1nm = 6080ft = 1.

852km Glidepath Calculations and Speed

1 imp gal = 1.2 US gal
1kg = 2.205lb
Departure = change of Long(minutes) x Cos(Lat)
Convergency = change of long x Sin(mean lat)
Conversion angle for Rhumb line = ½ Convergency
Height = Glidepath Angle x (distance to go ft / 60)
e.g. 3o x (4x 6080) / 60 = 1216ft
If above threshold add 50ft
Rough cal = 300ft per mile from touchdown on 3o glide
Convert glide % to Angle = % X 60 / 100 = Glide angle

3o Glideslope rate of descent = 5 x groundspeed

5% Glide slope = 3o
Speeds:
- Use CRP5 to convert, if over 300Kt adjust for compress
- If asked for CAS from Mach convert to TAS then apply
compressibility
- Speed relationship (Eat Chicken Tika Masala)

- Great circles shortest distance between two points

- Rhumb line always on the equator side of the great
circle
- At mid point GCT = Rhumb line track

Magnetism In inversion T and M swap

Cadburys Dairy Milk is Very Tasty Driving Trucks
C D M V T Dr Tt Triangle of velocities
393C 4E 397M 32W 365T 17L 348T - To calculate heading use wind down method
-360C  - If given track and bearing to work out wind do
 
opposite. Start with Hdg on top and mark wind on then
033C rotate to bottom.
(- = W / + = E)
The arrow points to the larger number. West Left / East VFR Nav
Right (same as globe) Choice of ground features:
- Dip greater at higher latitudes, max = 90o - Proximity to planned track
- Lines of equal dip = Isoclinic lines. - Size and uniqueness
- Isogonals = equal variation (0 variation = agonic) - Planned Altitude
- Allowed compass deviation +/- 10% - Time of year
Finding range from features on track:
Calculating conversion angles for distance off track Example: "A ground feature was observed on a relative
bearing of 45o left of the nose and 3 minutes later on a
relative bearing of 90o left of the nose. Aircraft GS 180KT

- Track Error angle = (Dis. off track x 60) / dis. along track
- Work out first angle then second and add together to
get new bearing

Temperature
See Instruments revision!
4% per 10oC from ISA difference in altitude
Calculate % diff between point QNH is measured and alti
Density altitude = 120ft per 1oC diff from ISA
Calculate RAM ride on CRP5 – TAT always more than SAT Pythagoras c=√ a 2+ b2
 Direct Mercator Lamberts Polar Sterographic

Orthomorphism Small areas only Esp @ Eq Very Nearly Very nearly close to pole
Scale Correct @ Equator @ Standard Parallels @ Pole
Scale Expansion Scale = (1/Cos(Lat)) > Outside SPs < inside SPs Away from Pole
Convergency Correct At @ Equator @ Parallel of Origin @ Pole
Chart Convergency Zero Ch Long x Sin(PofO) Ch Long
Great Circles Convex to Pole Concave to PofO Concave to Pole
Rhumb Lines Concave to nearest pole Concave to pole on Eq
on equator side of GS side
Radio Bearings Conversion Angle to all Converg to ADF / AWR Converg to ADF / AWR
Sheet Fit Yes E/W only No
Coverage 70oN – 70oS 80oN – 80oS 70o / 90o N /S

Solar System

The plane of ecliptic Is at 23 ½ o to the equator

- 66½oN - Above winter days when the sun does not rise
- 65½oN - Above summer days when sun does not set
- 60½oN - Above are summer days when the sun exists
in a state of continuous Civil Twilight
Earth rotates at 15o per hour Time change 4mins / deg
When Calculating difference between 2 LMTs always go
through GMT
- Longitude East Greenwich Least
- Longitude West Greenwich best
Sunrise or Sunset is the Local Mean Time when:
- The top lip of the sun just rises above, or disappears
below the visible horizon; or
- when the centre of the sun is 16' (minutes) below the
visible horizon; or
- when the centre of the sun is 16' + 34' = 50' (minutes)
of arc below the sensible horizon
- Morning Civil Twilight starts when the centre of the
Sun is 6o below the sensible horizon and ends at sunrise
Lat Cos Scale / Dist Use the ABBA box for
15 .966 120 scale questions
Journey time = Distance / Speed X 60
10 .985 122.3
Speed required = Distance / time(mins) X 60
E.G length @ S15o = 120cm what is it at N10o?:
Distance to run = Speed x time(mins) / 60
120 * .985 = 118.2 -> 118.2 / .966 = 122.3cm (new scale)