Literature: An Introduction

Literary Models
Classifications of Literature
Literary Approaches
Literary Models
1. Cultural Model
•Cultural model is a traditional approach to teaching literature that aims to understand
and appreciate cultures and ideologies different from one’s own in time and space. In
this model, the learners have to explore and interpret the social, political, literary and
historical context of a specific text.
•The cultural model represents the possibility Literature brings into the picture as
regards the understanding and appreciation of different cultures and ideologies
together with the development of one’s perception of feelings and artistic forms.
Literary Models
2. Language Model
•It aims to promote language development like vocabulary and structure.
Literary Models
3. Personal Growth Model
•It aims to help one achieve lasting pleasure and deep satisfaction in reading.
Classification of Literature - STRUCTURE
• a literary work of imaginative narration, either oral or written, fashioned
to entertain and to make the readers think and more so, to feel
FICTION

• a literary work of REAL LIFE narration or expression based on history and

facts whose main thrust is an intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories,
NON-FICTION and generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic
Main Divisions of Litetature
• written in the common flow of language in sentences and paragraphs
which give information, relate events, express ideas, or present opinions.
PROSE

• uses lines, stanzas and rhyme scheme to depict poetic sounds and
emotions
POETRY
Classification of Literature - GENRE

1 2 3 4 5

Arts –
Fiction (short
paintings,
story, novel,
Poetry Essay Drama / Play drawings,
folktale, fable,
music, and
legend)
dances
Literary Approaches

Deconstruction is a school of literary criticism that suggests that language is

Deconstructionism not a stable entity, and that we can never exactly say what we mean.
Therefore, literature cannot give a reader any one single meaning, because
the language itself is simply too ambiguous.
Literary Approaches

Feminist criticism tries to correct predominantly male-dominated

Feminist critical perspective with a feminist consciousness. Feminist theories
also attempt to understand representation from a woman’s point of
criticism view and analyze women’s writing strategies in the context of their
social conditions.
Literary Approaches

Insist that all use of language is influenced by social class and

Marxist economics. It directs attention to the idea that all language makes
ideological statements about things like class, economics, race, and
criticism power, and the function of literary output is to either support or
criticize the political and economic structures in place.
Literary Approaches

New criticism suggests that the text is a self-contained entity,

New and that everything that the reader needs to know to understand it is
already in the text. This school of criticism works with the elements
criticism of a text only – irony, paradox, metaphor, symbol, plot,
and so on – by engaging in extremely close textual analysis.
Literary Approaches

Focuses on the literary text as part of a larger social and

historical context, and the modern reader’s interaction with that
New work. New historicists attempt to describe the culture of a period by
historicism reading many different types of texts and paying attention to many
different dimensions of a culture, including political, social,
economic, and aesthetic concerns.
Literary Approaches

The basis of this approach is the idea of the existence of a

human consciousness – those impulses, desires, and feelings
Psychological about which a person is unaware but which influence emotions or
behavior. Critics use psychological approaches to explore the
criticism
motivations of characters and the symbolic meanings of events,
while biographers speculate about a writer’s own motivations –
conscious or unconscious – in a literary work.
Literary Approaches

Queer Is a relatively recent and evolving school of criticism, which

theory, or questions and problematizes the issues of gender identity and sexual
orientation in literary texts. Queer theory overlaps in many respects
gender with feminist theory in its aims and goals, being at once political
studies and practical.
Literary Approaches

Removes the focus from the text and places it on the reader
Reader- instead, by attempting to describe what goes on in the reader’s
mind during the reading of a text. Reader response critics are not
response interested in a “correct” interpretation of a text or what the author
criticism intended. They are interested in the reader’s individual experience
with a text.