CHAPTER 2

Related Literature and Studies

The interconnected literature and studies that are considered

significant to the research are presented in this chapter. To give more

assurance on the study the researchers used and reviewed journals, articles,

literature and other related studies to validate the initial data and information.

It shows the similarities anhd differences of every study that researchers

collected.

Related Literature

In this new learning modality, students must apply or enhance their

online learning strategies. The term "learning strategies" refers to a set of

methods for acquiring knowledge and students' approaches and tactics for

improving their learning. The research of Dunlosky & Dunlosky et al. (2013)

shows that efficient application of learning techniques can improve learners'

(a) understanding of complicated subjects and (b) academic performance. It

also shows that students are more prone to adopt ineffective learning tactics

such as reading and re- reading. Furthermore, Uzir et al. (2020) showed that

online learning strategies could inform effective educational approaches to

assist learners succeed in online learning, according to educators. It could

assist instructors in promoting the sUccessful application of learning

strategies by modifying their teaching methods as needed and/or developing

actionable feedback interventions. In addition, Yeh et al. (2019) indicated that

to ensure student success in online learning environments, it is necessary to

investigate students' online learning readiness and motivational variables in

order to keep them interested with the topic. And, from the standpoint of the

learner, this study may raise knowledge of effective learning methods and

motivate them to utilize them effectively, allowing them to better decide how to

develop their learning skills and carry out the related learning techniques on

their own to improve academic outcomes, Rabgay (2018).

The foregoing literatures were related to the current study because it

discussed the meaning and importance of these online learning strategies to

student journey and performance in the new set-up of learning. These

literatures may help the researchers to determine the strategies utilized by the

students to improve their performance and paticipation in online learning.

Also, to determine the perception of the students to their online learning

strategies. Furthermore, the perceived skill such as comprehension, internet

skill and self-awareness, Affection such as attitude, motivation and anxiety;

and self-regulation such as self- monitoring, time management will help the

researchers to achieve their goal for the improvement of the Online Learning

Strategies of Office Administration Students in Northwest Samar State

University.

According to the study of Litt (2013); and Loliyana & Sukamt (2020)

students must be aware of what such internet skills involve and how ordinary

users difer when it comes to such abilities as the ability to browse and

communicate uSsing the internet plays an increasingly significant part in our

social and professional life. Khan, etc. (2020) reveals that through the medium

of online learning and its updated learning materials, students and instructors

can easily and quickly share academic resources and materials with each

other. However internet knowledge is not the same as internet skills, Mota &
Cliento (2020) Moreover, Yacob et al. (2011) claimed that an online learning

strategy will be the most effective way for students to become aware of new

technologieS and motivated to study diverse subjects. Since technology today

provides numerous options for institutions and students to gain information,

the concept of e-learning should be expanded. This concept will be extremely

beneficial to them in their study. However, online learning affects their self-

awareness especially in improving their learning and skill. Utary (2020) found

that self-awareness is linked to online learning motivation, time management

and self-regulation, Miertschin, et al. (2015).

The above-mentioned literatures were related to the present study

because it tackles the perceived skills which was one of the variables of the

study. Also, thee above literatures discussed the connection of self-

awareness with the other variables of this research such as motivation, time

management and self- regulation. However, it doesn't state that perceived

skills are connected to the attitude and anxiety of the students with regards to

their online learning. Nevertheless, it emphasizes that these strategies are the

key indicators of the student's online learning performance in online learning.

This will help students improve their internet literacy or increase their

understanding of the features and functions of the computer, internet or the

web. And will guide researchers to accomplish its objectives for the

improvement of online learning strategies of office administration students in

NwSSU.

According to Mallam (2019) inducing affection in students has been

demonstrated to improve their perception of their own skill progress. Zhu et al.

(2013) added that student attitude toward online learning is a significant

component in the online learning environment. Also, Khan et. al. (2020)

emphasizes that students have the capability to leverage the online learning

platform as they find it user friendly. The online learning technology enables

easy information access leading to positive attitude formation of students

towards it. Most students have positive feelings toward their affection skills

and experience in online learning. It demonstrates that students have a

positive attitude and their anxiety level reduces, particularly when participating

and expressing opinion in online classes, Ganeser (2020).

The aforementioned literatures were similar to the present study since

affection and attitude were one of the variables of the study. And, it focuses

on its effect and relevance to student's participation in online classes.

However, it differs on the present study because it did not provide much

information that may be used for the improvement of this strategy. Still, it may

help the researchers to achieve their objectives to enhance the attitude of

office administration students in NwSSU.

In accordance to Usher et al. (2012) students' motivation can influence how

they approach school in general, how they interact with instructor, how much

time and effort they devote to their studies, how much help they seek when

they're having difficulty, how much they try to engage or disengage their peers

from academics, how they perform on assessments, and so on. Almost every

aspectof the school environment is affected in some way. Gasco et al. (2014)

mentioned that a student's learning performance is heavily influenced by their

motivation. Chen (2019) insis ted that instructors must comprehend the

current situation of students, they need motivation and proper adjustment in

the new learning modality in order to keep students' participation in flexible

learning. There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic is

the drive to accomplish or achieve something because one sincerely enjoys or

values it. Extrinsic is the desire to accomplish or achieve something for the

sake of achieving a specific goal, Usher et al. (2012).

The above-mentioned literatures were similar to the present study

sinceP motivation is one of the variables that tackles student's willingness to

participate in online learning. However, it differs on the present study because

it only tackles about its influence on students and did not provide much

information that will be used for the improvement of this strategy. But it will

help the researchers achieve their objectives to enhance the attitude of office

administration students in NwSSUJ.

Moreover, Fawaz & Samah (2020) study indicates the rapid change in

learning modality affects student's learning and results in onerous workloads,

causing anxiety and depression in undergraduate students. Also, Poalses and

Bezuidenhout (2018) revealed that increased anxiety and absenteeism are

two unfavorable mental health implications of online learning among students.

The anxiety of students increased in the aspects of the availability of the

gadgets internet familiarity, and low self-regulation. The most common

concern of students is their tuition, gadgets and internet connectivity, Abadilla

(2019).

The above-mentioned literatures were very relevant to the current

study since it discussed how affection such as attitude, motivation and anxiety

affect student's participation in online learning based on how they manage it.

The effect of these affections to student's performance may differ based on

how they behaved and utilized these strategies in online learning modality.
 Moreover, the above literatures discussed how affection has played an

important role in the student's participation and performance in online

learning. Because when students are motivated enough they perform greatly

in online learning. They do their task accordingly and achieve great things,

then those students who are not feeling motivated and do their task poorly.

However, it is distinct from the current study, because not all students are

motivated in attending the online classes due to the current situation they are

facing. They felt more anxiety than motivation. Motivatiobn was notjust the

problem, but also the set-up of education that makes it difficult for students

that have no available resources at all. Students must not just need to

strengthen their motivation, but also to find a way so that it can't affect their

study. Furthermore, it will help the researchers to determine the level of

attitude, motivation and anxiety based on student's perception with regards to

their online learning strategies. Thus, this will help for the improvements of

online learning strategies of office administration students in NwSSU.

Duckworth et al. (2009) indicated that self-regulation is accessible to

support and intervention, despite the fact that the effect is frequently minimal

in comparison to the impact of socio-demographic variables. Lai (2011) added

that Self-regulation provides a framework for examining the connections

between abilities, attitudes, and processes that are essential for effective

learning Oniline learning could provide great freedom for their self-regulation

learning. Yu (2021)

The above mentioned literatures were similar to the presernt study since self-

regulation is one of the variables of the study that tackles its importance and

use in online learning modality. However, it differs from the present study
because it only focuses on the effect of self-regulation on students learning

performance, and not for the improvement of this strategy. But it will help the

researchers to achieve their objectives to enhance the self-regulation

strategies of dfice administration students in NwssU

Study of Andrade (2019); Arslantas & Kurnaz (2017) indicated that sef-

monitoring is the process of obsenving one's own processes and products in

order to make changes that will improve learning performance. Chang (2010)

added that self-monitoring is crucial to self-regulation. Because it functions

through self- awareness and focuses on students' strategy to monitor their

progress towards learning objectives. Guo (2022) explored the conditions

under self-monitoring prompts that are most effective for facilitating

comprehension and internet skill in an online learning environment. When

self-monitoring is utilized formatively and accompanied by training, it is most

useful in terms of achievement and self- regulated learning. Self-monitoring is

meant to foster intellectual progress and the development of lifelong learners.

Educators must explicitly train students to become experts at self-evaluation

after they have a thorough comprehension of the research. Cleofas (2021)

indicates that students are able to practice self- monitoring despite the

presence of hurdles like online learning and poor internet remestivity.

Teactheis nmLISI Pqup pupits to think, avaluate, and of technology

cevetopments, Logan (2919)

The foregoing literatutes were similar to the presont styay She s

mOnitoTmg is one of the vaniables of the study that tackles its relavance 9n

the student's online learning pertormance in the new set-up of earning.

however, t differs trom the present study because it only for Uses On the
meaning ng Use 9 self-monitoring in online learning, but not for the

improvement of thiS Stategy. But it will help the researchers to achieve their

objectives to enhance the seff- monitoring skill of office administration

students in NwSSU.

Moreover, Nasr Allah & Khan (2015) indicated that time management

has a significant role in enhancing student's learning performance. It's not

oniy about how effective the methods that learners need to put into practice

are in online and blended courses; it's also about how learners combine good

learning strategies with productive self-regulation such as planning,

monitoring, and regulating (Uzir et al. 2020). However, Uzir et al. (2020)

added that for a variety of reasons students may rely on inefficient learning

practices. Setting lower performance goals that are simple to accomplish;

failing to schedule study and hence cramming the night before a test; and

inadequate technique utilization due to suboptimal decision making are

examples of such explanations. In essence, the decisions made by students

are not random; they are highly reliant on their understanding of the regulatory

processes and their ability to effectively regulate their strategies in order to

achieve specific learning objectives, Winnie (2014).

Furthermore, Li & Yang (2016) revealed that interaction affects the

learning strategies of students in learning concentration and academic

achievement when they were required to learn conceptual knowledge in

online learning using their available gadgets. Those students who watch

subject videos and read noveljournals on the internet have a greater ability to

concentrate, Benila & Arunfred (2019).

 The above-mentioned literatures are connected in the current study

since it is one of the variables in self-regulation strategy. However, it may

differ to the present study beca use it only based on the effect of

concentration to students learning not on how to avoid these effect or improve

this skill. This may help the researchers achieve their objectives to help office

administration students to enhance their concentration in online learning.

Furthermore, these literatures for online learning strategies explained

how the indicated variables in SOP greatly affect the office administration

student's online learning performance and their role in achieving learning

success in this online learning environment. These strategies are very

important to the student's amidst the Covid-19 crisis. However, She et al

(2021) revealed that interaction enhances student learning involvement and

develops the sense of belonging in the learning process of the students. In an

online environment, students leverage the technology to interact without the

limitation of time, place, and space to gain knowledge and skills. Also, various

interactivities can be crucial for students to improve their online learning

environment. It also believed that students with competency beliefs tend to

develop an intrinsic interest in learning which enables them to use effective

and complex learning strateg ies to engage and involve more in learning

activities. Student's engagement is a key factor in enhancing a students

desirable learning outcomes.

Related Studies

The succeding studies and research were found to have importance

and correlation to the current study in terms of some variables. There outward

apprearnce or dissimilarity had been cited as well.

Sumbise (2017) related that students’ who were strengthening their

knowledge with various learning skils and strategies impove their academic

performance and achieving remarkable. Their learning becomes seif-

regulated, and students’ show groth in sefl-efficacy,inherent motivation and

improved academic performance. Also , Rotas & Cahapay (2020) described

the diffeculties of the college student sin participate in the onlie learning when

it comes to their learning strategies such as comprehension, internet skills,

and self-awarenes; attitude, motivation and anxiety, and self- monitoring, time

management and concentration amidst the covid -19 crisis.

The above mentioned studies have a correlation with the current study

because it greatly describes the meaning, importance and effectiveness of

online learning strategies to student's learning performance and participation

in online learning. These online learning strategies were the variables of the

research, and the key indicators to attain great learning performance and

success in online learning modality. It may help researchers to determine the

level of online learning strategies of office administration students in NwSsU

and proposed a training program for the improvement of online learning

strategies of office administration students in NwSSU. However, it differs in

the current study because it only focused on its importance and role as a

predictor for students' online learning performance, not on how it may help for
the improvement of online learning strategies of office administration student

in NwSSU.

According to De Leon & Tarrayo (2014) students used various online

learning reading strategies such perceived skills. They employed these tactics

to you - .nd ensure that they comprehend these materials for their intended

purpose. They have used reputable online web resources to resolve

confusing and conflicting information, as well as analyzing the credibility and

accuracy of these online SS information. Moreover, Sumbise (2017) indicate

that the constant use of ts technology for online learning can help students

practice their perceived skill through the navigation in the internet, online

reading and understanding the purpose of the online information from

reputable materials and resources to tne learning process of the students.

And, may depend on how the students comprehend and apply the knowledge

that came from the internet. Either it's good or bad information, it would really

affect the students learning based on how they Comprehend such

information. Moreover, these online interactions affect the online learning

performance and strategies of the students in the online learning environment,

and would strengthened the integration of online teaching and self- learning

depend on how they utilized the perceived skill on their learning, Reflianto et

al. (2021).

The above mentioned study was similar to the current studies since it

discussed the meaning and relevance of perceived skills on students learning

performance in this new environment. Also, studies indicate that perceived

skills help students to resolve confusing and conflicting online information in

the current set-up of learning. However, it may differ on the current study
based on how the students utilize their perceived skills which may also affect

the online interaction of the student's base on how they comprehend the

purpose of online materials and a resources. Perceived skills may be used to

acquire good learning not bad learning. Because it may affect student's

learning performance and strategies in online learning. Furthermore, the

above mentioned study didn't tackle on how to enhance the perceived skills of

the students which was the focused of the currennt study.

According to Abbas (2021) reading comprehension is critical for

stuudents, especially in this time of pandemic, when the majority of

universities use onine learning modality as an alternate learning method.

Students will need to learn new skills in order to read and comprehend

material on the internet. Ruiz (2015) explained that comprehension of any

reading materials necessitateS metal engagement with the words and

phrases inside the text. This online reading comprehension skill assessed

student's ability to locate information on the internet such using search

engines, critically evaluate the information's accuracy, quality and synthesize,

Coiro (2014).

The above indicated studies were similar to the current study because

it explains the level of comprehension of students toward online learning. This

also explained that internet skills and comprehension are connected.

Furthermore, students with enough understanding towards their own learning,

they can perform very well regardless of what kind of set-up of education they

were attended. However, it was only applicable for students who have

resources, and were veryy knowledgeable about the changes to this learning

environment, especially the current online learning education. It may differ

from the students who have lack of he cha he pie a spla abo resources and

knowledge about the new learning modality. The unexpected hich ener yo

changes not only affect their learning performance but also affect their

understanding of education. Because the new learning modality was based on

self- education which was only applicable with those students who have

resources, Knowiedge, and being independent to the changes of their

environment. Compared to those students who have lack of resources,

knowledge, and have doubt in themselves, and being dependent on others

due to the unexpected changes they experienced. Therefore, a proposed

training program were needed in order to enhance the comprehension of the

students to the online materials and resources used in online learning.

According to Nobis (2019) internet skills and comprehension are

essential for online learning modality. The different sectors of society,

especially tne education sectors have been in place focusing to fill digital

technology all over the academic institutions that rapidly embrace the nevw

learning environment with the used of technologies. This leave no choice for

the academic institutions nationwide but to adopt the new learning modality

imposed by the government, CHED (2020). Therefore, students must build

the capacity to utilize the digital tool such as computer, laptop and

smatphones that are used in online learning. This would help the students and

the sectors of education enhance the quality of education and enhance the

internet skill of students in order to attain great performance and success in

this ever-changing society. Moreover, Burin et. al (2018) explained that rather

than using performance-based laboratory assessments, study used a self-

report measure of internet skills. However, students who spend a lot of time
on the piece a splashni abound internet may not be doing anything

productive. Instead of using their time for hich yo energy you si Inded

educational objectives, they may be using it for enjoyment purposes only,

resulting in negative views against using computer technology for online

learning, Lí & Lee (2016).

The aforementioned studies were similar in the current study because

it SSI e tackled the importance of internet skill for the students and its impact

on their online learning performance in this new set-up of learning. Internet

skill was also one of tne variables of this study. However, it defers from the

current study because it didn t discuss on how to improve the internet skill of

the students in online learning. And, it was very important that we need to

determine what kind of enhancemens were needed in order to improve the

internet skills of office administration students in NwSSU.

Poquiz (2014) explained that using online information in reputable materials

and resources instructors saw themselves as already aware and effective in

using this information from different reputable resources more than what the

students perceived them to be. In terms of self-awareness in this new learning

environment, instructors saw themselves possessing better understanding in

different situations than what the students perceived them to be. In short,

instructors have a high level of self-awareness than the students in the online

learning. Moreover, student's self-awareness and adaptability with the

objectives to improve their ability to cope positively with the challenges of

online learning. This is the ability to recognize the Current situation, describe

the interest and values, and accurately assess the strengths of the students

which enable them to adjust and adapt fully in the new environment of
learning, Tesoro (2020). The above mentioned studies were similar to the

present study because it discussed the meaning and importance of self-

awareness to instructors, which was one ot the variables of the study.

However, it differs from this study because it only discusses the difference

between the self-awareness of the instructors to students and it didn't tackle

its importance for the students learning, and on how to improve the self-

awareness skill of the students in online learning. Nevertheless, this may nelp

tne researchers to come up a training program to improve the online learning

strategies of office administration students in NwSSU.

Simon (2013) indicates that the existence of the most effective educators who

desires that affection with their student will help them learn, grow and feel like

a real human being. This is to impart knowledge with their students through

innermost affection. The demand of expectations of the society on educators,

the latter have to expand their knowledge and teaching experiences. This

learning will be successful when the educators embraced affection with

competence. It requires the educators to have all necessary qualities to come

up with a good learning in the new environment of learning. Moreover,

student's affection with their parents influences their learning performance.

Parent's contribution with regards to quality time, words of affirmation and

physical affection would help students become more resilient to fight any

problem that come in their way in online learning. Also, it lesser the anxiety of

students if their parents comfort them, support them and fight with diiieren ne

chance he piece a splashhi abound- them on their endeavors and journey in

online learning, Maximo & Carranza hich yo energy you si Indes (2016).
 The aforementioned studies were similar in the present study because

it tackled the importance and influen ce of affection to educators and students

in online learning. Also, affection was one of the variables of this study.

However, it SSI eter differs from the present study because it only tackles the

affection of educators to sTudentS, and parents to their son/da ug hter. And, it

didn't discuss how affection intluence student's online learning strategies and

affect their performance in online learning Salor (2010) revealed that the

student's attitude towards online classes or discussIons are important

indicators on their online learning performance and participation that direct

influenced their behavior towards their peers in online learning community and

instructors. Also, the person that has positive attitude towards their tasks can

achieve great learning performance and receive Complements from their

peers and instructors based on their efforts. Rivera (2012) added that

student's attitude towards online learning proved that they have positive

attitude towards their instructors, their classmates and on their selves in the

online learning environment.

The aforementioned studies were similar to the current study since it

tackled the importance of attitude of the students and instructors in the new

environment of learning, and attitude was one of the variables of this study.

However, the studies didn't tackle the way on how to improve the attitude of

the students and instructions towards the online learning, and how does it

affect the online learning hich yo energy you si Indes strategies of the

students.

Cadampog (2013) revealed the significant role of motivation level to

Students learning performance and at the same time can affects students in
general, on how students devote their time and effort to their studies, and how

eter much guidance they need during difficult times. The students that are wel

motivated can efficiently and effectively performed the given tasks or activities

with ConTidence and positivity. Moreover, motivation can drive a person to

improve their earning performance and strategies in online learning, which

was described Dy Salor (2010).

The above mentioned studies were similar in the current study because

it explained the importance and effect of motivation in students learning

pertormance. Motivation was also one of the variables of the study that

influenced the performance and online learning strategies of office

administration students in NwSsU. And, how others can affect students'

motivation. However, this differ from the current study because it didn't

discuss the way on how to improve the motivation level of the students in

online learning, which the study focused on the improvement of these online

learning strategies of office administration students in NwSSU. Therefore, the

result may depend on how the students handle their motivation level and

turned it into a strategy.

Salino (2020) revealed that level of anxiety of the students have

increased drastically in online learning compared from the the face to face

set-up. This because some students have encountered difficulty on adapting

the new trends of learning which students are require to utilize digital tools

such as smartphone, nich ene yo laptop or computer in order to participate in

the online classes and discussions. The lessons and activities from the online

learning are being uploaded by the instructors in the online platforms such as

Moodle, Google classrooms, etc. which tne students need to utilize their
internet skills and comprehension in navigating Tnis onlne learning material

/resources that would help them on their own learning process. The new set-

up of learning demonstrates how difficult for the students wno are lack of

learning materials and resources to participate in onlie classes and

discussions that can lead to a poor learning performance. Tne

abovementioned study was similar to the current study because it discussed

the meaning and importance of anxiety, which was one of the variables of the

study. Also, how the level of anxiety of the students increase during the

implementation of online learning. And, it explained how anxiety influenced

thhe online learning performance and participation of the students. However,

it differs from the present study beca use it didn't tackle how to decrease the

anxiety level of the students, and what kind of training program are needed in

order to utilize the anxiety level of the students as a strategy in online

learning. This may help thee researchers to find a solution in order to improve

the online learning strategies of office administration students in NwSSU.

Moreover, the Andrade (2019) study indicated that to promote learning

and improvements in student's academic performance they must monitor

themselves and generate feedback according to their own learning. Andrade

investigated the relation of self-monitoring in students' learning performance.

However, Jansen et al. (2016) emphasizes that those students who have

difficulties in their online pich y energ you learning strategies are more likely to

struggle with their self-monitoring and self- . Ind regulation strategy. It appears

that self-monitoring can raise students' learning capabilities and

improvements on their learning performance. Furthermore, studentS self-

monitoring has become important particularly in maintaining good

pertormance in flexible learning during Covid-19 pandemic, Ozyurt (2015).

These above studies discussed how self-monitoring can affect

student's earning performance through monitoring their own learning.

Students can maintain their good performance if they always monitor

themselves in diferent aspects such as their learning capabilities, motivation,

concentration, and attitude TOwaras online learning. The studies may differ

on how students initiate their self- monitoring strategy. If students are always

dozing off and feel lazy during classes. Then, self-monitoring is impossible.

Students must be aware of what helshe is doing or acting because it will only

reflect on how good or poor their performance they are making during online

classes.

A study of Vences (2014) revealed the significant connection between

students learning performance and time management. Vences (2014)

explained that students who manage their time are more likely to achieve their

task on timee than students' who don't. And, having good time management

makes students work efficiently, Mindtools (2021). The study of Uzir et al.

(2020) tackled the effectiveness of online learning strategies and time

management in online learning in a blended environment. The study revealed

the value of diverse time management and learning strategies in promoting

successful learning processes, regulation, and academic achievement. Tsai

(2009) added that individual ditterences in student online learning techniques,

such as the impact of students' erier yo intellectual perspectives or the links

between those views and online learning tactics, must be investigated.

However, Uzir et al. (2020) added that It's not only about howeffective the

methods that learners need to put into practice are in online and blended
courses; it's also about how learners supplement good learning tacucs with

productive self-regulation. To summarize, engaging in eective earning

practice is frequently insufficient for boosting learning. To enhance better

earning experiences, productive self-regulation should also be considered,

Uzir et al. (2020).

The above mentioned studies were similar in the current study because

It discussed the meaning and importance of time management to students

learning pertormance in online learning. This was also one of the variables of

this study. Moreover, students who can handle their time very well can

increase their work efficiency and effectively, and can achieve great things.

Than those other students who can't even pass their task on time. Good time

management can make students do better on their task, and can easily

achieve their objectives on time. Compared to students who have poor time

management that resulted in a poor performance. However, it differs from the

current study because it didn't tackle on how to improve the time management

of the students in online learning. Therefore, the current study was needed to

determine the level of time management of office administration students to

proposed a training program for the improvement of online learning strategies

of office administration students in NwSSU.

In another study, Tang et al. (2020) examined the efficacy of different

online teaching modes among engineering students. Using a questionnaire,

the results revealed that students were dissatisfied with online learning in

general, particularly in the aspect of communication and question-and-answer

modes. Nonetheless, the combined model of online teaching with flipped

classrooms improved students’ attention, academic performance, and course

evaluation. A parallel study was undertaken by Hew et al. (2020), who

transformed conventional flipped classrooms into fully online flipped classes

through a cloud-based video conferencing app. Their findings suggested that

these two types of learning environments were equally effective. They also

offered ways on how to effectively adopt videoconferencing-assisted online

flipped classrooms. Unlike the two studies, Suryaman et al. (2020) looked into

how learning occurred at home during the pandemic. Their findings showed

that students faced many obstacles in a home learning environment, such as

lack of mastery of technology, high Internet cost, and limited

interaction/socialization between and among students.