Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM) in the IEEE 802.16.

1 uplink

Document Number:
IEEE 802.16.1p-00/08
Date Submitted:
2000-11-03
Source:
Lars Lindh
Nokia Research Center
P.O. Box 407, FIN-00045
NOKIA GROUP, Finland

Petri Bergholm
Nokia Networks
P.O.Box 370, FIN-00045
NOKIA GROUP, Finland
Venue:
IEEE 802.16 Session #10, Tampa, Nov. 6-11, 2000
Base Document:
IEEE 802.16.1c-00/08
Purpose:
This document is for a presentation about TFM modulation in the 802.16.1 uplink
Notice:
This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.16. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material
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 Tamed Frequency Modulation (T FM) in
the IE E E 802.16.1 uplink
properties, performance and implementation

NOKIA

2 © NOKIA
 Introduction
• IE E E 802.16.1 is a broadband wireless access (BWA)
standard at the moment optimized for SME use in the U.S
market
• In order to be accepted as an international standard the
residential and SOHO markets should be addressed as well
• Low cost is a driver for these markets
• Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM) in the uplink makes low
cost terminals possible
• IE E E 802.16.1 is an international standard with a potential for
world wide adoption. In order to address the residential and
SOHO market sector, especially in Europe, TFM is proposed
as an optional modulation scheme for the uplink

3 © NOKIA
 T FM basic properties
• T FM is a constant envelope modulation scheme working by
modulating the phase while keeping the envelope constant
• T FM allows power amplifier to operate at or near saturation
level
• No inter modulation distortion arises in the power amplifier ->
no spectrum leakage into the adjacent carrier, lower linearity
requirements
• Power amplifier can be 6-7 dB smaller than in a corresponding
QPSK modulator
• Good system value
• Ideal for low cost terminal solutions

4 © NOKIA
 The T FM signal
• The T FM signal can be written as
s(t)=Re{exp(ωct + φ(t))}
where φ(t) is given as
 ∞ 
t
φ (t ) = 2πh ∫  ∑ an ⋅ g (τ − nT )dτ
− ∞ n = −∞ 
an is the data sequence (+1, -1) and g(t) is the shaping filter
and h is the modulation index = 0.5
g(t) is given as
1 1 1
g (t ) = g 0 (t − T ) + g 0 (t ) + g 0 (t + T )
8 4 8
 2πt  πt  π t 
2 2

 2− cot   − 2 
π
 t 1 T T  T 
g 0 (t ) ≈ sin    −
 T  πt 24πt 3 
 T2 
 

5 © NOKIA
 The frequency pulse g(t) and phase
response
0.3 • Frequency pulse g(t)
0.25 defines the smooth
0.2 phase transitions
0.15 between the
0.1 constellation points
0.05

0
• Possible phase
-0.05
transitions are 0, +/-45
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 degr and +/-90 degr
0.6

0.5 Q

0.4

0.3 I

0.2

0.1

-0.1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

6 © NOKIA
 T FM modulator types

Information
bits αi ∑α
n
k g (t − iT ) s(t, α ) • VCO based
Modulation Phase VCO
symbols Filter
modulator
-Low cost
2πh -Adjustable
modulation
index

cos(2πf 0t )
cos(φ (t ,α ))
I-generator
Information s (t , α )
bits αi • Quadrature based
Modulation
symbols
modulator
Q-generator
sin(φ (t ,α )) -Can handle both
T FM and QAM
− sin(2πf 0t )

7 © NOKIA
 The T FM modulation index
• The modulation index h is part of the gain for the VCO
• Nominally 0.5
• Calibrated in the manufacturing stage

• May drift with temperature variations

• Must be measured initially and periodically by the BS receiver
• Mechanism for adjusting the index must be made
• B S station sends a mes sage indicating the error in the
modulation index with 0.0025 unit resolution (4 bits)

8 © NOKIA
 The T FM spectrum
0 • Grade A
bitrate 36
-10
Mb/s
Spectral Density dB

-20
• Example with
-30 28 Mhz
-40
channel

-50
• Conforms to
E T SI
-60 spectrum
-70 mask A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency MHz

9 © NOKIA
 The T FM spectrum
0
• Grade B
bitrate 34
-10 Mb/s
Spectral Density dB

-20
• Example with
-30 28 MHz
-40
channel
-50
• Conforms to
E T SI
-60
spectrum
-70 mask B
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency MHz

10 © NOKIA
 The T FM spectrum
• Grade C
0
bitrate 32
-10 Mb/s
Spectral Density dB

-20 • Example with

-30 28 MHz
channel
-40

-50
• Conforms to
E T SI
-60 spectrum
-70 mask C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency MHz

11 © NOKIA
 Net Filter Discrimination (NFD)
Ratio between
S(f) the power
Adjacent channel
Receiver
transmitted by
Spectrum SI(f)
filter H(f) the interfering
system and the
portion that
can be
measured after
Interference the receiver
filter in the
adjacent
channel
+∞ f

∫ S ( f )df
I

NFD = +∞
−∞

∫ S I ( f ) H ( f ) df
2

−∞

12 © NOKIA
 Net Filter Discrimination
40 • NFD between
35 T FM and QAM
30
when TFM is
the interferer
NFD dB

25
for different
20
values of
15 alpha (0.15
10 low, 0.25 mid,
5 0.35 high
0 curve)
1.00 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.36 • QAM symbol
TFM bitrate / channel spacing ratio rate = channel
spacing / (1 +
alpha)

13 © NOKIA
 T FM bit rates
Channel Bit rates Channel Bit rates Channel Bit rates
Size Mb/s Size Mb/s Size Mb/s
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
12.5 16.1 12.5 15.2 12.5 14.4
14 18 14 17.0 14 16
20 25.6 20 24.2 20 22.8
25 32.2 25 30.4 25 28.8
28 36.0 28 34.0 28 32
36 46.2 36 43.6 36 41.2
40 51.2 40 48.4 40 45.6
50 64.4 50 60.8 50 57.6

• Three different grades of bit rates corresponding to E T SI mask

A, B and C
• Gives flexibility, ideal for different cell utilization scenarios

14 © NOKIA
 T he T FM Receiver
• The optimal T FM receiver selects the most likely
signal from all possible signal sequences
• Squared minimum distance between sequences
will determine the performance
• QPSK has squared minimum distance 2, T F M
1.594
• Optimal receiver is complex but a Viterbi based TFM
receiver has an virtually equal performance (0.1 dB
difference)
• All T FM receivers need an optimal filter
• Raised Cosine not suitable for T FM
• Asymptotically Optimum Filter (AOF) good choice

• Also a simple MSK-type receiver has moderate

performance when used with an optimal filter
15 © NOKIA
 Uncoded B E R performance for T FM
1 QPSK with
1.0E-01 optimal
1.0E-02 receiver
1.0E-03
Bit error probability

2 T FM with
1.0E-04
optimal
1.0E-05
1 receiver
1.0E-06
2 3 3 T FM with
1.0E-07
1.0E-08
MSK-
receiver and
1.0E-09
AOF-filter
1.0E-10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Eb/N0 (dB)

16 © NOKIA
 T FM TX power compared to QPS K
• Minimum PA 1dB compression point 20 dBm
• T FM max Tx power (slightly in saturation) >21 dBm
worst case >21 dBm

• QPSK max power without excessive spectrum spreading:

minimum PA 1 dB compression point 20.0 dBm
min back off -4.0 dBm
16.0 dBm
automatic level control tolerance +-1dB -1.0 dBm
nominal Tx power 15.0 dBm
worst case 14.0 dBm

• Reduced TX PA size affects the following cost items:

• GaAs area
• Power consumption and PS U size
• Heat sinking mechanics
17 © NOKIA
 VCO modulated 28 GHz transmitter

-5.5…+7.5 dBm (when running +20 dBm out)

R F out
LO xN dB +20 mean output TFM QPSK
B B in dBm
power
Total gain of 2 stages: 14.0 – 22.0 20 dBm $137 $277
+13 dBm dB
= expensive 28 GHz GaAs 26 dBm $179 $574
circuitry

• The output from a buffered multiplier is around +13 dBm and to reach +20 dBm level only 13.5 dB of
HPA gain is needed
• The gain of 28 GHz amplifier stage with good yield is 9 +-2 dB
• Total of 2 stages are needed, with max gain of 22 dB
• => to compensate tolerances extra 8.0 dB gain adjustment range is needed, with 50 dB output power
rang we end up with adjustment range of 58.0 dB + other tolerances
• Note that ALC detector is not necessary with closed loop power control, since HPA can freely
saturate. Smaller FETs and less number of stages can be used to produce the output power
• Higher efficiency in power amplifier -> reduced heat sinking mechanics

18 © NOKIA
 T FM in the IEE E 802.16.1 uplink
• Proposed as an additional modulation scheme for the uplink,
optional for both base station and terminal
• Co-exists in the same channel with QAM modulation for high
spectrum utilization: dual mode BS and two kinds of terminals
• Behaves like a QAM terminal in terms of registration, ranging
and contention. Transmits in uplink mini-slots granted by the
base station.
• Different preambles distinguish T FM from QAM in contention
slots
• The number of mini-slots needed to transfer N T FM bits is
given by
 QAMsymbolrate * N 
 TFMbitrate * 4 * sizeof (min islot ) 
 

where where QAMsymbolrate and TFMbitrate are the rates

defined for the channel and sizeof(minislot) is the number of
P S s in each mini-slot.
19 © NOKIA
 Dual mode base station architecture
• The dual mode base station contains separate and
independent receivers for QAM and TFM
• Separate sampling and preamble detection ensures
independent operation
MAC layer

T FM-
AD

FI F
O
C

Receiver

I
QAM-
AD

Q
FI F
C

Receiver
O

20 © NOKIA
 Conclusions
• T FM needs 6 dB smaller power amplifier
• T FM needed for low cost terminals
• Flexible use of T FM guarantees easy co-existence with QAM
• Seamlessly adopts to 802.16.1 uplink
• Easy implementation of dual mode base station
• Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM) in the uplink is proposed
as an optional modulation scheme for 802.16.1

21 © NOKIA
 References
• F. de Jager and C.B Decker. "Tamed frequency modulation, a novel
method to achieve spectrum economy in digital transmissions" IEEE
Trans on Comm., vol COM-26, no 5, pp.534-542, May 1978
• Carl-Erik Sundberg. "Continuous phase modulation" IEEE
Communications Magazine – Vol 24, No. 4, April 1986
• ITU-R F.1101 Characteristics of Digital Radio-Relay Systems below
about 17 GHz, 1994
• IEEE 802.16.1pc-00/40, PA Model, Carmelo Decanis and Dan
Weinholt, Ericsson
• BRAN HA18d24, Cost comparisons between TFM and 4QAM
transmitters for HA applications, Ericsson, Nokia, Telia

22 © NOKIA