L t u fil l ur lv
e s wi t h t ly win d p rfum
o se es co s e an e es

L t e ppr us o th right u p r ess e eo s oo

t p r th wi d w
,

L t
e us n o S a e e o

r v r n t h h ir f t h l d m gr y f l ngt h f y r
,

N or e e e ce e a so e o an e or e o ea s

u nt d f hi m b m t l
.

W w r e e e acco e o as a se e a

b t i t h fr m w y fr m u n l nn
,

A dh n e a s a ne o o ur a s as o c ea e sses .

Th l tt r d f th righ t u h ll t h h p p y ;
e a e en o e eo s e ca e a

A d h n v u nt et h t h t G d i h i f t h r
e a a o s s a e

i f h i w r d b t ru
.

L t u
e s se e s o s e e,

A d l t u t ry Wh t h ll b f ll i n t h
n e s n di n g f h i li f
a S a e a e e o s e

i f t h righ t u m i G d
.

H w ill u p h l d him
’
F or e eo s an s o s son e o ,

A d H will d liv r him

n e t f t h h n d f hi
e e d v r ri ou o e a o s a e sa es .

This a tt itud e t h e wri t er c omb at s by ass erting firs t t h at the

wi cke d will n ot e scap e p unishm ent

Th r f r m t h t u tt r t h u nrigh t u t hin g h l l b un
e e o e no an a e e eo s ss a e see n
N i t h r h ll J u t i
e e wh n i t p i h t h p h imby
s a s ce, e un s e a ss

u n l f t h u n g d ly h ll b rhd t
,

F th
or e co se s o e o s a e se a c e ou

A d t h r p r t f h i w rd h ll m u nt t h L r d
,

n e e o o s o s S a co e o e o

F th
or p u n i hm nt f hi l wl
e d d s (i 6 e o s a e ss ee s .

Bu t t h e wri t er d ecl ar e s furt h er , ,

th t a nly in t his li fe
n ot o

sh all t he wick e d b e p u n ish e d bu t ,

i n t h e next w orld as well ,
4 72 TH E BOO K S OF TH E APO CRYPHA
v rywh r l t l v t k n f
E e e e mi rt h e us ea e o e s o o ur

B u thi i p rti n l t i t hi
,

e ca se d s(ii 7
s o ur o o , an o ur o s s .

F or t h ese m t ri lis t s t h e wri t r h s t h s m m e ss g

a e a e a e a e a e as

f or t h e s ep t i c s c

Th u n g dl y h ll b r q ui t d t h y r n d (iii
e o s a e e e as e e aso e .

Th y h d r s on d t h t ful n ess of t his lif s nj ym nt w

’
e a ea e a e e o e as

th eir p orti on a d th eir l ot ; S O it sh ll b e ; but t h ey e

n a ar

warn e d of wh at is t o c m h r a ft r : o e e e e

Th y h ll m wh n t h ir in
e s a co r k n d p wi t h w r d f r
e, e e s s are ec o e u co a ea

A d t h i l wl h ll n vi t t h m t t h i r f (iv
,

n d d e r a e ss d
ee s s a co c e o e ac e 20 an

p v
.

c . . 1

I t is by m ean s of t h e d oc tr in e f imm ort lity th at t h Wr it r o a e e

s eeks t o omb t th s d g rs of s c p ti ism a d m t r i alism

c a e e an e e c n a e .

Th r ec og n i t i on of t his t rut h of a lif h er ft r is wisd om

e e ea e

( see Vi . 1 7 20 —
qu ot e d a b ov e ) .

Th at fur t h er obj ec t of t h e b ook is t o utt er a warning

a

ag ai n st i dolat ry is obvi ous f r om wh a t is s a id in c h ap t e r s xi i ii

e

xv bu t wh et h er t h e writ er h as in Vi ew m a inly t h e G e n t il e s
.
-
.

/
a m on g Wh om Ire w a s livi ng or t h e r e n e g a d e s of his ow n r ace ,

is di ffer en tly a nswere d by c omm e nt at ors Prob ably b o th .

are i n t h e wri t e r s mind A t an y r a t e his p ol emi c a g ainst

’

.
,

id ol a t ry is ve ry t h or ough h e r eg ards i t a s t h e c ause of all

ki n ds of e vil :
F or t h e d e vi in g f i d l w t h b ginn ing f f rni ti n
s o o s as e e o o ca o

A d t h i n v nt i n f th m th rru p t i n f li f
,

n e e o o e e co o o e

A d l l t hi n g
n a nfu dly fill d wi t h bl d d mur d r t h ft
s co se a re e oo an e e

it
,

d d an ec e

C rru p ti n f i t hl t umul t p rj ury

,

o n o a ess ess, e

Di q ui ti n g f t h g d
, , ,

s e o e oo

In gr t i t u d f b n fi t r iv d
,

a e or e e s ec e e

ul nfu i n f
,

D fili g
e f n o so s, co s o o sex ,

Di r d r i m rri g dul t ry d w nt nn
so e n a a e, a e an a o e ss .

F th
or w r hi p f t h u nn m bl i d l
e o s o o se a ea e o s

I t h b gi nn i g
S e d u
e d d f v ry vil
n ( xiv
an ca se a n en o e e e .

Fr om t h w or ds t h t f oll ow i t w uld s eem t h t in this

e a o a
F or u tti ng t h ir tru t i lif l i d l
p e s n e e ss o s,

Th y wi k dly w r f l th d l t t b h rm d
,

e c e s k ea a se o a s, an oo no o e a e

Bu t f b t h in h ll t h ju t d m p ur u t h m
.

or o s s S a e s oo s e e

B u t h y h d vil t h ugh t f G d by givin g h d t i d l

,

e ca se e a e o s o o ee o o s,

A d w r u n righ t u ly i d
n s o e i t d p i i n g h l in
eo s
( xiv 8
n ec e , es s o ess . 2

F or su ch a p arti cul a r ist as t h e writ e r of t h e se c ond p art

of our b ook t h e w o r ds b ec aus e th ey h ad e vil th ought s of
,

c oul d o nly r e f e r t o a p ost a t e J e ws f or h e w oul d n ot

”
God ,

c ont e m p l a t e t h e Egy p ti a ns with th e ir a nim al w o r shi a s

p
-

e ve n thin king of God t h e s am e w ould a pp ly t o t h e w or ds

”
d esp ising h olin e ss .

( )
d P ersecuti on .

L astly t h e writ e r wr ot e with t h e p urp os e of c omf orting

,

an d e n cour aging his p e op l e in f ac e of p e r se c uti on whi c h

th ey w e r e su ffe r ing fr om t h e Egyp ti ans ; as Gregg r ightly

p oin t s out t h e J ews must h a v e b e e n su ffe r ing f r om p r e ssu r e
,

fr om with out f or n othing e ls e will acc ount f or t h e int e ns

,

ity of t h e writ er s h at r e d of Egy p t whi c h h e g rat i fies as h e

’

ling e r s ove r t h e b ond ag e of t h e Is r aelit e s an d l ab ou r s ,

t h e contr a st b e twee n t h e f or tun e s of op p r e ss or s a n d Op

p r e ss e d ( x 1 6 ff. xi 1 ff x .vi ,
Hist
. ory r e ea t s its e lf
p .
, .
,

an d h e r eg a r ds t h e study of hist or y as t h e b e st r e m e d y f or

n ati on al d ep re ssi on If it w as in r e sp ec t of its di v initi e s

.

th a t Egy p t w as smit t e n in t h e tim e of M os e s an d if id ol a t ry ,

is n ot on ly f olly but t h e c a us e of all soc i a l a n d c ivi c d e ca

d e n c e (xiii t h e su p p r e ss e d con c lusi o n is th a t t h e Egyp t
.
.

whi c h still h arri e s t h e r e sid e nt J ews an d h as n ot ye t re

e t e d o f it s b e ast w orshi p will o n c e a g a in b e nd b e f or e
p n -
,

Is r ael ” 1
.

1
Op . ci t .
, pp . xxiii . f .
 TH E B OO KS O F THE APO CRYPHA
V TH E IN FL U E N C E OF THE B OOK O N S T PA U L
. .

Th e r e are a l ar g e numb e r of p a ss ag e s in t h e P a ulin e E p is t l e s

in whi ch t h e influ en ce of our b ook is t o b e disc ern e d ; t o
qu ot e all t h e p a ss ag e s f r om Wisd om an d t h e c orre sp ondi ng
o n e s in t h e E istl e s w ould b e out of t h e qu e sti o n h e r e bu t
p a

f ew e x am p l es m ay b e giv e n i n ord er t o S h ow h ow n ec e ss a r y
.

t h e study of this b ook is f or t h e N ew Te st a m e nt stud e nt .

I n ii 2 3 2 4 a d oc trin e of t h e F a ll is t ou ch ed u p on whi c h
.
,

r efl ect s t h e J ewish ideas on t h e subj ec t curr ent at t h e tim e ’

B u G d r t d m f i n rru p t i n
e ca se o c ea e an or co o

A d m d him im g f H i w p r p r b ing ;
,

n a e an a e o s o n o e e

Bu t by t h n vy f t h d vil d th t d i t th w
e e o e e ea en ere n o e orl d,

A d t h y th t b l ng t
n e h i r lm x p ri n it a e o o s ea e e e ce .

With th e se w ords sh ould be m p are d

co t h e t wo f oll owing
p ass ag e s : R om a ns v 1 2 . Th e r e f ore ,
as thr ough on e
m
,

an si n en tered i n to the world ,

an d death through si n an d

SO d ea th p a ss e d unt o all men f or th a t all si n n e d ,

c
p . 1

C orinthi a ns xv 2 1 2 2 .
,
.

I n iii 8 i t is s aid of t h e right e ous d ep art e d th a t

. :

Th y h ll ju dgen t i n
e s a d h v d mi n i n v r p pl ; a o s, an a e o o o e eo es

A d t h L r d h ll r ig
n e v r t h m f v rm r
o s a e n o e e or e e o e .

This r emi n ds o e f orc ibly of St P ul s w or ds i n

’

n . a 1

C orinthi a ns vi . 2, 3 :

O r k no w ye n ot t ha t t h e sa i nt s sh all ju d g e th e w rl d
o

k no wy e n ot t h at we S h ll j u d g
a e ange l s

I n b oth th es e c a s e s it is of c ours e p ossibl e th a t t h e 5 1111 1 , ,

lari t y e xis t s s ol e ly b ec a us e i n b oth s et s of p ass a g e s c urr e nt

J ewish id ea s find e x p re ssi on i n t h e f oll ow ing on e h owev er , ,

i t is di fficult t o b eli e ve th a t it did n ot influ e n c e St P aul .

wh e n h e wr ot e t h e w ell kn own w or ds in E p h e si a ns vi 1 1 2 0 -
.
—
,

b eginning Put on t h e wh ol e ar m our of God t h e p ass ag e

in Wisd om is V 1 7 — 2 0 : .

He h ll t k H i j l u y
s a a m p l t rm ur
e s ea o s as c o e e a o

d h ll m k t h wh l r ti n Hi w p n f v n g up
,

An S a a e e o e c ea o s ea o s or e ea n ce n
o

Hi n mi s e e es
4 76 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA
b tt er t h an t h ese is t h eir whi h by n t ur
c gd a e a re n o o s

bu t w t h t y h v m
e

S o v e r e ign L or d no a e a e co e

w G d r th r t b
.

t o k no o or a e o e

k n wn f G d h w t urn y
,

o o o o e

b k g in t t h w k d
,

ac a a o e ea an

b gg rly l m nt wh r u nt
e a e e e s, e e o

y d eir t b
es i b n d g vre o e n o a e o e

g in ? ( p H b
a a ; c . e . V . 12

2P t iii e . . 10 ,

Wh at e ve r m ay b e m e a n t h e r e by t h e el e m e nt s of t h e
w or ld it is cl ea r th at St P aul is c omb a ting a f als e d octr in e
, .

r eg arding b e li e f in e l em e n t al s p i rit s ; an d f or t h e study of

this subj ec t r ec ou r s e t o t h e B ook of Wisd om is im p er ativ e .

An in t e r e s t ing p ar all el is th a t b e twee n Wisd om ix 1 5 .

F or arru p t ibl b dy w igh t h d wn t h ul

co e o e e o e so

rt hly fr m li t h h vy t h min d t h t i full r

,

An d th e ea a e e ea on e a s o f c a e s,

an d 2 C or in t hi ns V 1 F o we kn ow th t if t h
a rthly
. r a e ea

h ous e of our t ab ern ac l e b e diss olve d w e h ave a building ,

fr om an d ver s e 4 F or ind ee d w e th a t are in this

t ab ern acl e d o gr oan b e i n g burd e n e d , .

And on ce m or e i n Wisd om xi 2 3 it is s aid : , .

Bu t Th u h o as t mry e c o n a ll m b en , ec a u Th u h
se o as t po w rt e o do al l
t hi n g s,

A d Th u
n o ov e rl o o k est th e sin s of m en to th e en d tha t they my a

r p nt e e .

We are n ce r e mind ed of St P aul s w or ds in R om a ns

at o .
’

ii 4
. Or d esp is e st th ou t h e ri ch e s of His g oodn e ss an d f or
b ea r an c e an d l ongsu ffe r ing n ot kn owing th a t t h e g oodn ess ,

of God l ea d e th th ee t o r ep e nt a n c e ? ( c p R om xi . . .

S t ill m ore striking is t h e f oll owing '

Wi s d m xv 7
o F p tt r : or a o e Ro m n ix a s3 O h t h . 2 1—2 : r a

k n d in g r h l b ri u t t h p tt r righ t v r t h
.
,

ft t o ea a o o s no e o e a o e e
ea
s
ly m l d t h h v l f l y fr m t h m lump t
,

ou e ea c e sse or c a o e sa e o

rvi mk p rt v l u nt
,

o ur se y t
ce :f th na ou o e a e on e a a e sse o

m l y d t h h f hi n b t h h n ur n t h r u nt
,

sa e c a o e as o o o od , an a o e o

th ev l t h t mini t r t
e sse s a s e o di h n ur ? W h t i f
s o o G d a o ,

l n u
c ea d thses, f an ose o a willin g t h w H i w t h o S o s ra ,
 S p ace f or bids us t o do m or e th a n m e re ly ref er t o oth er
st riking r es embl a n ce s a n d p a r all el p a ss ag e s whi c h furt h e r
illustra t e t h e influ e n ce of this b ook u p on St P a ul t h e th r ee .
,

f oll owi n g subj ec ts w ould h owe ve r r ep ay c a r eful study :

, ,

t h e qu a liti e s of Wisd om— with Wisd om Vli 2 2 Viii 1 -

.
—
.
,

ix 6 — 1 7 c om p a r e 1 C or inthi a ns ii 6 1 6 ; t h e d o c t r in e of
. .
—

Pred e st in at i on— with Wisd om xii xv 7 c om p ar e R om a ns .

,
.

ix 1 9— 2 3 t h e qu e sti o n of h ea th e n id o l a t r y — with Wisd om

.

xiii xiv c om p a r e R om a ns i 1 8 — 3 2
.
, . . .

Th e n umb e r of p a r a ll e ls in t h e w or ds o f Th ac k e r a y
,
be ,

twee n St P aul an d Wisd om p ut it b ey ond d oubt th a t t h e

.

A p ostl e h ad a t on e tim e m a d e a c l os e study of t h e a p oc ry p h al

b ook It w as a b ook whi c h n o d oubt h a d a wid e c i rc ul a ti on
.

a t an e a r ly tim e b e ing t h e n obl e st r odu c t of t h e p re—Chri s

, p
ti an Jud aism Of A l ex and r i a a n d c ombining in t h e c h oi ce s t
,

l angu ag e t h e b r oad er vi ews of H e lle nism with t h e n a rr owe r

n a t i on a l sp i r it of Jud aism : a c ombin ati on whi c h w ould
m ak e it of s p ec i a l int er e st t o t h e Ap ostl e wh o s ought t o
m ak e hims elf all things t o all m en th a t h e might by all m ea ns

g ain s om e A p rac ti c a l m
. a n with t h e sh a r p outl ook f or

p r ac ti c a l n e e ds P a u l t oo k
,
wh a t w a s g oo d wh e r e v e r it off er e d

Th e influ e n c e is r a th e r f or m a l th a n subst a nti al

’
its elf . .

But i n three n ot unim p ort a nt p oints t h e Ap ostl e s vi e ws

’

, ,

on id ol atr y on p r e d e stin a ti on a n d on e s c h a t ol ogy h e h a s

, ,

b ee n t o s om e e xt ent affec t e d by t h e m a t t er a n d n ot only ,

t h e m a nn e r of t h e Al ex a nd r i a n w ork
” 1
.
,

F or t h e furth e r study of this subj e c t t h e e xcell e nt b ook

1
The R el a ti o n o f St . P a ul to C on te mp r o a ry J ew sh i Th o ught , p .

231
4 78 THE BOO K S OF TH E APOCRYPHA
Th ac ke ray s j us t qu ot e d is i n v alu abl e
’ ’

of , , ,
as is als o Gr af e s
D as Verh altn i ss der P a uli n i schen S chri ften S ap i en ti a
'

zur

m ( 1 8 9 2 ) see a ls o S a nd ay an d Headlams R om
’

S a lo on i s an s ,

a ssim a n d H aus r a th D er Ap ostel P a ulus p 23

p , , , .

I t is p r ob abl e th a t t h e influ en ce of Wi sdomi s t o be dis

c e rn e d i n o th e r b ooks of t h e N ew T e s t a m e n t ; Gr egg ,

ci t liv lvi giv

—
e s a l ong list of a r a ll e ls b et w ee n t h e
.
pp
, . . .
, p
b ook an d St J ohn s G osp el ; an d f or p ar all e ls with t h e
’
.

ep istl e of S t J am e s see t h e s am e au t h or pp lix 1x an d

.
, , . .
, .

M a y or s S t J a m
’
. es p lxxv ,
. .
 THE BOO KS O F THE A POCRYPHA

r e ssi on a n d t o a v oid a l ab our e d ful n e ss in t h e t r e a t m e n t

p , ,

must b e g r a nt e d t o him wh o p uts t h e m at e r i al in t o a n ew

f orm . Th e s e w or ds p l ainly im p ly th a t t h e w r it e r utiliz ed
J a s on s his t o ry as his s ol e s ou rc e an d th at h e c onfin ed him
’

s elf t o an ab r idg em ent of wh at J as on h ad writ t en His .

c h oi c e of e x ce rp t s w a s m a d e on t h e p r in c i p l e th a t th ey must

be int e r e stin g f or a s h e s ays a li ttl e e ar li e r in his p r e f ace

,

( v e r s e s 2 4 ,
F or h a ving in vi e w t h e co nfus e d m a ss of
t h e numb e r s an d t h e w ea r in e ss whi c h aw ai t e t h th e m t h at
,

w ould e n t er in t o t h e n arr ative s of t h e his t ory by r eas on of ,

t h e abund a n ce of t h e m a t t e r w e w er e c ar e ful th a t t h e y w h o
,

c h oos e t o r ea d m ay b e a tt r ac t e d He d esi r e s th er e
.
,

f ore t o m ake his ep it om e p op ul ar by its a ttrac tiven ess

,
.

Judging f r om t h e b ook its elf it is e vid e n t th a t on t h e

,

wh ol e t h e writ er adh ere s t o his in t e nti on of b eing S im p ly

a n d s ol e ly a n ep it omis t th at is t o say t h e w or ds are as a ,

rul e but n ot always c op i e d s t raight f romJ ason th ough

, ,

th er e are ce rt ainly cas e s wh er e t h es e are S li m

,

marized Th e
/

w ant of uni t y an d t h e r at h e r h ap h az a r d w ay in whi ch e ve n t s

,

a re j ot t e d d own f ully su p p ort s t h e wr it e r in s a ying t h a t h e

,

i s m er ely a n e p it o mist At t h e s am e tim e t h e writ er h ad as

.
, ,

w e sh all see l a t e r a S p ec i al p urp os e of his own owing t o

, ,

whi c h th e r e are s om e e x cep ti ons t o this g e n eral rul e .

But sin ce our b ook r eli es f or i t s m ain f ac ts a lm ost s ol ely

on J a s on s hist or y whi ch is thus t o a consid er abl e e xt e nt
’

r efl ect e d in this l at er w ork it is p er tin en t t o inqui r e wh e th er

,

a n y indi c a t i o ns are t o b e dis ce rn e d in it r e g a r ding t h e s our c e s

whi ch J as o n us e d in c om p iling his hist or y Th a t h e ca nn ot .

h a ve us e d t h e Firs t B ook of M accab ee s will b e s een wh e n w e

discuss t h e r el a ti onshi p b et wee n 1 an d 2 M acc ab ee s in a
l at e r s ect i on N o indi c ati on of a n y oth er lit er a ry s ources
.

a re giv e n in t h e b ook ; an d sin ce J a s on s hist or y c a nn ot

’

h a ve b ee n writ t e n ve r y l ong aft er t h e M acc ab ae a n st ruggl e

(p r o b a bly B C 1 2 0
. . h e mus t in a ll lik e lih oo d h a v e co m
s e d hi s hi st or fr om o r l s ou rc e s T h e ch ara c ter of
p o y a .
bu t o nly
ft e r it h ad p a ss ed th r ough o th e r h a nds an d th a t
a

h e w as oft e n un e qu a l t o t h e t a sk of c riti c izin g an d a rra nging

t h e m at e r i a l thus obt a in e d
” 1
.

I t is well t o m e nti on h ere h oweve r th at t h e ep i t omiz er , ,

must in s om e inst a n ce s h a ve emb e llish ed an d e nl arg e d s om e

of t h e m a t e ri a l h e us e d (see b e l ow I I I ) so th at t h e qu es ,

ti on h as always t o b e ke p t i n mind wh e th e r an d in h ow f ar , ,

t h e ep it omiz e r t o u c h e d up f or his ow n p u r p os e s an y g ive n

p a ss a g e .

II . THE C O N TE N T S O F THE B O OK
Prefixed t o t h e l e tt ers p u rp orting t o h a ve
b ook a re two
b ee n a dd r ess ed by t h e J ews of P a l estin e t o th e ir bre thre n
of t h e D
is p ersi on ; but as the s e h ave n othing t o do with
t h e b ook its e lf a n d are e vid e ntly n ot p ar t of t h e origin al
,

w or k th ey d o n ot c on cern us at p re s e nt an d will b e d e a l t
, ,

with s ep a r at ely V I ) .

Th e p e r i od of hist or y c o ve r e d by t h e b ook b egins sh ortly

b e f or e t h e ac ce ssi on of Anti oc hus E p i p h an es t o t h e th r on e
(B C
. . an d g oe s d own t o t h e y ea r B C 1 6 1 . . .

Th e b ook op e ns a s p oint ed out in t h e p r e vi ous s ec ti on

, ,

with a p re f ace by t h e ep it omis t in whi c h h e ex p l a ins t h e

m e th od h e h a s a d op t ed in t h e ab r idg e d his t or y th a t is t o
f oll ow (ii 1 9 . I n iii 1 3 9 a n accou n t is give n of h ow
.
—

Heli odorus t h e king s c h a n cell or w a s s e nt t o s e iz e t h e

’

, ,

t reasur e in t h e Tem p l e but f ailed owing t o t h e mir a cul ous

,

a p p e ar a n ce of a t e rr ibl e rid er accom p a ni e d by t w o y oung

”

men beautiful i n their gl ory an d S p l endid in thei r ap p arel

,

”
, ,

1
~
To rr e
y
, in t h e E n cycl . B i bl i ii .
fi
28
7
o .
4 8 2 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

by wh om Heli odorus w as s courg ed He r e t u r ns d i scom .

,

fit e d t o t h e kin g ; bu t t e stifi e s t o all m

,
en t h e w ork s
of t h e m os t su p r em e God whi c h h e h a d s ee n wi t h his o w n

I n t h e s ec t i on whi ch t h e n f oll ows ( iii 4 o iv 5 0 )

”
e y es . .
—
.

t h e writ er d e s c r ib e s t h e s ordid in t rigu e s on t h e p a r t of

a s p ir a n t s t o t h e high p r i e sth ood a t this tim e With c h ap t e r
- 1
.

v c omm e n ce s t h e his t or y of t h e M accab aea n s t ruggl e whi ch

.

b eg an with t h e p r of a n a ti on of t h e Tem p l e an d t h e a t t em p t
on t h e p ar t of Anti oc hus E p i p h an es t o h ell e niz e t h e J e ws

by f or ce ; t his t og eth er wi t h s om e a ccoun t of t h e p ers e

,

c ut i on whi c h f oll ow e d a n d e s p ec i a lly th e s t ory of h ow s ev e n

,

br ot h ers an d th eir m ot h e r w e r e m ar t yre d is t old in v 1 vii , .

—
.

42 Th e r e st of t h e b ook d eals wit h t h e d e t ails of t h e M acca

.

b aean struggl e : t h e risi n g up of Jud a s M ac cab aeus a n d -

his first su cc ess es (viii 1 — 3 6 ) an accou nt of t h e d ea th of .

Anti oc hus E p ip h an es (ix 1 — 2 9) t h e r ecap tu r e of J e rus al e m .

a n d t h e d e di cat i on of t h e T e m p l e ( x 1 8 ) f ur t h e r su cce ss e s .
-

of Jud a s M acc a b aeus an d e s p ec i a lly t h e c ap t ur e o f G a z a r a ,

wh en t h e J ews wer e a id ed by fiv e m en f r om h e a v e n S p l e n ,

d i dly a rr ay e d an d sit t in g on h ors e s with g old en bridl e s

(x 9 3 8 ) t h e d e f ea t of Lysi a s an d a p a t c h ed up p eace
.
—
,
-

( xi 1 3 8
.
) m—
o r e figh t ing a ft e r whi c h Lysi a s is ag a i n,f or c e d
t o m ak e t e rms of p e ac e (xii 1 — xiii 2 6 ) t h r ee y ear s p e a c e
’
. .
,

f oll owe d by an att ac k on t h e p art of N ic an or whi c h r esults

in his d ef eat an d d eat h (xiv 1 — xv Th e b ook t h e n . .

c l os e s with a S h o rt a n d s om e wh at n a i ve e il ogu e by t h e
p
e p i t om i st ( xv .

I I I C O M PA R I S O N
. BE T WE E N 1 AN D 2 M A C CA B E E S
Th at t h e writ e r s of th e s e t w o b ooks c a nn ot h ave us ed t h e
s am e s ou rc e s b ec om e s ve r y obvi ous wh e n on e c om p a r e s
t og eth er t h e l a r g e p or ti ons of eac h whi c h ru n p ar a llel 2
.

1
On t hi s o b ur
sc e i
e p so d e of p re — M acc a b ae a n J wi h hi t ry
e s s o see

Bu hl r c e D i e T obi a den un d di e O n i a den p p 10 6 ff

Th v ry v i ly r r ll l lumn
. .
, ,

c on e n ent d a wn up in p a
1
ese a re e a e co s

b y M ff o a tt , in C a es h rl
I pp 1 2 6 1 2 7
, , .
, .
 8
4 4 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

whi c h illust r a t e t h e sp eci al aims whi c h h e h as i n vi ew Ag ai n .

,

h e c onf e s ses t h a t h e wr it e s with a vi ew t o att r ac t ing ; i t

will b e n o inj usti ce t o him t o say t h at his ide a of att rac tiv e
n e ss c onsist s in recor din g wh at is se ns ati on al In b oth .

th ese ca s e s i t is of c ou r se qui t e p ossibl e th a t t h e m at er i al

, ,

in all its d e t a ils c om e s fr om J as on f or t h e ep it omist is n ot —

a fr a id of c o nt r a di c ting hims e lf bu t wh en on e r em e mb ers —

t h e ai mof t h e l a t t e r t h e p ossibili t y of t h e o th e r a lt e rn a tiv e

mus t be c on c ed e d t h e m or e so i n th at t h e ep it omis t d oe s, ,

on t h e f ac e of i t give us his own id eas at tim es H ere is, .

a g ood e x a m p l e :

bI h t h r f r t h t h t r d t hi b k th t t h y b t
e seec e e o e, ose a ea s oo a e e no

di ur g d t u h l mi ti [h h b n d ribin g p uli rly

, ,

sc o a e a s c ca a es e as ee esc a ec a

c ru l e f m r t y d m ] bu t t r fl t t h t t h
ca se o a p u n i hm nt w r
r o o e ec a e se s e s e e

d t ru ti n bu t f h t ning f r
,

no t f th or e th es c F
o or e c as e o o ur ace or ,

i n d d t h t t h w h t im p i u ly b t l t l n f y l n gt h
.

ee a ose o ac o s e no e a o e or an e

f t im bu t u ff r r t ribu ti n imm d i t ly i ign f gr t k in dn

,

o e, s e e o e a e s a S o ea e ss

t h r n t i n t h S v r ign L r d d t h wi t h
.
,

F or i th n f th e case o e o e a o s e o e e o o

l n g u ff rin g f rb r u nt i l t h t H p u ni h t h m wh n t h y h v
o s e o ea a e s e e e a e

tt i n d t t h full m ur f t h ir i n Bu t i n H h th
,

a a e o e eas e o e s s o ur c a se e a

d t rm i n d t h rwi t h t H i v n g n m y t f ll
.

e e e o e se ft r a s e ea ce a no a o n us a e

w r d wh n
a s in h v r h d t h ir h igh t W h r f r H
e o ur s s a e ea c e e e . e e o e e

n v r wi t h dr w t h H i m r y f m
e e a y t t h ugh H
e h t n th s e c ro us e o e c as e e

Hi s w o
p pl wi t h l mi ty y t d t h H t f r k t h m
n eo e ca a e o e no o sa e e

H wb i t l t wh t h t h b n i d b r min d r t ur lv A d
, .

o e e a a ee sa e a e e o o se es n

ft r t h f w w r d w mu t m b k t n rr t iv ( i
.
,

a e e se e o s e s co e ac o o ur a a e V . 12

I t sh oul d als o b e r em ar k e d th at t h e d oc t rin e of retr ibu t i on

h e r e p ut f or th an d t h e t eac hing on p r ayers for t h e d ea d
,

( xii 4 3 . an d on ,t h e in t e r ce ssi o n of t h e d e ar t e d s a in t s
p
xv 1 1 . an d t h e d octr in e of t h e r e surr ec ti on of t h e
b ody ( vii 1 1 2 2 2 3 xiv . are all d oc t rin e s whi c h b e l ong
, , , .

m ore s p ec ifi c all y t o a s om ewh a t l at er t im e t h a n J as on s

’

hist ory F or th es e r eas ons we are j ustifi ed in b eli e vi n g th a t

.

a n ot in c on sid e r a bl e a m ount of m a tt e r in our b ook must b e

a ssign e d t o t h e ep it omist .

But t h e su p eri ority of 1 M accab ees is e qu ally e vid ent on

c om p ar ing wi t h i t t h ose m any p ass ag e s of 2 M accab ees ,
V . with t h e p ar a ll e l account of t h e e ve nts give n in 2
1— 68
M accab ees x 1 4 3 8 xii 1 0 45 on e is un e vit ably led t o t h e
.
—
, .
—
,

c on c lusi o n th a t t h e o r d e r ly n a rr at ive of 1 M ac c ab ee s con

t ra st ed with t h e c o nf us e d r ec ords of 2 M acc ab ee s st a m p s t h e

f orm er as t h e m or e r eli abl e an d t h e s a m e ap p li e s t o a numb e r
of oth e r ins t an c e s This c onvi c ti o n is st r e ngth e n e d wh e n on e
.

c om e s ac r oss obvi ous mist ak e s in 2 M ac c ab ee s on e e x am p l e

may be given in 2 Macc ab ee s x 3 7 it is s aid th at th ey S lew .

Tim otheus w h o w as hidd e n in a c i st e r n ye t l a t e r in c h ap t e r

”
, ,

xii a g ood d e a l i s r e c or d e d a b out Tim o th e us ac tivity a g ainst

’
.
,

t h e J ews A n d l a stly t h e qu e st i o n of t h e inf e r i or it y of 2

.
,

M ac c ab ee s is p l ac e d b ey ond fu rt h e r d oubt by t h e hist or i c a l

1

e rr ors of an obvi ous c h a r ac t e r f ound in it H er e ag ain we .

must ref er our re ad er s t o t h e c omm e nt ar i e s f or d et ails while ,

m e r ely p ointing t o a f ew inst a n c es v i z ix 5 2 9 c om p are ,

. .
—

v 2 2 ix 2 9 with wh a t is s a i d in xiii 2 3 ; a n d C p
.
,
. xiii 2 2 . . .

with 1 M acc ab e e s Vi 4 9 5 0 a n d J os ep hus A n ti q X I I ix .

, ,
.
, , .

5 ; xi 1 1 5 cp . xiv 1 ff with 1 M acc ab ee s Vii 1 ff

—
. . . . .

IV . THE H I S T O R I CAL VA L U E OF 2 M ACCA B E E S

But in S p it e of wh a t h as b ee n s aid it is n ot t o be su p p ose d
t h at 2 M acc ab ees is wh olly with out hist or i c al valu e If as .
,

is p r ob ably t h e c a s e t h e sou r ces u p o n whi c h it d ep e nds we r e

,

t h e ms e lves c om p ile d in t h e m a in f r o m t h e ac c ounts of eye , ,

wi t n e ss e s of t h e e vent s c hr onic l ed this f ac t in it se lf c ounts ,

f or s om e thing f or e x am p l e t h e f oll owing d e sc r i p ti o n is n ot ,

Th r
1
m f w h l r wh t k
e e d i ff r
a re so e e sc o a s o a e a e e nt vi w e e g
Ni l di t ly i f v ur f M b u ur
. .
,

e se , e ss B ii hlrec n a o o 2 a c ca e es are c e r an d La q e

m r m difi d i t h ir p ini n S luy

,

o e o d W e n e o o ar e s an e l lh a use n , se e

S h ii
c G rm n d I II p 4 8 4 (
re r , t m nti n d i
e a c .
, , . no e o e n the E ngli h s
 .

48 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYP H A

with ou t int ere s t an d c ert ainly r eads as t h ough t old by o n e
w h o w as p r e s e nt But at d awn on t h e fiv e an d twe n t i eth
d ay s om e y oun g m en b e l onging t o t h e M ac c ab aea n a rmy ,

bu rn ing with indign ati on b ec aus e of th e s e bl asp h emi e s ,

st orm e d t h e w all like m en an d fu r i ous with p a ssi on h ew e d

d own e ver y on e wh om th ey m
,

et Oth ers in t h e m ea ntim e .

h a d f oll owe d th e m up by an e n c i r c ling m ov e m e n t an d h a d

set fi re t o t h e t ow e r s thus kindlin g fire s a n d burning t h e ,

bl a sp h em e r s alive whil e y et oth er s burs t op e n t h e g at e s

,

a n d l et in t h e r e s t of t h e b a nd a n d t hus t ook p oss e ssi o n o f ,

t h e c ity And th ey sl ew Tim oth eus w h o w as hidd e n in a

.

c ist e r n an d his br oth er Ch m

, rea s a n d Ap oll op h anes (x ,
.

35 Or a g ain t h e grap hi c d e t ails give n of t h e e p is od e

, ,

d e sc r ib ed in xii 3 5 mus t e vid e ntly h a ve c om e or igin ally

.

f r om on e w h o h ad wit n e ss ed it : But a c e rt ain D osi

th eus b el ongi n g t o t h e Tubi en i a h orsem a n an d vig or ous
,
1
, ,

t ook h old of G org i a s an d s e izing his c l ok e dragg e d him , ,

a l ong by m a in f or c e int e n ding t o t ak e t h e a cc urs e d m

m
, a n al ive

but on e of t h e Thr ac i an h or s e e n b or e d own u p on him

an d dis abl e d his sh ould e r so G or gi a s e sc a p e d t o M a ris a , .

Th e se a n d oth er p ass ag e s of a simil ar c h ar act e r c on t a ining

vivid t ouch e s su c h a s a re n ot lik ely t o h a ve b een su p p li ed
,

e x c e p ting by ey e witn e ss e s h a v e a dis t in ct valu e of th e ir

-

ow n .A p oint of im p or t a n c e in this c onn e cti on is t h e f ac t

th a t f or s om e fiv e or S i x y ea r s p receding t h e acc e ssi on t o t h e
th r on e of Anti oc hus E p i p h an es 2 M acc ab ee s is t h e only
e xisting s ou r c e see iii 1 iv ,6 ; this p a ss ag e c ont a ins a .
—
.

numb er of d et ails t h e hist oric al r eli ability of whic h th ere

,

is n o r eas on t o d oubt Th e b ook a ls o g ive s a g ood d eal of .

inf orm at i on su p p l e m e nt ary t o th at of 1 M acc ab ee s f or t h e

subse qu e n t p er i o d of ab out t en y ears (B C 1 76 — B C “

. . . .

cp . 2 M ac c ab ee s iv 7 — v i i 4 1 with 1 M acc ab ee s i . 1 0 —6 4 . . .

1
Th e t ex t r ea d s b l nging t e o o B a cen or
’
s co m p n y bu t t hi
a s

r ly righ t xii b l ng t t h
,

c an s ca c e be i as n 1 7— 1 9 D osi t h e u s e o s o e

J w th t ll d T b i i
.
,

e s a a re ca e u en .
48 8 THE BOO K S O F THE APOCRYPHA

f or this p urp os e fr om it s p rOp er p l ace Th e ac c ou nt of t h e .

instituti on of t h e N i c a n or f e a s t w ould h a ve b ee n a m ost

n a t ur a l p oin t f or J a s on t o brin g his b ook t o a c l os e in ,

an y c a s e This w ould h av e b ee n j ust t h e kind of e nding

Th e a uth or s ai m
.

b est suit e d t o his g e n er al p u r p os e

’
.

n ot b e ing th a t of a hist ori a n th er e w a s n o n ee d f or him t o ,

n d n a rr a t e t h e d e a th of Jud a s ; his ur s w s
g o on a
p p o e a

fully acc om p lish e d with out th at Th e t r a nsp ositi on of x . .

1 8
—
h owe ve r is p r ob ably t o b e at tribut e d t o t h e ep it omist
, ,

w h o saw h ow t h e p l a n of t h e b ook c ould t hus b e m ad e

subs ervi e nt t o his m ore d efinit e ai m i nc rea s e d signifi c an ce ,

b eing t h ereby give n b oth t o t h e N i ca n or f ea s t an d t o t h e

f ea st of t h e D e di c a ti on Th e s e were the two M acca bce an
.

s by t h e obs e rv a n c e of whi c h t h e J e ws of t h e Di a s p or a
feas t ,

c ould sh a r e a s in n o oth e r outw a rd w ay

,
in t h e n ati on al ,

gl ory of t h at st ruggl e
” 1
.

This e m p h a sizing of t h e n a t i on a l unity on t h e b a sis of

r eligi on an d w or shi p w as w e may w ell b e li eve in t h e , ,

a u t h or s mind as w e ll as i n th a t of t h e ep it omis t
’
His .

d e nun c i at i on of th os e wh o a re unf aithf ul t o t h e n ati on al

r eli gi on (cp iv 1 3 1 7 xii 3 9 4 2 ) onl y em p h a siz e s t his s t ill
. .
—
, .
—

fu r th e r .

An oth er f e at ur e i n t h e r e ligi ous a ttitud e v ery p r omin e nt

in this b ook is t h e st r e ss l aid u p on d ivin e int er p ositi on a n d
h er e i t is n oti c eabl e th at b oth t h e dir ec t in t erv enin g of
God is c ont em p l a t e d as w e ll a s t h e a c c om p lishm e n t of His
ur
p p o se s by int e rm e di a ry a g e nt s A S illustr a tiv e o f t h e .

f o r m er w e m ay r e f e r t o ix 5 wh er e it is s a id in r e f e r e n ce t o
.

Anti ochus E p ip h an e s th a t t h e All s ee ing L o r d t h e God -

of I sr ae l sm ot e him with a f at al an d invisibl e str ok e

,

a g a in in xii 2 8 But c al ling u p on t h e S ov e r eign Wh o with

.

migh t br eak e th in p i ece s t h e str e ngth of His e n emi e s th ey ,

g ot t h e c ity int o th e ir h ands cp fu r th er x 1 xi 1 3 . .

, .
,

xii 1 1 xiii 1 5 O n t h e oth er h a nd th er e are s om e s tr iking

.
,
. .
,

1
E n cycl . Bi bl iii
.
, . 28 73 f .
an d e m p h ati c a lly t a ught a s a t e n e t of orth od o x Jud aism in
t h e s ec ond h alf of t h e s ec ond c e ntu r y B C . t h e im p ort a n t
.

p a ss a g e s on this t eac hing ar e w o rt h qu o ting f or th e,

r e is
n o o th e r r e Ch r isti a n J e wi sh b o ok whi c h u t s f r th t h e
p p o
-

d oc t r in e of t h e r e surr ec ti o n of t h e b ody m or e d e finit e ly In .

vii .
9 on e of t h e m a r t yr s add r e ss e s his p e rs ec ut or thus
Th ou misc r ea nt t h ou d o st s e nd us aw ay out of this p r e s e nt
,

lif e but t h e Kin g of t h e w or ld sh all r a is e us up wh o h a v e

, ,

”
di e d f or Hi s l aws unt o an e t ern a l re n ew al of lif e
,
An oth e r
.

m a r t y r a ft e r h a vi n g h ad his limbs c ut off is m ad e t o say

, ,

F r om h e av e n I p oss e ss th e s e ; but f or His l aw s sak e I

’

count th e m as n othing a n d f r om Him I h op e t o r ece iv e th e m

,

b ac k ag ain (v i i . A n d yet a third m a r ty r s a ys : It

is g ood for th em th a t di e a t t h e h and s of me n t o l ook f or t h e
h op e s of God th a t w e sh a ll be r ais e d up a g ain by Him But .

th ou h e s ays t o his t or m e nt or
, , th ou sh alt h a ve n o r e su r
r ec ti on t o life (vii . I n x11 4 3 4 5 n ot o nly is this
.
—

d oc t r in e t aught but it s t r uth is sub st a nt i a t e d by Jud as

’

a c ti o n i n o ffe r ing s ac r ifi c e s a n d p r a y e r s f or t h e d ea d :

And h e m ad e a c oll ec ti on m ,
an by m an t o t h e sum of
,

t w o th ous an d dr ac hm a s of sil v e r a n d h e s e nt this t o J e r u

sal e m for a sin offering ac ting th e r ein w e ll an d h o n ou r ably

-

, ,

f or h e w a s b e ari n g i n mind t h e r e su rr e c ti o n F or if h e we r e
.

n ot e x ec ting th a t t h e f all e n w ould r is e a g a in it w ould h a v e

p ,

b ee n su p e r flu ous an d s e ns el e ss t o p r ay f or t h e d ead An d if .

in d oing this h e w as l ooking for t h e s p l e nd ou r of t h e g r aci ous

r ewa r d whi c h is l aid up f or th e m th a t h ave f all e n a sl eep
4 90 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA

i n g odlin e ss h oly an d p i ous w as t h e th ough t Wh e r e f ore

, .

h e m a d e a p r op iti a ti o n f or th em th a t h ad di ed th a t th e y
might b e re l e a s ed fr om th eir sin (c p xi v . .

VI . TH E I N TE G R I T Y OF T HE B OO K
Th er e is on e p or ti on of our b ook whi c h n eith e r b el ong e d ‘

t o J a s o n s hist or y n or yet t o t h e ep it omist v i z i ii 1 8

’
—
. . . .
,

This c om p r i se s t w o l e tt e r s whi c h must b e consid er e d

s ep ar a t e ly .

The fi rst letter i 1 —

9 This p urp orts t o h ave b ee n w r itt e n
, . .

by t h e J ew s of J erus al em t o th e ir b r e th r e n th r ough out

Egyp t e xh or ting th e m t o obs erve t h e f e ast of t h e D edi c ati on .

I t b egins with a g r eet ing an d a p r ay er th a t God may in clin e

t h e h e a r ts of t h e r e a d e r s t o s e rv e Him f a ithfully a n d k ee p
His L aw Th e n f oll ows t h e d a t e at whi ch t h e l e tt er was
.

w r itt e n i e B C 1 43 aft e r whi c h t h e r ea l obj ec t of t h e l e t t e r

,
. . . .
,

fin d s e x p re ssi on ; t h e r ead e r s are r emi n d e d of t h e origin al

insti t uti o n of t h e f ea st of D e dic a t i on n am ely a ft e r t h e ,

Te m p l e h ad b ee n p ollut e d by An t i ochus E p i p h an es an d

w e offe r e d s ac r ifi c e an d m e a l o ffe ring a n d w e light e d t h e ,

l am p s [ this w a s t h e c e ntr a l cer em ony of t h e c el eb r a ti on] ,

a n d w e set f orth t h e sh e wb r ea d a ft e r whi c h t h e l e tt er

c l os e s wi t h t h e w ords : And n ow see th at ye keep t h e d ays

of t h e f ea s t of t ab e rn ac l e s of t h e m onth Chisl e v To und e r .

st a nd th e s e fi n al w or ds on e mus t r ead x 5 — 8 N ow on t h e .

s a m e day t h a t t h e s a n c tu a ry h ad b ee n p r of a n ed by a li e ns ,

u p on th a t v e r y day did t h e c l ea nsing of t h e s an c tu ary t ak e

l ace e v e n on t h e tw e nty—fi f t h d ay of t h e s am e m onth
p , ,

whi c h is Chi sl e v A n d t h ey k ep t eight d ays w ith gl a dn e ss

.

in t h e m an n er o f t h e f ea s t of t ab ern acl e s r em emb e r ing h ow ,

t h at n ot l on g b ef ore du r ing t h e f eas t of t ab ern ac l es th ey

, ,

h a d b ee n w a nd e r ing lik e wild b e as t s in m ou n t ains an d c a v e s .

Th e re f o r e b e a r ing w ands wr ea th e d wi t h l ea ve s an d f air ,

b oughs an d p alms t h e y Offere d up hymns of th anksgiving

,

t o Him th at h ad p r os p e r ously b r ough t t o p ass t h e c l ea nsi n g

4 92 THE B ooKs OF THE APOC R Y P HA

b ili t y its b e ing c o rr ec t Th e ex tr a or din ary st or i e s whi ch

of
'

t h e l e t t e r c o nt a ins und oubt e dly c o nstitu t e a di ffi c ulty in

r eg arding it as g e nuin e (i 2 0 2 2 3 1 3 4 ii 1 but it is
.
—
,
—
, .

quit e p os sibl e t o r eg a r d th es e a s Mid r a shi c c omm e nt s on

Old Te st am e nt t exts w r itt e n f or t h e p u r p os e of sh owing
th a t t h e in stituti on of t h e f ea st of t h e D edi c ati on w as t h e
l ogic al out c om e of Old Te st am ent p r ec ed e nt an d t eac hing .

T or r ey h as r ightly p oint e d out th a t on e f e a t ur e of t h e

writ e r s d em onstra ti o n d e s erve s e sp ec i al n ot i ce n am ely t h e

’

e xt e n t t o whi c h it is b a s ed on t h e c on c ep ti on of t h e D edi c a

t i on as a restorati on of the sacred fi re t o t h e al t ar an d t h e

t em p l e 1 Evide ntly a t t h at tim e this id ea h ad a m os t
.

p r omin e nt p l ac e (p e rh a p s t h e c e n t r a l p l a ce ) in c u rr e n t
J ewish th ought r eg a rding t h e or igin an d m ea ning of this
I t is p er h ap s t his id ea whi c h is r efl ec t e d i n t h e
” 1
f east .

t h e f e a s t of light s
” 2
n am e of t h e f ea st give n by J os ep hus , ,

a n d by it s usu a l d e sign a ti on in t h e T a lmud t h e Fea st of ,

Illumin a ti on th ough in t h e fi r st ins t a n c e n o d oub t t h e s e

,

n am es h ad r eferen ce t o t h e l am p s ligh t e d on each day of t h e

f ea st eight on t h e fi r st day an d on e l e ss on e ac h su cceeding
, ,

day . H owe ve r this m ay b e if t h e s t ori e s r e f e rr e d t o w er e ,

or igin ally Mid r a shi c c omm e nt s th e r e is n o r ea s on why th e y

S h ould n ot h a v e b ee n in c or p or a t e d in a l e tt e r fr om J e ws t o

J ews .

B oth t h e s e l e tt e r s w ere or igin ally writ t en e ith e r in H ebr ew

or Ar a m a i c ; an d if a s w e d o n ot see su ffi c i e nt r ea s o n t o
,

d oubt t h e ep it omist p r efix e d th e m t o his b ook his d oing

, ,

so c onsid e r ing th at th e y e m h a siz e t h e n ee d of c ar r ying out

, p
a r e li gi ous c e r e m ony w ould h a v e b een a n a t ur a l p r oc e eding
,

on his p art wh e n on e r em e mb e rs t h e l e adi n g c h a r a c t e r isti c

of his b ook as p oin t e d out ab ov e .

Alth ough t h e r e f or e th es e tw o l ett e r s d o n ot b el ong t o t h e

b ook th ey m
, ,

ay r ea s on ably b e r e g a r d e d a s h a vin g b een p re

fix e d by t h e ep it omist Wh eth er th ere are oth e r p ort i ons .

,

1
Op . ci t .
, iii . 28 77 .
1
A n ti q .
,
X II ,
vii .
7 .
us an y indi cati on as t o wh e n it was writt e n t h e a dva n c ed ,

d oc tr in e of t h e futu r e lif e (in a n on ap oc alyp ti c b ook ) an d -

t h e t e nd e n c y t o a sc r ib e divin e a c t ivity a m ong m en t o int e r

m edi a t e ag e n c i e s a l on e sugg e sting a c om p ara t i v el y l a t e d at e .

On t h e oth e r h a nd it is p rac ti c ally c e r t ain th a t Phil o w as

,

a c qu aint e d w ith t h e b o ok f or in his w or k Quod om , ni s

p r o b us li ber ( M a ng e y ii 45 )
a a d e scr i p,
ti o
. n is giv e n of t h e

w ay in whi c h in tim e p a st t h e g o dly h a v e su ffe r ed at t h e

h ands of p e r s ecut or s whi c h f or c ibly r e c alls t h e w or d s in
,

2 M acc ab ees con ce r ning Ant i ochus E p p h a n es i 1

N othing .

m ore sp ec ifi c as t o d at e c an th e ref or e b e give n b ey ond , ,

s aying th a t it w as p r ob ably writt e n sh ortly b e f ore t h e be

ginning of t h e Ch r isti a n era .

Th e re i s n othing in t h e b ook whi c h p oints t o it s b e ing a

t ransl a ti on ; it w as m anifestly writt en in G r ee k (with t h e
e x ce p ti o n of cou r s e of t h e t w o p r e fix ed l e tt e r s) as a l r e a dy
, ,

J er om e saw 2
Th e styl e is e xt r e m e ly un e ve n ; a t tim e s
.

it is e l ab or a t e ly orn a t e (iii 1 5 3 9 v 2 0 V i 1 2 1 6 2 3 2 8 .
—
, .
,
.
—
,
—
,

v ii. e t c ) a n d a g a in it is so r u d e a n d b r ok e n up a s t o s ee m
,
.
,

m or e like n o t es f or an e p it om e th a n a fini sh e d c om p ositi o n

( vi ii 1 9
. I n a ll p r ob ability t h e b ook w as w r itt e n in
Al e x a nd r i a .

VIII TH E IN F L U E N C E
. O F THE B OOK ON NEW T E S TAM E N T
W R I TE R S
In onl y inst an ce c an t h e influ en c e of our b ook be
on e

s ee n d i r e c t ly in t h e N ew T e st am e nt n am e ly in H e b r ews ,

1
L u iuc s, D er E sse n i s mu s, pp .
3 6 ff .

1
I n hi s P rolog us Ga lea tu s
mi t h B i bl ii
.

3 W est c ott ,
in S
’
s D i et . of th e .
,
.
p . 1 75 .
49 4 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

xi .
3 5 ff wh e r e w e r e a d
.
, W om e n r eceive d th e ir d ea d by
a r e surr e c ti on ; an d o th er s w er e t o r tur e d n o t ac c ep ting ,

th e i r d e liv e r a n ce th a t th ey migh t ob t ain a b e t t er resurr ec

t i on an d oth ers h ad t r i al of m ockings an d sc ou rgings .

O n c om p ar ing with t his t h e wh ol e of 2 M accab ee s v i vii .

, .

on e c a nn o t f a il t o se e th a t t h e d e s c r i ti ons th e r e giv en
p
influ en c ed t h e w r it er of t h e ep istl e t o t h e H eb r ews h er e ;
we m ay qu ot e f or e x am p l e vi 1 9 wh e r e in s p ea king of
, , .
,

t h e m artyrd om of El e az a r it is s ai d ,
Bu t h e we l coming ,

d ea th with r en own r at h e r t h a n lif e with p olluti on a dvan ce d

of his ow n ac cor d t o t h e ins tr um e nt of t ortu r e ( cp a ls o .

verse Ag ain in vii 2 3 t h e m ot h er of t h e s eve n m ar t yr ed

, .

s ons s ays Th er e f ore t h e C r ea t or of t h e W orld Wh o ,

f a shi on ed t h e g e n era ti on of m
1
an an d d e vis e d t h e g e n er a t i on
1

of all things in m er c y giv e th b a c k t o you a g a in y our s p i r it an d

,

y our lif e an d in v ers e 2 9 S h e s ays F ear n ot this but c h er ,

but p r oving thys e lf w ort hy Of thy br ethr en acc ep t thy d ea th

, , ,

t h a t i n t h e m erc y of God I may receive th ee ag ain with thy

bre t hr e n ( Cp V ii 1 7 9
”
.
,
In H ebrews xi 3 8 on ce
, , .
,

m or e t h e w or ds w ande r ing in d e s erts a n d m ount a ins a n d

,

c a v e s a n d in t h e h ol e s of t h e ea r th
,
are in
p a r t r e p ea t e d f r om
,

2 M ac c ab ee s x 6 Th ey we re w a nd er ing in m ount ains a n d

.

”
in c av e s a ft e r t h e m ann e r of wild b ea st s I n all th e s e .

a ss ag e s t h e simil a r ity of t h e Gr ee k w ords is i n eac h c a s e

p
very s t riking .

1
Or fir t rigin
s o .
49 6 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
lit er at ur e I t p urp ort s t o h ave b ee n writ t e n by B aru c h
.
,

t h e f r i e nd of J e r e mi ah in B abyl on during t h e C ap tivi ty ;

,

an d a ft er it h a d b e e n r ea d th er e in t h e h ea r ing of J ech oni a s

t h e son of J oakim king of Jud ah a n d in t h e h earing of al l
, ,

t h e p e op l e i
( 3 it w as s e nt t o J e rus al e m t o b e r e ad
.
,

th ere ( i 1 4) with it w as a ls o s en t a c oll ec ti on of m on ey

.

t o t h e high p r i e s t J oakim f or t h e p urp os e of d efr aying t h e

-

e x e ns e s of s ac r ifi c e s ( i 6 t h e p eop l e in J e ru s a l e m
p .

a re a ls o a sk e d t o p r a y f or N abu c h od on os or k ing of ,

B abyl on an d f or his son B al t a s a r as w ell as f or t h e e xil e s

, , ,

( 1
. 1 1 This f o r ms t h e in t r o du c t i o n t o t h e b o ok Th e n .

f oll ows wh at p u r p or ts t o b e t h e B ook of B aru ch it s elf an d

this consis t s of t w o p ar t s :
i 1 5 — ii 1 2 : this whi c h fully b ears out t h e d esc rip ti on
. .
,

give n of it in i 1 4 as a b ook of c onf e ssi on b egins with an

.
,

a s c ri p t i on of right e ousn e ss t o God a ft e r whi c h f oll ows a,

c o nf e ssi on of sin t h e p a st hist ory of t h e n a ti on is r ec all e d

t o S h ow t h a t in s p it e of G od s m e r c y t h e p eop l e w e r e dis
’

ob e di e nt t o Him an d f or s ook Him f or t his r ea s on th ey a re

j ustly su ff e r ing f or t h e ir sins in th at t h e y are in subj ect i on
t o t h e n ati ons r ound a b out t h em .

ii 1 3 iii 8 a p r ayer t o God f or m ercy f orms t h e c ont ent

.
—
.

of this s ec ti on ; bu t i t f alls in t o th r ee divisi ons ; firs t a ,

r a y e r in t h e r ea l s e ns e of t h e w ord ( ii 1 3 9 ) th e n a n
—1
p .
,

his t or i cal survey whi c h is l ar g ely b a s e d on Old T e s t am e nt

p a ss ag e s e s ec i ally
p ,
fr o m t h e B oo ks of D a ni el J e r emi a h ,

an d D e u t e r on omy ( ii 20 an d . l as t ly a n oth er p r ayer

, ,

c ombin e d with conf e ssi on ( iii 1 .

S o f ar t h e b ook is wri tt e n in p r os e t h e r em a ind e r is i n ,

oe try an d c onsist s of t w o quit e ind e e nd e nt p i ec es

°

p , p
iii 9 — iv 4 : this is a f r agm e nt of t h e Wisd om Lit er ature
. .

typ e i t t ells of t h e r ea s on why Is r ae l is exil e d in t h e l and

of th ei r e n e mi e s n am ely b ecaus e th ey h a ve f ors ak e n t h e
,

f oun t ai n of Wisd om t h e p e op l e are th er ef or e bidd e n t o ,

fi nd out wh er e Wisd om is (iii 1 4 ) t h e mighty rul ers of t h e .

e ndu r e s for e ve r ( iii 3 2 iv 1 th e re f or e Is r ael is exh or t e d
.
—
.

t o m a k e use of his p o ss e ssi o n ( iv 2 .

iv 5 V 9 thi s p i ec e is str ongly reminisce n t of t h e s ec ond

.
—
.

h a lf of Is a i ah it consi sts of t w o p ar ts t h e fi r st one b e ing ,

a n od e of c omf o rt s p o k e n by J e r u sa l e m p e r so nifi e d a s a ,

m oth e r t o h er c hild r e n in cap t ivity ( iv 5 3 5 ) t h e second

, .
—

is an Ode of c omf or t S p oke n t o J e rus a l e m wh o i s bi dd e n t o

r ej oic e f or h er c hil dr e n a re t o be led b ac k t o h er f r om th e ir
,

c ap tivity ( iv 3 6 — v . .

II E . X MI N TI
A A O N O F TH E C O M PO N E N T P A R T S OF THE B OOK
It will thu s b e see n th a t t h e b ook c on si st s of th r ee i n dep en
d e n t d oc um e nts : i iii 8 iii 9 iv 4 iv 5 V 9 a n d th e s e
.
—
.
,
.
—
.
, .
—
.

th r ee di ffe r ve r y mu c h in c ont e nt We must n ow e x amin e .

th em a littl e m or e c l o s ely in or de r t o a sce r t a in th eir n a tu r e ,

p ur p os e an d a p p r oxim a t e d a t e
, .

( 1 ) The B ook of C onf essi ons (i iii —

.

It is st at ed i n i 2 th a t t h e b ook w as wr it t e n in t h e fifth
.

year r e sum ably by this i s m e a nt t h e fifth y ea r a ft e r

p
t h e ca p t ur e of J e r us al e m ; but J e r us al e m w as c a p tu r e d
i n B C 5 9 7 an d ag a in in B C 5 8 7 (2 Kings xxiv 1 2— 1 6 ;
. .
, . . .

2 Ki n gs xxv so th a t our b ook is a ssign e d e ith e r t o

.

B C 5 9 2 or B C 5 8 2
. . B oth th e se d a t e s are h oweve r im
. . .
p os , ,

sibl e f or t w o indi cati on s in t h e b ook S h o w c l ea rly th a t

,

t h e wri t e r utiliz e d t h e B ook of D a ni el (early in t h e

M ac cab aean era) Thus t h e mis t ake m ade i n D an i e l v
.
,
.
498 THE BOO K S OF THE APO CRYPHA

13, et c .
,
wh er e B elsh azz ar is r eg ard ed as t h e son of
N ebuch adn ezz ar is rep eat ed in our b ook i 1 1 1 2 ; so
1
, , .
,

f ar a s is kn ow n this mis t ak e d oe s n ot oc c ur e ls ewh e r e t h e ,

n a tur a l p r e sum p t i on th e r e f or e is t h a t t h e wri t e r of B aru ch

, ,

g ot it f r o m D a ni e l e s ec i a lly wh e n in t h e se c on d
p , p l ace we , ,

fi nd th a t b o th t h e c onf e ssi on an d p r aye r whi c h m a k e up t h e

wh ol e s ec t i o n are b a s e d u p on D an i e l ix 7 1 9 of whi ch it is
, .
—
,

an e l ab or a t i o n Furth e r th a t t h e s ec t i on c ann ot b el ong

.
,

t o t h e M ac c ab aea n e ra is su ffi c i e ntly c l ear fr om i 1 1 12 .

, ,

wh er e t h e p eop l e are r ec omm e nd e d t o p r a y f or t h eir op p res

sor a n d t o a c qui e s ce in his s ov er e ignty ov e r t h e m su c h a
r ecomm e nd ati on on t h e p ar t of a J ew du r ing t h e M acc a
b aean era wh e n t h e p e op l e w e r e fighting n ot only f or th e ir
,

c ountry an d th e ir h om e s bu t f or th eir r e ligi on a n d f or t h e

,

h on our of God is qui t e unthink abl e

,
Th e tr a nsf er e n ce t o a n .

e arli e r hist ori ca l p eri od th a n th a t at whi c h a wri t e r liv e d is

a lit e r a ry d evi c e co ns t ru c t e d f or on e of s e v e r a l r ea s ons ,

wh e th e r f or d r am a ti c effec t as in t h e c a s e of t h e B ook of
,

Judith wh e r e lik e wis e t h e r e ign of N ebu c h a dn ezz a r is

,

c h os e n ; or f or r e a s on s of p rud e n c e as
p r ob ably in t h e ,

r e s e nt c a s e o r b e c a us e a s om ewh a t a r a ll e l set of h i st ori

p p
c al c ondi t i ons is offe r e d ; wh a t e v e r t h e r ea s on m ay b e t h e ,

p r oc e dur e is n ot un comm on a n d n ee d n ot oc c a si on su r p r is e .

I n t h e p re s ent c a s e th er e are str ong g r ounds f or b eli evi ng

t h at t h e ac t u al p er i od at whi c h t his sec ti on of our b ook w a s
w r itt e n w a s during t h e s t ruggl e of t h e J ews ag ainst t h e
R om a n p owe r du r ing t h e y ears A D 6 6 — 7 0 t h e r ea s ons f or , . .

this c on c lusi on are bri efly t h e s e : N ebu c h adn ezz a r an d his

son w er e a ccording t o t h e b e li e f Of t h e wri t e r of our b ook
, ,

t h e kings und e r wh om t h e c onqu e r e d J e ws live d ; th e ir

n a m e s migh t w e ll st a nd th ere f ore f or Ve sp a si a n an d his
, ,

son Ti t us Th e J ews a re bidd e n t o submit t o th e ir c on

.

q u e rors Thus s a ith t h e L ord B ow y o u r sh ould ers t o

,

1
Blh
e s az z a rw as th e son o f N a b on i d o s t h e l as t k in g of B byl
a on,

v rt hr by C yru
,

w h o w as o e ow n s .
5 00 THE BOO KS OF TH E A POCRYPHA

S adduc wan . Th a t the

b ook as a wh ol e h ow e ve r c an b e S ad , ,

ducaea n is out of t h e qu e sti on if f or n o ot h e r r e as on on a c

count of t h e p e nit e nti a l sp i r it c o nt a in e d in it whi c h is quit e un

S adduc aean ; but th a t an int er p ol a t or h a s a dd e d th e s e v e r s e s

i n t h e int e r e sts of his ow n s ch ool of th ought is by n o m ea ns
a n im p ssibl x p l n ti n
o e e a a o o f t h e f
di fi culty ( but see b e l ow) l
.

Th e p e r i od t o whi c h r e f e r e n ce is int e nd e d in t h e b ook ,

n am ely t h e w ar with R om e b e ing A D 6 6 7 0 t h e fifth ye ar ,

. .
—
,

a ft e r t h e d e stru c ti o n of J e r us a l e m m e nt i on e d in i 2 will , .
,

give us t h e p r ec is e d a t e of t his p orti on of our b ook V iz , .

A D
. .
74 or 75 .

But whil e t h e ac tu al d a t e Of this p ort i on of t h e b ook

may thus be regard ed as fix ed it is n ece ss ar y t o p oint out ,

t h at th er e are c oge nt r ea s ons f or b eli e ving t h at t h e w r it er

h as m ad e use of e a r li e r m at e ri a l Th e f ac t is t h at t h e wh ol e .

i ec e i 1 5 iii 8 r ea ds r e m a r k ably lik e an e xtr a c t of a litur

p
-
. .

g i c a l c h a r ac t e r ; it h a s a ll t h e l e a ding n ot e s whi c h w e find

so e l ab or a t e d in t h e m od e r n J ewi sh Liturgy a Li t urgy t h e ,

e ss e nt i a l e l e m e nt s of whi c h g o b a c k t o p re Ch r ist i a n t im e s
? -

Thus in t h e p a ss ag e und e r c onsid er at i on t h e thr ee outst and

,

ing n ot es are Pr ais e C onf essi on of sin (dis ob edi en ce in n ot

,

obs ervin g t h e divin e c omm a ndm e nt s) an d Pr ay er f or ,

f or give n e ss (i e t h e turning aw ay of G od s w r a t h ) Th e s e
’

. . .

all r e p r e s e nt wh a t h av e b e c om e t e c hni c a l litu r gi c a l t e rms ,

v iz B era k a h
. P r a is e lit ,
Wi ddui. Con
f essi on S eli ch a h F orgive n ess Wh e n on e s t udi es
t h e m od ern J ewish Liturgy on e s ee s th a t i t is j us t in i t s
old e s t p orti o ns t h a t th e s e thr e e e l em e n t s are so p r omin e n t

f or e x am p l e t h e d a ily M ornin g Pr ay e r h as n ot only its

,

S p ec i a l p s a lm of P r a is e f or eac h d ay but c o nt a ins a l a r ge ,

n umb e r of B era k o th Bl e ssings whi c h p r ece d e this ;

while in t h e gr eat A m i da h p r ay er whi c h f orms on e of t h e
3
,

1
C p t h e P h a ri sa i c a dd i t i o n s i n E ccl esi a sti cus .

i rr j ud p im
.

S ee Zun z D i e Gottesdi en stl Vo t age der

‘

ch en
1 en , ass

m E igh t B n di ti n
,

3
Le the S he on e h E sreh ee n e e c o s the
me A mi d h ing iv
,

na a S t an d is g e n t o i t be c a u it i ai d st
se s s a n di ng .
 Br h a uc A mi d ah

T tho L rd eG d b o o ur o e Bl Th u O L rd
e sse d art o o o ur

f th r
,

G d o d G d fan o o o ur a e s

g t migh t y d r v r n d
,

w h v
e i nn d b f r t h L r d
a e s e e o e e o th e r ea an e e e

m t high G d W h
,

d di b y d Him d h v
,

an so e e an a e G d th
o e os o o

l vi g k i dn
, ,

t h rk n d u nt t h v i
,

no ea e ef o e o ce o b t w t
es o es o n n esse s ,

t h L rd
e o G d t w lk i th
our o o a n e an d p t ll t hi g
o sse sse s a n s

C u t r t urn 0 F th r
.

mm n d m nt f t h L r d t h t
,

a e s O e o a a se us o e o ur a e
co
u nt Thy L w ; d r w n r
, ,

H h th
e t b f r
a ( ii 7 8 )
se e o e us 1 1 o a a us ea

K in g u nt Thy rvi
.
,

L t t hy wr t h t urn f r m
,

e a o 0 o ur o se ce ,

d bri n g b k i p rf t
,

us ; f w or bu t f w l ft e a re a e e an us ac n e ec

am n g t h h t h n wh r Th u
o e ea e e e o r p nt n u nt T hy p r n
e e a ce o e se ce

Bl d t T h u O L rd
.

h t tt r d H r
,

e sse ar o o
as sc a e e us ea o ur
W h d ligh t t i r p nt n
, ,

r y r r i
.

p a O eL d d p t o an o ur e o e es n e e a ce .

ti n d d liv r Thi n F rgiv F th r f w

, ,

o an f e e us or e o 0 e us, o ur a e or e

h v inn d ; p rd n
,

O L rd l
,

o w n k sa e k o oo a e s 0
e a o us, o ur

d wn fr m Thi n h ly h u K ing f h v tr n gr d
.
,

o o d e o o se , an w or e a e a s e sse

Th u d t p rd n d f
,

co n id rs i n li n Thi n
e us ; c e e e ar ,
for o os a o an or

0 L rd od h r an(ii 3 ea 1
giv e L k up n oo o o ur

ffli t i n d pl d u
.
.
,

a c o an ea o ur ca se ,

an d r d m p d ily f
e ee T hy us s ee or

n m a k
e s
’

S und sa th e o e

gr t h rn f fr d m li ft
.

ea o or o ur ee o

u p th n ign t g t h r
e e s xil o a e o ur e e s,

an d g th r fr m t h f ur
a e us o e o

co rn r f t h rt h
e s o e ea .

A d e t a il ed c onsid er at i o n of t h e t w o sh ows m any m or e

p o in t s o f c o nt a c t b e tw e e n th e m a n d
p r ove s a very c l o s e
r el ati onshi p ; but thi s is n ot t h e p l ace t o go int o g r eat
d et a il Tw o o th e r p oint s must h owe v e r b e t ou c h e d u p on
.
, ,
.

We sugge st ed ab ove th a t t h e p assage ii 1 7 1 9 might be a n .

—

in t er p ol a ti on in t h e int er e st s of S adduc aean t eac hing n a m ely ,

t o e m p h a siz e t h e old t r a diti on al b e li e f r eg a r ding t h e de

p a r t e d an d t o r ep udi at e t h e d oc t r in e of t h e m e rit s of t h e
,

fat h ers bu t t h e p ossibili t y (p er h ap s ev e n t h e p r ob abili t y )

5 02 TH E BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

mus t b e r ecog niz e d of ve rs e 1 7 h a vi ng b een origi n al an d ,

h a ving fi r s t b ee n a l t e r e d in ac c ord a n c e with t h e d e vel op e d

Ph aris ai c t eaching an d th e n h a ving fin ally b e en r e s t or e d
,

t o i t s origin a l f orm by a S a ddu c ee Ve r s e 1 9 on t h e oth er

.
,

h a nd w ould th e n h ave t o b e r e g ar d ed as a Ph aris ai c int e r

,

olat i on a lt e r e d by t h e S addu c e e b ec aus e th e r e w ould b e

p ,

n o p oin t in t h e r ep udi at i o n of t h e d oc t r in e of t h e m e r it s

of t h e f a th ers unl e ss t h e e x p r e ssi o n of this un S a dduc aea n -

t en e t h a d st ood th er e fi r st bu t it is n ot lik ely t o h ave st o od

in t h e or igin al f orm of t h e s ec t i on b ec aus e t h e d oct r in e is a
l at e on e It is e sp eci ally in t e r e sting an d signifi can t t h a t
.

t h e d oc trin es c o nt a in e d in t h e s e t w o v e r s e s r e s p ec tive ly
sh ould a p p ea r in c l os e p r oximity in t h e A m i da h le t us p l ac e
t h e t w o i n p a r a ll el c olumns a g ai n
“

B a ruch A mi d ah

F o r t h e d ea d t ha t a re i n t h e Th u O L r d t migh ty
o o ar

gr a v e whose brea t h i s t a k en v r Th u q i k t t h
, ,

for e e o u c en e s e

fro m t h e ir b o di e s will give u nt o d d Th u t migh ty t v

, ,

ea o ar o sa e

t h e L o rd n e i t h er gl o ry n or f i t h ful t Th u t
, , .
.

Y ea, a ar o o

ri gh t e o u sn e ss ( ii q ui k n t h d
c e d Bl d t
e ea e ss e ar

F o r w e d o n ot p r e sent o ur
.

Th u O L r d W h q i k t
.

o o o u c e n es

s u p p li ca t i on b efore The e O
,

, th e d d ea

Lo r d o ur Go d f or t h e righ t e o u s Bl d t Th u O L r d
.

e sse ar o o

n ess o f o ur fa t h ers a n d o f o ur W h r m mb r t
, ,

o ur G d o o e e e es

k in g s (ii th p i u d d f t h p tri r h
,

. e o s ee so e a a c s .

Th e cont r a st h er e p r e s en t e d is t h e m o r e st r iking on acc ount

of t h e e ss e nt i al simil a r it y of t h e t w o p i ece s in oth e r r e s p e c t s .

Th e s econd p oint whi c h fu r th e r su p p or ts our c o n t e nti on

th a t t his s ec ti on is li t u r gi cal in c h ar ac t er is th at it c on t ains
r ef e re nc e s t o t h e d eliv er a n c e f r om Egyp t an inva r i abl e ,

e l e m e n t in all f or ms of t h e J e wish Litu r gy t his occu r s th r ee

t ime s in t h e B aruc h s ec ti on ; an d in t h e m oder n J ewish
“
Liturgy it is f ound a m ong oth er p l ac e s in t h e B en e di c
, ,

1
In t h e L i t urgy t h r d r e o e of t h ese two c a lu se s is rvr e e se d .
 5 04 THE B OO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

N ow ,
a lth ough indi c ati ons of d at e are n ot ve ry d efinit e
th e
h e r e on e or t w o p oint s of guid a n c e do ap p ear th e r e is p e ac e
, ,

an d t h e p eop l e h a v e b ee n s e ttl e d f or a g ood whil e in th e i r

e xil e ; th e r e f or e t h e s ec ti on b e l o ngs t o a p e r i o d s om e tim e

a ft e r t h e d e st r u c t i o n of J e r us a l e m Th e writ e r is a stud e n t .

of t h e L aw an d h e writ e s on Wisd om an d r ej oi ce s in t h e
, ,

kn owl edge of t h e things th a t are p l ea sin g unt o God an d ,

e xh or t s oth e r s t o do t h e s am e A ll th e s e things l e a d on e t o
.

sugg e st th at t h e s ce n e is on e of th os e ac ad emi es in B abyl oni a ,

su ch a s th at at N eh ardea whi c h r ec e ived a c o nsid e r abl e ,

influx of J ews fr om P al estin e aft e r t h e g r ea t c al amity of

A D
.
7.0 ; in th e s e t h e y s t udi e d i n p e ace an d r ea r e d u p
stud e nts of t h e L aw This s ecti on (iii 9 iv . th er e f or e .
—
.
,

may quit e p ossibly h ave b ee n writt e n under th es e c onditi ons

at t h e c omm e n c e m e nt of t h e s econd c e ntury A D or e v e n . .

l at e r th ough it must h a v e b ee n writt e n n ot l at e r t h a n ab ou t

,

A D 1 5 0 or th e r eab outs as t h e b ook is qu ot e d by Ath e n ag or a s

. .

an d Ir e n aeus
1
.

B ot h t h e s ec ti ons so f ar c o nsid er ed w ere p r ob ably wr itt e n

in H ebr ew or in t h e ca s e of t h e s ec o nd in Ar a m ai c M a r sh a ll
,

h as give n g oo d gr ounds f or t h e l a t t e r c ont e nt i on ?

(3 ) A M essage of Good C heer (iv 5 .

This s ec ti on c o nsists of t w o divisi ons but b oth h ave t h e ,

s am e obj ec t in vi ew an d b oth are in all p r ob ability by t h e

s am e auth or Th e obj ec t of th em is t o c h eer t h e J ewish
. .

p eop l e wh o are still p i c t or i ally r ep r e s e n t e d as b eing in

c a t ivi ty (iv T h e th ought an d di c t i on of t h e fi r st
p .

divisi on (iv 5 3 5 ) are l arg ely b a s ed on th os e of t h e Old

.
—

Te st am e n t J er us al em is r ep r e s e nt e d as t h e m oth er of t h e
n at i on w h o t ells h er C hildre n why t h ey are su ffering n am ely ,

th r ough th eir ow n f olly sh e d oe s n ot wish t o p lung e th e m

int o d e sp air by r eminding th e m Of this but only t o wit ne ss ,

1
r gt
A c co di n o C orn ill ,
E i n lei tun g i n d a s A l te Testa mt en , p . 2 74

H t i ng i
’
1 In as s D i et .
f
o th e B i ble, . 25 3 .
J e rus al em h e r s e lf p ut i nt Ot h e m outh of God sh e is bidd e n
t o r ej oi c e b ec a us e h er c hil d r e n a re a b out t o r e tu r n fr om
t h e e a st t o t h e w e st at t h e w o r d of t h e H oly On e ( iv .

Th e simil arity b e twee n this p i ec e an d t h e e l e ve nth of t h e

Ps al ms of S ol om on is striking so mu c h so t h a t it is w or th
1
,

whil e p utting t h e p ar all e l p a ss ag e s in j uxt ap osit i on

Br h P l m f S l m xi
a uc sa s o o o on , .

0 J ru l m l k
e b u t th
sa e S t nd t h h igh t 0 J ru l m
oo a o ee a on e e e sa e

t w rd t h d b h l d t hy hi l d r n
, , ,

o t a e eas an e o c e

A d b h l d t h j y th t m t h Fr m t h t t th w t
, ,

n e o e o a co e o e eas o e es

u nt t h fr m G d g t h r d t g t h r by t h
,

o ee o o . a e e o e e e

L t hy n
O, m wh m t h u so L r d (v r
s co e, o o o e se

nt t w y
se es a a

Th y m g t h r d t g t h r
,

e co e a e e o e e

fr m t h o t t th w t e eas o e es

R j i in g i gl ry f G d
,

e o c th n e o o o

(i v .
36 .

P ut o ff , J ru l m 0 e sa e t h e g ar P ut J ru l m
on , 0 e sa e t hy
gl ri u g rm nt
,

m nt f t hy m ur in g d
,

o o s a e s
o o n an
M k r d y t hy h ly r b
e

ffl i t i n
a c o
a e ea o o e

m lin f t h (v r
,

e se
An d p t u th on e co e e ss o e

gl ry t h t m t h fr m G d
o a co e o o

f or vr e e

t b ut th t h r b f t h
.

Ca s a o ee e o e o e

right u n whi h m t h eo s e ss c co e

fr m G d (v o I
High m u i h h b
o .
,

G d h th p p i nt d t h t
.

F or o a a
nt n o
t H e
d a o a s a e a a se

v ry high m u nt in
e
i nt po
l i n f th m ;
a o a a or e

hill h ir r
e ,

An d t h v rl tien g hill
e h ul
asd T h fl d t t nt
s s n o e s e a e e a ce .

w g v h m h l r
e

b em d l w a e T
o h d t t e oo s a e e s e e

An d t h v ll ey fill d
a p t
e s
t h,

y p d e by ; u ,
o as e a sse

m k p l in t h gr u nd
a e a e o ,

1 T h i w p int d t l ng g by R yl d J m Th P l m
s as o e ou o a o e an a e s, e sa s

of th P h r i
e app lxx i i fl
sees, . . .
5 0 6 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
Th a t Isra el may g o m lling t r G d sa e f ly i n the E v ry w e s e e —s t e ee o

gl y f G dor o dt p rin g p f
o .th m c a use o s u or e

M r v r t h w d d v ry Th t I r l migh t p by i
,

o eo e e oo s an e e a s ae a ss n

w t m llin g t r
s ee -
sth Vi i t t i n f t h gl ry
e ee e s a o o e o

H v vrhdwd Ir l
a e o e s f t h ir G d ( v r
a o
5 e s ae o e o e se s

(v 7 .
,

Th e Ps lms f S ol om on b el ng
a w ha v s een t o b out
o o , as e e ,
1
a

the middl e of t h e l ast c e ntury B C an d on t h e su p p ositi on . .

,

t h at t h e B a ru ch p ass age is d ep ende nt on t h e Psalm (Ryl e

rm
an d J am e s
) i
2
a te n us a q u o i s g i v e n f or t h e d a t e of t h e f or

mer Th e indicati ons in th e B aru c h p a ssag e h oweve r p oint

,

.
, ,

t o a mu c h l at er d at e an d w e see n o r ea s on t o r eg a r d t h e d a t e
,

of t his p i ece as di ffe r e n t f r om th a t of t h e s ec ti on iii 9 iv 4 .

—
.
,

t h e b ac kgr ou n d of eac h is a p e ac e ful p r e s e nt an d a c alm

fu t ure ; t h e b eginning of t h e s ec ond c en t ury A D m a
y be . .

a ssign e d as ap p r oxim a t e ly t h e d a t e of this s e c t i on t oo .

Th e o r igin a l l an gu ag e of t h e wh ol e Of iv 5 V 9 is r ec og .
-
.

n i z e d by m os t s c h ol a rs a s h aving b e e n Gr e e k fr om t h e .

b egi n ning .

THE E P I S T LE OF J E R E MI A H
[L I T ERA T U R Gi ff r d i W E —
II pp 87 3 3 R t h t in i
o n ac e , 2 -
0 ; o s e n

K u t h I p p 6 9 ; B ll i Ch rl I p p 5 9 6
.
, , ,

a z sc . 22 —2 2 a n a es, .
, , , ,

I n t h Vulg at this E p istl e p p e rs s t h sixth c h p t r

e e a a a e a e

bu t i n t h S p tu gint it is tr t d s s p r t
i

of B aru c h e e a ea e a a e a a e

b ook d c om e s ft er L m e n t ti ns with t h e ins ri p ti n

an a a a o c o

L tt r of J remy
e e d a t itl whi h r uns
e C op y f ,
”
an e
3
c o a

l tt er whi c h J r mi h s e nt t o t h os wh wer b out t o b

e e e a e o e a e

le d tive s by t h e king of t h e B abyl oni ans t o give th em a

c ap ,

m e ss ag e a s i t h ad b ee n c omm a nd ed him by God

,
.

I t h as b een th ought by s om e th at this l e t t er was sugg est e d

by t h e l e tt e r r ef err e d t o in J er emi ah xxix whi ch was s ent .

S ee p p 2 1 4 ff
1
Op ci t p p l x x u l xx v u
.
3 -
.

vi ri w gly r vr whi h i
. . . .
.
,

3
I n t h e R e se d Ve s on r on e c k on e d a s e se 1 , c s

n ot d on e e t e in the V ihr
a t e or t h e S ep t a nt ulg u gi .

xxxvi I i n t h e S ep t a
. nt u gi .
5 08 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA
this mus t be all owe d ; M arsh all h olds for e x am p l e th at it , ,

wa s writt e n du r ing t h e first c e ntu r y B C 1

an d th e r e is n o . .

str on g a rgum e n t ag a inst t hi s ; t h e p r e se nt writ e r p r e fe rs

t o d a t e i t a l ong wi th t h e t w o p rece ding s ec ti ons o f this b ook ,

th ough h e fully r ealiz e s t h e f or ce of Ch eyn e s w or ds th a t it

’

is h a r dly p ossibl e t o fix t h e d a t e e x ac tly an d uns a f e e ve n ,

t o say th a t t h e e p istl e w as w r itt e n b e f or e 2 M ac c ab ee s t h e ,

su p p ose d r efe ren ce t o it in 2 M ac cab ee s iii I ff b ei n g . .

disp u t e d
” 3
.

Th e E p is t l e w a s acc ording t o t h e op ini on of m o st s c h ol a r s

, ,

w r itt e n in G r ee k B all with mu c h ing e nuity an d l ea r ning

, ,

s ee ks t o sh ow th a t it w a s writt e n i n H eb r ew ; but ve r y
ing eni ous a s m a ny of t h e ins t a n ce s are whi c h h e b r ings
f orwa r d t o S h ow th a t t h e G r ee k is a tra nsl a t i on of e ith e r
t h e g e nuin e H eb r e w or in oth e r c a s e s of a c orr u p ti o n in t h e
, ,

H eb r ew t ext th e y are by n o m ea ns a lways c onvi n c ing a n d

,

whil e it m ay b e s a id th a t h e h a s sh own t h e p ossibility of it s

h a ving b e en t r a nsl a t e d f r om H eb r ew it c an h a r dly b e s aid ,

th a t h e h as d em onst r a t e d t h e p r ob ability of this Th e

H eb r aisms it c on t ains m
.

ay w e ll b e n o m or e th a n wh a t a re

c h a r a c t e r ist i c of H e ll e ni sti c Gr e e k I f it c ould b e p r oved

.

th a t t h e ep istl e w as writt e n in B C 3 0 6 a s B all h olds w e . .

, ,

sh ould h a ve t o give up t h e id ea of a G r ee k or igin a l but in

this c a s e w e sh ould b e a t a l oss t o kn ow why it w as n ot
in c lud e d in t h e H eb r ew C a n on .

1
In H t in g D i
as s
’
et of th e Bi bl e, II 5 79 .

y l B i bl ii
.
,

1
E nc c . .
,
. 2 39 5 .
 T he E z ra A p o c al y pse
( 2
[4 ] E sd r as)

[L I T ERA T U RE V l k m r D Vi rt B h E ( 8 6 3 ) Drumm n d
— o a as e e ue sra 1 o

Th j w i h M i h ( 8 7 7) L u p t n i W ( 8 8 8 ) K b i S h
.
, ,

e e s e ss a 1 o n a ce 1 a c

i rt B h E t r
.
, ,

D as v e e / i Q ll ue ht ( 8 8 9 ) sra au se n e ue e n u n e suc 1

S h ii Op i t I I ii i p p 9 3 4 ( 8 9 )G rm n d I I I p p
— 1 1
c rer, c 1 1 e a e

Th V ri r mA p
. . .

3 5 3 3 5 ( 9 9 ) B ll i
.
, , . . .

1 -
1 0 yph B ly a d n e a o u oer a en s an

J m Th F th B k f E th L t i Vr i dit d f m
,

a e s, e our oo o zra e a n e s on e e ro

th M S S
e i T xt d S t u di I I I ( 8 9 5 ) Ch rl Th
n e s an e s, 2 1 a es, e

f B lxvii lxxvi ( 8 9 6 ) Gunk l i

.
, ,

Ap lyp
oca h ppse o a r uc —
1 e n

K ut h II pp 33 4
. .
,

Vi l t D i
,

a z sc E A p k lyp 1— 0 1 o e e sra -
o a se

(4 E r ) ( 9
.
, , ,

s a B 1 Th E10 Ap lyp ( 9 ) ox , e z ra -
oc a se 1 12

B ox,i C h rl n II pp 5 4 6 4 ]
a e s, ,
. 2— 2

I . THE T I TLE O F T HE B OO K
S h all see c h ap t er s i ii xv xvi did n ot or igin ally
we S , ,
. . . .

b el ong t o our b o ok a n d are only f ound in t h e L at in

Ve r si on (t h e G r ee k Ve rsi on is n ot e xt a nt ) I n t h e ori e nt al Ver .

si ons ( Syr i ac Ethi op i c A r abi c A r m e ni an )t h e b ook c on si sts

, , ,

of only c h ap t e r s iii xiv In t h e l a t er L a tin MS S w e oft e n —

. . .

find th a t : 2 Esd r a s ch a p t ers i ii 3 E sd r a s z . .

,

1 Esd r a s of our A p oc r y p h a 4 Esd r a s c h a p t e r s iii xiv , .

—
.
,

”
an d 5 Esdr a s c h a p t e rs xv xv i of our b ook
z Th e . . .

reas on the r e f ore why t h e b ook i s oft e n r e f e rr e d t o a s 2 (4 )

, ,

Esdr as is b ec aus e wh a t in our A p oc ry p h a i s d e sign a t e d 2

” 1
Esdras is in t h e Vulg at e e ntitl e d 4 Esdra s .

1
S e e f urt h e r p 4 3 9 a bo v e I n t h e Vulg a t e t h e P r a y e r o f Ma n
1 ( 3 ) E sdr a s an d 2 ( 4 ) E sdr a s a r e n o t i n c lu d e d a m o n g t h e
. .
,

asse s

A p o c ryp h a bu t a re p l ac e d i n a n A p p en d ix a t t h e e n d o f t h e wh ol e
,

Bibl e i e a fter t h e Book o f R e ve l a t i on

,

. . .
,

5 09
 THE BOO K S OF THE AP OCRYPHA

b ook is a p se ud ep ig r ap h f or a lth ough t h e n am e of

Th e ,
1

Esdra s ( Ezr a) oc c urs in t h e titl e it is Obvi ous as will b e , ,

s ee n as w e p r oc ee d th a t n o p art of t h e b ook c an h ave b een

,

writt e n by him F or t h e r e as on of su c h f als e a sc ri p ti ons of

.

auth orshi p see ab ov e p p , 2 0 0 ff ,

. .

Sin ce t h e b ook co nsist s of thr ee inde p e nd e nt w r itings i t

will be n ece ss ary t o c onsid e r eac h s ep ar a t ely We sh a ll .

d eal with t h e t w o l at er a dditi on s firs t .

I I C HA P T E R S i ii
. . .

Th es e c h ap t e rs whi c h t ell h ow Ez r a r ec eiv ed t h e commis

,

si on t o d ecl are t o t h e J ews t h eir r ej ec ti on by God c ont ains a ,

c uri ous mix t u r e of J e wish an d Ch r isti a n t e ac hing ; i 4 27 —

.

S p e aks of t h e d e liv e r a n ce f r om Egy p t an d t h e w a nd e rings

i n t h e wild er n ess s om ewh a t a ft er t h e m a nn er of Ps alm cv i .

A n umb er of o th er p ass ag e s sugg e st a m e n t al a tm osp h e re

whi c h is J ewish n ot ably i 3 8 4 0 wh ere i t is s aid t h a t a
, .
—
,

e o l e th a t c om e fr om t h e e a st will h a v e f or t h e ir l e a d e r s
p p
t h e p a t ri ar chs a n d t h e p r op h e t s ; t h e e num e r at i on whi c h
f oll ows in c lud es t h e n am e s of Abr ah am Is aac J ac ob a n d , ,

th os e of t h e twe lve min or p r op h et s I n ano th e r p a ss a ge .

( i . 8 ) e vil is thr e a t e n e d ag ains t t h e J ews b ec a us e th e y h a v e

b ee n dis ob edi e nt t o t h e L aw On t h e oth e r h a nd th e s e .

,

c h ap t e rs p l ainly t ell of t h e r e j ec t i on of t h e n a ti on a s a wh ol e ,

e g i 7
. . . Let t h e m b e sc a t t e re d a br oad a m ong t h e h e a th e n ,

let th eir n am e s b e bl ot t ed out of t h e ear t h f or th e y h a v e

d esp ise d my c oven ant th eir h e r it ag e is t o b e give n t o
oth e rs wh o h av e n ow b e c om e t h e p eop l e of God T ell my
e o l e th a t I will giv e t h e m t h e kingd om of J e rus a l em whi c h
p p ,

m
I w ould h ave give n u nt o Israel This kingd om of J eru .

s al em is t h e n ew J erus al em as is c l ear f r o t h e con clud ,

ing verse s of t h e wh ol e p i ece (ii 4 2 I Esdras saw .

, ,

1
Th t i t a w as o rigin lly wri tt n i H br w
a e n e e d o es n ot ad mi t of

do ub t S . ee B ox , Op . i t p p xiii xx
c .
, . .
-
.
5 12 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

r
p p h
o ts inter s p rs e d h owe v e r wit h w or d s an d th ough t s
,
e e , ,

fr m t h N w T
o e e e st a m e nt ; e g h e th at oc c u p i e t h . .

m r ch ndiz (l t
e a e e him b e) as h e th a t h a th n o p r ofit by i t ;
,

a n d h e th a t bu i ld et h a s h e th a t sh a ll n ot dw e ll th ere i n ;
,

h e th a t s ow e th a s if h e sh o uld n ot r eap , S O a ls o h e t h a t

p run et h as h e t h,a t sh a ll n ot g a th e r g r a e s ;
p th e y t h a t
m ar r y a s t h ey th a t sh all g et n o c hildr e n ; a n d th ey th at
,

m arr y n ot as t h e wid owe d (xvi 4 1 44 c p 1 C or vii

, .
—
, . . .

29

Th e h ap t e r s t h eref or e p art ake t o s om e e xt e n t of t h e

c , ,

c h a r a c t e r of c h a p t e r s i ii t h ough t h e d e nun c i at i on of t h e
. .
,

J ewish n at i on is h e r e quit e abs e n t As t o th eir d at e .

,

Th ac k eray f oll owing Hi lgen feld (M essi as J udworum p 2 0 8 )

, ,
.

s ays th e y are p l ac e d ab ou t A D 2 6 8 by m os t c r it i c s ; xv . . .

1 0 1 2 r e f e r s t o t h e t r oubl e s Of Al e x a nd r i a und e r G a lli e nus

—

(2 6 0 wh e n t w o thirds of t h e p op ul a ti on we r e d est r oye d

-

by a p l agu e f oll owi n g u p on a f amin e (Eus ebius Hi st , .

E ccles v i i 2 1
.
,
xv 2 8 — 33 r ef e r s t o t h e c onqu e st s of t h e
.
, .

S ass anid ae e sp ec i a lly S ap or I (2 40

, w h o ov e rr a n Syri a ,

but w as r ep uls e d by Oden at h us an d Z e n obi a t h e f ounder s ,

of P a lm yr a ; th ey in tu r n w er e d ef eat e d by Aureli a n
, , .

xv 3 3 d esc r ib e s t h e mu r d e r of Oden at h us at Em e s a (2 6 6 )by

.

his c ousin Maeon i us xv 3 4 ff r ef e r t o t h e inv a si on of Asi a

. . .

Min or by t h e G oths an d S c y t hi a ns fr om t h e n orth of t h e

Euxin e G alli e nus m arc h ed ag ai nst th em bu t w as r ecall ed ,

by t h e r e v olt of Aure olus xv 4 6 a llud e s t o t h e a ss oc i at i on . .

of Oden at h us in t h e Em p i r e
1
A D , . .

IV . TH E C OM P O N E N T P A R T S OF C HA P TE R S ii i — xiv .

B ef ore w e c om e t o c onsid e r t h e con t e n t s of t h e v ar i ous

sec t i ons c om p osing our b ook it will b e well t o e num er at e
th e m an d t o dis cuss sh ort ly t h e qu e s t i on of t h eir au t h or shi p
,

and d at e .

Hast in gs i
’
1
D .
E .
,
.

7 66a
 ag le Vi si on (xl — xu 3
( )
b T he E 9) . . t h e p ass a g e x11 40 — 5 . 1

is n ot p a rt of t h e Visi on .

(
c) The Vi si on o
f
the M a n ri si ng fromthe S ea
( )
d A n E z ra L e g en d
Wh ethe r all this m at t e r is t o be a ssign e d t o on e or m ore
auth o rs is a qu esti o n c on ce r ning whi c h a v a r i e ty of Op ini o n s

a re h eld by s c h ol a rs . But on t w o p oint s th e re is scarc ely

r oom f or diversity of Vi ew in t h e fi r st p l ac e a g r ea t d e al ,

th at occ u r s in t h e b ook is t r a diti on al m at e r i al whi c h h as

b ee n utiliz e d by t h e writ e r this a p p li es m or e e sp ec i a lly t o t h e
e s c h a t ol og i c al p o r ti ons ; e x a m p l e s will b e giv e n wh e n w e

c o m e t o s p ea k a b out th e s e p a r ts of t h e b ook Th e s our c e s

.

wh e n c e t h e writ e r of our b o ok t ook this t r a dit i on a l m at er i al

may w ell h ave b een in all p r ob ability wer e w ritt e n on e s
, ,

but t h e e xcer p t s whic h w er e m a d e f r om su c h wr it ing s h ave

b ee n so int e r wove n with wh a t t h e wr it e r hims elf c om p ose d
th at t h e at t e m p t t o indi c at e p r ec is ely h ow mu c h b el ong s t o
a p arti c ul ar s our c e s ee m s t o us s om e wh a t p r ec a r i ous At any
.

r at e th at t h e w r it e r d id utiliz e v a r i ous s ou r c es wi ll n ot be
,

d oub t e d An oth e r p oint u p on whi c h th e r e c an sc ar cely b e

.

dis ag r ee m en t is th at t h e fin al f orm of t h e w or k is due t o a

r ed ac t or wh o h as br ought t h e c om p on en t p a r ts of t h e b ook
int o a m or e or le ss c onn ec t ed wh ol e .

C oming n ow t o s p eak of t h e d a t e of t h e b ook it must b e

e x p l a in e d th a t by t hi s is m ea nt t h e d a t e a t whi c h t h e a uth or

wr ot e it Sin ce h e use d t r a diti on al m at e r i al mu c h of t h e

.

e ss e n ce of t h e b ook g oe s b ac k t o a tim e l ong a nt e r i or t o t h a t

of t h e writ e r . Ag a i n t h e b ook in its p re s e nt f orm h avi ng

, ,

b een w ork e d over by a red act or is Obvi ousl y of a l at er d at e

,
5 14 THE BOO KS OF THE APOCRYPHA

th a n th a t in whi ch it l eft t h e origin a l w r it e r s h a nds Furt h er

’
.

m ore t h e study Of t h e b ook m ake s it e vide nt t h at t h e di ffer

,

en t
p a r ts of whi c h it is c om p os e d w e r e n ot all w r it t e n at t h e

s am e tim e Eve n if t h e wh ol e b ook (ap art fr om i ii xv xvi )

. . . . .

i s subst a nti a lly t h e w or k of on e a uth or th e r e is n o s ort of

,

d oubt th a t h e must h av e wr itt e n t h e di ffe r e nt p art s of it

a t di ffe r e nt tim e s B ea r i n g th e se p oints in mind w e tu r n
.

fi r s t t o t h e S ala thi el Ap oca lyp se I n iii 1 it is s aid th at in

. .

t h e thi rt i e th y e a r aft e r t h e r uin of t h e c ity (c p iii . .

S al athi el Sh ealti el ) w a s in B abyl on an d t h ought s

,

c a m e up ov e r his h ea rt f or h e saw t h e d e s ol a ti on of Si on .

Th e w r i t e r l ooks b ac k an d r ec a lls t o his mind t h e t e rr ibl e

c a t a st r op h e whi c h b ef el his p eop l e l ong ag o i t w a s in t h e
y ear B C 5 8 6 t h at J e r us al e m w as d e str oye d a n d t h e n at i on
. .

w a s c a rr i ed int o c ap t ivi t y t o B abyl on Thi r t y y e ars aft e r

.

this S al a thi el living in c ap tivity c ont em p l a t e d t h e ruin of

, ,

t h e C ity an d t h e dir e dist r e ss of his p e op l e Th e wri t er .

C h oos e s this e p is od e an d w r i t e s i n t h e n a m e of S a l at hi el ,

b ec aus e h e s ee s in it a typ e of his p r e s e n t e x p eri e n ce n ow

a g a in t h e c ity h as b ee n ruin ed an d h e l ik e S al at hi e l of
, ,

O ld, c ont em p l a t e s t h e d e s ol a ti on of his p eop l e Cl e ar ly .

e n ough th er e is bu t on e d e st ru c ti on a ft e r th a t of B C 5 8 6
,
. .
,

of J erus al e m whi c h c an b e m ea nt h er e n a m e ly th at o f A D
,
. .

7 0 by Titus S o
. t h a t wh e n t h e wri t e r giv e s t h e t hi rt i e th

y ea r aft e r t h e ruin of t h e c ity as t h at i n whic h h e exp eri

e n c ed t h e visi ons h e is a b out t o d e s c rib e t h e d a t e of this ,
[

p o rti o n o f t h e b o ok must b e se t d own a s n ot l a t er t h an A D . .

100 .

R eg ar ding t h e d a t e of t h e E a gl e Visi on it is g en er ally ,

a g r ee d t o b e ab out A D 9 6 t.h e.indi c a ti o ns of d at e i n t h e

Visi on are f ai r ly cl ea r ; w e S h all p oint out wh at t h e s e a re

wh e n d ealing with t his Visi on .

Th e Visi on o f t h e Ma n risi n g fr o m t h e S ea c o n t ains m or e

of tr a diti on a l e l em e nts t h a n an
y ot h e r p a rt of t h e b ook so ,

t h at as far as th ought an d c on cep t i on s are c on c ern ed i t is

5 16 THE BOOKS OF THE APO CRYPHA
mul t i t u d r d y t figh t d burn d t h m ll t h t u dd nly
e, ea o an e e a so a s e

n thi n g w n f t h imm n mul t i t u d bu t th d u t f h

, ,

o as se e o e e se e e s o as es

an d th m ll f m k A d I l k d d w m d A d ft r
e s e o s o e n oo e an as a az e n a e

t hi I w t h t m
.

min g d wn fr m t h m u nt in d lling
, .

s sa a an co o o e o a an ca

u nt hi m l f n t h r p ful mul ti t u d A d t h r d w u nt
o se a o e a ea ce e n e e re o

hi mt h f f m ny m m f wh m w r gl d d m w r
, , .

e a c es o a e n , so e o o e e a an so e e e

rr wful d m w r b u n d d m w r l di n g t h r w h
,

so o an so e e e o an so e e e ea o e s o

w r t b O ff r d
, ,

e e o e e e .

Th e wri t e r s int e rp r e t a t i on of this Visi on with whi c h t h e

’

r e st of t h e C h ap t e r is t a ke n up is as f oll ows Th e m an w h o ,

a s c e nd e d fr om t h e se a an d flew with t h e c l ouds of H e av e n

is t h e M essi a h ; t h e in n um er abl e multitud e of m

'

en wh o

figh t ag ainst him an d wh o are a nnihil a t e d ar e t h e n at i on s

, ,
-

of t h e w or ld t h e g r e a t m oun t ain whi c h w a s c ut out an d ,

c on c er ni ng whi c h t h e s ee r w as in
p e r p l exity is t h e h e a ve nly
J erus al e m
whi c h c am e d own fr om H eave n Th e fi e ry
,

stream an d fl aming br eath an d s t or m of s p a r ks r ep r e s ent

, ,

t h e fire of t h e L aw wh e r eby t h e e n e mi e s of t h e M e ss i ah a re
a nnihil at e d Th e p ea ceful mul t itud e whi c h t h e M e ssi ah
.

c a ll e d unt o hims e lf a re t h e t en trib e s g at h er e d out of t h e

l a n ds of t h e Disp ersi on Th os e wh o were gl a d a n d th os e .

w h o w ere s or r owful are re sp ec t ive ly J e ws a n d G e n t il es

c omi n g t o d o h om ag e t o t h e M e ssi a h Th os e wh o w er e .

b ound were J ews wh o h ad b ee n in c ap ti v ity ; whi l e th os e

wh o w e r e l eading oth e r s t o b e Offer e d we r e t h e h e ath e n ,

b r inging J ews as an obl a ti on t o t h e M e ssi ah acc ordi ng t o t h e ,

w or d of t h e p rOp h et : And t h e y sh all bring all y our

br e th r e n out of all t h e n a ti ons t o b e an obl at i on t o J eh ovah
( I sa lxvi
. .

Stre ss must be l a id u p on t h e f ac t t h at b e t wee n t h e Visi o n

it se lf an d t h e writ e r s ex pl an at i on of it t h ere are s om e i n con
’

g ru i t i es t his as B o x t ru l y
, p oi n t s ou t ( p
O ci t pp 2 8 1 . .
,
.

is a comm o n p h en om e n on in ap ocalyp ti c ; t h e m at eri al

e m l oy e d by t h e ap oc aly p tist s is Oft e n e xtr e m e ly old an d
p ,

h as b ee n d e r iv e d by t h e ap oc aly p ti c writ er fr om a t r a diti on

which was alre ad y a n ci ent wh e n h e wr ot e Th e m ea ni ng of .
myst eri ou s or igin of t h e M e ssi ah (My S on ) an d t h e p e aceable ,

multitud e as t h e l o st t en trib e s Th ere a re a ls o f ea tu r e s i n t h e .

int erp r e t ati on whi c h h a ve n othing c orre sp o nding t o th em in

t h e Visi on its elf viz t h e int e rn ec in e w ar of t h e n a ti ons b ef or e
,
.
,

the y b a nd th ems elve s t og e th e r a g a inst t h e M essi ah (ve r se s

3 1 a n d t h e m e nti o n Of t h e su r viv o r s w h o a re f o und withi n
my h oly b or d e r an d wh om t h e M e ssi ah sh all d ef e nd (ver s e s
’

Thus t h e fi r s t p oint t o be n ot e d i s th at wh e n
t h e Vi si on first a ssum e d a writt e n f or m t h e r e a l signifi c a n c e ,

of m a ny f ea tur e s in t h e or igin a l Visi o n w a s a l r e a d y l ost an d ,

w as obsc ure d by a m ore o r l e ss a r tifi c i a lly a djust e d int e r

'

p r et at i on In. oth e r w ords r e ligi ou s t h ought an d outl oo k

,

h ad l on g outg r own th os e of t h e fix e d tr a d it i o n I t h ad .

b ecom e n ece ss a ry t o re int e r p r e t t h e l at t e r t o suit l at er

-

c onditi ons
”
Wh a t t h e Visi o n an d m any of its c u ri ous de
.

m ea n is an int r i c a t e but ve ry int e re sting qu e s , ,

ti on ; w e c ann ot h owe ve r d ea l wit h t hi s h e re an d mu st

, , ,

d irec t th os e w h o d e si r e fu r th e r inf o r m a ti o n on t h e subj ec t

t o t h e f oll owing w or ks : Gunke l C h aos a n d S chop/ung i n ,

Urzei t un d E ndzei t p p 6 4 ff ( 1 8 9 5 ) V olz judi sehe E scha

, . .
,

tolog i e p p 2 2 0 ff
,
. Gressm
. an n D er U rsp rung der ,

i sra eli ti sch jii di schen E schatol og i e p p 3 4 9 ff ; Oest erley

-

,
. .
,

The E vol uti on of the M essi an i c I dea p a ssim ( 1 90 8 ) B ox , .

Op ci t p p 2 8 2 ff
. .
,
. .

VI . THE E A G LE V I S I O N
This Visi on is t oo l ong t o qu ot e in fu ll but p ut sh ortly , , ,

its con t ent s are as f oll ows : In his visi on t h e seer see s an
ea gl e a sc en ding out o f t h e sea h a vi ng tw e lve wings a n d thr ee ,

heads . Th e eagl e s pr eads h er win gs over all t he ear t h an d ,

 518 THE BOOK S OF THE A POCRYPH A

the winds of h eave n bl ow u p on h er Out of h er wings eight .

sm all er wings g r ow ; but h er h ea ds r em a in a t r est Th e .

middle h ea d was g r ea t e r th a n t h e ot h ers y e t r e st e d i t ,

w ith t h em . Th e n t h e eagl e flew t o r eign o ve r t h e ear th an d ,

all t h e e a rth w as subj e c t unt o h er And t h e s ee r h e ar d t h e

.

eagl e bid h er wi n gs n ot a l l t o w a t c h a t o n c e but e a c h in t u r n ,

but let t h e h ea ds b e k ep t until t h e en d Th e v o i ce whi c h .

t h e s ee r h eard c a m e n ot f r om t h e h ea d s but f r om t h e mid st ,

Th e n a r o se on t h e r ight side of t h e
’

of t h e eagl e s b ody .

e agl e on e wing whi c h r e ign e d ove r t h e ea r th an d th e n dis ,

ap p ea r e d ; lik ewis e a s ec o nd wing a r ose an d r eign e d f or ,

l ong t h e n di sap p eare d but c on ce rning this s eco nd wing a

,

v oi ce d ec l ar e d th a t a ft e r it n on e sh ould r eign e ve n h alf as

l ong All t h e wings in tu r n a r ose r e ign e d an d th e n ap
.
, ,

e are d n o m or e And n ow t h e se e r s ee s t h e littl e wi ngs

p .

se t up on t h e r ight sid e in o r d e r t o r e ign

, ,
s om e rul ed but ,

dis ap p ea r e d a l m ost a t o n ce oth ers r ose up as th ou g h t o rul e

, ,

but did n ot N othing rem a in e d n ow on t h e eagl e s b ody but

’
.

t h e t hr ee h ea ds th a t r e st e d an d s ix lit tl e wi n gs
, Tw o of .

th es e l att er divid e d th ems e lve s f r om t h e r es t an d r em a i ned

und e r t h e h ea d th at w a s u p on t h e r ight sid e t h e o th er f our ,

r em ain ed wh ere t h ey wer e Of th es e f our on e assay ed t o

.

r e ign but qui c kly dis ap p e ar e d t h e n a n oth er va nish e d

, ,

e v e n m or e quic kly b ef or e t h e oth e r t w o c ould a r ise t o r e ign

t h e middl e h ea d a w ok e an d unit e d i t s e lf t o t h e oth er t w o
h ea ds whi c h i t th e n d e v ou r ed This h ea d th e n r ul e d ove r
.

all t h e e a r th with mu c h Op p r e ssi on but like t h e wings it , , ,

t oo sudd e nly dis ap p ea r e d

,
Th ere r em a in ed h oweve r t h e
.
, ,

t w o h eads w h o a ls o r e ign e d o ve r t h e eart h

, but p res e ntly
th a t on th e right S i de d e v ou r e d th at on t h e l eft Th e n .
,

t h e s ee r p r oc e e ds I h ear d a v oic e whic h s aid un t o m

, ,
e

L ook b ef or e th ee an d c onsid e r t h e thing th a t th ou s ee st

, .

A n d h e s ee s a li o n whi c h com e s r oaring out of a w ood an d

, , , ,

s e a king wit h t h e v o i c e of a m u b r ids t h e eagl e f or

p an p a ,

h er c r u e l op p r e ssi on an d a n n ou n c e s h er app r oachin g de st ruc

,
5 20 THE BOO K S OF THE APOCRYPHA

no sm al l c on t en t i ons an d it sh al l st a nd in p e r il of f alling ; ,

n e v e rt h e l e ss it S h a ll n ot th e n f all bu t sh all b e r e s t or ed ,

a g ai n to i t s first e st a t e ( xii Fin ally t h e li on is t h e .

,

a n oi nt e d on e
”
i e t h e M e ssi a h Wh om t h e M ost High h as
, . .
,

k ep t t o t h e e n d of d ays .

Th e Visi o n r ep r es ent s hist ory v eil e d in sym b oli cal g a rb ;

as in t h e Visi on of t h e Man rising fr om t h e sea t h e s eer s i n
’
~
,

t erp re t a ti on d oe s n ot a lw ays h arm oniz e with t h e cont e n t s of

t h e Visi on its e lf t his is t o b e a ccoun t e d f or by t h e f ac t t h at
a r e d a ct or m a d e alt e r a ti ons in ord e r t o brin g t h e Visi on int o

ag r ee m e n t with t h e course of hist ory as v i ewe d fr om his ,

c hr on ol og i c a lly l a t e r st a n d p oin t AS t o t h e m ea ning of t h e

, .

g ene ra l hist ori c al ou t li n e of whi c h t h e Visi on tr eat s m os t

sc h ol ars are agree d but t h ey di ffe r as t o d e t ails Th e f oll ow
, .

in g t ab le sh ows i n t h e m ai n t h e bulk of l ea rne d op i ni on

, ,

(Cp Gu nk el Op ci t p 3 45 )
.
,
. .
, .

Th e E a gl e = Th e R o m
gl b i g t h mil i t ry mbl m
a n E m p ir e th e ea e e n e a e e

f R m
,

o o e .

Th S
e = T h M di t rr n n
ea e ; th R m n E m p ir
e e f tha ea se a e o a e, or e

O i nt l r e m p m tt r f hi t ri l f t fr m t h
a s, c a e u as a a e o s o ca ac o e se a ,

d it i t hi f t whi h i d ub t l lyp t i t
, ,
’
an s i
s th p ac c s o ess n e a o ca s s

t h ugh t h r
o (B ) e e ox

Tw l Wi g = J li Cm A ugu t u Tib riu C ligul

.

Th e e ve n s u us sar , s s, e s, a a,

C l u diua N r ; G lb s, Ot h Vi t ll iu
e o Vi n d x N ym p hi di a a, o, e s, e us,
Pi n d wi n g m nt i n d i xi 3 7 whi h b r
,

so Th e se c o e o e n 1 —1 c a e

rul g t t im ymb li A ugu t u w h r ign d f v r

. .
, ,

e a rea e, s o z es s s, o e e or o e

fift y y r ea s

V p i n Ti t u D mi ti n ; t h mi ddl h d
.

Th th
e h d
r ee ea s es as a s, o a e e ea

whi h i gr t r t h n t h t w t h r ymb li V p i n
,

c s ea e a e o o e s s o z es es as a

i ght mll wi g =
.

Th e e s a er n s

Th e tw l i ttl wi g
o ( xi 4)
e=M i n
p r n uls f S yri d 2 uc an us, oc o s o a, an

Tib riu A l x nd r p r f t f E g yp t r d in g t G u n k l ;
.

e s e a e e ec o a c co o e

bu t h y t h t t hi i nt rp r t t i n i u n rt i n Th t w
, ,

e sa s a s e e a o s ce a . e se o

li ttl wi n g e i d t h v r m in d u n d r t h h d t h t w
s are sa o a e e a e e e ea a as

u p n t h righ t i d thi h d ymb li D mi ti n

o e s e s ea s o z es o a

mi d ( i 3 4 3 5 )= D mi ti n d Ti t u t h
.

Th tw h d th t
e o ea s a re a ne x o a an s, e

l tt r i i d t h v b n mur d r d by t h f rm r
.
,

a e s sa o a e ee e e e o e .

Th at this int rp r et t i on is ot in all p in t s s t i sf ct ory

e a n o a a

b ec om e s cl e r as s oon s i t is studi d in d t ail

a d th s me a e e ,
an e a
the twe lve wings r ep r e s e nt t h e six J uli a n em p er ors fr om
Cwsar t o N e r o r ec k oning t h e w ings by p a irs
, Th e p re s e nt .

wri t e r sugge st s th a t t h e r ec k oning by p ai rs in t h e or igin a l

Visi on w as int e n d e d o nly t o a p p ly t o t h e t we lve wings an d ,

h a d a s ymb oli c al S ignifi c a n c e Th e p a i r s se r ve d t o e m p h a si z e

.

t h e g r ea t er dignity an d p ow e r of t h e rea l e m p e r or s as c on
t ra st e d with t h e e p h em e r a l r ul e r s symb oliz e d by t h e li t tl e
wings In ord e r t o e x agg e r at e t h e c on t ra s t t h e l a tt e r were
.

int e nd e d t o b e r ec k o n e d singly Th e eight littl e w ings .

rep re se nt in t h e or igin al f orm of t h e V isi on Vind ex ( M arc h

, ,

N ym
,

p hi d i us ( a f e w m o nths l a t e r ) —th e s e dis a pp e a r e d

a b out t h e s a m e tim e a s t h e l a st Of t h e tw e lve wings (en d of

N er o s reign ) as r ep resent ed in our t ext (xi

’

,
Th e .

middle f ou r rep re se nt G alb a Oth o Ci vi t i s (di ed Jun e , , ,

an d Vit e lliu s ( di e d D ec 6 9 ) Th e t w o littl e wings th a t we r e

.
,

t o survive t h e l ast h ead p r ob ably signify R om a n g ove rn or s

or g e n e r a l s w h o w e r e e x p ec t e d t o c l aim t h e im p e r i a l th r o n e a t

t h e l a st or p ossibly t h e t w o l a st m emb ers of t h e H e r odi a n

,

f a mily Agri p p a I I an d B er eni ce In it s or igin al f or m

th e n t h e visi on m
.
, ,

, ay d at e f r om t h e c l o sing y ea rs of D omi

t i a n s r eign (ci rca 9 5 But if t h e e dit or did n ot in cor

’

o ra t e it int o his b oo k— our Ezr a A oc a ly s e— t ill 1 2 0 A D

p p p
-
. .

or l a t e r ( s om e tim e c e r t a inly i n t h e r e ign of H a d r i a n ) wh a t , ,

it may well be a sked w as t h e signifi ca n ce h e hims elf a tt ac h ed

,

t o t h e visi on He c an n o l ong e r h a ve id entifi e d t h e th r ee

h eads with t h e Fl avi a n em p e rors se eing th a t t h e re igns of ,

1
B ox right ly se e s the h a nd of t h e R e da c tor form o f
in the t he
V iis o n as we n ow h v it ;
a e h e fo ll ow s K a b i sc h i n h o l di n g t h a t th e
da te of t h e R e da c t ri
o s A D . . 1 20 p ,o ssibly e v e n a li tt l e l a t e r.
5 22 THE BOOK S OF THE APOCRYPHA
th es e h ad al e a
dy l ong e nd e d an d t h e p re di c t ed d eli vera n c e
r
h ad n ot yet c om e B ox h olds th at t h e R ed ac t or id e ntifi e d
.

t h e t hr e e h ea ds with T r aj a n H a dri an an d Lu c ius Q ui e tus , ,

t h e l a s t of th e s e b e ing a f a v ourit e of Tr aj a n an d reg a rd ed

as d e s t i n e d f or t h e thr on e
’
Furth e r acc ordi n g t o B ox s .
,

in t erp re t ati on t h e R e d ac t or p ut a n ew m ea ning on t o t h e

,

t welve wi ngs t h ese b eing symb oli c of t h e six Juli a n

,

e m p e r ors G al b a O th o an d Vi t ellius t og et h e r with t h e

, , ,

t hree Fl avi an e m p e r or s Th ere is mu c h t o be s aid i n f av our .

of t his hy p oth esis th ough i t will n ot b e d e ni e d th a t s om e

,

difficult i e s s t ill r em ain 1

.

VI I . THE S ALATH I E L A P OCA L Y PS E

This port i on of our b ook of whi c h it f orms t h e bulk is Of , ,

a v e ry di ffe r e n t c h a r ac t e r fr om th o s e a lr ea dy c onsid er e d .

It c onsis t s of f our Visi ons We re t ai n t h e t e rm Visi on . ,

as it is t h a t usu all y a d o t e d bu t t h ey are r a t h e r D i alog ues

p ,

t h e wri t e r a ddre ss e s God but is a nswe r ed by an an g e l Th e ,

.

qu e s t i on s p ut by t h e f orm e r are p r om p t e d by m or al di ffi
c ul t i es whi c h t r oubl e h i m t h e a nsw e rs are int e nd ed t o s o lv e

t h es e di fli cul t i es .

The F i rst Vi si on ( iii 1 .

S al athi el t h e s a m e is Esdr a s
,
s ee s t h e d e s ol a ti o n of ,

Si on an d t h e p r os p e rity of B abyl on This i n c on gru ousn e ss

, .

b e twee n t h e adv e r sity of G od s c h os en p eop l e an d t h e p r o s ’

p e ri t y of t h e g o dl e ss G e n til e s c a us e s p pe r l e xi t y t o t h e mind
of t h e s ee r a n d p r om p t s him
, t o s p e ak w ords full of f ea r
t o t h e M os t High I n t h e th ought s whi c h f oll ow it is
.

n oti ceabl e fi r s t of all th a t t h e writ e r ex p r ess e s a s ense of

, ,

sin whi c h w as d eep er th a n th a t of t h e tradi t i on al J ewish

t eaching on t h e subj ec t Hith e r t o t h e t e nd e n cy h ad b een .

t o r e g a rd tr a n sgr e ssi ons s ol ely fr om t h e p oin t of Vi e w of

is ol at e d ac ts but h ere t h e c onvi c t i on is i m p li e d t h a t su ch
1
For o t h er int erp re t a ti ons t h at hv b
a e ee n p ut fo r t h see Drum
m
,

nd
o , Op . ci t .
, pp .
9 9 —1 1 4 .
5 24 THE BOOKS OF THE APOCRYPHA
ve ss el [i . eb ody c on t aining t h e s oul] c om p reh e nd t h e
. t he
w a y of t h e M os t High e r w or ds G od s
’

( iv 1 0 In o th .
, ,

w a ys are ins c rut able This d oe s n ot s a tisfy Esdr a s so t h e

.

a ng e l p r ocee ds t o S h ow him h ow f oolish it is f or a m ort a l

man t o wish t o p en et rat e in t o t h e divin e s ec r et s h e would ,

i n an y c a s e b e u n abl e t o u n d ers t a nd th em
,
h e o nly th a t
dwe ll e th ab ove t h e h ea ve n s m ay und e rs t a nd t h e t hings t h a t

are a b ov e t h e h e igh t of t h e h e a ve ns ( iv T o th i s .

E sdr a s p r ot e st s th at it w as n ot in his mi nd t o be c u ri ous

of t h e w a ys ab o ve
”
bu t o nly c on ce r ning such t hings as h e s ee s
,

d aily b e f or e him Wh a t h e is un abl e t o und ers t and an d

.
—

h ere h e r e vert s t o his initi al di fficult y— is why I srael sh ould

‘

b e affli c t e d an d in c ons e qu e n ce t h e Law m a d e of n on e e ffec t

, .

Th e n h e is t old th at a N ew Ag e is ab ou t t o d awn u p on t h e
w orld an d th en all things will b e m ad e c l ear O n Esdr a s
, .

a sking wh e n t h e N ew A e will c om e
g a n d wh e t h e r h e will ,

still b e on t h e ear th th e n t h e ang el a nswers th a t h e is ,

un abl e t o t ell bu t h e rec ount s t h e S igns th at are t o p reced e

t h e en d . Th es e are give n i n v 1 — 1 2 t h ey are in t h e m ain .
,

t h e tr a diti on al an d st e r eot yp e d e s c h at ol ogi ca l S ig n s .

Thus e nds t h e first Visi on .

The S econ d Vi si on ( v 2 1 — vi
m
. .

Th e subj ec t —m att e r of t his Visi on is t h e s a e as t h at of t h e

p r ec e ding Why d oes Israel su ffe r at t h e h an d of opp res

.

s ors Th e an g e l r ep li e s by ag ai n S h owing Esdra s t h at t h e

w ays of God c ann ot b e c om p reh en de d by man bu t th at in ,

S p i t e of wh a t a
’

p p e a rs G od s l ove is f or His p eop l e Th e .

s eer t h e n a sks mu c h a b ou t t h e c omi n g of t h e End an d is t old ,

th at this will b e br ought ab ou t by God a l on e 1

Th e Visi o n .

c on c lud e s wi t h a se c on d e n um e r a t i on of t h e S ig n s of t h e End .

The Thi rd Vi si on (Vi 3 5 — ix 2 . .

Onc e m or e t h e p r obl e m whi c h w as t h e burd en of t h e t w o

firs t Visi ons is r e i t e r at e d t h ough p ut in a s om ewh at di ffere nt
,

1
Th e p a ssa g v
e .
5 6 — vi . 6 is a po l mi
e c a gai nst C h i ti
r s a n t ea c h
p r e se nt w o rld is but a n a rr o w an d d a ng e r o us e nt r a n c e wh i c h
l eads t o t h e wid e w or ld whic h is t o c om e it w as indeed , ,

o r igin a lly c r ea t e d for Is r a e l but thr ough Ad a m s si n it h a s

’

becom e a p l ace of s o r r ow a n d su ff e ring a n d th e r ef or e t h e

,

right eous suffe r with t h e wi cked The re f oll ows th e n ( vii

. .

2 6 —44 ) a l on g e s c h a t ol ogi c a l d e s c r i p ti on whi c h s e e ms t o

h ave f all en out of it s p l ace it b r eaks t h e c ou r se of t h e a r gu

,

m ent h e r e . I n t h e gl or i ous w or ld whi c h is t o com e it th e n ,

c ontinu e s o nly th os e will b e w orthy t o p art a k e of it s j oys

,

wh o h ave fulfill e d t h e Law ; but w h o h a s t r uly d on e S O ?

Wh o a m ong m ort als wh et h er J ew or G entil e h a s n ot b ee n
, ,

gu ilty of tra nsg re ssing t h e divin e Law Th e a ng e l a nswe r s

th a t th e re are s om e wh o are ri ght eous but th e y are c om ,

p ara t i vely few for th e m futu r e joy is r e s e r ved Th e r e st .

of m a nki nd wi ll p e ri sh A l ong s ec ti on th e n d eals with t h e

.

subj ec t of t h e st a t e of t h e s oul a ft e r d eath an d b ef ore t h e

l ast Judg em e nt Th e right eous e nt e r int o bliss but t h e
.
,

wi c ke d are d e stin e d t o su ffe r s e ve n d eg re e s of t or m e nt .

Th e se deS CI i p t i on s as B ox t ruly r em a r ks (Op ci t p

,
. .
,a re .

p sy c h ol ogi ca l in c h a r ac t e r a n d,
a pp a r e ntly
p o r t r ay t h e

e m oti o n a l e x e ri e n c e s of t h e s oul thr ough whi c h it a ss e s

p p
du r ing t h e e nt ire pe ri od of t h e in t e rm edi a t e st a t e In it s .

subtl e d elin ea ti on of t h e soul l if e t h e wh ol e s ec ti on is

-

rem a r k able an d by t h e e l e vati on an d r efin em e nt o f its

,

co n c e ti o ns a ffo r ds a st r iking c ontr a st t o simil a r d e s c r i p ti o n s

p
in o th er p art s of t h e ap ocalyp tic lit e r atu r e ”
.

It is th e n sh o wn t o t h e seer th a t th e r e is n o e sc ap e for
S inn e r s an d h e bitt e rly b e w a il s t h e t e rr ibl e f a t e h a nging ov e r
,

t h e m a ss of hum anity But t h e a ng el h as n o fu rth e r c omf or t

.
5 26 THE BOO KS OF THE APOC RY PHA

to give th a n th at th ere is m ore joy i n h eaven over t h e

s alvat i on of t h e few th an s orr ow ove r t h e l oss of t h e m any .

N ot unn a tur all y this r ep ly d oe s n ot s a tisfy t h e se e r ; h e

ca nn ot t hink th a t t h e di vi n e m er c y a n d l ove whi c h a re so ,

l av ishly disp l aye d i n t h e n at ural w orld a r ou n d sh ould b e ,

so r e stri c t e d in r eg a rd t o s ouls h er ea ft e r Th e r e p ly t o his .

qu esti on sugg e s t ed by t his th ough t viz th at t h is world w as ,

m ad e f or t h e m a ny bu t t h e n ex t for few is so di scourag

, ,

i n g t h a t h e c ea s e s t o inquir e c on ce rni ng t h e hum an r ace a s a

wh ol e an d re s t ri c t s hims elf t o his own r ac e t h e J ewish
, , .

Bu t h er e ag ai n h e is t old th at only t h e righ t eous am ong ,

wh om h e is r ec k one d c an en j oy f e lici t y h e r eaft e r ; h e is

,

bidde n t o r efr ai n from fur t h e r qu e sti onings reg ardi n g t h e

f at e of t h e wi ck e d t h ey h ave bu t t h ems e lve s t o t h an k f or
th eir d oom 1
Th e s ee r r e i t er at e s his f orm er o bj ec ti on
. to
this a fin al r ep ly is given All t h e s orr ow an d su fferi n g of this
w orld is due t o t h e S ins of m en th er e w a s a tim e b ef ore ,

men were c reat ed wh e n n on e S p oke again s t God or dis

, ,

ob ey e d Him ; bu t n ow m e n are e vil a n d h av e b ecom e ,

c orru p t e d i n t h e ir m ann e rs (ix 1 9) on ly a gr ap e fr om .

t h e c lus t e r th e re f or e o nly a p l an t fr om t h e gr ea t f ore st S h a ll

, , , ,

Let t h e multi t ud e p e rish th e n

’
by G od s m e rc y b e s ave d , .
,

whi c h h as b ee n b or n i n vai n an d let my gr ap e be s aved ,

a n d my l a nt f o r wi t h gr e a t l a b our h a v e I m ad e t h em
p
p e rf e c t (ix .

The F ourth Vi si on ( ix 2 6 —x . .

This Visi on b egi n s wi t h a s olil o quy c on c ern i ng t h e Law

whi ch God g a ve t o t h e f at h ers bu t t h ey did n ot observe i t ,

an y m or e t h an l a t e r g e n er a ti ons di d Israel mus t th eref ore , ,

e r ish bu t t h e L aw will a bid e i n gl ory I n t h e s am e w ay

p .
,

t h e ea rt hly J e rus al e m mus t p e rish bu t t h e h eav enl y J e ru ,

s al em is e t e rn al u p on this l at t e r h op e mus t be fix e d for i t is ,

t o b e t h e joy of t h o se bl e s se d on e s wh o sh all g ai n a gl ori ous

1
At viii 6 3 th e d i l gua o e is i nt rru p t d by
e e a se c t i on on t h e S ig
n s

ix 3 i t t k n p g in
.

of the E n d ; at . 1 is a e u a a .
5 28
:

TH E BOO KS OF THE APOCRYP HA

on the th e r h op e le ss n e ss h er e a nd h erea ft er b ec a use all

o ,

m a nkind is irr et ri evably l ost th r ough si n N othi n g could .

b e t t e r illustr at e th os e alt e rn a ti n g e m ot i ons whi ch in ce ss a ntly

st ir t h e hum a n h eart : t h e v oic e of C ons c i en c e an d trus t ,

in t h e Divin e M e r c y If our writ er s h eart r em ains d ar k t o

’
.

t h e en d i t is b ec aus e his t ru e instin c t c o n c e rni ng S i n is n ot

,

b a l a n ce d by an e qu a lly t ru e con cep t i on of God A t first .

sight i t ap p e ars ill ogi ca l t h a t in S p it e of a ll t h at t h e writ er

,

h a s s a id h ap p in e ss h e r ea ft e r S h ould b e d e c l ar e d t o b e
,

s ecu r e d f or a righ t eous re mn a nt am on g wh om h e hims elf ,

is in c lude d ; t h e r e a s on f or th is is h owe ver ap p ar e n t ly

th a t G od s p urp os e i n c r eat i n g m
, ,

’
an f or e t e rn a l lif e sh ould n ot

b e wh olly frustr a t e d .

I n his e s ch at ol ogi cal t eachi ng t h e writ er of th e se Visi on s

d ep arts fr om t h e old e r d oct rin e s h e d oe s n ot l ook f orwa rd
t o a r e s t or at i on of t h e J e wish St a t e or a r ebuil di n g of ,

J erus al e m n or t o a r e n ewe d an d p ur ifi e d earth und e r t h e

c on di t i ons of t h e p re s e nt w orld or d e r His h op e s are fix e d
-
.

on t h e a dve nt of t h e n ew an d b e t t e r w or ld w hi c h will f oll ow

t h e c oll ap s e of t h e p r e s e n t w orld C ons e qu e ntly h e a nt i c i

.

a t e s m e r e ly t h e cat a s tr op hic e n d of t h e p r e s e n t w or ld
p
ord e r his th eol ogy d oe s n ot a ll ow of an y in t e rm edi at e
—

M e ssi a nic Age Th e n ew J e rus ale m whic h is t o c om e wil l

.

b e t h e H e av en ly Ci t y whi c h b e l ongs t o t h e fu t ur e
” 1
Ag e .

VI I I . AN E ZR A LE GE N D
I n c h ap t e r xiv occ urs t h e l eg e nd of Ezra re writing t h e
.
-

s ac re d b ooks I t t e lls of h ow Ezr a whil e S itting under an

.
,

“
oak h eard t h e v oi ce of God out of a bush t e lli n g him
th at h e would s oon b e t ak e n away f r om m
, ,

en He is t old t o .

set hi s h ouse i n ord e r t o r ep r ov e his p e op l e t o c omf ort t h e

, ,

l owly t o i n st ru c t t h e wise an d t o r en ou nce t h e life th at is

, ,

corru p tibl e E zr a e x p re sse s his r eadi n e ss t o do as c orn

.

1
B o x Op ci t p xlv i , . .
,
. .
p r e p ar e m any t able t s an d t o t ake fiv e m en with him wh o

c an writ e swiftly an d wh e n th ou h a st d o n e s om e thi n gs ,

sh alt th ou p ublish Op e nl y an d s om e things sh al t th ou ,

d e li ver in se c re t t o t h e wis e (xiv Ezr a d oe s as h e .

is c omm and e d aft e r h a ving a ske d f or t h e divin e S p i r it t o

guide him so th a t b e f ore h e c omm e n ce s his w or k h e is give n
a cup t o d ri nk fr om fu ll of wa t e r but t h e c ol ou r of it lik e
, ,

fire ?
Wh e n h e h a d drunk f r om this cup his h eart p ou r e d
f orth underst anding an d wisd om g re w in h i s b r ea st an d
, ,

hi s s p irit r e t ain ed it s m e m ory F or f orty d ays h e dic t a t e d

.
,

an d by t h e en d of this tim e n in e ty f our b ooks w e r e writt e n -

by t h e fiv e sc r ib e s Th en h e is c omm and ed by t h e M ost

.

High t o p ublish Op enl y t h e firs t twe nty f our b ooks th at h ad -

b ee n writt e n so th at th ey might b e r ead by t h e w or thy an d

,

t h e unw orthy ; but t h e l a st s e ve nty h e is t old t o k e e p in

or d e r t o d e liv e r t h e m t o su c h a s b e wis e a m ong his p eop l e .

This Ezr a d oe s H e re t h e l eg e nd e nds abru p tly

. .

Th e tw e nty f our b ooks r e f e r t o t h e c a n oni c a l b ooks of t h e

-

Bibl e t h e s e ve nty s ec r e t b ooks in c lud e d we may inf e r n ot

, , ,

only t h e b o ok of sig n s an d t h e s e c r e t (a oc a ly p ti c ) t r a dit i on

p
a ss oc i a t e d with t h e n am e of M o s e s but m a ny oth e r a p oca ,

l yp t i c b ooks as we ll Thus acc ording t o t h e rep re se n

.
,

t at i on of our c h ap t e r Ezr a i e t h e hist or i c a l Ez r a livi n g

, ,
. .

in J e rus al em in t h e middl e of t h e fifth ce ntu r y B C w a s t h e . .

,

r e st or er n ot only of t h e c a n oni cal b ooks of t h e Old Te st a

m e nt but als o of t h e l a r ge ap oca lyp t i c lit e r a tu r e inc ludi n g
, ,

1
Le urin g d t h e des t ru c ti on o f the c i ty .

Thi i t h i nsp ira ti on full h ly p i i t whi h

.

of of th e
1
s s e c up o s r , c ,

wtr l
,

cle a r as a e , i s i k e fir e (B o x ) .
 5 30 THE BO OKS OF THE APOCRYPHA

s om e a p oc alyp ti c b ooks whi c h de t a il e d visi ons an d r e vel at i ons

th a t h ad ost e nsibly occ urr e d t o hims elf
, , This am ou nt s .

t o a c l a im th at t h e ap oc alyp ti c tr a dit i on oc c u p i e s an e ss e n
ti a l p l ace in g enuin e Jud a ism I t c l aims f or i t s elf t h e g re a t .

n am e s of M ose s a n d Ez r a t h e s ec ond M o s es ,
1
B ox .
’

sugg ests th at t h e obj ec t of t h e p ubli ca ti on of our b ook an d ,

of a ss oc i a t i n g i t with t h e n a m e of Ezr a w as t o u p h old or t o , ,

ré a ss e r t
-
t h e a u th ori ty of t h e ap ocaly p ti c li t e r a tur e an d
, ,

thus g a in f or it an offic i a lly r ec ogniz ed p l ace within Jud aism

as a rt of t h e o r a l t r a diti on Th a t this w as on e of t h e
p .

obj e c t s f or whi c h t h e b ook w as

p ub li sh e d s ee ms highly p ro
b abl e wh en i t is r e m emb e re d t h a t t h e J e wish religi ous
a uth o r it i e s r e j e c t e d t h e a p oc a ly p t i c lit e r a tur e as a wh ol e

m
1

it w as t o b e e x p ec t e d t h a t t h e ap oca lyp t is t s S h ould ak e

st r e nu ous eff orts t o sec ure t h e r ec ogniti on of b ooks whi c h ,

a s th e y b e li e v e d r ecor d ed g e nui n e tr a diti on an d whi c h in

, ,

a n y c a s e t augh t much th a t w a s e difying .

Lik e t h e ap ocal yp t i c li t er a t u r e in g e n e r al this s t ory of a ,

divi n e r e vel at i on a cc ord e d t o Ezr a t o r e writ e all t h e s acred -

b ooks whi ch h ad b een d e s t r oy ed e n j oye d c on sid er abl e ,

r ecogniti on a m ong t h e Churc h Fath ers it w as kn own n ot

only a s in c lud e d i n our b ook bu t a s an ind ep e nd en t t r a di ,

ti on F or r ef ere n ce s t o it i n p at ris t i c wri t ings see B ensly

.

a n d J a m es Op ci t p p xxxvii f
,
. .
,
. . .

Eve ry r ea de r of t h e Ez r a A p oc al yp s e mus t as h e r eads -

,
.

b e ve ry s oon st ru c k by t h e m a ny r emi n is ce nce s of P a uli n e

th ough t an d t eac hi n g whi c h it c on t a ins Bu t a s t h e b ook is .

l at e r th a n a lm os t all t h e b ooks of t h e N ew Te s t am ent this

is n ot t h e p l ac e t o d eal with t his im p ort a nt an d f a sc in ati n g
subj e c t t o th os e wh o migh t wish t o p ursu e t h e s t udy of t h e
c o n n e c ti on b e tw ee n 4 Esd r a s a n d P auli n e t eac hin g on such

1
B ox Op ci t p 30 5 ; see a sol hi s Int ro du ct i on pp l iii
v ff
bv
. . . . . .
, , ,

S ee 1 9 8 ff
1
a o e, pp . .
 GE NE R AL I NDE X
( P ag es p ri n te d in thi ck typ e i n di ca e t p a ssages i n wh i ch th e s ub ec t j
t
q ues i on i s dea l t it
w h in deta i l .
)
i n

A A RON 1 49 , 15 0 m
A yrt aeus 51
g l l gy lyp ti L i t r
, ,

A bi n u IV I a l k en u 3 9 1 An e o o i n A p oca c
tur
e a
hu
,

A b t i n as o se of 19 4 e, 1 10
J wi h 3 8 3 9
, ,

A b ub us 4 37 ,
e s , ,

A c hi k a r 1 9 5 o f th E e 43 f sse n es,
,

i ry gl
.

t h e W se s o of 3 4 9 ff t An e s, 10 2
d t ri Ad d i t i
, , .

A c hi o r 37 3 oc f i ne t o n on s
m i l 3 ff
, , o
A da 5 23 D an e 0 1

i l i ti u 3 ff 3 4
, , .

and E v e L f e of 2 1 8 2 2 3 E c c es a s c s, 00 0
t ti b li (4 ) E dr
, , , .
, .

A da p a o n of e ef 20 2 3 3 ff s as, 0

i ti il E th r 3
, .

A dd on s t o D a n e 3 8 5 —3 97 s e 02

th r f J r mi h 3
, , 4
to E s e 3 98 — 4 03 Ep o e e a 02

uth r h M b 3 f
.
, ,

A o s i p of 40 3 2 a cc a e e s, 02
Pr y r f M
.
,

t
D a e of 4 0 3 a 3 e o a n a sse s, 02
ul iu T bi t 3
,

A e sc a p s 3 9 6 o 0 1

Ag i p p II 5 tri
, ,

r a 21 S dd
a d uc ze a n f 47 f oc ne o 1
A h u ru i m ll
, , .

An
'

as 3
e s, 99 a d
i 86 iin i

Ak b R bbi ti h u E p i p h
,

i a, 43 9a 94 1 1 2, 1 An oc s 34 35 77 a n e s,

Al i m
, , , , ,

c 43 f
us, 0 134. 1 5 6 42 3 4 27 48 1 f
Al x d r B l
.
, , . .

e an 4 9 43
e a a s, 1 2 48 8 49 3
th
, .

J a n n aaus,
3 3 9 dea of 48 2
Gr t ff 6 7 3 3 3 mp t t mp
,

h t e ea 12 1 I 0 hi s a tt e o s a t o ut
Ju d i m 4 5
, , , , ,

5 69 2. a s 2 f
nq u t f
, .

co f 9 4 4 es s o 12 2 2 E up a t o r 4 2 8 4 3 2
d ivi i mp ir 4 4
, , , ,

f hi s on o s e e, 2 S i d e t e s 4 37 4 9 1
Gr
, ,

Z bi a 4 36 n a s, t he ea 4 30 t
Al x d ri
,

e an 7 5 45 8 a,
5 1 0 12 VI 4 2 0
tr f J i h D i p r i
, , , ,

ce n e o 7 ew s s e s on , I VII 4 2 0
J w i 53 f i
,

h t e e s n, An t o n ne s Th e 1 3
A ll g ri l i t p r t ti n f S ri p m
.
, ,

e o ca n er e a o o c A p a ae a 4 3 7
tur 5 7 ly M
,

e, A p o c a p se o f Th 8 o se s , e, 21
All g ri t i
e o f
za i nt myth on o a nc e s, Ap o c a p cly ti M v m t 4 9 0—9 5 o e en , 0 , .

22 16 0
Al l g ri i g f Gr k myth
e o z n 57 o ee s, b gi i g f t h 9 fl
e nn n s o e, 0
All g ry
e o 3 f 2 0 b k u th r hip f 9 9 ff
oo s, a o s o 1
P v rb H br w d Ar m i
.
, ,

i n ro
7 e s, 2 e g e an a a c on
A lm givi g 3 6
s n 1 i l l t na s os 20 0
m t m nt 7 f J wi h 9 f
, ,

f
ea n s o a on e e 2 2 e s 0
Al t r t u k wn g d 3 L i t r t ur
, .
, .

a s o n no o s, 2 e a 9 19 8 223 e, 1, —
A mh a a r ez ,
93 d t riocl t hing f 101 na ea c o
id h 5 ff
-

Am
,

a , 00 . 110
5 34 GE N ERAL I N DE X
lyp ti L i t r t ur p l
Ap o c a c e a e, a ce rt x rx I I I
A a e es ( O c h us) 5 0
l im d f i rt h d x
c a e or n o o o l
A sc a o n 3 0
,

Ju d i m 5 3 a s 0 in I ih
A sc e n s o of
,

sa a Th e , 219—220
r j t d by P h ri ti i m
, ,

e ec e 9 a see s, 1 9 A sc e c s 344
t hi g I ndivi d u li m ,

ea c n on a s o f t h e E sse n e s 43
m
, ,

f 10 2 A s o da us 3 5 8
P rt i ul ri m i m
.
,

a 3 f c a s 10 A ssi d ce a n s ( se e C h a ss di ) 1 2 5
U iv r li m 3 f imil ti f ulty m g
.
, ,

n e sa s 10 A ss a on ac of a on the
S up r t ur l l uri g f Jw
.
, , ,

e na a co o n o e s 58
i ti r ligi u
, ,

97 f A ssoc a o n s e o s 23
Ap o calyp ti t Th 9 5 112 6 s s, e, — 1 1, A sso aun yn (S e e ) 5 8
, ,

um ti M
, ,

5 f 53 20 0 A ss p on of ose s Th e 2 18
ti i m f th i m
.
, , ,

a sc e c s o 10 1 A e s 73
l im f 9 9 th n
, ,

c a s o A e s 14
rn d wi t h t h f utur th i
, ,

c on ce e e e. A en a n s 14
t m t th m
,

97 A on e e n d ea a ea n s o f 3 4 2
d u i ti n f 9 7
en nc a o s o tt lu I I i g
A a s k n of P e arg mum
,

43 2
,

d t rmi i m f 9 8 f tti Gr
, , ,

e e n s o A c eek 14
hi g 9 6 f i l
.
, ,

ff t e f t ec s o e ac n d ea s 1 4
i n i t n y f t hi g p w r
.
, ,

n co s s e c o ea c n se a — o 4 e 1

A tti t u d t w rd r ligi u b li f
, ,
'

95 f e o a s e o s e e s, 2 1
l y lty t t h L 9 9 f
o a o e aw , A ugu t u s 53 5 s, 20

t h rw rl dlin A ur li
.
v ,

o e f 99 o e ss o e 5an , 12

pr ph t pl
h ,

f th p
o 96 e s o e eo e, A l
ure o us, 5 12
r ligi u n p ti n A u th r hip f u ti n f i n i t
Q

e o s co ce o s re o s nc o o n a c en
g rd ing h um i ty 5 t im
Q , ,

a an 10 e s, 20 0
t h ir m g 9 6 Av t
,

e e ssa e, es a, 33 1
u iv r li ti tti tu d f
n e sa s c a e o A ri h P r y r f 3 8 6 if
za a a e o

wh n mp d 3 8 8 f
, , , .

10 1 e co o se
up h l d r f t h p p l lit urgi l h r t r f 3 8 9 f
.
,
’
o e s o e eo e s ca c a ac e o
f i th 9 7 A tu
.
,

a zo 3 s, 0
ryp h b k d t f 3
,

Ap oc a oo s, a es o 20
ryp h D trin l t h i g f
,

Ap
B AB Y L ONIA
oc a, oc a ea c n o

th 25 1 3 15
e, —
38
m i g f 83 B byl ni an i flu
,

ea n n o 1 a o 7 3 n e n ce , 22 2 1 f
tr f Gr k i flu n B hi d 4 3 f
.
, ,

ac e s o i ee n e ce n, acc e s, 0

B B dy d tri
.

77 8 7 — a dn e ss of th e o oc ne of ,
ryp h l d n i l b k
,

Ap oc a an ca on ca oo s 84 f
fl Pl t i d tri f 8 5
.

6 1 1 a on c oc ne o

f t rm B l Al x d r 4 9 4 3
.
,

use o 87 e 1 a a s, e an e 1 2

b y O rig B p ti m f t h
, , ,

— 89 E e
en , 1 a s 45 o sse n es ,

Jrm 9 e o e, 1 1 B a ru h b k f 4 9 5 5 06
c oo o —
m ni g f 8 5 ff
, ,

A S ag e s Words of B ucaur
’
A p k yp h
o r os, ea n o 1
A p ll iu 4 5 4 7 4 3 4 m
.
,

o on s, 2 2 ag e en t i n , 3 0 3 f
u
.
, ,

Ap ollop h a n e s 4 8 6 ,
a cc o n o f , 4 9 5 ff t .

A p ostoli ca l C on sti tu i on s 4 0 7 4 10 t B ook of C onf essi on s i n

u
, , ,

Ap s 231 49 7 fi
r bi mp t p a rts of 4 9 7 ff
,

A a a 435 co o n en
rmi ta ins li turgi c a l mate ri a l
, ,
’
A a a c p a py ri 5 0 ii 194 f 349 c on
T rgum
.
, .
, .

a s 19 3 502 f
l gu g gy Jw
.
,

t h e an a e of E p i an e s t co nt t s en of, 4 9 5 ff
Gr k Ap ly
.
,

60 ee o ca p se o f 2 2 3
Sy i l yp f 222
,

Are i o s 4 1 8 Ap r ac oc a se o
ri t l r Dr g
, ,

A s e as e e o f 4 4 3 tt B l e d th
an 38 6 3 94 ll e a on ,
ri t tl B li f i t rmi gli g f
.
, , ,

A s o e 1 5 16 17 e e s, n e n n o 22

rmur S ir
, , , ,

A o o f Go d Th e 4 7 4 f B en 6 3 a,4 95 11 12 12 1

t x rx tti tu d t w rd G ntil 337 f

-
.
, , , , ,

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.
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5 36 G E N ERA L I N D E X
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5 40 GE N ER A L I N DE X

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P ri n ted /or R o s n r S c or r , M a k er , P ar s uxos m x B o w , L O N DO N , B C . .

, by B U T L E R a TA N N R R , F n ox z .