Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Domestic
Technical
Handbook
April 2024
Applicable to works from 1 April 2024
Applications for reproduction of any part of this publication should be directed to Building
Standards Division at the above address.
Note: This document applies to Scotland only. Any reference to the Building regulations in
this guide is to the Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 (as amended). In respect of
building regulations, this guidance is applicable to work that is subject to a building warrant
submitted on or after 1 April 2024 and to works not requiring a building warrant from that
date, subject to the transitional provisions in the cited amending regulations (see clause
0.2.1 in Section 0 - General).
Section 0 (General)
0.1 Application
0.2 Citation, commencement and interpretation
0.3 Exempted buildings and services, fittings and equipment
0.4 Changes in the occupation or use of a building that cause the
regulations to apply
0.5 Buildings work, services, fittings and equipment not requiring a
warrant
0.6 Limited life buildings
0.7 Measurements
0.8 Durability, workmanship and fitness of materials
0.9 Building standards applicable to construction
0.10 Building standards applicable to demolition
0.11 Building standards applicable to the provision of services, fittings
and equipment
0.12 Building standards applicable to conversions
0.13 Provision of protective works
0.14 Clearing of footpaths
0.15 Securing of unoccupied and partially completed buildings
0.16 Relaxations
0.17 Continuing Requirements
Section 0 - General
0.1 Application
0.1.1 Introduction
The Building (Scotland) Act 2003 gives Scottish Ministers the power to make building
regulations to:
• secure the health, safety, welfare and convenience of persons in or about buildings
and of others who may be affected by buildings or matters connected with buildings
• further the conservation of fuel and power and
• further the achievement of sustainable development.
This document gives guidance on how to comply with these regulations.
This is one of two Technical Handbooks, one covering domestic buildings and the other
non-domestic buildings. These Technical Handbooks have been issued by Scottish
Ministers for the purpose of providing practical guidance with respect to the requirements
of the provisions of the building regulations under a notice given in accordance with
Section 4(2) of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003. Each Handbook has eight sections.
Section 0, this section, is identical in both Handbooks. It covers general issues and sets
out how and when the regulations apply to buildings and works.
From the 2013 edition onwards, the Handbooks are published electronically and are
available free on the Scottish Government, Building Standards Division website.
Sections 1 to 7 give guidance on how to achieve the standards set by the regulations, and
there are different sets for domestic buildings and non-domestic buildings. The seven
sections each cover a number of related standards. They are:
• Section 1 Structure
• Section 2 Fire
• Section 3 Environment
• Section 4 Safety
• Section 5 Noise
• Section 6 Energy
• Section 7 Sustainability
Each of the seven sections consists of an introduction and then general guidance on the
standards within the section. This is followed by each standard which has specific
introductory information and guidance on how to comply with the standard. At the of the
Handbook, after Section 7, there are the following two sections:
• Appendix A: Defined terms.
• Appendix B: List of standards and other publications.
The Technical Handbooks are supported by a Procedural Handbook, published
separately, which clarifies the intent of the Building (Scotland) Procedures Regulations
2004. A separate procedural guidance document for Crown buildings has also been
produced.
The roles of those operating the building standards system are explained in detail in the
guidance on the procedural regulations. Briefly, the duty to comply with the building
regulations lies with the owner, or in some cases the client, for the work. Before work
begins a building warrant must be obtained.
For some simpler works a warrant is not required (see regulation 5 and schedule 3), but
the regulations still apply. The owner or client again has the duty to comply. The role of
issuing warrants and accepting completion certificates rests with verifiers, enforcement is
by local authorities, and the system is overseen and updated by the Building Standards
Division (BSD). BSD forms part of the Scottish Government and acts on behalf of, and is
responsible to, Scottish Ministers. These bodies are further explained in the guidance to
the procedural regulations.
The building standards system is pre-emptive, ensuring so far as possible that the
proposed works will comply with the regulations. It recognises that proposals can change
during construction, so there are requirements for amendments to the proposals to be
agreed and recorded. On completion, the owner or client must certify that the works have
been constructed in accordance with the building warrant and the building regulations.
The verifier will make reasonable inquiry to ensure the completion certificate is accurate
before accepting the certificate. Usually an inspection of the works will be made, and on
most projects some inspection of work in progress will also have been carried out.
However verifiers cannot inspect all materials and work on every building site. It is the
client that should put in place the contractual and practical arrangements needed to assure
themselves that the desired quality of work has been achieved.
0.1.8 Updating
It is intended that this Technical Handbook will be available in electronic form and
available free of charge on the Building Standards Division website -
www.gov.scot/policies/building-standards/. It is not expected that the standards will change
regularly as these are set in the building regulations and can only be changed with
Parliamentary approval. Therefore it is anticipated that the guidance will be replaced more
regularly than the standards themselves.
0.1.10 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
The Building (Scotland) Act 2003 (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provisions)
Order 2009 allows work to Crown buildings that has started prior to 1 May 2009 to
continue with immunity from building regulations. In addition, work carried out pursuant to
a contract entered into prior to 1 May 2009 will continue with immunity on the basis that
work commenced before 1 November 2009. In both cases, work must be complete before
1 May 2012.
Buildings and works related to earlier warrant applications or exempt works commencing
before 1 May 2005 are subject to previous building standards and procedures regulations,
in particular the time by when these works must be completed. Previously exempt works,
in particular any no longer exempt, must have been completed by 2 September 2005,
otherwise the exemption falls and a warrant for any outstanding work may be required.
On completion of the works, before the period specified in the building warrant expires, a
completion certificate must be submitted. If a completion certificate is submitted for work
done without a warrant, the regulations that are applicable are those in force at the time of
submission of the certificate, which may well be more onerous that those which would
have applied when the work started. Fuller details of the arrangements for submitting
warrant applications and completion certificates will be given in the guidance on the
procedure regulations.
The building regulations also incorporate requirements previously set in separate Building
Operations Regulations (regulations 13-15). These cover the provision of protective works,
clearing of footpaths and securing of unoccupied buildings.
The following is a list of all amendments made to the Building (Scotland) Regulations
2004, together with the date they came into force and a summary of the major changes.
The Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2006 (1 May 2007)
• New regulation 17 - inserted to implement the terms of Article 9 of EPBD regarding the
inspection of air conditioning systems.
• Schedule 1 - changes to building types 1 and 20.
• Schedule 3 - changes to building types 1,2,5,6 and 19.
• Schedule 5 - minor changes to functional standards. New functional Standards 6.9 and
6.10.
The Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2007 (28 March 2007)
• Replacement Schedule 2 for that contained in 2006 amendments.
• Schedule 5 - minor changes to functional Standards 6.9 and 6.10.
The Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2008 (4 January 2009)
• Minor changes to reflect requirements of energy performance certificates.
The Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2009 (1 May 2009)
• Schedule 1 - change to paved areas or hardstanding exempt from regulations 8-13.
• Schedule 3 - amended to include certain Crown buildings.
The Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2010 (1 October 2010)
• Schedule 3 - rewording of building type 2A.
• Schedule 5 - minor changes to several functional standards. Re-write of functional
Standard 5.1 and new functional Standard 5.2.
Page 9 Applicable from 1 April 2024
Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
0.3.1 Explanation
Regulation 3 and schedule 1 set out what buildings and work are exempted from the
building regulations. The general principles applied to establish exemption are that the
regulations do not need to apply where:
• other legislation covers the buildings or work (types 1 - 3)
• the buildings or work are covered by another regulation (type 4)
• the buildings or work are not normally frequented by people (types 5 - 8)
• the buildings or work are so separated that the regulations are largely inappropriate,
and are likely in any case to be supervised by specialists including civil engineers
(types 9 - 12)
• the buildings or work are sufficiently minor that they have little or no impact on the
public interest and it is not in the public interest to seek to enforce the regulations
(types 13 - 15 and 17 - 21)
• the buildings or work are temporary (type 16).
Particular care is necessary where exempted work is in the vicinity of, or attached to, an
existing building. The level of compliance of the existing building with building regulations
should not be adversely affected when exempt works are undertaken.
Where exempt work requires that alteration is made to an existing building to maintain the
level of compliance with building regulations, a building warrant may be required. For
example where it is intended to construct a porch, which falls within type 18, over an
accessible entrance and a new accessible entrance is required.
0.3.2 Schedule 1
Table 0.1 Exempted buildings and services, fittings and equipment
Reason Type Description Exception
Buildings 1. 1. Any building in which explosives
etc. are manufactured or stored
controlled by under a licence granted under
other the Explosive Regulations 2014
legislation where the whole building is used
for that manufacture or storage.
2. Where only a part of a building is
used for the manufacture or
storage of explosives under a
licence granted under the
Explosives Regulations 2014,
that part of the building where
the licence specifies that
manufacture or storage may take
place.
3. Except - sub-paragraphs (1) and
(2) do not include any building or,
as the case may be, any part of a
building as is referred to in,
respectively, sub-paragraph (1)
or (2) in relation to which –
a. no minimum separation
distance is required to be
maintained by virtue of
regulation 27(2)(a) or (3) of
the Explosives Regulations
2014, or
b. a minimum separation
distance of 0 metres is
prescribed by virtue of
regulation 27(1) of, and
Schedule 5 to the Explosive
Regulations 2014 and the
requirement for the assent of
the local authority under
regulation 13(3) of those
Regulations did not apply by
virtue of regulation 13(4)(a) of
those Regulations.
2. A building erected on a site which • A dwelling, residential
is subject to licensing under the building, office, canteen or
Nuclear Installations visitor centre.
Act 1965.
3. A building included in the schedule • A dwelling or residential
of monuments maintained under building.
section 1 of the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological
Areas Act 1979.
0.4.1 Explanation
The building regulations always apply where construction occurs, unless exempted by
regulation 3, and construction includes alterations and extensions as well as entirely new
buildings. When there is a conversion it will be necessary to seek a warrant and possibly
to undertake works to improve the standards of the building, or part of the building,
concerned.
Regulation 4 and schedule 2 set out what changes of occupation or use of a building are
defined as conversions and for which the owner must obtain a warrant before making the
change. The warrant for a conversion will only be granted if the standards set out in
regulation 12 are achieved and this might well require building works.
Those changes of use or occupation listed in schedule 2 are those which are considered
critical due to the risks involved. They relate to:
a. domestic buildings, for example:
• a hotel to a dwelling (type 1)
• use of an attic space as a room within a dwelling (type 1)
• use of a garage attached to a dwelling as a room (type 2)
• sub-division of a house into two flats (type 3)
• use of a house as shared residential accommodation (type 4)
b. residential buildings, for example:
• use of a hotel as office (type 5)
• use of a hotel as a residential care home (type 6)
• use of offices as a backpackers hostel (type 7)
c. whether a building falls within the exemptions of schedule 1, for example:
• use of a railway signal box as a house (type 8)
d. public access to buildings, for example:
• development of a retail trade in a storage building (type 9)
e. division of a building into different occupancies, for example:
• use of a single shop to provide space for two different occupancies (type 10).
Type 6 in schedule 2 refers to the significant alterations in the type and the number of
expected occupants. A significant alteration of type could be considered to occur when
there was a significant change in the mobility, the familiarity with building, or the
awareness of danger, of the occupants. For example, significantly different types would
include:
• patients receiving care and/or treatment in a residential care home/hospital
• children in a residential institution or residential school
• guest in a hotel
• people held in lawful detention.
A significant alteration in number could be considered to occur where it amounted to an
increase greater than 25%.
Type 9 in schedule 2 refers to allowing access by the general public where previously
there was none. Access by the general public refers to permitting members of the general
public to enter a building during opening hours and allowing them to access all parts of the
building, other than those parts restricted to staff only.
For conversions it is the intention that the standards achieved in the converted building
should be broadly similar to those achieved by entirely new buildings. Schedule 6 to
regulation 12 guides the verifier as to where discretion is expected to be necessary. It
identifies those standards where it is not expected to be reasonably practicable to have
existing buildings fully comply. However for these standards improvement of the existing
building is expected where it is reasonably practicable. This means that matters such as
thermal insulation now have to be improved even if meeting the full standard is not
practically achievable. Guidance on what is normally reasonably practicable is given in
schedule 6 and in the individual sections. Guidance is also given on the treatment of
historic buildings.
It is also relevant that the requirements of other legislation, for example regulations made
under Health and Safety at Work or licensing legislation, will apply to changes of use, so
that risk assessments of changed circumstances will provide protection to the occupants of
buildings.
0.4.2 Schedule 2
Table 0.2 Conversions to which the regulations apply
Type Conversion
1. Changes in the occupation or use of a building to create a dwelling or dwellings or a
part thereof.
2. Changes in the occupation or use of a building ancillary to a dwelling to increase the
area of human occupation.
3. Changes in the occupation or use of a building which alters the number of dwellings
in the building.
4. Changes in the occupation or use of a domestic building to any other type of building.
Type Conversion
6. Changes in the occupation or use of a residential building which involve a significant
alteration to the characteristics of the persons who occupy, or who will occupy, the
building, or which significantly increase the number of people occupying, or expected
to occupy, the building.
7. Changes in the occupation or use of a building so that it becomes a residential
building.
8. Changes in the occupation or use of an exempt building (in terms of schedule 1) to a
building which is not so exempt.
9. Changes in the occupation or use of a building to allow access by the public where
previously there was none.
10. Changes in the occupation or use of a building to accommodate parts in different
occupation where previously it was not so occupied.
0.5.1 Explanation
Regulation 5 and schedule 3 specifies what work can be done without the need to obtain a
building warrant. However such work must still comply with the regulations.
Building type 1 means much more work to or in houses does not need a warrant. This
could include:
• work external to, but immediately adjoining, the house (e.g. patio, decking, wall, fence,
steps or ramp)
• small penetrations of the external walls or roof (e.g. balanced flues, sanitary pipework,
mechanical extract ducts or vent pipes)
• small attachments to the external walls (e.g. canopies or micro-renewables)
• erection, demolition or alteration of non-loadbearing partitions
• electrical work
• an en-suite bathroom or shower room (including associated drainage)
• a central heating system.
The exceptions are intended to safeguard against changes that might have significant
effect, such as the removal of structural walls. The following list provides some examples
of the various exceptions:
• increasing the floor area of the house (e.g. creation of a mezzanine floor or the infill of
a stair well)
• demolition or alteration of the roof (e.g. forming a dormer window or construction of a
masonry chimney through the roof)
• demolition or alteration of the external walls (e.g. slapping a new window or door,
applying an external wall cladding system). The guidance in clause 2.7.1 to standard
2.7 explains the meaning of external wall cladding system including the various
component parts that could make up the system.
• demolition or alteration of an element of structure (e.g. removal of a loadbearing wall)
• work adversely affecting a separating wall (e.g. installing recessed electrical sockets)
• work involving a change to wastewater discharge (e.g. disconnection from the mains
system).
The exception about increasing the floor area applies because there will be significant
implications arising from such work. Other changes, such as the development of a roof
space or a garage as habitable space are conversions in terms of regulation 4, a warrant
is required and the standards also apply. Where a roof space has limited boarding inserted
to allow access to services or to allow attic storage, or where the removal of a non-
loadbearing wall creates a marginal increase in floor area these should not be considered
as increasing the floor area.
Building type 2 - buildings, other than domestic buildings or residential buildings, where
the public are not normally admitted are granted a similar concession in type 2, allowing
many offices and factories for example, to make the kind of small alterations necessary to
accommodate changes in production or process. Again, however, the building work done
should be to the standard of the building regulations. Exemptions under type 2 recognise
security concerns relating to a prison, a building where a person may be legally detained
or legally held in custody, the Scottish Parliament and property owned by Her Majesty in
right of Her private estates.
Thus, types 1 and 2 permit virtually any work to be carried out to 1 or 2 storey houses and
to non-domestic buildings not more than 7.5 m high, other than the exceptions listed.
Building types 3 - 23 - the broad types described above are followed by types 3 to 23
covering more specific work that can be carried out to a wider range of buildings without
restricting the work allowed by types 1 and 2. Types 3 to 23 begin with small buildings,
particularly those within the curtilage of dwellings (types 4 and 5). Note that some of these
may now be in the curtilage of flats or maisonettes provided they are a sufficient distance
from the dwellings. A sanitary facility should not be considered to be a wet-floor shower
room and such work is not intended to be covered by type 11.
Building Type 17 – the exception to type 17 is intended to apply to any thermal insulation
material associated with the application of an external wall cladding system. The guidance
in clause 2.7.1 explains the meaning of external wall cladding system including the various
component parts that could make up the system.
Building type 23A – a building, used for shelter or sleeping in connection with recreation.
This building type is different from other building types in schedule 3 in that they must
comply with the requirements of standards 1.1, 3.17 – 3.22 and 4.4. Exceptions are added
to recognise galleries, proximity to buildings and boundaries.
Building types 24 - 26 - are different in that they cover work that is closer to a repair than
new work. These replacements are therefore required to be to a standard no worse than
the existing, rather than to the standard for completely new work.
Doors, windows and rooflights which are a complete replacement are not considered to be
a repair and have to meet the full requirements of the standards (see type 20). For historic
buildings, where there is a specific need to match existing doors, windows or rooflights, the
principle of ‘like for like’ may still be permitted.
Type 25A limits the exemption for replacement external wall cladding systems to minor
repairs that can be carried out to a standard no worse than existing.
As a consequence of this new type, the reference to cladding in type 25 has been omitted.
In relation to work to external wall cladding systems, minor repair means isolated repair or
replacement of elements of cladding which are physically damaged or have degraded to
the point that the element is no longer fit for its intended purpose.
The changes to type 17 and 25 are intended to safeguard against rapid fire spread on or
within external wall cladding systems.
Refer also to requirements specific to work undertaken on cladding systems under
regulation 8.
0.5.2 Schedule 3
Table 0.3 Description of building and work, including the provision of services,
fitting and equipment, not requiring a warrant
11. Any work associated with the • Any work associated with a water
provision of a single sanitary facility, closet, waterless closet or urinal.
together with any relevant branch soil
or waste pipe.
12. Any work associated with the
relocation within the same room or
space of any sanitary facility, together
with any relevant branch soil or waste
pipe.
13. Any work associated with the
provision of an extractor fan.
14. Any work associated with a stairlift
within a dwelling.
0.6.1 Explanation
Regulation 6 deals with constructions that are intended to have only a short life span on
site and in view of this the mandatory standards and associated guidance give some
concessions to such buildings. These concessions only apply to buildings which are not
dwellings.
Standard 3.1 in schedule 5 allows a lesser standard for the treatment of the site of a
limited life building, other than a dwelling.
Section 6 Energy, indicates that less demanding U-values can be adopted for the
insulation envelope of certain types of limited life buildings, other than dwellings and
residential buildings.
Section 7 Sustainability, does not apply to these limited life buildings.
0.7 Measurements
Regulation 7
For the purpose of these regulations, measurements shall be made or calculated
in accordance with schedule 4.
0.7.1 Explanation
Schedule 4 to regulation 7 specifies those methods of measurement that are necessary for
the regulations themselves. In the Technical Handbooks certain additional measurements
are also used, and references to additional methods of measurement specific to particular
sections are included in the introductions to those sections.
0.7.2 Schedule 4
Measurements
Area
1. Measurement of area shall be taken to the innermost surfaces of enclosing walls or, on
any side where there is no enclosing wall, to the outermost edge of the floor on that side.
2. A room excludes any built-in fixture extending from the floor to the ceiling.
3. In the case of a dwelling, a room excludes any part where the height is less than
1.5 m.
Height and depth
4. The height of:
a. a building shall be taken to be the height from the surface of the ground to the
underside of the ceiling of the topmost storey or, if the topmost storey has no
ceiling, one-half of the height of the roof above its lowest part, and
b. a storey above the ground or the depth of a storey below the ground shall be
taken to be the vertical height or depth as the case may be from the ground to the
upper surface of the floor of the storey, and the expressions “a storey at a height”
and “a storey at a depth” shall be construed accordingly.
5. In the measurement of height or depth from ground which is not level the height or
depth shall be taken to be the mean height or depth, except that:
a. for the purpose of types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 18 or 19 of schedule 3, and
b. for any other purpose where the difference in level is more than 2.5m the height
or depth shall be taken to be the greatest height or depth.
General
6. Except where the context otherwise requires, measurements shall be horizontal and
vertical.
layers, two or more of which are made of metal, alloy, or metal compound
and one or more substantial layer of which is made of material having a
gross calorific value of more than 35 MJ/kg when tested in accordance with
BS EN ISO 1716:2018 entitled “Reaction to fire tests for products –
Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value)” published
by the British Standards Institution in 2018;
“relevant building” means a building having a storey, or creating a storey
(not including roof-top plant areas or any storey consisting exclusively of
plant rooms) at a height of 11 metres or more above the ground and which
contains-
• a dwelling,
• a building used as a place of assembly, or as a place of entertainment or
recreation,
• a hospital,
• a residential care building or sheltered housing complex,
• a shared multi-occupancy residential building.
“specified attachment” means-
• a balcony,
• solar shading,
• a solar panel, attached to an external wall.
“substantial layer” means a layer is one which is at least 1 mm thick or has a
mass per unit area of at least 1 kg per m².
0.8.1 Explanation
Regulation 8 applies to all building work, and requires that materials, fittings and
components used in the construction of buildings should be suitable for their purpose,
correctly used or applied, and sufficiently durable, taking account of normal maintenance
practices, to meet the requirements of these regulations. For example, external timber
cladding for low-rise buildings that is readily accessible and replaceable need not be as
durable as that which is to be used at a higher level on medium-rise buildings.
It also implements the European Regulation 305/2011/EU Construction Products
Regulation (CPR), in force on 1 July 2013 that replaces the current Construction Products
Directive (89/106/EEC). This Regulation requires that products covered by a harmonised
European product standard or conforming to a European Technical Assessment should
normally have CE marking.
The intention of the guidance below is to provide adequate flexibility to accommodate new
techniques as well as proven traditional practices. This guidance ensures acceptance of
products which satisfy the basic works requirements of the CPR to avoid barriers to trade.
For example, products bearing a CE mark (European Mark of Conformity) must be
0.8.3 Performance
Regulation 8 will be met if the following are satisfied:
a. materials used in the construction of buildings are of a suitable nature, quality and in
relation to the purposes and conditions of their use, and
b. workmanship is such that, where relevant, materials are adequately mixed or prepared
and applied, used or fixed so as to perform suitably the functions for which they are
intended.
Materials include:
a. manufactured products such as components, fittings, items of equipment and systems
0.8.4 Materials
Building work must meet the functional requirements of Schedule 5 of the Building
(Scotland) Regulations 2004, as amended. The Technical Handbooks refer to materials
covered by European harmonised product standards, British Standards, and other
technical specifications. However, as there is no obligation to adopt any particular solution
contained in the Technical Handbooks in order to meet functional requirements, the
references are not exclusive and other materials may be suitable in the particular
circumstances.
the legislation, for example, minimum safety requirements, and can be placed on the
EU market.
Some products will have CE marking in accordance with both the CPR and other
legislation. The CE marking shows that the product complies with the requirements in
all relevant EU legislation.
• British Standards
Nearly all British Standards for construction products are the British version of
harmonised European Standards used for CE marking. The British Standards
Institution (BSI) numbering policy is to adopt the European Committee for
Standardisation (CEN) numbering, prefaced with BS e.g. BS EN 197-1: 2000.
Some British Standards are the British version of non-harmonised European
standards; these also adopt the CEN numbering, prefaced with BS. These do not
contain an Annex ZA, so CE marking cannot be affixed to products made to these
standards.
Some British Standards for products not covered by a European standard will continue
to exist.
Where a construction product has been made and assessed in accordance with one or
more British Standards, this may show whether the product is suitable for its intended
use.
• Other national and international technical specifications
An international technical specification, including those prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), or on a national technical specification of a
country other than the UK, may be used to demonstrate that a product not covered by
a harmonised European standard meets the performance requirements of the Building
Regulations.
Where necessary, the ‘relevant person’ who intends to carry out the work should
obtain translations of specifications to demonstrate how the material meets the
requirements of regulation 8.
It should be noted that the national technical specifications of other EU Member States
(and non-EU countries that are full members of CEN) are being progressively replaced
by harmonised European standards, as is the case with British Standards.
• Independent certification schemes
There are many independent product certification schemes in the UK and elsewhere
which may be a further source of information on product performance. Such schemes
certify that a material complies with the requirements of a recognised document and
indicates it is suitable for its intended use. These may be in addition to, but not conflict
with, CE marking. It should be noted that, materials which are not certified by an
independent scheme may still conform to a relevant standard.
Accreditation of a certification body by a national accreditation body belonging to the
European co-operation on Accreditation (EA) provides a means of demonstrating that
their certification scheme can be relied upon. In the UK, most independent certification
bodies are accredited by UK Accreditation Service (UKAS), which belongs to the EA.
• BS 8000-15: 1990 - Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice for hot and
cold water services (domestic scale).
• BS 8000-16: 1997 (A1: 2010) - Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice
for sealing joints in buildings using sealants.
• Independent certification schemes
Some independent certification schemes specify how workmanship will deliver a
declared level of performance. The relevant person carrying out the work should show
that the workmanship will provide the appropriate level of protection and performance.
Schemes, including “Certification of design” and “Certification of constructions” that
register installers of materials can provide a means of ensuring that work has been
carried out by knowledgeable contractors to appropriate standards. See 0.8.9
Certification.
• Management systems
The quality of workmanship is covered by a quality management scheme, such as one
that complies with the relevant recommendations of BS EN ISO 9000, and related
series of standards. There are a number of such UKAS accredited schemes.
• Past experience
Past experience, such as in a building in use, may show that the method of
workmanship is capable of performing the function for which it is intended.
• Tests
Tests can be used to show that workmanship is appropriate for compliance with
building regulations.
Those carrying out building work may voluntarily include testing to demonstrate that
the work complies with the requirements of the building regulations.
Verifiers may request a ‘materials test’ under Section 41 (2) of the Building (Scotland)
Act 2003 if they consider it necessary, to establish whether building work and
materials comply with the requirements of regulations 8 and 9 of the Building
(Scotland) Regulations 2004, as amended.
0.8.9 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. See 0.1.10 for works that can be Certified.
0.9.1 Explanation
Regulation 9 and schedule 5 are the heart of the building standards system as they set out
what must be achieved in building work. The standards are given in full along with the
associated guidance on compliance in sections 1 – 7 of the Technical Handbooks.
Sections 1 - 7 relate directly to the basic works requirements, as published by the EC,
which buildings and works are expected to satisfy when they have been properly designed
and built.
The seven sections are:
• Section 1 Structure (EC - Mechanical resistance and stability)
• Section 2 Fire (EC - Safety in case of fire)
• Section 3 Environment (EC - Hygiene, health and the environment)
• Section 4 Safety (EC - Safety and accessibility in use)
• Section 5 Noise (EC - Protection against noise)
• Section 6 Energy (EC - Energy, economy and heat retention)
• Section 7 Sustainability (EC - Sustainable use of natural resources)
The basic work requirements are also subject to overall requirements related to durability,
which are covered in regulation 8.
The guidance on suitable provision to meet the building regulation standards is given
without assurance that any other legislative or administrative requirement might apply
more onerous standards.
In considering which standards apply, where more than one is relevant to any building
work all the standards should be met.
0.9.2 Schedule 5
The mandatory standards in schedule 5 are given in the seven sections of this Handbook
(Structure, Fire safety, Environment, Safety, Noise, Energy and Sustainability) and are
therefore not repeated here.
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Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
0.10.1 Explanation
Regulation 10 sets out the mandatory requirements when undertaking demolition work.
The building regulations do not control the method or process of demolition. This is the
responsibility of the Health and Safety Executive and is covered under other legislation.
What the building regulations do seek to control is the area which is left after demolition
has been completed, and the state of any surrounding buildings affected by the demolition.
Any adjacent buildings must be left safe and watertight and all service connections must
be properly sealed. Unless it is intended to build on the cleared site without delay, it must
be left in a safe condition. This might be achieved by site clearance and grading, or by
ensuring adequate perimeter enclosures.
0.11.1 Explanation
Regulation 11 requires that every service, fitting or piece of equipment provided so as to
serve a purpose of the regulations should be designed, installed, and commissioned in
such a way as to fulfil those purposes.
0.12.1 Explanation
Certain changes of use or occupation were defined as conversions in schedule 2 and are
therefore subject to the building regulations. Regulation 12 requires that in these cases the
building shall meet the requirements of schedule 6. However it is recognised that this is
not reasonably practicable in many existing buildings. Therefore the schedule also lists
those standards where a lower level of provision may well be sufficient. It is essential to
establish with the verifier where meeting the standards in full is not reasonably practicable,
and early discussion will be necessary. The individual sections of the Handbooks give
further details.
For historic buildings, the classification of the building should influence the extent to which
improvement is required, depending on whether the classification is for the outside, the
inside, all parts, etc.
Note: Standards 6.1 (Energy demand) and 7.1 (Sustainability) do not apply to conversions.
0.12.2 Schedule 6
Every conversion, to which these regulations apply, shall meet the requirements of the
following standards in schedule 5:
a. Standards 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15 in Section 2, Fire
b. Standards 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.17, 3.18, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22,
3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27 in Section 3, Environment
c. Standards 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 in Section 4, Safety
d. Standards 5.1 and 5.2 in Section 5, Noise, and
e. Standards 6.7, 6.8, 6.10 in Section 6, Energy.
Every conversion, to which these regulations apply, shall meet the requirements of the
following standards in schedule 5 in so far as is reasonably practicable, and in no case be
worse than before the conversion:
a. the standards in Section 1, Structure
b. Standards 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.12 in Section 2, Fire
c. Standards 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.10, 3.15, 3.16, 3.19, 3.28 in Section 3, Environment
d. Standards 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.8, 4.10 in Section 4, Safety, and
e. Standards 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 in Section 6, Energy.
0.13.1 Explanation
Regulation 13 requires that building sites are fenced off in such a way as to protect the
public. It also provides powers to deal with building sites where work has for any reason
ceased and the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act provisions are no longer applicable.
0.14.1 Explanation
Regulation 14 requires the keeping free from mud or dust footpaths adjacent to building
sites.
0.15.1 Explanation
Regulation 15 requires that all building sites where there are unfinished or partially
complete works are kept safe and secure.
0.16 Relaxations
Regulation 16
No direction may be given under section 3(2) of the Act in relation to
regulations 1 to 3, 5 and 7.
0.16.1 Explanation
Regulation 16 sets out the regulations that cannot be relaxed.
0.17.1 Explanation
Regulation 17 requires the owners of an air-conditioned building to have such plant
regularly inspected and to provide advice to the users of the building on related energy
efficiency improvement work and how to operate the system efficiently. This regulation
implements the terms of Articles 15 & 16 of Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy
Performance of Buildings (EPBD).
Scope - the regulation relates only to larger, fixed air-conditioning systems and does not
cover portable systems. It also relates to comfort cooling of people in a building but does
not cover any other system, such as cooling solely used in a manufacturing, trade or
mechanical process. For example, a system only cooling computer equipment would be
exempt.
The efficiency of the system should be assessed and the sizing compared to the cooling
requirements of the building and appropriate advice given to the users of the building on
possible improvement or replacement of the system and on alternative solutions.
0.17.2 Implementation
Continuing requirement - the regulation imposes a continuing requirement that means
inspections are required not only throughout the life of a new building, but also for the life
of an existing building, for as long as it has an air-conditioning system. The requirement to
inspect systems in existing buildings was introduced in stages, starting with first inspection
of larger systems over 250 kW by 4 January 2011, followed by first inspection of all
remaining systems over 12 kW by 4 January 2013.
Section 1 (Structure)
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Structure
1.2 Disproportionate Collapse
Annex 1.A Structural Design Standards
Section 1 - Structure
1.0 Introduction
1.0.1 Background
The structure of a building is fundamental to ensuring the safety of people in or around
new and existing buildings and can be affected by a number of factors inside and outside
the building including environmental factors. These factors should be considered to
prevent the collapse, excessive deformation or the disproportionate collapse of buildings.
The climatic conditions in Scotland including temperature, snow, wind, driving rain and
flooding and the impact of climate change should be carefully considered in the
assessment of loadings (actions) and in the structural design of buildings.
The Standing Committee on Structural Safety (SCOSS) is an independent body
supported by the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of Structural Engineers and
the Health and Safety Executive to maintain a continuing review of building and civil
engineering matters affecting the safety of structures. The prime function of SCOSS is to
identify in advance those trends and developments that might contribute to an increasing
risk to structural safety. The collation and dissemination of information relating to matters
of structural concern is a vital element of achieving safe structures. SCOSS has
established a UK wide confidential reporting system (CROSS) to gather data on structural
problems.
Appraisal of existing buildings - conversions to existing buildings present particular
problems and an appraisal of the existing structure for its new occupation or use should be
undertaken to ensure that appropriate measures are taken to meet the requirements of
regulation 12. Guidance on how a structural appraisal may be undertaken is given in
'Appraisal of Existing Structures', 1996 published by the Institution of Structural Engineers.
Procurement - the contractual arrangements used by clients to procure a building can
have important consequences for the reliability of the design and the adequacy of the
construction. Frequently, building design procurement will involve the appointment of a
number of designers who may be employed by more than one organisation. Detailed
design of individual structural details and components can be passed to specialist
contractors. In these circumstances the client should appoint a lead designer or other
appropriately experienced and qualified person to oversee the design process.
1.0.2 Aims
The intention of this section is to ensure that the structure of a building shall be designed
and executed in such a way that, during its intended life, it will not pose a threat to the
safety of people in and around the building with an appropriate degree of reliability. To
achieve a structure with adequate structural resistance, serviceability and durability the
following should be taken into account:
a. the loadings (actions) on the building
b. nature of the ground
c. collapse or deformations
allocated for the work to be undertaken and that the various members of the design and
construction teams co-operate and exchange information.
1.0.6 Annex
A list of structural Eurocodes and corresponding British Standards to be withdrawn is
contained in Annex 1A.
1.0.7 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
The Certification of Design (Building Structures) scheme has been approved by Scottish
Ministers to confirm compliance with Standards 1.1 and 1.2. Details are available on the
Building Standards Division website.
1.1 Structure
Mandatory Standard
Standard 1.1
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that the
loadings that are liable to act on it, taking into account the nature of the ground,
will not lead to:
a) the collapse of the whole or part of the building
b) deformations which would make the building unfit for its intended use,
unsafe, or cause damage to other parts of the building or to fittings or
to installed equipment, or
c) impairment of the stability of any part of another building.
1.1.0 Introduction
The loadings on the building will comprise actions that may be applied both separately and
in various combinations.
The stability of a building and other existing buildings in the vicinity can be affected by
ground conditions which should be investigated and assessed to ensure that the ground
can safely support the building.
The collapse of the whole or part of a building is clearly a matter of the highest importance
with respect to public safety. The design and construction of buildings should take into
account all contributing factors such as loadings, climatic conditions, partial safety factors
for materials and loadings, and design methodology to ensure that there is an acceptable
probability that the building will not collapse (ultimate limit state) during its design lifetime.
Similarly deformations of buildings while not leading to an ultimate collapse can lead to
public safety concerns particularly where they become unfit or unsafe for use. This can
become apparent in several ways ranging from cracking, movement or springiness of
floors, doors or windows not opening or closing, damage to pipes and other services within
the building. The design and construction of a building should ensure that, by taking into
account the factors set out above, the building does not fail in normal use (serviceability
limit state).
The stability of existing buildings can be affected if the design and construction of a new
building does not take into account any potential impacts on existing buildings. This could
lead to a risk of collapse or damage to existing buildings with a consequent risk to public
safety.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
1.1.1 General
In order to be safe, a building should be capable of resisting all loads acting on it as a
result of its intended use and geographical location. To achieve this, the structure of a
building should be designed with margins of safety to ensure that the mandatory functional
standard has been met.
In clause (b) of Standard 1.1 deformations are not intended to cover aesthetic damage
such as shrinkage and other minor cracking.
Specialist advice from approved certifiers of design, chartered engineers or other
appropriately qualified persons should be sought if the designer is in any doubt about the
loads acting on a building or how these loads can be accommodated by the structure and
safely transmitted to the ground.
Fixings - the SCOSS committee has expressed concern that safety critical fixings do not
always receive the attention that they deserve. Fixings are important structural
components. Designers must be satisfied that fixings receive the same consideration as
other aspects of the design in terms of their selection, design, installation, inspection and
testing. A SCOSS ALERT “The Selection and Installation of Construction Fixings” has
been issued and can be found on the new CROSS website.
Stone Masonry - the Scottish Stone Liaison Group publication ‘Natural stone masonry in
modern Scottish construction: guidance’ provides guidance in the use of natural stone in
new construction. Guidance includes information on stone and mortar selection, soiling of
facades and design details for structures and moisture control.
1.1.2 Loading
Any reference to European Standards for Structure (Structural Eurocodes) in this section
must be taken to include reference to the relevant UK National Annex.
The loadings to which a building will be subjected should be calculated in accordance with
the appropriate Structural Eurocodes:
a. for densities, self-weight and imposed loadings, BS EN 1991-1-1: 2002 (Eurocode 1)
b. for snow loadings, BS EN 1991-1-3:2003 (Eurocode 1)
c. for wind loadings, BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 (Eurocode 1)
d. for earth retaining structures, BS EN 1997-1:2004 (Eurocode 7)
e. any greater loadings to which the building is likely to be subjected.
effect on a building. Such conditions should be taken into account in the design and
construction of the building and its foundations.
Attention is drawn to Planning Policy Guidance Note 14 (PPG 14) Development on
unstable land. Although PPG 14 contains specific reference to England & Wales, it does
set out the broad planning and technical issues relating to development on unstable land.
Information on the scale and nature of problems arising from mining instability, natural
underground cavities and adverse foundation conditions is available from the following:
• British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA
http://www.bgs.ac.uk.
• The Coal Authority, 200 Lichfield Lane, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, NG18 4RG Coal
Authority - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)
Information can also be obtained from local authorities that hold Building Standards
Registers and other relevant records.
Where new foundations are to be constructed or existing foundations altered it will
generally be necessary to undertake a geotechnical investigation of the site. This should
be carried out using the methods described in BS EN 1997-2: 2007.
1.2.0 Introduction
All buildings must be designed to accommodate unforeseen or accidental actions in such a
way as to prevent the extent of any resulting collapse being disproportionate to the cause
of the collapse. Buildings should be designed so that they are robust which is defined in
BS EN-1991-1-7:2006 as the ability of a structure to withstand events like fire, explosions,
impact or the consequences of human error without being damaged to an extent
disproportionate to the original cause.
Explanation of terms
Nominal length of load-bearing wall construction should be taken as:
• in the case of a reinforced concrete wall, the distance between lateral supports subject
to a length not more than 2.25 x storey height
• in the case of an external masonry wall, or timber or steel stud wall, the length
measured between vertical lateral supports
• in the case of an internal masonry wall, or timber or steel stud wall, a length not more
than 2.25 x storey height.
Storey height is the distance from the underside of one floor to the underside of the floor
immediately above.
Key element is a structural member upon which the stability of the remainder of the
structure depends and should be capable of sustaining an accidental design loading of
34 kN/m2 applied in the horizontal and vertical directions (in one direction at a time) to the
member and any attached components such as cladding, having regard to the ultimate
strength of such components and their connections. Such accidental design loading
should be assumed to act simultaneously with 1/3rd of all normal characteristic loading.
Load bearing wall construction includes masonry cross-wall construction and walls
comprising close centred timber or lightweight steel section studs.
Fire - the protection to be afforded to the structure of a building when it is exposed to the
action of fire is dealt with by mandatory Standard 2.3. The guidance within Section 2 refers
to relevant codes that should be used for the design of the structure in a fire.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
The nomenclature of the Risk Groups 1, 2A, 2B and 3 are synonymous with the
consequence classes in Table A.1 – Categorisation of consequence classes of BS EN
1991-1-7:2006.
In determining the number of storeys in a building, basement storeys may be excluded
provided such basement storeys fulfil the robustness of Risk Group 2B buildings.
For buildings intended for more than one type of use the Risk Group should be that
pertaining to the most onerous Risk Group.
Additional Information.
Note 1: Many of these standards are not directly, or are not currently referenced in Section
1: Structure. Some may not be applicable to Section 1 Structure such as, BS 5400 for
bridges, or are applicable to other parts of the technical handbooks.
Section 2 (Fire)
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Compartmentation
2.2 Separation
2.3 Structural protection
2.4 Cavities
2.5 Internal linings
2.6 Spread to neighbouring buildings
2.7 Spread on external walls
2.8 Spread from neighbouring buildings
2.9 Escape
2.10 Escape lighting
2.11 Communication
2.12 Fire and rescue service access
2.13 Fire and rescue service water supply
2.14 Fire and rescue service facilities
2.15 Automatic fire suppression systems
Annex 2.A Resistance to fire
Annex 2.B Reaction to fire
Annex 2.C Vulnerability of roof coverings
Section 2 - Fire
2.0 Introduction
2.0.1 Background
Life safety is the paramount objective of fire safety. Domestic buildings should be designed
and constructed in such a way that the risk of fire is reduced and, if a fire does occur, there
are measures in place to restrict the growth of fire and smoke to enable the occupants to
escape safely and fire-fighters to deal with fire safely and effectively.
There are almost 5000 reported fires in dwellings (e.g. houses, flats and maisonettes)
every year in Scotland. Fires can have a devastating effect on the lives of people and
results in around 40 deaths and 900 injuries each year. The most common cause of
accidental fires in dwellings involved cooking appliances (62%), electrical supply or
electrical lighting (14%), combustibles ignited due to being too close to candles or other
heat source (9%), the remaining 15% is accounted for by the careless disposal of
cigarettes and matches and other domestic appliances. Evidence also shows that the
consumption of alcohol and/or smoking are contributory factors which increases the risk of
an accidental fire occurring. Occupants who are alone at the time of the fire and are in the
room of fire origin, are more likely to suffer injury (e.g. burns and smoke inhalation) or even
death in some cases.
It is impossible to eliminate the risks from fire altogether and the prevention of deliberate or
accidental fires caused by the actions of occupants within a dwelling are outside the scope
of building standards. For advice on best practice relating to fire safety in the home, visit
the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service website or contact the community fire safety team at
your local fire station. Although beyond the scope of this guidance, the adoption of good
fire safety practices should be encouraged to reduce the risk of fire occurring in the first
place. Fire prevention will not only save lives but will protect property and reduce
environmental pollution.
The standards and guidance in this section are designed to work together to provide a
balanced approach to fire safety. The building elements, materials, components or other
parts of the building identified in the guidance should follow the appropriate performance
levels that are recommended throughout the guidance. However where an element,
material, component, or other part of a building is covered by more than one standard, the
more demanding guidance should be followed in most cases.
2.0.2 Aims
The purpose of the guidance in Section 2 is to achieve the following objectives in the case
of an outbreak of fire within the building:
• to protect life
• to assist the fire and rescue services, and
• to further the achievement of sustainable development.
Protection of life - it is important to recognise that the standards will not guarantee the life
safety of all building occupants. Occupants in dwellings do not normally perceive
themselves to be at risk from fire and are not usually aware of the speed that fire can
spread. The risk to occupants is greater if they are asleep during the outbreak of fire as
they are likely to be roused more slowly. Occupants should be warned as soon as possible
following the outbreak of fire and the guidance to Standard 2.11 provides
recommendations for the installation of alarm and detection systems in domestic buildings.
Fire and rescue service - in some cases, occupants will not react quickly enough before
being overcome by the effects of the fire and smoke and as a result, may require to be
rescued by the fire and rescue service. For facilities to assist the fire and rescue service,
see Standards 2.12 to 2.14.
Sustainability - the building regulations are primarily concerned with the protection of
people from the dangers inherent in buildings, rather than protecting the owners of
buildings from any economic loss which might occur. However following the guidance in
the handbook will continue to embed active and passive fire protection systems within
buildings which should reduce the likelihood of the total destruction of the building
following the outbreak of fire.
2.0.3 Scope
Guidance in this section may not be appropriate for the following buildings as they are
rarely designed and constructed in Scotland:
a. dwellings having an individual storey with an area more than 200 m2
b. houses with a storey at a height of more than 18 m above ground level
c. domestic buildings containing a basement storey at a depth of more than 4.5 m below
ground level
d. domestic buildings with a communal room with an area more than 60 m2
e. domestic buildings containing catwalks, openwork floors or escalators
f. domestic buildings containing places of special fire risk
g. domestic buildings having an escape route over a flat roof or access deck, or
h. domestic buildings with a storey at a height of more than 60 m above ground level.
For the purposes of (a) above, the area of an individual storey includes the area of a
gallery or sleeping deck but excludes the area of an integral domestic garage.
In the case of a mixed use building containing non-domestic and domestic
accommodation, reference should be made to the Technical Handbook for non-domestic
buildings as well as the guidance contained in this Handbook.
In the case of sub-clauses (a) to (h) above, the alternative approach described in clause
2.0.7 should be used.
methods of measurement unique to fire are described within the guidance under each of
the relevant standards.
Plant Storeys - for the purpose of measurement, the height above ground to the top most
storey excludes, roof-top plant areas and any top storeys consisting exclusively of plant
rooms.
• Clause 2.7.1 – Meaning of external wall cladding systems explained and clause re-
written to include Regulation 8 of the Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations
2022.
• Clause 2.7.2 – Guidance amended to include Regulation 8 of the Building (Scotland)
Amendment Regulations 2022 and additional guidance on awnings, canopies and
signage provided.
• Clause 2.A.2 – Reference to BR 128 removed.
• Clause 2.B.0 – Reference to the Construction Products Regulations removed.
• Clause 2.B.1 – Clause re-written to provide additional guidance on external wall
cladding systems including exemptions and the use of large scale fire testing.
• Clause 2.B.2 – Additional guidance on reaction to fire provided including smoke
production and burning droplets. Table updated and European Class F reintroduced.
• Clause 2.B.3 – Reference to Classified Without Testing process updated.
• Appendix A - New Regulation 8 definitions included for highly combustible metal
composite material, relevant building, specified attachment and substantial layer.
Hospital definition amended.
• Appendix B: References to BS 8414/BR 135 and BS 9414 added. Reference to
publication ‘Guide to Undertaking Technical Assessments of Fire Performance of
Construction Products Based on Fire Test Evidence’ (Passive Fire Protection Forum,
2021) added.
such an exercise to be carried out. It is recognised that there may be instances where
small deviations from the guidance do not warrant a “whole building” fire engineered
design and inevitably involves a degree of negotiation without the need for detailed
analysis.
Not all cases of variance from the guidance will require the appointment of a fire engineer.
Reference could be made to ‘A simplified approach to alternative fire safety strategies’
Scottish Government (2010), which provides additional advice.
Existing buildings - it may be appropriate to vary the guidance contained in this
Handbook when assessing the guidance against the constraints in existing buildings
especially those buildings which are listed in terms of their architectural or historic interest.
In such cases, it would be appropriate to take into account a range of fire safety features,
some of which are dealt with in this Handbook and some of which are not addressed in any
detail. For more detailed information, guidance is contained in the ‘Guide for Practitioners 6
– Conversion of traditional buildings’ (Historic Scotland).
Fire engineering designs can be complex and many require extensive use of
engineering judgement. The following documents are cited to ensure that the guidance
given encompasses best practice worldwide:
• BS 7974: 2019 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of
buildings, or
• International Fire Engineering Guidelines, 2005 (IFEG).
The use of either document assumes that those carrying out or assessing a fire
engineering approach have sufficient technical training, knowledge and experience to
understand fully the risks involved.
The objectives of any fire safety strategy should be established first and designers and
verifiers should be aware of the importance of the design assumptions. For example, the
strategy should include an assessment of the system reliability. This will help to ensure
that the fire safety objectives have been met.
Responsible person - it is important that owners/responsible person understand that the
fire safety measures installed in a building need to be maintained and tested over the life
time of the building so that they will operate effectively. BS 7974 and IFEG assume that all
aspects of the fire engineering strategy are capable of being maintained and deployed
over the lifetime of the building. If for example, alterations are found to be necessary due
to changes to the building layout, the original strategy may need to be re-evaluated to
ensure the fire safety provisions have not been compromised. For this reason, the fire
strategy should preferably support any fire safety risk assessment required under Part 3 of
the Fire (Scotland) Act 2005, as amended.
Fire safety engineering involves the use of scientific based calculations and/or statistical
information to demonstrate an adequate level of safety for a specific building, structure or
installation. In this regard the fire safety strategy is based on performance rather than
prescription. Therefore fire safety engineering is about the need to identify the fire hazard,
assess the fire risks, understand the consequences and to offer fire safety strategies and
designs to show how the objectives have been met. The ‘tools’ that support fire
engineering can include calculation methods which are used to demonstrate that under a
worst reasonable case, tenable conditions are maintained during the evacuation period.
For example, a smoke exhaust fan in a smoke reservoir within an atrium space fails to
operate but the smoke layer height continues to be maintained by the activation of a stand-
by fan.
It is recognised that fire engineering is still a rapidly developing field and as such does not
have the standardised codes for approaching and solving problems compared to other
engineering disciplines. The documents identified above aim to provide a structured
framework for assessing the interaction between, buildings, people and fire, and to
facilitate innovation in design without compromising safety. They provide information on
how to undertake a detailed analysis of specific aspects of fire safety engineering in
buildings.
In practice, both frameworks provide a flexible but formalised engineering approach to fire
safety which can be applied to new or existing buildings to show that the functional
standards have been met.
BS 7974: 2019 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings is
supported by 7 published documents:
• Part 1: Initiation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin
• Part 2: Spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin
• Part 3: Structural response and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin
• Part 4: Detection of fire and actuation of fire protection systems
• Part 5: Fire service intervention
• Part 6: Human factors: Life safety strategies – Occupant evacuation, behaviour and
condition, and
• Part 7: Probabilistic risk assessment.
International Fire Engineering Guidelines IFEG have been developed for use in the fire
engineering design and approval of buildings. The objectives of the guidelines are to
provide:
a. a link between the regulatory system and fire engineering
b. guidance for the process of engineering, and
c. guidance on available methodologies.
The IFEG sub-systems bear a very close resemblance to the sub-systems used in BS
7974: 2019 and are set out below:
• fire initiation and development and control
• smoke development and spread and control
• fire spread and impact and control
• fire detection, warning and suppression
• occupant evacuation and control, and
• fire services intervention.
Clause 1.3.2 of IFEG states that "Typically, each building project is unique and similarly,
each fire engineering evaluation is unique". It is not sensible, therefore, to set down
detailed guidance on how the fire safety analysis should be undertaken. Instead, it is the
responsibility of the fire engineer to plan the analysis for the particular project, based on
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Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
the decisions taken during the preparation of the fire engineering brief as discussed in
Chapter 1.2.
2.0.9 Annexes
Annex 2.A - Resistance to fire
Resistance to fire is expressed in terms of fire resistance duration and reference
throughout this document to a short, medium or long fire resistance duration, are explained
in annex 2.A. The performance levels include properties such as loadbearing capacity,
integrity and insulation.
Annex 2B - Reaction to fire
Reaction to fire of construction products is expressed as European Classification A1, A2,
B, C, D, E and F (with A1 being the highest performance and F being the lowest).
The performance levels include properties such as ease of ignition and rate at which the
product gives off heat when burning. Further explanation is provided in annex 2.B
including sub-indices for smoke production and/or flaming droplets/particles.
Annex 2C - Vulnerability of roof coverings
Roof coverings are expressed in terms of low, medium or high vulnerability and explained
in annex 2.C. The performance levels relate to the capability of a roof to resist penetration
from fire and flame spread when the external surface is exposed to radiation and flames.
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
2.1 Compartmentation
Mandatory Standard
Standard 2.1
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the
event of an outbreak of fire within the building, fire and smoke are inhibited from
spreading beyond the compartment of origin until any occupants have had the
time to leave that compartment and any fire containment measures have been
initiated.
Limitation:
This Standard does not apply to domestic buildings.
2.1.0 Introduction
This standard does not apply to dwellings and other domestic buildings.
2.2 Separation
Mandatory Standard
Standard 2.2
Every building, which is divided into more than one area of different occupation,
must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the event of an
outbreak of fire within the building, fire and smoke are inhibited from spreading
beyond the area of occupation where the fire originated.
2.2.0 Introduction
In order to reduce the risk of fire spreading from one dwelling to another, fire separation
should be provided between dwellings and between dwellings and any common spaces.
Such separation should form a complete barrier to the products of combustion; smoke,
heat and toxic gases. In semi-detached or terraced houses, or between flats or
maisonettes, the barrier will normally be in the form of fire resisting walls and floors where
appropriate.
The guidance in clause 2.2.9 (Openings and service penetrations) and clause 2.2.10
(Junctions) is common, not only to separation, but also to the relevant guidance in
Standard 2.4 Cavities and Standard 2.9 Escape.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
2.2.6 Combustibility
Separating Walls - in a building with no storey at a height above 18 m, separating walls
may be constructed from combustible products provided the appropriate fire resistance
duration is achieved.
To reduce the risk of a fire starting within a combustible separating wall or a fire spreading
rapidly on or within the wall construction:
• insulation exposed in a cavity should be constructed from products which achieve
European Classification A1, A2, or B, and
• the internal wall linings should be constructed from products which achieve European
Classification A1, A2, or B, and
• the wall should contain no pipes, wires or other services.
Where an opening is created to allow services to pass through the wall, the opening
should be constructed in accordance with the guidance in clause 2.2.9.
Separating floors - in a domestic building with no storey at a height above 18 m,
separating floors may be constructed from combustible products provided the appropriate
fire resistance duration is achieved.
Where a domestic building also contains non-domestic accommodation, every part of that
separating floor (other than a floor finish e.g. laminate flooring) should be constructed from
products which achieve European Classification A1 or A2. This is not necessary for a floor:
• between a shop or office and a dwelling above the shop or office in the same
occupation where there is no other dwelling above the shop or office, and the area of
the shop or office is not more than 1½ times the area of the separating floor, or
• above a pend where the floor has at least medium fire resistance duration and the
ceiling of the pend is constructed from products which achieve European Classification
A1 or A2, or
• between a domestic building and a unit of shared residential accommodation.
A lockable door to a cupboard or service duct with a floor area not more than 3 m2 need
not be self-closing.
Hold open devices- Self-closing fire doors can be fitted with hold open devices as
specified in BS 5839: Part 3: 1988 provided the door is not an emergency door, a
protected door serving the only escape stair in the building (or the only escape stair
serving part of the building) or a protected door serving a fire-fighting shaft.
It is important that hold open devices deactivate on operation of the fire alarm therefore
some buildings will need automatic fire detection to be installed. Electrically operated hold
open devices should therefore deactivate on operation of:
• an automatic fire alarm system designed and installed in accordance with BS 5839:
Part 1: 2017 (Category L5) determined on the basis of a risk assessment
• any loss of power to the hold open device, apparatus or switch, and
• a manually operated switch fitted in a position at the door.
An example of a Category L5 fire alarm system could be a system installed in the common
corridor of flats incorporating only 2 smoke detectors, one installed on each side of the
door and positioned not less than 500 mm and not more than 3 m from the door.
Additional guidance on the siting and coverage of fire detectors is contained in BS 5839:
Part 1: 2017, and for actuation of door release mechanism, see BS 7273: Part 4: 2015.
A chimney or flue-pipe should be constructed so that, in the event of a fire, the fire
resistance duration of the separating wall or separating floor is maintained.
A service opening (other than a ventilating duct) which penetrates a separating wall or
separating floor should be fire stopped providing at least the appropriate fire resistance
duration for the wall or floor. This may be provided by:
• a casing which has at least the appropriate fire resistance duration from the outside, or
• a casing which has at least half the appropriate fire resistance duration from each side,
or
• an automatic heat activated sealing device that will maintain the appropriate fire
resistance duration in respect of integrity for the wall or floor regardless of the opening
size.
Fire stopping of the following services passing through a separating wall or separating
floor need not be provided for:
• a pipe or a cable with a bore, or diameter, of not more than 40 mm, or
• not more than four 40 mm diameter pipes or cables that are at least 40 mm apart and
at least 100 mm from any other pipe, or
• more than four 40 mm diameter pipes or cables that are at least 100 mm apart, or
• a pipe which has a bore of not more than 160 mm and is of iron, steel or copper, or of
a material capable of withstanding 800 ºC without allowing flames or hot material to
pass through the wall of the pipe, or
• a branch pipe of a bore of not more than 110 mm connected to a vertical drainage or
water service pipe, constructed from aluminium, aluminium alloy, or uPVC to BS 4514:
2001.
Where a pipe connects to another pipe which attracts a more demanding fire resistance
duration, and is within 1 m from the separating wall or separating floor, the pipe should be
fire stopped to the more demanding guidance.
Ventilation systems - the potential for ventilation systems to allow the spread of fire and
smoke should be considered. A mechanical ventilation system may contribute to the
spread of fire and smoke unless it is designed to shut down automatically or operate in a
fire-mode if fire is detected. Ventilation ductwork passing through a separating wall or
separating floor should be provided with either:
• fire dampers
• fire resisting enclosures, or
• fire rated ductwork.
Ventilation ductwork should be designed and installed in accordance with BS 5588: Part 9:
1999. Section 6 of BS 5588: Part 9: 1999 (excluding the third paragraph to clause
6.3.3.2.2) provides guidance on design and construction including fire resisting enclosures,
fire resisting ductwork and the use and activation of fire dampers.
Fire-stopping - may be necessary to close an imperfection of fit or design tolerance
between construction elements and components, service openings and ventilation ducts.
Proprietary fire-stopping products, including intumescent products, should be tested to
demonstrate their ability to maintain the appropriate fire resistance duration under the
conditions appropriate to their end use.
Where minimal differential movement is anticipated, either in normal use or during fire
exposure, proprietary fire-stopping products may be used. The following materials are also
considered appropriate: cement mortar; gypsum based plaster; cement or gypsum based
vermiculite/perlite mixes; mineral fibre; crushed rock and blast furnace slag or ceramic
based products (with or without resin binders).
Where greater differential movement is anticipated, either in normal use or during fire
exposure, proprietary fire-stopping products should be used.
To prevent displacement, products used for fire-stopping should be reinforced with, or
supported by, products which achieve European Classification A1 or A2 where the
unsupported span is more than 100 mm and where non-rigid products are used. However
this is not necessary where it has been shown by test that the products are satisfactory
within their field of application.
2.2.10 Junctions
General - the basic principle is that junctions between separating walls and separating
floors and other parts of the building should be designed and constructed to minimise the
risk of a fire in one part of the building flanking the separating wall or separating floor and
entering another part of the building under different occupation, including any solum space
or roof space. Therefore, the building elements, materials or components should not be
built into, or carried through or across the ends of, or over the top of a separating wall in
such a way as to impair the fire resistance duration between the relevant parts of the
building.
Technical assessments are often required when designing or verifying the fire
performance of junction details. The ‘Guide to Undertaking Technical Assessments of Fire
2.3.0 Introduction
In order to prevent the premature collapse of the load-bearing structural elements of a
building, appropriate levels of fire resistance duration (see annex 2.A) should be provided
to all element of structure. The purpose of structural fire protection is:
• to minimise the risk to the occupants, some of whom may not evacuate the building
immediately, and
• to reduce the risk to fire-fighters who may be engaged in fire-fighting or rescue
operations.
An element of structure may perform more than one function and it is important that the
appropriate guidance related to the different standards is followed.
The added benefit to structural fire protection means that the risk to people in the vicinity of
the building or in adjoining buildings from collapse of the structure is reduced.
An element of structure is part of a building which is part of a structural frame (beams and
columns), load-bearing (other than part which is only self load-bearing), a floor, or supports
a floor. An example of part of the structure that is only self load-bearing could be a lintel in
a non load-bearing wall. A roof structure should not be considered as an element of
structure unless the roof provides support to an element of structure or which performs the
function of a floor.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
2.3.2 Combustibility
An element of structure in a building (other than a high rise domestic buildings) may be
constructed from combustible material provided the construction achieves the appropriate
fire resistance duration.
However, where an element of structure provides support to another element of structure
(or a protected route of escape, see clause 2.0.6) which should be constructed from
products that achieve European Classification A1 or A2, the supporting element of
structure should also be constructed from products that achieve European Classification
A1 or A2 (see annex 2.B).
2.3.5 Junctions
The detailing of junctions between relevant parts of a building is described in clauses
2.2.10, 2.4.7 and 2.9.21. Fire-stopping of other junctions is generally not necessary. The
important criteria to consider is the ability of the element of structure to maintain its load-
bearing capacity in a fire in accordance with clause 2.3.1.
2.4 Cavities
Mandatory Standard
Standard 2.4
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the
event of an outbreak of fire within the building, the spread of fire and smoke
within cavities in its structure and fabric is inhibited.
2.4.0 Introduction
Fire and smoke spread in cavities is particularly hazardous because fire can spread quickly
throughout a building and remain undetected by the occupants of the building or by fire
and rescue service personnel. Ventilated cavities generally promote more rapid fire spread
around the building than unventilated cavities due to the plentiful supply of air. Buildings
containing sleeping accommodation pose an even greater risk to life safety and demand a
higher level of fire precautions. For these reasons, it is important to control the size of
cavities and the surfaces exposed in the cavity.
The guidance for protection to cavities should not be assessed in isolation and reference
should be made to the guidance to Standard 2.2 for separation, Standard 2.6 for spread to
adjoining buildings and the guidance to Standard 2.7 for fire spread on external walls.
A cavity is a concealed space enclosed by elements of a building (including, for example,
the void above a suspended ceiling) or contained within a building element, but not a
room, cupboard, circulation space, stair enclosure, lift well, chimney or a space within a
chute, duct, pipe or conduit. For the purposes of this guidance, a cavity includes a roof
space, a service riser or any other space used to run services around the building.
Reference to surfaces in a cavity is intended to include the surface of the enclosing
envelope of the cavity (including insulation material) but excludes timber roof trusses or
lintols, joist ends, pipes, conduits or cables.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
However cavity barriers are not necessary at a junction between two cavity walls each
comprising two leaves of masonry or concrete where both leaves are at least 75 mm thick.
Sealing cavities can sometimes create difficulties, especially where construction
techniques rely on through ventilation of the cavity (see Section 3 Environment) or where
the detailing should take into account the effect of thermal bridging (see Section 6 Energy).
In an external wall, open state intumescent cavity barriers may be used to inhibit fire and
smoke spread and seal the cavity. It is recognised that smoke will spread beyond the
cavity barrier at the incipient and early fire growth phases prior to the intumescent material
reacting to heat but this is not considered to be a major concern as the cavity is ventilated
to atmosphere.
2.4.7 Junctions
All cavity barriers should be tightly fitted to rigid construction. Where this is not possible as
in the case of a junction with tiles, corrugated sheeting or other forms of construction
containing a cavity, the fire performance of the junction should be maintained. The
guidance to standard 2.2 including fire barriers and fire stopping may be used to satisfy
standard 2.4.
2.5.0 Introduction
The building contents are likely to be the first items ignited in a fire and are beyond the
scope of this guidance. Materials used in walls and ceilings can however significantly
affect the spread of fire and its rate of growth. Fire spread on internal linings in escape
routes is particularly important because rapid fire spread in protected zones and
unprotected zones could prevent the occupants from escaping.
The use of highly combustible metal composite material panels referred to and defined in
Regulation 8 of the Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2022 is prohibited.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
• any other rigid thermoplastic product, a specimen of which (at the thickness of the
product as put on the market), when tested in accordance with Method 508A in BS
2782: 2004 performs so that the test flame extinguishes before the first mark, and the
duration of flaming or afterglow does not exceed 5 seconds following removal of the
burner.
Flexible Thermoplastic TP(a) flexible means:
• flexible products not more than 1 mm thick which satisfy the Type C provisions of BS
5867: Part 2: 1980 (1993) when tested in accordance with Test 2 in BS 5438: 1989
(1995) with the flame applied to the surface of the specimens for 5, 15, 20 and 30
seconds respectively, but excluding cleansing procedure.
Semi-rigid Thermoplastic TP(b) semi-rigid means:
• a rigid solid polycarbonate sheet product not more than 3 mm thick, or multiple-skin
polycarbonate sheet products which do not qualify as TP(a) by test, or
• other products which, when a specimen of the material more than 1.5 mm and not
more than 3 mm thick is tested in accordance with Method 508A in BS 2782: 2004,
has a rate of burning which is not more than 50 mm/minute.
Additional information:
1. Smaller panels can be grouped together provided that the overall size of the group and
the space between any others, satisfies the dimensions shown in figure 2.1 below.
2. The minimum 3 m separation in the diagram below should be maintained between
each 5 m² panel. In some cases therefore, it may not be possible to use the maximum
percentage quoted.
3. TP(a) flexible is not recommended in rooflights.
Figure 2.1 Layout restrictions on thermoplastic rooflights and light fittings with
diffusers
Figure 2.2 Layout restrictions on small TP(b)rooflights and light fittings with
diffusers
Additional information:
1. X = Maximum dimension of the largest diffuser or rooflight above.
2. Y = Maximum dimension of the smallest diffuser or rooflight above.
2.6.0 Introduction
In order to reduce the danger to the occupants of other buildings, one building should be
isolated from another by either construction or distance. The distance between a building
and its relevant boundary is dictated by the amount of heat that is likely to be generated in
the event of fire. This will be influenced by the extent of openings or other unprotected
areas in the external wall of the building.
The guidance for fire spread to neighbouring buildings should not be assessed in isolation
and reference should be made to the guidance to Standard 2.4 for fire spread in cavities
and the guidance to Standard 2.7 for fire spread on external walls.
The use of highly combustible metal composite material panels referred to and defined in
Regulation 8 of the Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2022 is prohibited.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Where a domestic building exceeds these limits, reference could be made to the Enclosing
Rectangle Method (Table B) contained in the non-domestic guidance document or the
Building Research Establishment Report ‘External fire spread: building separation and
boundary distances’ (BR 187, 1991). In these cases, for the purpose of calculating the
enclosing rectangle, a separating wall or separating floor should be regarded as a
compartment wall or compartment floor.
European Classification A1 or A2 (Also, see guidance to standards 2.2, 2.4, 2.7 and annex
2.B).
Houses – External wall cladding to a house (other than a house with a storey at a height
of 11 m or more above the ground) need not achieve European Classification A1 or A2
where the external wall has the appropriate fire resistance duration and the cladding
achieves European Classification B. In such cases the cladding may be excluded from the
unprotected area calculation regardless of openings.
2.6.5 Combustibility
Every part of an external wall including an external wall cladding system (see clause 2.7.1
and annex 2.B) not more than 1 m from a boundary or the external wall of a high rise
domestic building, should be constructed from products which achieve European
Classification A1 or A2. This does not apply to insulation exposed in a cavity that is
between two leaves of masonry or concrete where both leaves are at least 75 mm thick,
and which has a cavity barrier around all openings in the wall and at the top of the wall-
head.
However a structural frame and any thermal insulation material in the frame not more than
1 m from a boundary may be constructed from combustible products provided:
• no storey height is more than 18 m, and
• the recommendations in clauses 2.6.1 and 2.6.2 have been followed, and
• any external wall cladding system (see clauses 2.6.4, 2.7.1 and annex 2.B) is
constructed from products which achieve European Classification A1 or A2.
See the guidance to Standards 2.2, 2.4 and 2.7 for additional guidance in relation to
cavities and external wall cladding systems.
2.7.0 Introduction
There is a risk of fire spread on the external walls of a building. Fire could break out
through a window or door opening and spread onto the external walls. External walls close
to the boundary are also at risk as they may be exposed to direct flame impingement or
radiant heat flux from a fire in an adjoining building or other external source.
The use of highly combustible metal composite material panels referred to and defined in
Regulation 8 of the Building (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2022 is prohibited.
Vertical and horizontal fire spread between dwellings should be inhibited by the
construction of separating walls and floors and the provision of fire barriers and cavity
barriers. See guidance to Standards 2.4 and 2.7.
Fire-fighters may not be able to apply a water jet from a fire-fighting hose directly onto a
fire that has spread onto or within an external wall high above the ground. This is because
the external wall is either inaccessible or is out with the reach capability of fire-fighting
equipment. Therefore, the construction of external walls in taller buildings should not
contribute to the development of fire or contribute to vertical fire spread up the facade of
the building. The 11 m storey height in clause 2.7.1 and clause 2.7.2 is based on the reach
capability of a fire and rescue service ground mounted water jet where there is sufficient
pressure and flow in the water main. Designers are encouraged to seek early advice from
the fire and rescue service if they wish to vary from the guidance where, for example, the
facade is accessible to high reach appliances. Also, see Regulation 8 and annex 2.B for
exceptions.
The guidance for fire spread on external walls should not be assessed in isolation and
reference should be made to the guidance to Standard 2.4 for fire spread in cavities and
the guidance to Standard 2.6 for fire spread to neighbouring buildings.
Green walls (also called living walls) have become popular in recent years. Best practice
guidance can be found in ‘Fire Performance of Green Roofs and Walls’ published by the
Department of Communities and Local Government.”
The Building Standards Futures Board has been established to improve the performance,
expertise, resilience and sustainability of the Scottish building standards system. A key
work stream currently under development is the creation of a Compliance Plan to ensure
that designs, receiving a building warrant, are constructed in accordance with the building
regulations and approved drawings. External wall cladding systems and specified
attachments are considered safety critical features. In the interim, documented evidence of
proof of compliance should be submitted to the local authority verifier which demonstrates
that the system as approved has been constructed in accordance with the building
warrant.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
2.8.0 Introduction
Buildings are at risk from fires starting beyond their boundaries. The area of greatest
vulnerability is the roof and there may be a risk of ignition or penetration by burning
brands, flames or heat. The degree of protection for roof coverings is dependent upon the
distance to the boundary.
A roof covering consists of one or more layer of material such as felt, tiles, slates,
sandwich panels etc., but is not intended to include the whole of the roof structure. Solar
roof panels should be regarded as forming part of the roof covering and as such should be
able to resist ignition from an external source. Most solar panels are glazed and their
ability to inhibit fire spread can be determined by the thickness of glass which makes up
the panel (see table to annex 2.C).
A roof covering or roof light which forms part of an internal ceiling lining should also follow
the guidance to Standard 2.5 Internal linings.
Green roofs have become popular in recent years. Best practice guidance can be found in
‘Fire Performance of Green Roofs and Walls’ published by the Department of
Communities and Local Government.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
More than 6 m but not more than 24 m from boundary - the roof of a building, including
any rooflights, but excluding any wallhead fascia, flashing or trim, boxed gutters, soffit or
barge boards, should have a low or a medium vulnerability if more than 6 m but not more
than 24 m from the boundary. Common materials that normally attain the criterion include
felts and certain plastic materials as described in the table to annex 2.C.
More than 24 m from boundary - where a building is more than 24 m from the boundary,
the roof may be of any material, including materials of high vulnerability classification.
2.9 Escape
Mandatory Standard
Standard 2.9
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the
event of an outbreak of fire within the building, the occupants, once alerted to
the outbreak of the fire, are provided with the opportunity to escape from the
building, before being affected by fire or smoke.
2.9.0 Introduction
If a fire starts in a dwelling, occupants within the dwelling of fire origin should be provided
with at least one route of escape through an exit door which leads to a place of safety
outside the building. Occupants in dwellings may not be aware of the speed that fire can
spread and if they are asleep are more likely to delay their escape. Therefore, it is
important that a fire alarm is installed to provide occupants with early warning of fire (see
Standard 2.11). In some cases, a fire alarm alone may not be sufficient and a protected
route within the dwelling may be necessary due to the height that occupants are located
above the ground. Occupants in dwellings located near the ground have the added benefit
of access to windows to escape in an emergency.
Once outside flats or maisonettes, occupants may still need to escape through common
areas within the building to reach a place of safety. This is termed an ‘escape route’. The
building should be designed to inhibit fire and smoke spread into the escape route. Where
occupants have only one means of escape from the building, automatic smoke ventilation
is normally provided to help remove any smoke and heat that may enter the escape route.
Following the outbreak of fire anywhere in the building, there may be residents located in
common lounges, communal laundry rooms and solid waste storage rooms. Service
engineers may also be working in service spaces, plant rooms and lift machine rooms for
example. These occupants should also be provided with the opportunity to escape from
the building following a fire. The non-domestic Technical Handbook should be used for
guidance on travel distances within ancillary rooms and for escape routes serving such
rooms.
In flatted accommodation, it is common practice for the fire and rescue service to intervene
and commence fire-fighting and rescue operations before all occupants have made their
escape to a place of safety. However compliance with Standard 2.9 should reduce the risk
of occupants becoming trapped by fire and smoke.
If a fire has accidentally or deliberately been set in the common stair, the escape route
may become impassable. In such cases occupants should be able to remain safely inside
the building until the fire has burnt itself out or until the fire has been contained and it is
safe to use the escape route.
Fire protection measures used to protect routes of escape and to provide a safe refuge
include a combination of passive and active protection. Walls, floors, and doors can
provide good passive fire protection. Active systems such as automatic detection,
automatic smoke ventilation and automatic suppression are designed to activate in the
earlier stages of fire development to provide early warning, control heat and smoke and
inhibit fire growth. All escape strategies incorporate a combination of passive and active
fire protection measures.
Exclusions and obstacles to escape - a lift should not be used for escape because there
is a risk that the lift could malfunction during the outbreak of fire. Fire-fighters may use a
fire-fighting lift to rescue injured occupants but this is matter for the fire and rescue service
to decide, following a risk assessment at the incident.
Fixed ladders are considered to be too dangerous for residents to use for escape however
a fixed ladder may be used from a lift machine room or a plant room provided it is not a
place of special fire risk. These rooms will only be used intermittently by engineers who
are likely to be familiar with and trained in the use of fixed ladders.
Locking devices on final exit doors and on escape windows should not prevent occupants
escaping from the building. The intention is to assist escape, but not to exclude the use of
locks or other safety devices (see Section 4 Safety). Permanent obstructions such as fixed
security grills should not be used on final exit doors or escape windows.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
guidance contained in this handbook may be appropriate but the need for additional exits
and additional fire protection measures would need to be considered on a case by case
basis.
Height of storey above ground - increased height brings extra risk, both in the time
needed for escape and the difficulties posed to the fire and rescue service in attempting to
assist evacuation, effect rescue or fight fires. Therefore, the fire protection measures
increase with the storey height of the building.
Dwellings on sloping sites may have certain rooms located deeper below or higher above
the adjacent ground level than other rooms. In such cases, the storey depth below the
adjacent ground or storey height above the adjacent ground from each room may be
assessed individually and the guidance followed accordingly.
The scope of the guidance is limited to those storeys at a depth of not more than 4.5 m
below the adjacent ground level and to those buildings with no storey at a height of more
than 60 m (approximately 20 storeys) above the adjacent ground (see 2.0 Introduction).
Additional information:
1. No storey height more than 18 m (see clause 2.0.3).
2. No dwelling with a storey area more than 200 m2 (see clause 2.0.3).
3. See guidance to Standard 2.11 for early warning systems.
4. See guidance to Standard 2.14 for explanation of 7.5 m and 18 m trigger heights and
additional fire-fighting facilities.
5. See guidance to Standard 2.15 for suppression systems.
Table 2.4 Escape within flats and maisonettes (other than social housing dwellings)
Height of topmost storey above or
basement depth below adjacent Summary of Recommendations [1] [2]
ground
Basement storey at a depth of not more At least one escape route, and
than 4.5 m (see clause 2.9.3) • early warning [3], and
• suppression [5], and
• either:
a. alternative exit (see clause 2.9.6), or
b. escape windows (see clause 2.9.4)
Additional information:
1. No storey height more than 60 m (see clause 2.0.3).
2. No dwelling with a storey area more than 200 m² (see clause 2.0.3).
3. See guidance to Standard 2.11 for early warning systems.
4. See guidance to Standard 2.14 for explanation of 7.5 m and 18 m trigger heights and
additional fire-fighting facilities.
5. See guidance to Standard 2.15 for suppression systems.
windows in a storey at a height of more than 4.5 m are considered to be too high above
the adjacent ground from which to escape. Therefore, an escape window should be
provided in every apartment on an upper storey at a height of not more than 4.5 m above
the adjacent ground. However this is not necessary where there is an alternative route of
escape from the apartment to other circulation spaces or to other rooms.
Occupants within an inner room can become trapped where there is an outbreak of fire in
the adjoining access room. Therefore, every inner room on a storey at a height of not more
than 4.5 m above the adjacent ground level should be provided with an escape window
unless the inner room has an alternative route of escape.
Escape windows should be large enough to escape through and should be situated in an
external wall or roof. The windows should have an unobstructed openable area that is at
least 0.33 m2 and at least 450 mm high and 450 mm wide. The route through the window
may be at an angle rather than straight through and the bottom of the openable area
should be not more than 1100 mm above the floor.
Conservatories - the location of conservatories also presents some difficulties in relation
to escape windows. Where a conservatory is located below an escape window
consideration should be given to the design of the conservatory roof to withstand the loads
exerted from occupants lowering themselves onto the roof in the event of a fire. However
the choice to construct a more robust roof and frame is a matter of preference and the
decision to do this should remain with the owner.
• external escape routes e.g. protected balconies or protected external escape stairs.
Standard 2.15 requires an automatic fire suppression system to be installed within flats
and maisonettes and social housing dwellings. In certain circumstances (see table 2.4),
there is no need to provide protected lobbies (see clause 2.9.13) between the dwellings
and the escape stair. However there is a risk that the fire protection measures may not be
maintained by the occupants of the building and as a result, the number of dwellings
should be limited to 4 dwellings per storey and no storey is at a height of more than 7.5 m
above the adjacent ground level. The intention is to limit the size and height of a domestic
building where some reliance is placed on fire precautions within a dwelling that also
protects the common escape route.
Escape routes in common areas should be sterile areas. The limitation on travel distance
within protected lobbies is intended to reduce the time it takes occupants to escape and to
reduce their potential exposure to smoke following an outbreak of fire in the building.
Automatic smoke ventilation should be provided within every protected lobby serving a
single escape stair in a domestic building to improve tenability conditions within the escape
route. More detailed guidance can be found in the BS EN 12101 series of standards.
The following table summarises the recommendations when designing buildings
containing flats and maisonettes(including social housing dwellings) and any ancillary
rooms.
Table 2.6 Escape routes from flats and maisonettes (including social housing
dwellings) and any ancillary rooms
Height of topmost storey above or basement Summary of Recommendations [1]
depth below adjacent ground
A basement storey (see clause 2.9.11) at a depth At least one escape route and
not more than 4.5 m (if applicable) • not more than 4 dwellings per
and/or a topmost storey not more than 7.5 m [2] storey, or
At least one escape route, and:
• protected lobbies (see clause
2.9.13), and
• smoke ventilation (see clause 2.9.14
– 2.9.16), and
• not more than 10 m travel distance
inside protected lobby, or
At least two escape routes [3], and
• not more than 30 m travel distance
in protected corridor
More than 7.5 m but not more than 18 m [2] At least one escape route, and:
• protected lobbies (see clause
2.9.13), and
• smoke ventilation (see clauses
2.9.14 – 2.9.16), and
• not more than 10 m travel distance
inside protected lobby, or
At least two escape routes [3], and:
• not more than 30 m travel distance
in protected corridor
Additional information:
1. See diagrams for guidance on measurement of travel distance.
2. See guidance to Standard 2.14 for explanation of 7.5m and 18m trigger heights and
additional fire-fighting facilities.
3. Where two escape stairs are provided in a central core they should be separated from
each other by a protected lobby or lobbies with automatic smoke ventilation.
Figure 2.4 Ground Floor - One Escape Route
Where flats or maisonettes have only one escape route and share a protected zone with a
non-domestic building, the height of the topmost storey of the domestic building should be
limited to 7.5 m to reduce the number of occupants who might be affected by a fire
originating in the non-domestic building.
In order to inhibit the spread of fire and smoke, openings in separating walls and floors and
openings in protected routes of escape should be protected and fire-stopped in
accordance with the guidance to Standard 2.2.
escape stairs present additional hazards to people escaping from buildings in the case of
fire. This is because the escape stair may be exposed to inclement weather during the
evacuation. For this reason, an external escape stair should not serve a building where the
topmost storey height is more than 7.5 m above the adjacent ground.
In order to protect the occupants from fire and smoke during evacuation, the external
escape stair should be protected against the outbreak of fire from within the building.
Where the escape stair has a total rise of more than 1.6 m, every part of the external wall
including fixed windows or glazing, self-closing fire doors (other than a door opening from
the top storey) or any other opening not more than 2 m from the escape stair, should have
a short fire resistance duration. Fire protection below an escape stair should be extended
to the lowest ground level.
An external escape stair with a total rise of not more than 1.6 m from which occupants can
freely disperse, is considered to be low enough above the ground to present minimal risk
to occupants leaving the building and as a result, fire protection need not be provided.
2.10.0 Introduction
In seeking to escape from a building the occupants will find it easier if the escape routes
are illuminated. Specifically dedicated escape lighting is not necessary within dwellings as
it is assumed the occupants will have a degree of familiarity with the layout, and escape
routes only begin at the door to the dwelling. However in buildings containing flats and
maisonettes, the common escape routes should be illuminated to assist the occupants of
the building to make their way to a place of safety.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
2.11 Communication
Mandatory Standard
Standard 2.11
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the
event of an outbreak of fire within the building, the occupants are alerted to the
outbreak of fire.
2.11.0 Introduction
Over 90% of Scottish fire deaths occur in the dwelling of fire origin. Asphyxiation caused
by smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death. If there is an outbreak of fire within a
dwelling, early detection and warning to the occupants can play a vital role in increasing
their chances of escape. This is particularly important as the occupants may well be asleep
and are more likely to react slower.
Most fires in dwellings are accidental and statistics show that the main sources of ignition
are: Cooking appliances, smoking related, candles, electrical supply and other domestic
appliances.
Occupant characteristics - in the 4 years 2014-2015 to 2017-2018 where fatalities were
recorded, on average 30% of fires started in the living room, 17% in bedrooms, and 15% in
the kitchen. This means that a significant number of fire related deaths, 62% or 107 deaths
over the 4 year period, occurred from fires starting in these rooms. It is therefore important
that the outbreak of fire in living rooms and kitchens is detected quickly and the alarm
raised as early as possible during the early stages of fire growth.
Tolerable Standards - in January 2019 amendments to the tolerable standards
introduced a requirement for all dwellings to be fitted with heat and smoke alarms and
carbon monoxide detection by February 2021. Guidance in support of the tolerable
standards calls for interlinked heat and smoke detection to be sited as per the guidance
contained in this technical handbook, with the allowance that the installation may be
powered by sealed for life battery units. However, where an existing partial or full mains
operated heat and smoke detection system is being altered it would normally be expected
to replace mains wired devices with mains wired units.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Therefore, in order to provide a fire detection and fire alarm system that should alert
occupants to the outbreak of fire, a Grade D system should be installed in all dwellings,
comprising of:
The principal habitable room is the most frequently used room by the occupants of a
dwelling for general daytime living purposes.
Where a dwelling has an open plan layout, the open plan area will also be used as a
circulation space (which could include a stair and landing). The location and siting of
smoke alarms and heat detectors should follow both the guidance above and in Clause
2.11.7 to determine the appropriate number of alarms.
Inner rooms - where occupants’ only escape route is through another room (the access
room) they are at risk if a fire starts in the access room. Therefore, every access room
should be provided with a smoke alarm to give occupants of the inner room early warning.
Where the access room is a kitchen, the type of detector should be carefully considered to
reduce the likelihood of false alarms.
Any inner room at a height of more than 4.5 m should be designed in accordance with the
guidance to clause 2.9.7.
Common systems - in a building containing flats or maisonettes, a common fire alarm
and detection system that interlinks all dwellings and common spaces is not recommended
due to the risk of unwanted false alarms. However in a sheltered housing complex,
monitoring equipment is recommended due to the vulnerability of the occupants.
Detailed guidance on fire detection and fire alarm systems in dwellings can be obtained
from BS 5839: Part 6: 2019.
Consideration should therefore be given to the type of fire detector in order to reduce the
amount of unwanted false alarms. There are 4 main types of fire detector used in
dwellings:
• optical smoke alarms
• ionisation smoke alarms
• multi sensor alarms, and
• heat alarms.
• in the case of a smoke alarm, between 25 mm and 600 mm below the ceiling, and at
least 300 mm away from any wall or light fittings, and
• in the case of a heat alarm, between 25 mm and 150 mm below the ceiling.
them. Smoke alarms and heat alarms should be interconnected in accordance with BS
5839: Part 6: 2019.
The system should be installed in accordance with the manufacturers written instructions.
This should include a limitation on the number of smoke alarms and heat alarms which
may be interconnected.
2.12.0 Introduction
Vehicle access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable high reach appliances,
such as turntable ladders and hydraulic platforms, to be used, and to enable pumping
appliances to supply water and equipment for fire-fighting and rescue activities. The
access arrangements increase with building size and height.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Table 2.7 Access route for fire and rescue service vehicles
• have a ground loading capacity of not less than 8.3 kg/cm2, and
• be level or not have a gradient more than 1 in 12.
The operating space shown in the diagram below is suitable for either a hydraulic platform
or turntable ladder. Where the building has obstructions such as balconies or other
projections, the building line should be taken to be the outer edge of the balconies or other
projections.
Figure 2.8 Minimum dimensions for operating space for high reach appliances
2.13.0 Introduction
The fire and rescue service should be provided with a water supply to assist with their fire-
fighting and rescue operations. This is normally provided from public water mains through
fire hydrants or alternative water supplies such as tanks or reservoirs may be provided.
In some cases, the existing water supply may be sufficient and there is no need to provide
additional water supplies. Therefore, it is important to consult the fire and rescue service
and water authority early in the design process to establish what water supply, if any,
should be provided in order to carry out their statutory duties under the Fire (Scotland) Act
2005 as amended.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Where a domestic building is being erected more than 100 m from an existing fire hydrant,
the fire and rescue service should be consulted to establish whether additional fire
hydrants are necessary to assist fire-fighting and rescue operations.
Where a new fire hydrant is required, it should be connected to a water service pipe
capable of delivering water at a flow rate of 1500 litres per minute, provided by a water
main vested in a public water authority or a water supply provided under the Fire
(Scotland) Act 2005, as amended.
A fire hydrant should be clearly indicated by a plate, affixed nearby in a conspicuous
position, in accordance with BS 3251:1976.
2.14.0 Introduction
Facilities within a building are provided to assist the fire and rescue service carry out their
statutory duties as efficiently and safely as possible. Fire and rescue service personnel are
trained to enter buildings following the outbreak of fire to assist with any evacuation of the
building occupants, effect rescues of any casualties and to fight fires. Fire-fighters
operational duties are made on a statutory basis in the Fire (Scotland) Act 2005 as
amended, which states:
“Each relevant authority shall make provision for the purpose of –
a. extinguishing fires in its area
b. protecting life and property in the event of fires in its area.”
The extent of fire development will vary with each incident and in any situation, the fire and
rescue service will assess the need to evacuate the entire building whilst the fire is brought
under control. Sometimes, the fire can develop to such an extent that additional fire-
fighting teams may need to be summoned from other fire stations or fire authorities.
Fire-fighters will normally enter a building through the main entrance and attempt to attack
the fire. This is termed ‘offensive fire-fighting’ and is normal practice regardless of whether
people are in the building or not. When conditions within the building become too
hazardous for fire-fighters to remain, they will normally retreat a safe distance away from
the building and implement ‘defensive’ fire-fighting tactics to control the spread of fire. In
cases where a large fire develops, numerous fire-fighting teams may be involved using a
combination of offensive and defensive tactics until the fire is brought under control and
extinguished. Due to the high level of fire separation and containment within a building
containing flats and maisonettes, it would be unusual for there to be a need to evacuate
the fire floor or the entire building in the event of a fire. The level of fire separation should
be such that, other than in the flat of fire origin, residents are safe to remain within their
own flat or maisonette. However, circumstances may arise in which fire-fighters consider it
necessary to evacuate residents from a small number of other flats and, on very rare
occasions, the entire building. An evacuation alert system should be provided to assist the
fire and rescue services in the evacuation of high rise domestic buildings if necessary (see
clause 2.14.8).
Whilst fire-fighters are professionally trained to deal with all types of fire condition, the fire
and rescue service facilities within a building are important to reduce fire attack time which
in turn, could save lives, limit the fire damage to property and improve fire-fighter safety.
Additional information:
1. The access level is the level at which the fire and rescue service enter the building to
commence fire-fighting and rescue operations.
2. Ventilation to stairs includes both escape stairs and fire-fighting stairs (see clause
2.14.6).
closing fire door should have at least a short fire resistance duration. The wall separating
the fire-fighting lobby from the remainder of the building should have a long fire resistance
duration and the door should be a self-closing fire door with a medium fire resistance
duration.
Figure 2.9 Building with a storey height more than 18m
control of the fire and rescue services. The lift installation should conform to BS EN 81:
Part 72: 2015 and BS EN 81: Part 20: 2014 or BS EN 81: Part 50: 2014 depending on the
type of lift.
A fire-fighting lift should be located within a protected zone and constructed within its own
compartment having at least a medium fire resistance duration. The lift landing doors need
only achieve a short fire resistance duration.
The fire-fighting lift should only be entered from:
• a fire-fighting lobby with not more than 1 door to the room or storey it serves, or
• an open access balcony.
A fire-fighting lift need not serve the top storey of a building where:
• the top storey is for service plant use only, and
• access to the plant room is from the fire-fighting stair from the storey below, and
• the foot of the fire-fighting stair is not more than 4.5 m from the fire-fighting lift.
• access to the flats and maisonettes is from an open access balcony serving a storey in
a building with a storey height of not more than 60 m.
In these cases, the fire main may be located in the protected corridor, protected lobby or
open access balcony provided an area of at least 5 m2 with all principal dimensions of at
least 1.5 m is available at the fire main outlet which is located adjacent to the protected
door leading to the fire-fighting stair.
Figure 2.10 One Escape Route - Storey height 7.5m to 18m
Escape stairs and fire-fighting stairs - ventilation should be provided to every escape
stair and every fire-fighting stair by:
• a ventilator of at least 1 m2 at the top of the stair, or
• a ventilator of at least 0.5 m2 at each storey on an external wall, or
• ‘Smoke shafts protecting fire-fighting shafts; their performance and design’ (BRE,
2002).
Protected lobbies, protected corridors and fire-fighting lobbies - ventilation should
also be provided in protected lobbies, protected corridors and fire-fighting lobbies by:
• a ventilator of at least 1.5 m2 at each storey on an external wall, or
• smoke shafts as described in the guidance to Standard 2.9, or
• ‘Smoke shafts protecting fire-fighting shafts: their performance and design’ (BRE,
2002).
A natural or mechanical smoke ventilation system used to satisfy Standard 2.9 may also
be used to satisfy Standard 2.14 with the agreement of the fire and rescue service.
for laying a fire hose. If the building is not fitted with an automatic fire suppression system,
no point on the storey should be more than 45 m from the outlet.
Figure 2.11 Two Escape Routes
2.14.8 Evacuation alert system for use by the fire and rescue service
In domestic buildings with a storey more than 18 m above ground level, an evacuation
alert system (EAS) should be provided to enable the fire and rescue service to initiate
operation of evacuation alert sounders within each dwelling on any single floor, multiple
floors and the entire building, according to circumstances.
An evacuation alert system is not, and should not be confused with, a fire alarm system.
The EAS should not be integrated with a fire detection and fire alarm system (or any other
system), nor should any devices (such as fire detectors), other than evacuation alert
devices, be connected to the EAS.
An EAS system should not be used as mitigation for any defects in construction or as a
compensatory measure for reduction in any other measures identified in this Technical
Handbook as a means of compliance with the standards nor is it acceptable for an EAS to
be regarded as a component of a fire engineering solution; in either case, this would imply
fire and rescue service attendance was part of mitigating, or compensatory measures, or a
component of a design solution, all of which would be unacceptable.
Control equipment for the EAS should be prominently sited, within a secure enclosure, on
the normal fire and rescue service entrance level, at a location close to the normal fire and
rescue service entrance. An emergency lighting luminaire should be installed within 2m
horizontally of the enclosure.
A square or rectangular sign, bearing the words Evacuation Alert Control & Indicating
Equipment “EACIE: For Fire and Rescue Services Use Only”, should be fixed to the door
of the cabinet. The wording should comprise white Sans Serif text, on a red background,
with a lower case letter height of at least 10 mm. The sign should incorporate the red
flames pictogram specified for fire-fighting equipment in BS 5499-10. The sign should be of
metal or traffolyte construction and should be fixed to the door of the cabinet by rivets or by
at least four security screws.
The EAS should be designed, installed and commissioned in accordance with the
recommendations of BS 8629: 2019.
Within each flat, at least one evacuation alert sounder, conforming to the requirements of
BS EN 3, should be provided. Normally, only one sounder is likely to be necessary, but the
sound pressure level of the alarm signal at each open bedroom doorway should be at least
85 dB(A). Sound pressure level within other habitable rooms should be at least 60 dB(A)
when all doors in the dwelling are closed. Facilities conforming to the recommendations of
BS 8629: 2019 should be incorporated to enable additional devices to be added to alert
people who are Deaf or hard of hearing.
All wiring, other than the wiring of power supplies, should comprise cables of enhanced
fire resistance duration, as specified in BS 8629: 2019. Power supply cables may comprise
cables of standard, or enhanced, fire resistance duration.
BS 8629: 2019 does not provide recommendations for networked systems, in which
evacuation alert sounders are connected to a number of local control panels (“sub-
panels”), all connected on a data network. This arrangement might be necessary in a tall
or very large block of flats. Such an arrangement is acceptable subject to maintaining the
high integrity required of an evacuation alert system, following the principles in BS 8629:
2019. In particular, the system should conform to the following recommendations:
a. The wiring of the data network should comprise cables of enhanced fire resistance
duration;
b. The data network should be fault tolerant, such that, in the event of a single open or
short circuit fault on the network cable, the system should continue to operate fully in
accordance with the recommendations of BS 8629: 2019, while giving an audible and
visual fault indication at central EAS control equipment;
c. Ideally, wiring of the data network should be diverse routed, such that the “return” leg
of a loop circuit follows a different path from the “outward” leg. If this is not possible
(e.g. because it is necessary for the data loop to be contained within a single service
riser), the sub-panels and the entire data network should be located in areas of low fire
risk (i.e. areas that are unlikely to be affected by a fire(s) in any flat, and the out and
return legs should be separated by at least 300 mm.
The above recommendations and those of BS 8629: 2019 are based on the assumption
that evacuation alert devices will be installed in all flats in a block of flats with a storey
more than 18 m above ground level. If this is not the case, additional equipment will be
necessary in close proximity to the EAS control equipment to indicate to the fire and
rescue service those flats in which evacuation alert devices have been triggered and those
devoid of such devices.
All letters and numerals of dwelling indicator signs should be set out on a contrasting
background within the sign. The sign should conform to the requirements of BS ISO
17398: 2004 for classification C phosphorescent signs.
Dwelling indicator signs should be sited immediately below the storey identification signs,
such that the top edge of the dwelling indication sign is no more than 50 mm below the
bottom edge of the storey identification sign.
On entering a corridor or open balcony serving flats from a fire-fighting stairway or a fire-
fighting lift, if dwellings are located in more than one direction, a directional dwelling
indicator sign should be visible from the door to the corridor or open balcony. The
directional dwelling indicator sign should comply with the recommendations for other
dwelling indicator signs, but should incorporate arrows in conjunction with the dwelling
numbers, indicating the direction of travel to reach each group of dwellings.
2.15.0 Introduction
Automatic fire suppression systems installed in domestic premises are primarily designed
for life safety purposes. Successful activation can provide occupants, including vulnerable
occupants, with additional time to escape following the outbreak of fire. The added benefit
of automatic fire suppression in domestic buildings means that the damage and disruption
caused by fire is greatly reduced.
Automatic suppression systems react to heat therefore, the greatest protection is afforded
to those occupants outwith the room of fire origin. Automatic suppression may provide
some benefit to occupants in the room of fire origin where for example the fire growth is
fast and the temperatures allow the sprinkler system (normally 1 or 2 heads) to open early
in the development phase of the fire. The spray pattern delivered from the sprinkler heads
should control fire spread. Whilst the effect of sprinkler spray will increase the smoke
volume and could obscure exits, smoke temperatures and toxicity will be greatly reduced.
In some cases, the fire might be extinguished if the fire is not shielded from the sprinkler
spray.
While supporting the installation of automatic fire suppression systems in buildings, the
Association of British Insurers (ABI) advises that claims involving the escape of water are
increasing year on year, costing the insurance industry in Britain £892 million in 2019.
Although only a relatively small proportion of this was due to leakage from automatic fire
suppression systems, it does nonetheless reinforce the need to ensure that all water
supply pipework in buildings, including those serving automatic fire suppression systems,
is designed, installed and maintained correctly. The ABI have produced guidance ‘ABI
Study: Post Grenfell Research on Residential Sprinkler Systems’ on issues to be
considered to improve performance and in the procurement of residential and domestic
sprinklers which is available on the ABI website. Although primarily addressing the use of
automatic sprinklers, much of the guidance is also applicable to other types of automatic
fire suppression systems.
Automatic life safety fire suppression systems are required in 3 categories of domestic
building:
• dwellings which form part of a sheltered housing complex,
• buildings containing flats and maisonettes, and
• social housing dwellings.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
determine what supply is likely to be available and what pressure can be expected. It is
recognised that pressures will vary during the day and night over the year and perhaps in
future years. Therefore, it is imperative that the system is designed on the basis of what
the minimum pressure and flow is likely to be. If there is any doubt, a tank and pump
arrangement should be used.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended that housing developers should consult Scottish
Water and the suppression system contractor early in the design process. For example,
benefit could be gained through economies of scale with the agreed provision of a
communal water supply tank and pump(s).
e. for the structural use of concrete, BS 8110: Part 2: 1985, Section 4.3 ‘Tabulated data
(method 1)’.
• BS EN 1634-2: 2008, Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter
assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware, Part 2 – Fire
resistance characterisation test for elements of building hardware.
• BS EN 1634-3: 2004, Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter
assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware, Part 3 – Smoke
control test for door and shutter assemblies.
• BS EN 81-58: 2003, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts –
Examination and tests - Part 58: landing doors fire resistance test may be used in
accordance with Council Directive 95/16/EC of 29/6/1995 implementing the Lifts
Regulations 1997 (SI 1997/831).
• Any reference to European Standards for Structure (Structural Eurocodes) must be
taken to include the relevant UK National Annex:
• BS EN 1991-1-2:2002, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-2: General actions
– Actions on structures exposed to fire.
• BS EN 1992-1-2:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-2: General
rules – Structural fire design.
• BS EN 1993-1-2:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-2: General
rules – Structural fire design.
• BS EN 1994-1-2:2005, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
– Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design.
• BS EN 1995-1-2:2004: Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures – Part 1-2: General
rules – Structural fire design.
• BS EN 1996-1-2:2005: Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures – Part 1-2: General
rules – Structural fire design.
• BS EN 1999-1-2:2007: Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures – Part 1-2:
General rules – Structural fire design.
Table 2.9 Fire Resistance Duration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Construction Fire British British British European Test
resistance Standards Standards Standards Standards exposure
duration Load Integrity Insulation
bearing (mins) (mins)
capacity
(mins)
1. Structural frame, Short 30 None None R 30 Faces
column or beam exposed
Medium 60 None None R 60
on the
Long 120 None None R 120 inside
2. Separating floor or Short 30 30 30 REI 30 From the
any other floor, used underside
Medium 60 60 60 REI 60
as a protected route
of escape (2.0.6) Long 120 120 120 REI 120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Construction Fire British British British European Test
resistance Standards Standards Standards Standards exposure
duration Load Integrity Insulation
bearing (mins) (mins)
capacity
(mins)
3. Other than a floor Short 30 None None R 30 From the
in 2 or an underside
Medium 60 None None R 60
intermediate floor
within a flat or Long 120 None None R 120
maisonette
4. Separating wall or Short 30 [4] 30 30 REI 30 [4] Each side
an internal wall or separately
Medium 60 [4] 60 60 REI 60 [4]
screen used as a
protected route of Long 120 [4] 120 120 REI 120 [4]
escape (2.0.6) [1, 2]
5. Load- bearing wall, Short 30 None None R 30 Each side
other than a separately
wall in 4 Medium 60 None None R 60
Long 120 None None R 120
6. Fire door in a wall Short None 30 [6] None E 30 Sa [6] Each side
in 4 separately,
Medium None 60 [6] None E 60 Sa [6]
when
Long None 120 [5,6] None E 120 Sa fitted in
[5, 6] frame [7]
7. External wall more Short 30 [4] 30 None RE 30 [4] From the
than 1 m from a inside only
Medium 60 [4] 60 30 RE 60 and
boundary [1, 2]
I 30 [4]
8. External wall not Short 30 [4] 30 30 REI 30 [4] From the
more than 1 m from a inside only
Medium 60 [4] 60 60 REI 60 [4]
boundary [1, 2]
9. Horizontal cavity Short None 30 None E 30 From the
barrier [3] underside
10. Vertical cavity Short None 30 None E 30 Each side
barrier [3] separately
11. Ceiling in place of Short None 30 30 EI 30 From the
a cavity barrier (see underside
2.4.2b, 2.4.2c, 2.4.3)
Additional information:
1. An external wall includes any external wall used to protect routes of escape (see
clause 2.0.6) but excludes an unprotected area calculated in accordance with clauses
2.6.1 to 2.6.4.
2. Any door in an external wall, which is not included in the calculation of unprotected
area, should have the same fire resistance duration and the same test exposure as the
external wall.
3. In a timber stud wall or partition the following will also be deemed to have a short fire
resistance duration:
a. polythene sleeved mineral wool, or mineral wool slab, in either case under
compression when installed, or
b. calcium silicate, cement based or gypsum based board at least 12 mm thick, or
c. steel at least 0.5 mm thick, or
d. timber at least 38 mm thick.
4. If the construction is non load-bearing, none in the case of column 3, and no load-
bearing (R) in the case of column 6.
5. Medium fire resistance duration is sufficient for a fire door in the enclosing structure of
a fire-fighting shaft.
6. Unless the fire door is in an external wall or a lift door or pressurisation techniques
following the guidance in BS EN 12101: Part 6: 2005 are used, the fire door should
also either:
a. in the case of column 4, have smoke seals fitted unless the leakage rate does not
exceed 3 m³/m/hour, head and jambs only, when tested at 25 Pa according to
BS476:
b. Part 31: 1983 (Section 31.1) with AMD 8366/ November 1994, or
c. in the case of column 6, attain the additional classification of Sa when tested to BS
EN1634-3: 2001.
7. A lift door need only be tested from the outside.
• any part of a roof (other than a part of a roof pitched at an angle of 70º or more to the
horizontal) if that part is connected to an external wall;
• door frames and doors;
• insulation and water proofing materials used below ground level and up to 300 mm
above ground level;
• intumescent and fire stopping materials, fire barriers and cavity barriers where the
inclusion of the materials is necessary for compliance with the standards in Section 2
(Fire);
• membranes;
• seals, gaskets, fixings, sealants and backer rods;
• thermal break materials; and
• window frames and glass.
Notes:
1. Window frames and glass includes glazed curtain walls or glazing to balconies which
should retain any combustible interlayers in the event of a fire.
2. See clause 2.7.1 for guidance on service penetrations.
the lowest production, and/or flaming droplets/particles (d0, d1, d2), with d0 indicating the
lowest production.
When a classification (other than as specified in Regulation 8) in this technical handbook
refers to Class A2, B, C and D the sub-indices are deemed to include s3, d2 which means
there is no limit set for smoke production and/or flaming droplets/particles. Materials which
form part of an external wall cladding system (see clause 2.7.1) or specified attachment, of
a relevant building must achieve European Classification A2-s1, d0 or A1 in accordance
with BS EN 13501-1:2018 (see Section 0.8 Durability, workmanship and fitness of
materials).
Table 2.10 Reaction to Fire
European Fire Test Additional Classification
Classification [1] ation
Table 2.11 Roof Coverings: Penetration from fire and flame spread
Penetration Flame spread
A. Those specimens which have not A. Those specimens on which there is no spread of
been penetrated within 60 minutes flame
B. Those specimens which are B. Those specimens on which there is not more than
penetrated in not less than 30 minutes 525 mm spread of flame
C. Those specimens which are C. Those specimens on which there is more than
penetrated in less than 30 minutes 525 mm spread of flame
D. Those specimens which are D. Those specimens which continue to burn for
penetrated in the preliminary test more than 5 minutes after the withdrawal of the
test flame or spread of flame more than 375 mm
across the region of burning in the preliminary
test
1 2 3
Vulnerability British Standards European Standards
Medium a. Designation BA, BB, BC, CA, CB or CC when The material has
tested along with the substrate in accordance achieved a
with BS 476: Part 3: 2004, or classification of
b. A roof covering or rooflight of plastics materials Croof(t4) and Droof(t4)
which is a single-skin polycarbonate sheet not in accordance with BS
more than 3 mm thick or multi-skin EN 13501-5: 2016
polycarbonate sheet, or thermoplastic material, when tested to DD
a specimen of which when tested in ENV 1187: 2002 +
accordance with Method 508A in BS 2782: A1:2005, test 4.
1970 (1974), performs so that the test flame
does not reach the second mark within 2
minutes, the specimen thickness to more than
1.5 mm and not more than 3 mm.
High a. Any designation other than low or medium The material has
vulnerability, including for example, timber achieved a
shingles or thatch. classification of
Eroof(t4) and Froof(t4)
in accordance with BS
EN 13501-5: 2016
when tested to DD
ENV 1187: 2002
+A1:2005, test 4.
Section 3 (Environment)
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Site preparation – harmful and dangerous substances
3.2 Site preparation – protection from radon gas
3.3 Flooding and groundwater
3.4 Moisture from the ground
3.5 Existing drains
3.6 Surface water drainage
3.7 Wastewater drainage
3.8 Private wastewater treatment systems – treatment plants
3.9 Private wastewater treatment systems – infiltration systems
3.10 Precipitation
3.11 Facilities in dwellings
3.12 Sanitary facilities
3.13 Heating
3.14 Ventilation
3.15 Condensation
3.16 Natural lighting
3.17 Combustion appliances – safe operation
3.18 Combustion appliances – protection from combustion products
3.19 Combustion appliances – relationship to combustible materials
3.20 Combustion appliances – removal of products of combustion
3.21 Combustion appliances – air for combustion
3.22 Combustion appliances – air for cooling
3.23 Fuel storage – protection from fire
3.24 Fuel storage – containment
3.25 Solid waste storage
3.26 Dungsteads and farm effluent tanks
3.27 Water efficiency
3.28 Overheating risk
Annex 3.A Domestic Ventilation Guide
Section 3 - Environment
3.0 Introduction
3.0.1 Background
Water, air and soil are intricately linked and all can be affected by various forms of
pollution that affect our environment. Other issues such as condensation have been a
constant threat to people and buildings for many years.
Industrial change and demographic shift during the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in
large-scale re-organisation of our villages, towns and cities. Industries moved out or
disappeared altogether leaving large, 'brownfield', gaps in our landscape. At the same
time, changes in heating methods and the advent of the consumer society, have had a
significant effect on the type and volume of refuse it has been necessary to dispose of to
landfill. Inevitably, these changes have left behind a legacy of land contamination that in
some cases, may be harmful. The Scottish Government encourages the use of previously
developed land (brownfield) and local authorities may wish to promote brownfield land in
preference to greenfield land. Some of this land will be contaminated and will need to be
made safe.
Climate is controlled by the long-term balance of energy of the Earth and its atmosphere.
Natural events cause changes in climate but human activities can also change the climate.
The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities will
change the climate by enhancing the natural greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in
the Earth's average surface temperature resulting in heavier rainfall.
Indoor air quality complaints are frequently associated with comfort issues: high or low
temperatures, draughts, high or low humidity or poor lighting. However the incidence of
real indoor pollution should not be ignored, it is surprisingly common. The construction
quality of dwellings is improving with a resulting reduction of adventitious air infiltration
producing fewer air changes. Inadequate ventilation, inefficient filtration and poor hygiene
all contribute to poor indoor air quality.
Carbon monoxide (CO) gas has no smell, taste or colour and it kills dozens of people in
their homes every year. Many more suffer debilitating illnesses often without anybody
realising that they are being poisoned. CO gas is produced by combustion appliances
such as fires, boilers and water heaters. Any appliance that burns solid fuel, gas or oil and
that does not have a room-sealed balanced flue so that it is sealed off from the room, is
capable of poisoning you if it is not properly installed, maintained and serviced. The
highest incidence of CO poisoning occurs in domestic buildings.
Oil accounts for about a third of all reported pollution incidents in Scotland that are
investigated by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). That means around
500 to 600 pollution incidents a year with about 10 to 12% being serious. It is an offence to
cause pollution and courts now impose heavy fines. Although domestic pollution is low
compared with commercial and industrial buildings, it is important to ensure standards are
not lowered.
Disposal of wastewater and surface water also needs to be carefully considered to prevent
environmental pollution and uncontrollable run-off during periods of heavy rainfall leading
to flooding. The incorporation of water conservation measures in buildings can reduce
pressure on precious water resources by recycling water from certain types of appliance.
Recycling can also reduce the reliance on mains water and limit the amount of water
discharged thus alleviating the risk of flooding. The inclusion of ‘green roofs’ into building
design can also provide benefits to the environment and building owners alike. Although
viewed as mainly a vernacular building practice renewed interest is being shown in this
technique due to the diverse benefits that can be achieved, such as:
• run-off attenuation helps reduce sewer surcharging
• absorbs greenhouse gases
• absorbs air pollution
• protects the roof finish from mechanical damage and ultra-violet radiation, and
• provides additional insulation.
Solid waste has increased enormously in the last couple of decades and disposal to land
fill sites is creating severe problems. Recycling is now a priority.
3.0.2 Aims
The intention of this section is to ensure that, as far as is reasonably practicable, buildings
do not pose a threat to the environment and dwellings, and people in or around buildings,
are not placed at risk as a result of:
a. site conditions
b. hazardous and dangerous substances
c. the effects of moisture in various forms
d. an inadequate supply of air for human occupation of a building
e. inadequate drainage from a building and from paved surfaces around a building
f. inadequate and unsuitable sanitary facilities
g. inadequate accommodation and facilities in a dwelling
h. inadequately constructed and installed combustion appliances
i. inadequately constructed and installed oil storage tanks
j. inadequate facilities for the storage and removal of solid waste from a dwelling.
k. excessive heat gain in summer months.
3.0.5 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
3.1.0 Introduction
Land contamination is an unwanted legacy of Britain’s long industrial history. Part IIA of
the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (inserted by Section 57 of the Environment Act
1995) was introduced to enable the identification and remediation of contaminated land
from which contamination currently represents an unacceptable risk. Risks associated with
the land’s future use will continue to be dealt with under the planning and building
standards system. Some functions of Part IIA, planning and building standards regimes
may, at times, overlap.
Public registers - Part IIA adopts a ‘suitable for use approach’ that requires the current
risks to be assessed and remediated as required, for a site’s existing use. The primary
regulatory role for this rests with the local authorities. Local authorities and SEPA must
establish public registers to record all prescribed regulatory action taken under Part IIA.
The register will contain particulars relating to the remediation, as well as notifications of
the identification of contaminated land. The registers will expand as new information is
identified.
Section 78A(2) of the Act (as amended) provides a specific definition of ‘contaminated
land’ for the purpose of the Act. Land that is not ‘contaminated land’ as defined under the
Act may still contain harmful or dangerous substances and the following guidance should
be useful to the local authority in carrying out its other functions.
Pan 33 - land confirmed, or suspected of being contaminated is a material consideration
when local authorities determine planning applications. The key role of the planning
system is to ensure that all the ground included within the planning application is suitable
for the proposed future use. Conditions may be added to any permission given to ensure
the required remediation takes place. Planning Advice Note (PAN) 33 ‘Development of
Contaminated Land’ explains further the role of planning and includes useful cross-
references to other relevant publications and regimes.
Harmful or dangerous substances include deposits of faecal or animal matter and any
substance, or mixture of substances, which is, or could become, corrosive, explosive,
flammable, radioactive or toxic or which produces, or could produce, any gas likely to have
any such characteristic.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
contamination. Examples of land likely to contain contaminants can include, but are not
limited to:
• asbestos works
• chemical works
• gas works, coal carbonisation plants and ancillary by-products works
• industries making or using wood preservatives
• landfill and other waste disposal sites
• metal mines, smelters, foundries, steel works and metal finishing works
• munitions production and testing sites
• nuclear installations
• oil storage and distribution sites
• paper and printing works
• railway land, especially the larger sidings and depots
• scrap yards
• sewage works, sewage farms and sludge disposal sites
• tanneries, and
• petrol filling stations.
During a walk-over of the area there may be signs of possible contaminants. The
preliminary investigation can assist in the design of the exploratory and detailed ground
investigation. A detailed ground investigation may be necessary and should provide
sufficient information for the risk assessment and the design and specification of any
remedial work.
Risk assessment should be specific to each building site and take into account the
presence of source, pathways and receptors at a particular building site. Generic
assessment criteria may provide an indication of where further consideration of risk to
receptors is required. The selection of assessment criteria should take into account the
specific circumstances of the building site and the receptors that may be exposed.
Assessment criteria should be authoritative and scientifically based. Should a risk be
indicated then further consideration would be warranted. This may involve collection and
assessment of further information. Useful tools for undertaking detailed assessment of risk
are available e.g. CONSIM and CLEA. Reference should be made to SEPA and DEFRA
web sites which contain details of published and forthcoming guidance.
The Environment Agency (EA) manages an extensive research programme related to land
contamination. This programme is ongoing and a check should be made to ensure that the
most up-to-date guidance is used. The following are just some of the publications that may
be of interest:
• assessment of risks to human health from land contamination, an overview of the
development of soil guideline values: CLR 7
• priority contaminants report: CLR 8
• contaminants in soils, collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans:
CLR 9
• contaminated land exposure assessment (CLEA) model, technical basis and
algorithms: CLR 10
• land contamination risk assessment tools: an evaluation of some of the commonly
used methods: Technical Report P260
• secondary model procedure for the development of appropriate soil sampling
strategies for land contamination: R&D Technical Report P5
• technical aspects of site investigation: R&D Technical report P5.
Inert filling - means that the filling is wholly non-combustible and not easily changed by
chemical reactions
Sealing - means that a imperforate barrier is laid between the contaminant and the
building and sealed at the joints, around the edges and at the service entries. Note that
polyethylene may not be suitable if the contaminant is a liquid such as a tarry waste or
organic solvent
Ground treatment - may provide a more cost effective and environmentally sustainable
solution. Treatment may be the only option where the presence of structures or services
prevents excavation. Treatment processes can be biological, chemical or physical and be
undertaken either in-situ (contaminants are treated in the ground) or ex-situ (contaminated
material is excavated and then treated before being returned). The processes convert the
contaminant into a neutral form or render it harmless. There are also solidification and
stabilisation processes that can ‘fix’ contaminants in the soil so as to reduce the harm, and
thermal processes that alter the contaminant by incineration or by volatilisation. The exact
process to use will depend on the contaminant present and the soil type. Expert advice
should be sought.
CIRIA and the EA websites also contain useful data sheets on remedial treatment options.
may be more difficult to assess and manage contamination risks when dealing with new
work to existing buildings.
Site analysis and hazard identification are necessary to allow assessment of any
contamination risks posed to the construction. The susceptibility of construction to
aggressive contaminant attack generally depends on four conditions:
• presence of water
• contaminant concentrations
• contact between materials and contaminants, and
• material sensitivity.
Additional information:
1. The potential for chemical attack often depends on the presence of water as a
substance carrier.
2. Concrete, being an alkaline material is potentially vulnerable to attack from acids.
3.2.0 Introduction
Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive, colourless and odourless gas that is formed
where uranium and radium are present. It can move through cracks and fissures in the
subsoil, and so into buildings. The amount, or activity, of radon is measured in becquerels
(Bq). Where this gas occurs under a dwelling, the external walls contain it and the
containment of radon can build up inside the dwelling over the long term posing a risk to
health.
Breathing in radon gas for long periods increases the risk of developing lung cancer and
since people spend a high proportion of their time at home, concentration levels in
dwellings are very important. Although the risk is relatively insignificant for people visiting
or living for short periods in a dwelling with high levels of radon, long-term exposure can
increase the risk to the point where preventative action is necessary. To reduce the risk, all
new dwellings, extensions and alterations, built in areas where there might be radon
concentration, may need to incorporate protective measures.
Public Health England (PHE), formally the Health Protection Agency, is the primary
resource for advice about radon in the UK, and recommends that radon levels in homes
should be reduced if the average is more than 200 becquerels per cubic metre (Bq/m3).
Further information relating to radon levels, testing, sources and effects can be accessed
on the PHE's "UKradon" website at http://www.ukradon.org/.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion. (regulation 12, schedule
6).
3.3.0 Introduction
Flooding can be diverse, often site specific and brought about by a range of factors
including heavy rain, raised groundwater levels, increased rain water run-off and blocked
or surcharged drainage systems. It is also generally recognised that climate change may
play a major role in increasing the risk of flooding in the future, for example, local pluvial
(rainfall) flooding from more frequent short intense rain storms.
The effects of flooding on a building can include significant damage to materials, services
and structure. Contamination could result where waste water drainage is present in the
floodwater. Where there is a risk that flooding can affect a building it is important that any
proposed construction is designed to be more resistant or resilient.
Pressure for land development may mean that development may be given planning
approval on land subject to some risk of flooding. Where development is to take place on
land assessed by the planning authority as having a flood risk, advice should be sought
from sources such as the local planning authority, the Scottish Environment Protection
Agency (SEPA) and those responsible for coastal defences. Further guidance may be
obtained from the ‘Scottish Planning Policy SPP.
The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) provides flood risk information on
their indicative river and coastal interactive flood maps on their website -
http://www.sepa.org.uk/.
When near surface level groundwater is present on a building site there is the potential for
construction activity to affect it or for the groundwater to pose a hazard to any new
buildings. To reduce the risk to buildings from groundwater, subsoil drainage of a site may
be necessary to protect against penetration of groundwater through a building and
damage to the building fabric. Any existing drains that will be affected by the construction
of a building should also continue to function properly and guidance is provided under
Standard 3.5.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
3.3.1 Groundwater
New building sites should be initially assessed to establish the existing groundwater level
and any fluctuation to the established level brought about by seasonal effect, new
construction, excavations or other related activities.
Ground below and immediately adjoining a dwelling that is liable to accumulate
groundwater, at a level that could affect the structure or penetrate the building, requires
subsoil drainage or other dewatering treatment to be provided to mitigate against the
harmful effects of such water.
The drainage of groundwater may also be necessary for the following reasons:
• to increase the stability of the ground
• to avoid surface flooding
• to alleviate subsoil water pressures likely to cause dampness to below-ground
accommodation
• to assist in preventing damage to foundations of buildings
• to prevent frost heave of subsoil that could cause fractures to structures such as
concrete slabs.
The selection of an appropriate drainage layout will depend on the nature of the subsoil
and the topography of the ground. Field drains, where provided, should be laid in
accordance with the recommendations in clause 10 of BS 8301: 1985.
Surface water run-off to adjacent sites - with the removal of topsoil from a development
site, developers should be aware of the dangers from possible surface water run-off from
their building site to other properties. It is good practice to have procedures in place to
overcome this occurrence. Depending on conditions, the formation of channels or small
dams to divert the run-off or, where conditions are particularly serious, the installation of
field drains or rubble drains may overcome the problem.
The May 2007 CIRIA document ‘Improving the Flood Performance of New Buildings –
Flood Resilient Construction’ is a national document that provides design guidance on
suitable materials and construction details for use in low or residual flood risk
developments.
‘The Design Guidance on Flood Damage to Dwellings, 1996’. This document describes the
likely effects of flooding on materials and elements of the building and assesses various
forms of construction and measures to reduce the risk of flood damage in dwellings.
3.4.0 Introduction
Water is the prime cause of deterioration in building materials and constructions and the
presence of moisture encourages growth of mould that is injurious to health. Ground water
can penetrate building fabric from below, rising vertically by capillary action. The effects of
this rising damp are immediately recognisable. There may be horizontal ‘tidemarks’
sometimes several feet above the floor; below it the wall is discoloured with general
darkening and patchiness. There may also be loose wallpaper, signs of mould growth and
deterioration of plaster. Hygroscopic salts brought up from the ground tend to concentrate
in the ‘tidemark’.
Dwellings therefore need to be constructed in such a way that rising damp neither
damages the building fabric nor penetrates to the interior where it may constitute a health
risk to occupants.
Designers should be aware of the impact that climate change could have on the fabric of
buildings through increased rainfall and temperatures. Higher wind speeds and driving rain
should focus attention to improved design and quality of construction and to the protection
of the building fabric from long term dampness.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Concrete slab 100 mm thick with insulation, if Figure 3.2 Ground supported concrete
any, laid above or below the slab; with or floors 2
without a screed or floor finish.
Damp-proof membrane above or below the Figure 3.3 Ground supported concrete
slab or as a sandwich; jointed and sealed to floors 3
the damp proof course or damp- proof
structure in walls, columns and other adjacent
elements in accordance with the relevant ii.
clauses in section 3 of CP 102: 1973.
Suspended timber floor with or without Figure 3.6 Suspended timber floors 2
insulation as required. Floor joists carried on iii.
wall-plates supported as necessary by
sleeper walls with a dpc under the wall- iv.
plates. Permanent ventilator of the under
floor space direct to the outside air by
ventilators in 2 external walls on opposite
sides of the building to provide an open area
in each wall of either 1500 mm2 for at least
every metre run of the wall, or 500 mm2 for
at least every square metre of floor area,
this open area also being provided in
internal sleeper walls or similar obstructions
to maintain the under floor ventilation; the
ventilated space to be 75 mm in height from
the site covering to the underside of any
wall-plates and 150 mm to the underside of
the floor joists.
3.5.0 Introduction
The purpose of this standard is to ensure that existing drains continue to function properly
without causing harm to the building or to the health of the occupants.
Generally, public sewers are not permitted beneath buildings. Where it is proposed to
construct a building over the line of an existing sewer, the sewer should be re-routed
around the building. Permission will be required from the Water Authority for any work that
is to be carried out to a public sewer.
In exceptional circumstances, if it not possible to re-route an existing sewer away from the
dwelling, for instance if a gap building site in a terrace is being developed, the Water
Authority may permit a building to be constructed over an existing public sewer. Where it is
necessary to build over a public sewer, approval of the Water Authority will be required.
Disused drains and sewers offer ideal harbourage to rats and frequently offer a route for
them to move between the drains and the surface. They can also collapse causing
subsidence.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3.6.0 Introduction
Climate change is expected to result in more rain in the future and it is essential that this is
taken into account in buildings. It is essential that the surface water from buildings is
removed safely without damage to the building, danger to people around the building and
does not pose a risk to the environment by flooding or pollution.
Development of building sites generally leads to increased impermeable areas that can
significantly increase the amount of surface water run-off to be dealt with. The approach to
the disposal of surface water from buildings and hard surfaces clearly needs to be
considered at the earliest stage in the design and development process (see also the
Scottish Executive Development Department's Planning Advice Note No. PAN 61 -
Planning and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems).
For safety reasons it is essential that surface water is not permitted to collect or remain on
all access routes to buildings, particularly with elderly and disabled people in mind.
Ponding in winter can cause slippery surfaces that can be a hazard to pedestrians.
Controlled activities - the discharge of surface water is a controlled activity under The
Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005. Under these
regulations surface water discharges to ground or water (wetlands, surface waters or
groundwater) must be by means of a sustainable urban drainage system authorised by
The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Surface water discharge from a
single dwelling or its curtilage is permitted to be by other means.
In some localities there is growing pressure on water resources due to changes in the
climate and increasing expectations of personal hygiene. The introduction of conservation
measures, such as the collection of surface water for its reuse is strongly encouraged to
reduce the reliance on mains water.
Explanation of terms: Paved surface – means any constructed hard surface more than
50 m2.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the buildings as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
• clause 3.6.5, or
• the guidance in BRE Digest 365, ‘Soakaway Design’, or
• National Annex NA 4 of BS EN 752: 2008, or
d. a public sewer provided under the Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968, or
e. an outfall to a watercourse, such as a river, stream or loch or coastal waters, that
complies with any notice and/or consent by SEPA.
Discharge from a soakaway should not endanger the stability of the building. Damage to
the foundations is likely to occur where discharge is too close to the building and it is
sensible to ensure that any water bearing strata directs water away from the building.
Location of soakaway - to prevent such damage therefore, every part of a soakaway
should be located at least 5 m from a building and from a boundary in order that an
adjoining plot is not inhibited from its full development potential. However the volume of
surface water run-off, ground strata or permeability of the soil may influence this dimension
and it may be reduced, or indeed may need to be increased, to preserve the structural
integrity of the building.
Generally SUD systems are designed to utilise natural processes and regular monitoring
and maintenance will be needed to ensure the system as conceived is operating as
intended.
3.6.10 Testing
A surface water drainage system should be tested to ensure the system is laid and is
functioning correctly. Testing should be carried out in accordance with the guidance in BS
EN 1610: 1998.
3.7.0 Introduction
This guidance applies to wastewater systems that operate essentially under gravity. The
guidance to this standard provides recommendations for the design, construction and
installation of drains and sewers from a building to the point of connection to a public
sewer or public sewage treatment works.
The guidance should also be used for all pipework connecting to a private wastewater
treatment plant or septic tank.
Guidance on private wastewater treatment plants, septic tanks and infiltration fields is
provided to Standards 3.8 and 3.9.
Combined sewers - some sewers, called combined sewers, carry wastewater and
surface water in the same pipe. It may be appropriate to install a drainage system within
the curtilage of a building as a separate system even when the final connection is to a
combined sewer. This will facilitate the upgrading of the combined sewer at a later date.
Incorrect connections - the connection of wastewater drains to surface water drains is a
common occurrence during conversions and extensions in urban areas served by
separate drainage systems. Incorrect connections can cause chronic and severe pollution
of watercourses and a careful check should be made before final connection is made to
the appropriate drain.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3.7.9 Testing
A wastewater drainage system should be tested to ensure the system is laid and is
functioning correctly. Testing should be carried out in accordance with the guidance in:
a. National Annex NG of BS EN 12056-2: 2000, for sanitary pipework
b. BS EN 1610: 1998, for a drainage system under and around a building.
3.8.0 Introduction
A wastewater treatment system is an effective, economical way of treating wastewater
from buildings. It consists of 2 main components, a watertight underground tank into which
raw sewage is fed and a system designed to discharge the wastewater safely to the
environment without pollution. This is normally an infiltration field through which
wastewater is released to the ground, but when ground conditions are not suitable, a
discharge to a watercourse or coastal waters may be permitted. The infiltration field
provides secondary treatment and is often critical for protecting the environment from
pollution. Not all treatment plants treat to the same standard, for example, biological
treatment plants treat the wastewater to a much higher standard than septic tanks prior to
release of the wastewater thus reducing pollution and permitting a smaller infiltration field.
As there are many different types of treatment plants with varying degrees of efficiency,
then the type chosen should be selected for the effluent standard required to protect the
environment.
Although a septic tank is a basic form of treatment plant, it has been specifically mentioned
in the guidance to clarify the recommendations.
Package treatment plant is the term applied to a range of systems engineered to treat a
given hydraulic and organic load using prefabricated components that can be installed with
minimal site work.
Guidance on the construction and installation of drains discharging into private wastewater
treatment plants or septic tanks is covered by Standard 3.7.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
sewage treatment works in a limited area is undesirable. The guidance to Standard 3.9
deals with the infiltration system that should be constructed as an integral part of the
treatment plant or septic tank.
When sizing and selecting the wastewater treatment plant the designer should take full
account of all population loadings, effluent treatment standard, and also where
appropriate, any unusual pollution loads such as waste disposal units.
Domestic use of detergents and disinfectants is not detrimental but excessive use may
have a harmful effect on the performance of the sewage treatment works. The British
Water Code of Practice, Flows and Loads – 2, provides guidance on sizing criteria and
treatment capacity for small (maximum 1000 population equivalent) wastewater treatment
systems.
A private wastewater treatment plant and septic tank should be designed, constructed and
installed in accordance with:
c. the recommendations of BS EN 12566-1: 2000, for a prefabricated septic tank, or
d. the recommendations of BS 6297: 1983, or
e. the conditions of certification by a notified body.
unlikely event of there being leakage, it is sensible to ensure that any water bearing strata
directs any liquid away from the dwelling. To prevent any such damage therefore, every
part of a private wastewater plant and septic tank should be located at least 5m from a
dwelling.
Every part of a private wastewater plant and septic tank should be located at least 5m from
a boundary in order that an adjoining plot is not inhibited from its full development
potential.
3.8.7 Labelling
Every dwelling with a drainage system discharging to a private wastewater treatment plant
or septic tank should be provided with a label to alert the occupiers to such an
arrangement. The label should describe the recommended maintenance necessary for the
system and should include the following:
‘The drainage system from this property discharges to a wastewater treatment plant
(or septic tank, as appropriate). The owner is legally responsible for routine
maintenance and to ensure that the system complies with any discharge consent
issued by SEPA and that it does not present a health hazard or a nuisance’.
The label should be located adjacent to the gas or electricity consumer unit or the water
stopcock.
3.9.0 Introduction
The intention of this standard is to ensure that non-mains drainage systems are designed
and constructed to a standard so that the discharges from them do not contribute to
environmental pollution and will achieve statutory environmental standards. Subject to
discharge authorisation from SEPA, (see clause 3.8.5) wastewater from treatment systems
can either discharge to land via an infiltration system or to watercourses, lochs or coastal
waters. The guidance to this standard deals with discharges to land via infiltration systems.
The infiltration method will form a critical part of the treatment system and care must be
taken in the type, design and location chosen to avoid environmental pollution. The
guidance to this standard should be used in conjunction with the guidance to Standard 3.8
when designing wastewater treatment systems.
Several hundreds of wastewater treatment systems are thought to cause pollution
problems every year. These problems occur mainly because of poor location, poor
drainage field design or lack of maintenance.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
The preliminary assessment may indicate that the ground is unsuitable for the installation
of an infiltration system, in which case an alternative disposal method should be
considered.
Second, a trial hole should be dug to determine the position of the water table and soil
conditions. This trial hole will enable the sub-soil type to be determined. The trial hole
should be a minimum of 2 m deep, or a minimum of 1.5 m below the invert of the proposed
distribution pipes. The trial hole should be left covered for a period of 48 hours before
measuring any water table level. Subsoils that overlay bedrock allow water to move
through the pore spaces between the grains of material of which they are composed.
They are the first line of defence against pollution and act as a protecting filtering layer.
Where these materials are unsaturated, pollution attenuation processes are often
enhanced. Water flows through much of Scotland’s bedrock via fissures. Attenuation of
contaminants is limited in these cases. For safe and effective dispersal of the wastewater,
the groundwater and bedrock should be at least 1 m below the bottom of the distribution
pipes. It should also be noted that it is the seasonally highest level of the water table that
should be determined for the infiltration area.
Third, to determine the type of infiltration system and the area of ground required,
percolation tests should be carried out. These percolation tests should be carried out using
either of the following methods:
a. expert examination of the soil distribution analysis, using the method described in BS
1377: Part 2: 1990, or
b. expert in-situ testing using either the Constant Head or Tube Permeameter as
described in CEN/TR 12566–2–2005, or
c. excavate a minimum of two percolation holes, not less than 5 m apart along the line of
and below the proposed invert level of the effluent distribution pipe. Each hole should
be 300 mm square to a depth of 300 mm. Where deep drains are necessary, the holes
should conform to this shape at the bottom but may be enlarged above the 300 mm
level to facilitate safe excavation. Fill the 300 mm square section of the holes to a
depth of at least 300 mm with water and allow them to seep away overnight. It is
important to saturate the soil surrounding the test holes to simulate day to day
conditions in an operational drainage field. Next day, refill the test sections of the
percolation holes with water to a depth of at least 300 mm and observe the time (t) in
seconds, for the water to seep away from 75% to 25% full level. Divide this time by
150 mm. The answer gives the average time in seconds (Vp) required for the water to
drop 1 mm. Take care when making the tests to avoid unusual weather conditions
such as heavy rain, severe frost or drought. To obtain consistent results carry out the
test at least 3 times for each percolation hole and take the average figure.
The floor area of a sub-surface drainage trench required to disperse effluent from
treatment plants or septic tanks may be calculated from the following formula:
A= P x Vp x 0.25
A - is the area of the sub-surface drainage trench, in m2 p - is the number of persons
served by the tank, and
Vp - is the percolation value obtained, as described above, in secs/mm.
For wastewater that has received the benefit of secondary treatment followed by
settlement, this area may be reduced by 20%, i.e.
A = P x Vp x 0.2
Slow percolation rates - where the percolation value (as demonstrated by the percolation
test) is more than 100 secs/mm and not more than 140 secs/mm as:
a. a reed bed complying with the requirements of the BRE, Good Building Guide, GBG
42, Parts 1 and 2 together with a piped infiltration system described in sub-clauses (a)
and (b) with a normal percolation rate, or a suitable outfall, or
b. a constructed wetland, other than a reed bed, to a professionally prepared design and
constructed by specialist contractor(s), or
c. a proprietary filtration system designed, constructed and installed in accordance with
the conditions of a notified body, or
d. any other equivalent filtration system designed by a specialist in this subject and
constructed by specialist contractor(s).
Figure 3.10 Typical proprietary filtration system
Very slow percolation rates - where the percolation value (as demonstrated by the
percolation test) is more than 140 secs/mm:
a. as a system described under ‘slow percolation rate’ that does not use an infiltration
system for the final treated wastewater, or
b. for domestic sized buildings, by designing and constructing a mound filter system in
accordance with BR 478, 'Mound Filter Systems for the treatment of domestic
wastewater'.
3.10 Precipitation
Mandatory Standard
Standard 3.10
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that there will
not be a threat to the building or the health of the occupants as a result of
moisture from precipitation penetrating to the inner face of the building.
Limitation:
This standard does not apply to a building where penetration of moisture from
the outside will result in effects no more harmful than those likely to arise from
use of the building.
3.10.0 Introduction
Rain penetration shows up as damp patches, usually after heavy rain, on the inside of
external walls, around door or window openings or on ceilings. It can be difficult to pinpoint
the exact route the rainwater is taking. For example, a damp patch on a ceiling could be
the result of a faulty flashing or damaged felt on a flat roof some distance away from the
damp patch.
Similarly, unless they have adequate damp proof courses and flashings, materials in
parapets and chimneys can collect rainwater and deliver it to other parts of the dwelling
below roof level. Penetration occurs most often through walls exposed to the prevailing wet
winds, usually south-westerly or southerly. There is evidence that the amount of rainfall
has increased across much of Scotland. In addition, the majority of research indicates that
this trend may continue as a consequence of climate change.
There are numerous publications providing good practice guidance on methods of
preventing rain penetration to internal surfaces of buildings. BRE book ‘Roofs and Roofing
– performance, diagnosis, maintenance, repair and the avoidance of defects’ provides
helpful guidance for building professionals to address these problematic issues.
Explanation of terms - the following terms are included to provide clarity to their meaning
in the guidance to this standard.
A vented cavity means a cavity with openings to the outside air placed so as to allow
some limited, but not necessarily through air movement. The openings are normally
located at low level where they can also act as weep holes to drain water from the cavity.
A ventilated cavity means a cavity with openings to the outside air placed so as to
promote through movement of air. The openings should be located at high and low level.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion regulation 12, schedule
6).
• roofs with copper, lead, zinc and other sheet metal roof coverings require provision for
expansion and contraction of the sheet material. In 'warm deck' roofs, in order to
reduce the risk of condensation and corrosion, it may be necessary to provide a
ventilated air space on the cold side of the insulation and a high performance vapour
control layer between the insulation and the roof structure. It may also be helpful to
consult the relevant trade association
• walls or roofs incorporating cladding materials constructed in accordance with the
recommendations of the following British Standards or Codes of Practice:
Table 3.4 Wall and roof cladding materials
Wall type A (solid wall with internal Figure 3.11 Wall constructions - Type A
insulation) - solid wall, 200 mm thick of
bricks, blocks or slabs of clay, calcium
silicate, concrete or cast stone. Wall
rendered or unrendered externally.
Insulation and plasterboard internally, with a
cavity 25 mm wide.
Wall type B (solid wall with external Figure 3.12 Wall constructions - Type B
insulation) - solid wall as (A) above. v.
Insulation applied to the external surface of
the wall; protected externally either by
cladding (of sheets, tiles or boarding) with
permanent ventilation, or by rendering. Wall
with or without an internal surface finish of
plaster or plasterboard
Wall type B (cavity wall with cavity fill Figure 3.14 Wall constructions - Type B
insulation) - cavity wall as (A) above. Wall
rendered or unrendered externally.
Insulation applied as a cavity fill. Wall with
or without an internal surface finish of
plaster or plasterboard. This construction is
only recommended for sheltered conditions
Wall type C (cavity wall with partial fill Figure 3.15 Wall constructions - Type C
insulation) - cavity wall as (A) above. Wall
rendered or unrendered externally.
Insulation applied to either leaf as a partial
cavity fill so as to preserve a residual space
of 50 mm wide. Wall with or without an
internal surface finish of plaster or
plasterboard.
3.10.4 Extensions
Careful consideration should be given to the detailing of an existing wall of a building when
an extension is added. The outer leaf of a previously external wall will become an internal
wall and any moisture that enters the cavity could collect and cause serious damage to the
building. Where the building is located in an exposed location or where the existing
construction might allow the passage of rain either through facing brick or a poorly
rendered masonry wall, the use of a cavity tray along the line of the roof of the extension
may be appropriate. However in sheltered situations or where the detailing can prevent
damage to the building as a result of rain penetration a raggled flashing (chased into the
wall) may be sufficient.
Wall type C (sheet or panel cladding with/ Figure 3.18 Wall constructions - Type C
without ventilated cavity) - framed wall of
timber or metal studs and dwangs. Sheet or
panel cladding material of fibre cement,
plastic, metal, GRP or GRC. Insulation
applied either to the internal face of the
framing with permanent ventilation behind
any impervious cladding, or as an infill to the
framing; in either case the wall lined
internally with a vapour control layer and a
lining.
penetrate the outer leaf of an external wall and cavities are normally drained through weep
holes. These weep holes can also provide the necessary venting.
Roof type A (concrete - warm roof) - Figure 3.19 Roof constructions - Type A
flat roof structure of in-situ or precast
concrete with or without a screed; with
or without a ceiling or soffit. External
weatherproof covering; with insulation
laid on a vapour control layer between
the roof structure and the weatherproof
covering. [Note 1]
Roof type B (concrete - inverted roof) Figure 3.20 Roof constructions - Type B
- flat roof structure as (A) above.
External protective covering; with low
permeability insulation laid on a
waterproof membrane between the roof
structure and the external covering.
Roof type C (timber or metal frame - Figure 3.21 Roof constructions – Type C
warm roof) - flat roof structure of timber
or metal- framed construction with a
board decking 19 mm thick; with or
without a ceiling or soffit. External
weatherproof covering, insulation and
vapour control layer as (A) above. [Note
1]
Roof type D (timber or metal frame - Figure 3.22 Roof constructions – Type D
inverted roof) - flat roof structure as (C)
above. External protective covering,
insulation and waterproof membrane as
(B) above.
Roof type E (troughed metal decking Figure 3.23 Roof constructions - Type E
- warm roof) - flat roof structure of
timber or metal framed construction with
a troughed metal decking; with or
without a ceiling or soffit. External
weatherproof covering and insulation
and vapour control layer as (A) above.
[Note 1]
Roof type F (troughed metal decking - Figure 3.24 Roof constructions - Type F
inverted roof) - flat roof structure as (E)
above. External protective covering,
insulation and waterproof membrane as
(B) above.
Note 1.
Roof types A, C and E are not suitable for sheet metal coverings that require joints to allow
for thermal movement. See also sub-clause f of clause 3.10.1
Roof type A (slate or tiles - insulation Figure 3.25 Roof constructions - Type A
on a level ceiling) - pitched roof
structure of timber or metal framed
construction. External weatherproof
covering of slates or tiles on under
slating felt with or without boards or
battens.
Roof type B (slate or tiles - insulation on Figure 3.26 Roof constructions - Type B
a sloping ceiling) - pitched roof structure as
(A) above. External weatherproof covering
as (A).
Roof type C (slate or tiles - insulation on Figure 3.27 Roof constructions - Type C
decking) - pitched roof structure as (A)
above with a decking of low permeability
insulation fitted to and between the roof
framing. External weatherproof covering of
slates or tiles, with tiling battens and counter
battens (located over roof framing), and a
breather membrane laid on the insulation
decking; with a sloping ceiling.
Roof type D (metal or fibre cement sheet - Figure 3.28 Roof constructions - Type D
sandwich insulation) - pitched roof structure c.
as (A) above. External weatherproof
covering of metal or fibre cement sheet
sandwich construction laid on purlins; with
insulation sandwiched between the external
and soffit sheeting; and with or without a
ceiling. [Note 2]
Note 2.
Roof type D is not suitable for sheet metal coverings that require joints to allow for thermal
movement. See also sub-clause f of clause 3.10.
Standard 3.11
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that:
a) the size of any apartment or kitchen will provide a level of amenity that
ensures the welfare and convenience of all occupants and visitors, and
b) an accessible space is provided to allow for the safe, convenient and
sustainable drying of washing.
Limitation:
This standard applies only to a dwelling.
3.11.0 Introduction
Guidance on design of dwellings recommends that the size of individual rooms should be
dictated by the way a room should function and the activities that are to be accommodated
rather than by arbitrary rule of thumb areas. This design philosophy was included in a
report by Sir Parker Morris in the 1960s and is still relevant today.
Extending standards to address ‘liveability’ and the needs of occupants supports the
Scottish Government’s aim of promoting a more inclusive built environment and will better
address the changing needs of occupants over time. This approach to the design of
dwellings ensures that Scotland's housing stock can respond to the needs of our
population, now and in the future.
The provision, on one level, of an enhanced apartment, and kitchen under this standard,
together with accessible sanitary accommodation (Standard 3.12) and improvement to
circulation spaces (Standard 4.2) will assist in creating more sustainable homes.
The guidance in this standard and Standard 3.12, together with the guidance in Section 4,
Safety relating to accessibility, has been based around, and developed from, issues that
are included in ‘Housing for Varying Needs’ and the Lifetime Homes concept developed by
the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Drying of washing - from 1963 to 1986 the building regulations included a requirement for
the provision of drying facilities. This was removed in response to increased ownership of
specialised appliances and the vandalism of common drying areas in blocks of flats.
The re-introduction of space to allow washing to be dried other than by a tumble drier is
intended to encourage the use of more sustainable methods and thereby reduce carbon
dioxide emissions.
Recycling - designers should be aware of local authority initiatives on the recycling of
solid waste and useful cross-references are provided in the guidance to Standard 3.25,
Solid waste storage. Such initiatives may affect storage provision in a dwelling.
3.11.1 Apartments
Every apartment should be of a size that will accommodate at least a bed, a wardrobe and
a chest of drawers, this being the minimum furniture provision that may be expected in
such a room. Associated activity spaces for each item of furniture should be shown as in
the diagram below. A door swing may open across an activity space.
Figure 3.29 Activity Spaces
Additional information:
4. Activity spaces for furniture may overlap.
5. A built-in wardrobe space of equal size may be provided as an option to a
wardrobe.
Note 1: In some small dwellings (i.e. those with not more than 3 apartments) it may not
always be reasonably practicable to achieve the minimum length or width of 3 m. In such
one or two bedroom properties, either the length or the width may be reduced to not less
than 2.8 m, however, a floor area of at least 12 m2 should be maintained.
3.11.3 Kitchens
A dwelling should have a kitchen and, to be accessible, this should be on the principal
living level. Space should be provided within the kitchen to both assist in use by a person
with mobility impairment and offer flexibility in future alteration.
The layout should include an unobstructed manoeuvring space of at least a 1.5 m by 1.5 m
square or an ellipse of 1.4 m by 1.8 m. A door may open across this manoeuvring space
but a clear space of at least 1.1 m long by 800 mm wide, oriented in the direction of entry
into the room, should remain unobstructed, to allow an occupant to enter and close the
door.
A wall-supported worktop or similar obstruction, the underside of which is at least 750 mm
above floor level, may overlap the manoeuvring space by not more than 300 mm.
Figure 3.30 Space provision within a kitchen
Where a kitchen is within the same room as an apartment, the area of the kitchen should
be defined by a rectangle enclosing any floor-standing units, appliances and worktops. In
such cases, manoeuvring space for the kitchen may project into the apartment but should
not overlap with the separate manoeuvring space of an enhanced apartment.
A kitchen should be provided with space for a gas, electric or oil cooker or with a solid fuel
cooker designed for continuous burning. The space should accommodate such piping,
cables or other apparatus as will allow the appliance to operate. A cooker should have
an activity space to allow access to, and safe use of, an oven, as shown in the diagram
above. An activity space need not be provided in front of a hob or microwave oven.
Kitchen storage of at least 1 m3 should be provided either within or adjacent to the kitchen.
Additional storage may be required depending on the local authority’s recycling policy.
The location of the designated space should not restrict access to any other area or
appliance within the dwelling nor obstruct the swing of any door.
Guidance to Standard 3.14 provides information on the ventilation of indoor spaces
designated for the drying of washing.
3.12.0 Introduction
Sanitary accommodation that is more immediately accessible and offers both adaptability
and flexibility of layout gives a more sustainable solution that will simplify modifications to
the design and layout of dwellings, helping to reduce cost and disruption and better
enabling people to remain in their home as their circumstances change.
Although not recommending that sanitary facilities on the principal living level of a dwelling
be designed to an optimum standard for wheelchair users, it should be possible for most
people to use these facilities unassisted and in privacy.
Extending standards to address ‘liveability’ and the needs of occupants supports the
Scottish Government's aim of promoting a more inclusive built environment and will better
address the changing needs of occupants over time. This approach to the design of
dwellings ensures that Scotland's housing stock can respond to the needs of our
population, now and in the future.
The guidance in this standard and Standard 3.11, together with the guidance in Section 4,
Safety relating to accessibility, has been based around, and developed from, issues that
are included in ‘Housing for Varying Needs’ and the Lifetime Homes concept developed by
the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
The provision, on one level, of accessible sanitary accommodation under this standard,
together with an enhanced apartment, and kitchen (Standard 3.11) and improvement to
circulation spaces (Standard 4.2) will assist in creating more sustainable homes.
Lead in water - the human body absorbs lead easily from drinking water and this can
have a negative effect on the intellectual development of young children. Although mains
water supplies do not contain significant levels of lead, recent research studies have
shown that leaded solder plumbing fittings, normally used for heating systems, have been
used on drinking water pipework in contravention of the Scottish Water Byelaws 2004.
Further guidance can be obtained from Scotland and Northern Ireland Plumbing
Employers Federation (SNIPEF) and Scottish Water.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
• an activity space for each sanitary facility, as noted in the diagram below. These may
overlap with each other and with the manoeuvring space noted above. A door may
open over an activity space, and
• an unobstructed height above each activity space and above any bath or shower of at
least 1.8 m above floor level, and
• walls adjacent to any sanitary facility that are of robust construction that will permit
secure fixing of grab rails or other aids in the zones noted in figure 3.32 (all indicated
sizes are minimum dimensions), and
• where incorporating a WC, space for at least one recognised form of unassisted
transfer from a wheelchair to the WC.
Figure 3.31 Activity spaces for accessible sanitary facilities
Additional information:
1. Though commonly as shown, the activity space in front of a WC need not be parallel
with the axis of the WC.
2. Where allowing side transfer, a small wall-hung wash hand basin may project up to
300 mm into the activity space in front of the WC.
3. The projecting rim of a wash hand basin may reduce the width of a route to another
sanitary facility to not less than 700 mm.
4. A hand-rinse basin should only be installed within a toilet and only if there is a full-size
wash hand basin elsewhere in the dwelling.
Additional information:
5. Refer to manufacturer's information for suitable construction details for fixing or
securing plywood reinforcement to metal stud partitioning.
Removal of existing facilities - a sanitary facility that is not an accessible facility may be
altered or removed where the minimum provision for a dwelling, set out in clause 3.12.1, is
maintained.
Accessibility of existing facilities - however where activity spaces for existing sanitary
facilities come close to meeting either the current recommendations in clause 3.12.3 or the
previous guidance for an accessible toilet, they will still offer greater amenity to a wide
range of people and should be treated in the same way as accessible sanitary facilities
when considering altering or relocating as noted above.
The previous guidance for an accessible toilet sought an activity space, clear of any door
swing, of 800 mm wide x 750 mm deep in front of, but not necessarily centred on, the WC.
A small wall-hung wash hand basin could project into this activity space.
3.13 Heating
Mandatory Standard
Standard 3.13
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that it can be
heated and maintain heat at temperature levels that will not be a threat to the
health of the occupants.
Limitation:
This standard applies only to a dwelling.
3.13.0 Introduction
Heating in a building is necessary to provide suitable conditions in which to live. Heating,
ventilation and thermal insulation should be considered as part of a total design that takes
into account all heat gains and losses. Failure to do so can lead to inadequate internal
conditions, e.g. condensation and mould and the inefficient use of energy due to
overheating.
Whole house ‘central heating’ is now almost universal, particularly in new buildings and is
regarded as almost essential in combating problems such as condensation and mould
growth.
Normal activities within a dwelling add both heat and water vapour to the air. If the heating
maintains comfort levels in the whole at all times, condensation problems will be
minimised, but costs will be high. A reasonable compromise needs to be given to heating
and ventilation to reduce the possibility of such problems and guidance is provided for both
these issues in this sub-section. Section 6, Energy, provides guidance on the third issue,
thermal insulation.
This guidance covers dwellings only as the heating of buildings other than dwellings is
covered by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Every dwelling should have some form of fixed heating system, or alternative that is
capable of maintaining a temperature of 21 ºC in at least 1 apartment and 18 ºC
elsewhere, when the outside temperature is minus 1 ºC.
There is no need to maintain these temperatures in storage rooms with a floor area of not
more than 4 m2.
3.14 Ventilation
Mandatory Standard
Standard 3.14
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that ventilation
is provided so that the air quality inside the building is not a threat to the
building or the health of the occupants.
3.14.0 Introduction
Ventilation of a dwelling is required to maintain air quality and so contribute to the health
and comfort of the occupants. Without ventilation it is possible that carbon dioxide, water
vapour, organic impurities, smoking, fumes and gases could reduce the air quality by
humidity, dust and odours and also reduce the percentage of oxygen in the air to make the
building less comfortable to work or live in. So that contaminants do not exceed acceptable
levels and thereby endanger the health of the occupants, it is important that dwellings are
adequately ventilated. Research has shown that occupants of dwellings are, for the most
part, unaware of the standard of air quality within their homes. The lack of recognition of
poor air quality has frequently resulted in occupants not being aware of the need to open
ventilators or windows, particularly in bedrooms.
Well-designed ventilation has many benefits, not least financial and environmental, although it
is also recognised that inside air quality can only be as good as outside air quality and in
some cases filtration may be necessary. It is becoming more common, due in the main to
improved insulation standards and reduced levels of fabric infiltration, to specify continuous
mechanical systems to provide the ventilation solution for the building.
Ventilation can also have a significant effect on energy consumption and performance and
so thorough assessment of provisions for both ventilation and energy performance, should be
made, as uninformed choices may significantly affect both indoor air quality or the energy
efficiency of the building (see Section 6, Energy).
Ventilation should not adversely affect comfort and, where necessary, designers might wish
to consider security issues and protection against rain penetration prevalent in naturally
ventilated buildings when windows are partially open to provide background ventilation.
The impact of reducing air infiltration - improved insulation and ‘tighter’ construction of
buildings will reduce the infiltration and the level of natural air change.
Unless ventilation is maintained, this can increase the risk of poorer indoor air quality and
issues such as condensation and mould growth. Conversely, leaky buildings can be
draughty and uncomfortable. Sealing up air leaks improves comfort and saves energy whilst
proper ventilation keeps the indoor air pleasant and healthy. If poor attention to detail occurs
air leakage can account for a substantial part of the heating costs. Energy savings from
building ‘tighter’ could make significant savings on energy bills. There is a common
perception that ‘tight’ construction promotes indoor air pollution. However both ‘tight’ and
'leaky' buildings can have air quality problems. Though air leaks can dilute indoor pollutants,
there is no control over how much leakage occurs, when it occurs or where it comes from.
Occupants should have the opportunity to dry washing other than by a tumble dryer which
uses a considerable amount of energy. Drying of washing internally can generate large
quantities of moisture that should be removed at source to limit any adverse impact on the
building or its occupants.
In addition to the clauses below, further guidance on aspects of ventilation installations,
including controls, installation and commissioning of systems is provided with Annex 3.A –
‘Domestic Ventilation Guide’.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4,
the building as converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Designer may choose to provide evidence of the suitability of another option for any of the
above categories.
Supply air
Supply air for the dwelling should be delivered through either background ventilators
(options 1 & 2 above) or continuous supply fans (option 3 above). The minimum whole
dwelling ventilation rate for the supply of air to the habitable rooms in a dwelling should meet
both of the criteria given in table 3.5b below for ventilation, by number of apartments and by
overall dwelling floor area.
Notes:
1. Where the dwelling has only one habitable room (principal apartment), a minimum
ventilation rate of 13 litres per second is assigned.
2. For each additional apartment, add 6 litres per second to the values above.
3. The minimum ventilation rate 0.3 litres per second per m² of internal floor area. (This
includes all floors, e.g. for a two-storey building add the ground and first floor areas).
Background ventilator area
For the purpose of performance, the recommended areas for background ventilation (see
clauses 3.14.4 & 3.14.5) should be achieved by the use of ventilators that are sized by the
equivalent area, as determined using BS EN 13141-1:2019. When determining the
equivalent area, the whole ventilator installation, including the external grille or canopy,
should be considered as a single unit. Background ventilators should have the equivalent area
marked where it will be easily visible from inside the dwelling when installed, to aid
verification
Air flow within the dwelling
To enable effective air movement throughout the dwelling, ventilation should be provided
between rooms and circulation spaces. This is commonly achieved at each internal door
serving a ventilated space, providing a minimum free area equivalent to a 10 mm gap
beneath each door (minimum door widths are set out in clause 4.2.6). The underside of the
door leaf should be either:
• If the floor finish is fitted, 10 mm above the floor finish
• If the finish is not fitted, 20 mm above the floor surface.
Where the door is a fire door, this should not involve trimming of the door leaf, but instead
raising the leaf within the door set to provide the recommended gap. Alternatively,
equivalent ventilation provision can be made through the wall dividing each space.
Open-flued appliances
Care should be taken when installing mechanical extract systems where there is an open-
flued combustion appliance in the dwelling. Further guidance is provided in clause 3.17.8.
assurance that purge ventilation is capable of providing air change of at least of four air
changes per hour per room directly to outside.
Purge ventilation can be delivered through either openings (e.g. windows or doors) or by a
mechanical extract system with a suitable high extract rate. The latter may be more common if
there are environmental issues such as noise or pollution which make it more desirable to
provide occasional higher levels of ventilation via a mechanical extract system.
Where purge ventilation in a habitable room is delivered through openings in that room, the
minimum opening areas in Table 3.6 should be achieved. These are based on BS
5925:1991, and assumes all of the following:
• single-sided ventilation
• an urban environment
• a wind speed of 2.1 metres per second
• a temperature difference of 3 °C between the air inside and outside of the building.
Depending on the dwelling design or the external climate, it may be possible in other
circumstances to achieve 4 air changes per hour with smaller openings. If smaller openings
than Table 3.6 are specified, this should be supported by evidence from an appropriately
qualified person competent in such matters.
Table 3.6 - Purge ventilation openings to apartments
Opening type Minimum total area of openings
Hinged or pivot windows with an opening 1/10 of floor area of room
angle of 15 to 30 degrees.
External doors; Opening sash windows; 1/20 of floor area of room
Hinged or pivot windows with an opening
angle of greater than 30 degrees.
Note: hinged or pivot windows with an opening angle of less than 15 degrees are not
suitable for purge ventilation. Reference to opening angles relates to the presence of a
permanent restriction to a greater opening angle. To reduce the effects of stratification of the
air in a room, some part of the window(s) should be at least 1.75 m above floor level.
Table 3.7a - Minimum equivalent area of background ventilators for natural ventilation
Room Area of background ventilation
Apartment 12,000 mm²
Kitchen or utility room 10,000 mm²
Additional information:
1. Where the background ventilator is ducted, the recommended areas in the table should
be doubled to account for flow resistance within the ductwork.
2. The overall provision of background ventilation in a dwelling may be provided at an
average of 11,000 mm² per room with a minimum of 11,000 mm² for each apartment.
3. To reduce the effects of stratification of the air in a room, some part of the background
ventilator should be at least 1.75 m above floor level.
4. Further advice on the location of background ventilators can be found in Annex 3 A.
Extract ventilation
Intermittent mechanical extract fans should be fitted in each room where activities will
generate water vapour - kitchens, utility rooms, spaces for drying washing, bathrooms and
sanitary accommodation. Extract rates should be as set out below.
Table 3.7b - Minimum extract rates for intermittent extract ventilation systems
Room 1 2 Intermittent extract rate 3
Kitchen, extract above hob/cooker 30 litres per second
Kitchen, extract located elsewhere 60 litres per second
Additional information:
5. Where a room has both extract fan and background ventilators, these should be a
minimum of 0.5 m apart (within and outside the dwelling) to reduce the risk of ‘short
circuiting’ ventilation.
6. Refer to guidance to Standard 3.17 and OFTEC Technical Book 3 where an extract fan is
fitted in a building containing an open-flued combustion appliance.
7. In design of a system, where exhaust air terminals are in a location exposed to prevailing
winds, measures should be taken to minimise the adverse effect of wind on the extract
rate. This may include relocation of extract terminals to another location or the use of
constant volume flow rate units.
8. For a toilet (WC & WHB) provision of purge ventilation in accordance with clause 3.14.3 is
an alternative to intermittent mechanical extract.
It is noted that passive stack ventilation (PSV) can be used as an alternative to intermittent
mechanical extract in wet rooms. A passive stack ventilation system should be installed in
accordance with the recommendations set out in BRE Information Paper BRE IP 13/94,
noting that such systems are most suited for use in dwellings with a height of not more than 4
storeys as the stack effect will diminish as the air cools.
Work on existing buildings
Where infiltration rates in a dwelling exceed 10 m3/h/m2 @ 50 Pa, which may often be the
case in existing buildings, the size of background ventilation may be reduced to 8000 mm²
for apartments and 4000 mm² for all other rooms. Alternatively, the overall provision of
background ventilation in a dwelling may be provided at an average of 6000 mm² per room,
with a minimum provision of 4000 mm² in each apartment.
Table 3.8 - Minimum extract rates for continuous extract ventilation systems
Room 1 High/boost rate 2 Continuous extract rate 2
Kitchen 13 litres per second The total combined rate of
continuous mechanical
Utility room 8 litres per second extract ventilation should not
be less than the minimum
Bathroom or shower room 8 litres per second whole dwelling ventilation
rate for the dwelling as set
Designated drying area (see 3.14.10)3 8 litres per second out in Table 3.5b in Clause
3.14.2.
Sanitary accommodation (Toilet) 6 litres per second
Additional information:
1. Refer to guidance to Standard 3.17 and OFTEC Technical Book 3 where an extract fan is
fitted in a building containing an open-flued combustion appliance.
2. In design of a system, where exhaust air terminals are in a location exposed to
prevailing winds, measures should be taken to minimise the adverse effect of wind on the
extract rate. This may include relocation of extract terminals to another location or the use
of constant volume flow rate units.
3. Extract in a designated drying area which is not also another of the rooms described
above may operate only on an intermittent basis, controlled by a humidistat – see
clause 3.14.10. In such cases, it is excluded from the whole dwelling continuous
ventilation rate calculation.
Combustion appliances
Note that specialist advice must be sought if considering installation of an open-flued
appliance within a dwelling with continuous mechanical supply and extract ventilation to
identify and provide assurance on supply of air for combustion.
with an opening area of at least 1/5th of the floor area it serves. Although this is the minimum
recommended area, a greater area can provide more comfortable conditions particularly in
sunny weather.
Notwithstanding the recommended opening height of 1.75 m for ventilators, high level or roof
vents are best placed to minimise the effects of heat build-up and reduce stratification.
3.15 Condensation
Mandatory Standard
Standard 3.15
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that there will
not be a threat to the building or the health of the occupants as a result of
moisture caused by surface or interstitial condensation.
3.15.0 Introduction
Condensation can occur in heated buildings when water vapour, usually produced by the
occupants and their activities, condenses on exposed building surfaces (surface
condensation) where it supports mould growth, or within building elements (interstitial
condensation).
The occurrence of condensation is governed by complex interrelationships between
heating, ventilation, moisture production, building layout and properties of materials.
Condensation need not always be a problem, for example it regularly occurs on the inner
surface of the outer leaf of a cavity wall which receives very much more water from driving
rain. However excess condensation can damage the building fabric and contents and the
dampness associated with mould growth can be a major cause of respiratory allergies.
Condensation can also affect thermal insulation materials as the measured thermal
performance reduces with increased moisture content. For all of the above reasons the
control of condensation is an important consideration in building design and construction.
There are buildings designed and constructed for specialist activities, controlled
environments or factory processes that normally involve high humidity levels. The
guidance to this standard may not be fully appropriate for such buildings as their design is
generally by specialists and often involves distinctive construction methods and materials
required to produce buildings that are fit for purpose under the known conditions.
The effects of climate change may exacerbate problems of condensation in buildings
due to higher relative humidity. Higher winter temperatures combined with increased
vapour pressures could result in more severe problems, particularly in roof spaces. Very
careful consideration of the issues is essential and the correct detailing will therefore be
critical.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted must be improved to as close to the requirement of that standard as is
reasonably practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversions (regulation
12, schedule 6).
3.15.1 Condensation
A dwelling should be constructed to reduce the risk of both interstitial and surface
condensation in order to prevent damage to the fabric and harmful effects on the health of
people using the dwelling. The guidance given in BS 5250: 2002 ‘Code of Practice for the
Further guidance on acceptable thermal insulation may be obtained from BRE Report, BR
262, Thermal insulation: avoiding risks.
3.16.0 Introduction
The purpose of this standard is primarily to ensure that an adequate standard of day
lighting is attained in habitable rooms in dwellings to allow domestic activities to be carried
out conveniently and safely. A kitchen or toilet is not deemed to be a habitable room in
terms of the building regulations.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted must be improved to as close to the requirement of that standard as is
reasonably practicable, and in no case worse than before the conversion (regulation 12,
schedule 6).
3.16.2 Conservatories
A conservatory may be constructed over a translucent glazed opening to a room in a
dwelling provided that the area of the glazed opening of the internal room so formed is at
least 1/15th of the floor area of the internal room. There are other recommendations
relating to ventilation in clause 3.14.9 & 3.14.11 and the size of windows in Section 6,
Energy.
3.16.3 Extensions
An extension however constructed over a glazed opening to a room, because of its greater
solidity, can seriously restrict daylight from entering the dwelling and the existing room and
extension should be treated a single room.
The area of the translucent glazed opening to the extension should be at least 1/15th of
the combined floor area of the existing room and the extension. A new translucent glazed
opening should be provided to the existing room but, where this is not practicable, the wall
separating the 2 rooms should be opened up to provide a single space.
To ensure sufficient 'borrowed light’ is provided, the opening area between the existing
room and the extension should be not less than 1/10th of the total combined area of the
existing room and the extension. Clause 3.14.11, covering ventilation, also recommends
that the existing room and extension are treated as a single space.
3.17.0 Introduction
The guidance to this standard covers general issues and should be read in conjunction
with Standards 3.18 to 3.22 that are intended to reduce the risk from combustion
appliances and their flues from:
• endangering the health and safety of persons in and around a building
• compromising the structural stability of a building, and
• causing damage by fire.
The incorrect installation of a heating appliance or design and installation of a flue can
result in situations leading directly to the dangers noted above.
The installation of mechanical extract fans is not in itself dangerous but guidance on their
use has been included under this standard as their use with open-flued appliances can
cause problems. Extract fans lower the pressure in a building and this can cause the
spillage of combustion products from open-flued appliances. This can occur even if the
appliance and the fan are in different rooms. Combustion appliances therefore should be
capable of operating safely whether or not any fan is running (see clause 3.17.8).
Biomass as a solid fuel comes in different forms with the most common being woody
biomass. Wood burning appliance technologies are such that modern appliances are now
designed to efficiently burn specific wood fuel types including logs, wood chips, wood
pellets and wood thinnings.
Guidance that is given for solid fuel appliance installations may also be appropriate for
biomass appliance installations however, depending on the complexity of the system there
may additional issues to consider particularly in relation to safety, noise, flue sizing,
ventilation and fuel storage.
There is other legislation that relates to gas fittings, appliances, installations and their
maintenance and to the competency of persons who undertake such work (see clause
3.17.6).
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
The guidance to Standards 3.17 to 3.22 therefore applies to solid fuel appliances with an
output rating not more than 50 kW, oil-firing appliances with an output rating not more than
45 kW and gas-fired appliances with a net input rating not more than 70 kW.
• BS EN 303 - 5: 1999 'Heating Boilers. Heating Boilers with Forced Draught Burners.
Heating Boilers for Solid Fuels, Hand and Automatically Fired, Nominal Heat output of
up to 300 kW'.
The Heating Equipment Testing and Approval Scheme (HETAS) is an independent
organisation for setting standards of safety, efficiency and performance for testing and
approval of solid fuels, solid mineral fuel and wood burning appliances and associated
equipment and services for the UK solid fuel domestic heating industry. It operates a
registration scheme for competent Engineers and Companies working in the domestic
solid fuel market. The Official Guide to Approved Solid Fuel Products and Services
published by HETAS Ltd contains a list of Registered Heating Engineers deemed
competent in the various modules listed, e.g. for the installation, inspection and
maintenance of solid fuel appliances.
There are other organisations representing the solid fuel industry but neither they nor
HETAS have a mandatory status.
3.17.7 Labelling
Where a hearth, fireplace (including a flue box), or system chimney is provided, extended
or altered, information essential to the correct application and use of these facilities should
be permanently posted in the dwelling to alert future workmen to the specification of
the installed system. This also applies to cases where a flue liner is provided as part of
refurbishment work.
The labels should be indelibly marked and contain the following information:
a. the location of the hearth, fireplace (or flue box) or the location of the beginning of the
flue
b. a chimney designation string in accordance with BS EN 1443: 2003 (see clause
3.18.2) for products whose performance characteristics have been assessed in
accordance with a European Standard and that has been supplied and marked with a
designation as described in the relevant European Standard
c. the category of the flue and generic types of appliance that can safely be
accommodated
d. the type and size of the flue (or its liner)
e. the installation date.
Labels should be located in a position that will not easily be obscured such as adjacent to:
• the gas or electricity meter, or
• the water supply stopcock, or
• the chimney or hearth described.
A label, should be provided similar to the example below:
Figure 3.37 Safety Label
Extract fans lower the pressure in a dwelling and may cause the spillage of combustion
products from open-flued appliances. This can occur even if the appliance and the fan are
in different rooms. Ceiling fans produce currents and hence local depressurisation that can
also cause the spillage of flue gases. The presence of some fans may be obvious, such as
those on view in kitchens, but others may be less obvious. Fans installed in appliances
such as tumble dryers or other open-flued combustion appliances can also contribute to
depressurisation. Fans may also be provided to draw radon gas out of the under building.
In dwellings where it is intended to install open-flued combustion appliances and extract
fans, the combustion appliances should be able to operate safely whether or not the fans
are running.
The installation of extract fans should be in accordance with the guidance below, and
should be tested to show that combustion appliances operate safely whether or not fans
are running:
a. for solid fuel appliances, extract ventilation should not generally be installed in the
same room or alternatively seek further guidance from HETAS. However in certain
cases, such as large rooms where there is free flowing replacement air, a fan may be
fitted provided a satisfactory spillage test is carried out in accordance with BRE
Information Paper IP 7/94
b. for oil-firing appliances, limit fan capacities as described in OFTEC Technical Book 3
and then carry out flue draught interference tests as described in Book 3 or BS 5410:
Part 1: 1997
c. for a gas-fired appliance, where a kitchen contains an open-flued appliance, the
extract rate of the fan should not exceed 20 litres/second. To check for safe operation
of the appliance(s) the recommendations in clause 5.3.2.3 of BS 5440: Part 1: 2000
should be followed.
3.18.0 Introduction
The fire service attends many calls to chimney fires and other fires where a chimney
defect has allowed fire spread into a building. Whilst the guidance in this standard cannot
prevent fires, the structural precautions recommended help to limit the damage to flues
and thus prevent fire from spreading into the building.
It is essential that flues continue to function effectively when in use without allowing the
products of combustion to enter the building. Chimneys and flue-pipes are now tested to
harmonised European standards to establish their characteristics relative to safe
operation.
Very low flue-gas temperatures are achieved by modern, high efficiency appliances,
particularly during night conditions, thus causing condensation. Materials need to
withstand these aggressive situations.
Explanation of terms - The following terms are included to provide clarity to their meaning
in this Technical Handbook.
Chimney – a structure enclosing 1 or more flues, but not a flue-pipe, and including any
openings for the accommodation of a combustion appliance, but does not include a
chimney terminal
Custom-built chimney – chimney that is installed or built on-site using a combination of
compatible chimney components that may be from 1 or different sources
Double-walled chimney – chimney consisting of a flue liner and an outer wall
Factory-made chimney – see system chimneys
Flue – passage for conveying the products of combustion to the outside atmosphere
Flue-block – factory-made chimney components with 1 or more flues
Flue liner – wall of a chimney consisting of components the surface of which is in contact
with products of combustion
Flue-pipe – (correctly termed ‘connecting flue-pipe’) is a pipe, either single walled
(insulated or non-insulated) or double-walled, that connects a combustion appliance to a
flue in a chimney
Additional information:
The pressure designation N2 is regarded as the most likely specification to apply in the oil
industry for both vaporising and pressure jet appliances. Most pressure jet appliances only
generate adequate pressure to overcome flow resistance within the appliance so that the
products of combustion entering the chimney will be at a negative pressure with respect to
the atmosphere. Thus the appliance can be safely used with chimneys and flue-pipes with
negative pressure designation. In the event that an appliance design produces a positive
pressure at the outlet of the appliance, it is the manufacturer’s responsibility to inform the
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installer that a chimney with a positive designation should be used. If there is any doubt,
the more onerous designation P2 should apply.
The appliance manufacturer’s instructions should always be checked. They may specify a
higher designation.
Table 3.8 Recommended designation for chimneys and flue-pipes for use with gas
appliances
Additional information:
The pressure designation P2 is regarded as the default specification. However the
chimney can often generate an adequate natural draught, so that the appliance can be
safely used with chimneys and flue-pipes with the negative pressure designation even for
many fanned draught gas appliances, including condensing boilers that may otherwise
have positive pressure at the outlet to the flue. The draught generated in a chimney may
be calculated according to BS EN 13384-1: 2002. If there is any doubt, and/or unless the
appliance manufacturer specifies N2, the designation P2 should apply.
3.18.5 Flue-pipes
A flue-pipe should be of a material that will safely discharge the products of combustion
into the flue under all conditions that will be encountered. A flue-pipe serving a solid fuel
appliance should be non-combustible and of a material and construction capable of
withstanding the effects of a chimney fire without any structural change that would impair
the stability and performance of the flue-pipe.
Flue-pipes should be manufactured from the materials noted below:
a. cast iron pipe to BS 41: 1973 (1988)
b. mild steel at least 3 mm thick, to Section 1.1 of BS 1449: Part 1: 1991
c. vitreous enamelled steel to BS 6999: 1989
d. stainless steel designated Vm - L50100, in accordance with BS EN 1856-2: 2005 or
Vm - Lxxxxx for oil or gas applications
e. any other material approved and tested under the relevant conditions of a notified
body.
Flue-pipes should have the same diameter or equivalent cross sectional area as that of the
appliance flue outlet and should be to the size recommended by the appliance
manufacturer. It should be noted that oversized flue-pipes can cause condensation
problems in modern, highly efficient oil and gas fired boilers.
A flue-pipe connecting a solid fuel appliance to a chimney should not pass through:
a. a roof space
b. an internal wall, although it is acceptable to discharge a flue-pipe into a flue in a
chimney formed wholly or partly by a non-combustible wall
c. a ceiling or floor. However it is acceptable for a flue-pipe to pass through a ceiling or
floor where they are non-combustible and the flue-pipe discharges into a chimney
immediately above.
Stainless steel flexible flue liners meeting BS EN 1856-2: 2005 may be used for lining or
relining flues for oil and gas appliances, and for lining flues for solid fuel applications
provided that the designation is in accordance with the intended application. These should
be installed in accordance with their manufacturer’s instructions.
Single skin, stainless steel flexible flue liners may be used for lining flues for gas and oil
appliances. These should be installed in accordance with their manufacturer’s instructions.
Double skin, stainless steel flexible flue liners for multi-fuel use should be installed in
accordance with their manufacturer’s instructions.
Existing custom-built masonry chimneys may be lined or re-lined by one of the following
flue liners:
• flexible, continuous length, single-skin stainless steel for lining or re-lining chimney
flues for C2 oil and gas installations designated T250
• flexible, continuous length, double-skin stainless steel for lining or re-lining systems
designated T400 for multi-fuel installations
• insulating concrete pumped in around an inflatable former
• spray-on or brush-on coating by specialist.
Existing chimneys for solid fuel applications may also be relined using approved rigid
metal liners or single-walled chimney products, an approved cast-insitu technique or an
approved spray-on or brush-on coating. Approved products are listed in the HETAS Guide.
Masonry liners for use in existing chimneys should be installed in accordance with their
manufacturer’s instructions. Appropriate components should be selected to form the flue
without cutting and to keep joints to a minimum. Bends and offsets should only be
formed with factory-made components. Liners should be placed with the sockets or rebate
ends uppermost to contain moisture and other condensates in the flue. In the absence of
specific liner manufacturer’s instructions to the contrary, the space between the lining and
the surrounding masonry could be filled with a weak insulating concrete.
The corrosion resistance of a metal liner may be specified, according to BS EN 1856-1,
by either:
a. a corrosion test method, which leads to a value of either V1, V2 or V3, or
b. by a material specification code Vm - Lxxxxx where the first 2 digits represent a
material type as quoted in BS EN 1856-1, Table 4 and the last 3 digits represent the
material thickness.
Acceptable material specifications may be taken from the national Annex to BS EN 1856-
1. For example, an acceptable material code for solid fuel, oil or gas, would be Vm -
L50040 representing a material type 50 with a thickness of 0.40 mm.
3.19.0 Introduction
Combustion appliances and their component parts, particularly solid fuel appliance
installations, generate or dissipate considerable temperatures. Certain precautions need to
be taken to ensure that any high temperatures are not sufficient to cause a risk to people
and the building. The characteristics of solid fuel and some older style oil-firing appliances
are more onerous than modern oil and gas-fired appliances.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
BS EN 1806: 2000 relates to clay flue-block chimneys but does not give a value for
distances to combustible materials. These types of chimneys therefore should be regarded
as custom built chimneys and the minimum values in this clause 3.19.1 or clause 3.19.2
should be used and declared.
BS EN 1806: 2000 relates to clay flue-block chimneys but does not give a value for
distances to combustible materials. These types of chimneys therefore should be regarded
as a custom built chimneys and the minimum values in this clause 3.19.1 or clause 3.19.2
should be used and declared.
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There should also be a separation distance where the metal chimney runs in close
proximity to combustible material. The separation distance should be 25 mm from the
outer surface of a single-walled chimney to combustible material. The 25 mm should be
measured from the surface of the inner wall of a double-walled chimney. There is no need
for a separation distance if the flue gases are not likely to exceed 100 ºC.
Figure 3.41 Section through double-walled Chimney (horizontal)
Not only should a solid fuel appliance sit on a hearth, but the appliance itself should also
be located on the hearth such that protection will be offered from the risk of ignition of the
floor by direct radiation, conduction or falling embers. The solid fuel appliance should be
located on a hearth in accordance with the following diagram:
Figure 3.44 Appliance location
The 150 mm does not apply where the appliance is located in a fireplace recess, nor does
it apply where the back or sides of the hearth either abut or are carried into a solid, non-
combustible wall complying with clause 3.19.8.
A solid fuel appliance may sit on a superimposed hearth provided the hearth is positioned
partly or wholly on a constructional hearth. The superimposed hearth should be of solid,
non-combustible material, usually decorative, and be at least 50 mm thick in accordance
with the following diagram:
Additional information:
1. SUPERIMPOSED HEARTH means a finish of solid, non-combustible material, usually
decorative, at least 50 mm thick and positioned on a constructional hearth.
2. There need not be a 150 mm separation where the appliance is located in a fireplace
recess, nor where the back or sides of the hearth either abut or are carried into a solid,
non-combustible wall complying with clause 3.19.8.
3. At least 225 mm for a closed appliance.
4. At least 300 mm for an open appliance and for a closed appliance that may properly
be used with its front open.
5. No part of the appliance should project over any edge of the constructional hearth.
6. At least 150 mm to combustible material measured horizontally.
The 150 mm does not apply where the appliance is located in a fireplace recess, nor does
it apply where the back or sides of the hearth either abut or are carried into a solid, non-
combustible wall complying with clause 3.19.8.
An oil-firing appliance should be separated from any combustible material if the
temperature of the back, sides or top of the appliance is more than 100 ºC under normal
working conditions. Separation may be by:
a. a shield of non-combustible material at least 25 mm thick, or
b. an air space of at least 75 mm.
OFTEC Standard OFS A100 for boilers, OFS A101 for cookers and OFS A102 for room
heaters defines suitable tests for measuring the temperature of the back, sides and top of
an oil-firing appliance.
The 150 mm does not apply where the appliance is located in a fireplace recess, nor does
it apply where the back or sides of the hearth either abut or are carried into a solid, non-
combustible wall complying with clause 3.19.8.
However a hearth need not be provided:
a. where every part of any flame or incandescent material in the appliance is at least
225 mm above the floor, or
b. where the appliance is designed not to stand on a hearth, such as a wall mounted
appliance or a gas cooker.
A gas-fired appliance should be separated from any combustible material if the
temperature of the back, sides or top of the appliance is more than 100 ºC under normal
working conditions. Separation may be by:
1. a shield of non-combustible material at least 25 mm thick, or
2. an air space of at least 75 mm.
Figure 3.48 Plan of appliance on a hearth (separation)
Additional information:
1. There is no requirement for protection of the wall where X is more than 150 mm.
All combustible material under a constructional hearth should be separated from the
hearth by an air space of at least 50 mm. However an air space is not necessary where:
a. the combustible material is separated from the top surface of the hearth by solid, non-
combustible material of at least 250 mm, or
b. the combustible material supports the front and side edges of the hearth.
Figure 3.50 Section through hearth
3.20.0 Introduction
The guidance to this standard includes design and construction issues relating to
chimneys and flues. In 2010-11 Fire fighters attended 1565 chimney fires in Scotland. The
main cause of these fires was inadequate maintenance of the chimneys, including routine
cleaning of flues.
Combustion appliances fuelled by solid fuel, oil or gas all have the potential to cause
carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning if they are poorly installed or commissioned,
inadequately maintained or incorrectly used. Inadequate ventilation or a lack of the correct
maintenance of appliances, flues and chimneys are the main causes of CO poisoning.
Poisonous CO gas is produced when fuel does not burn properly. Incidents of poisoning
can also occur through deterioration of the structure of the flue or chimney. Every year in
Scotland there are fatalities from CO poisoning directly attributed to combustion
appliances installed in buildings. In addition to these deaths there are also a considerable
number of incidents where people are treated in hospital for the effects of CO poisoning. In
some cases CO poisoning can result in serious and permanent injury to persons affected.
Where CO gas may occur within a building early detection and warning can play a vital role
in the protection and safety of the occupants. This is particularly important in buildings with
sleeping accommodation.
Incorrect sizing of flues can also have serious repercussions. If a flue is too small, an
insufficient volume of air will pass through it and this may lead to spillage of combustion
gases. Too large a flue will slow down the flow of combustion gases and this may also
lead to spillage.
The use of fanned flues allows combustion appliances to be located away from external
walls. In such installations the flues can often be concealed within ceiling or wall voids
making it difficult to determine whether the flue is still in good condition when an appliance
is serviced or maintained.
Damaged or poorly maintained flues can allow CO gases to escape from the flue before
the intended termination point. Therefore flues passing through a building should be
minimised. Where it is not possible to avoid a flue passing through the building the route of
the flue should be carefully considered to minimise the risk to occupants.
b. where the oil-firing appliance burns Class D fuel, the inner surfaces of the chimney or
flue-pipe should not be manufactured from aluminium.
The flue gas temperatures are quoted in manufacturer’s product data and can be
measured in accordance with OFTEC Appliance Standard OFS A100 for boilers, OFS
A101 for cookers or OFS A102 for room heaters.
Additional information:
1. Closed appliance includes cookers, stoves, room heaters and boilers. Smokeless fuel
means solid mineral fuel that produces combustion products containing particulate
matter that does not exceed a specified low amount.
2. Any chimney pot or open-topped terminal must maintain the same cross-sectional
area as the flue. Any covered terminal should have side outlets with a total free area
twice that of the flue.
3. Specialist advice should be sought when proposing to construct flues with an area of
more than 120000 mm2 or 15% of the total face area of the fireplace opening.
4. Figure 3.49 should only be used for the range of sizes shown within the shaded area.
5. Fire size is related to the free opening area at the front of the fireplace opening.
Figure 3.51 Flue sizing for larger solid fuel open fires
The flue of a natural draught appliance, such as a traditional solid fuel appliance, should
offer the least resistance to the passage of combustion gases. Resistance can be
minimised by restricting the number of bends and horizontal runs should only be
incorporated on back-entry appliances.
The horizontal length of the back-entry flue pipe at the point of discharge from the
appliance should be not more than 150 mm.
Figure 3.53 Flue-pipe connection to back-entry solid fuel appliance
Where bends are essential, they should be angled at not more than 45º to the vertical.
Additional information:
1. Horizontal dimensions are to the surface surrounding the flue.
2. Vertical dimensions are to the top of the chimney terminal.
Flue terminals in close proximity to roof coverings that are easily ignitable, such as thatch
or shingles, should be located outside Zones A and B in the following diagram:
Figure 3.55 Combustible roof coverings
Table 3.13 Location of flue terminals relative to easily ignitable roof coverings
Location of flue terminals relative to easily ignitable
Location
roof coverings
Additional information:
1. Appliances burning Class D oil should discharge the flue gases at least 2 m above
ground level.
Additional information:
1. Notwithstanding the dimensions in the table, a terminal serving a natural draught and
fanned draught appliance of more than 3 kW heat input, should be at least 300 mm
and 150 mm respectively from combustible material.
2. Where a natural draught flue terminates not more than 1 m below a plastic projection
or not more than 500 mm below a projection with a painted surface, then a heat shield
at least 1 m long should be fitted.
3. This dimension may be reduced to 75 mm for appliances of up to 5 kW heat input.
4. The products of combustion should be directed away from discharging across a
boundary.
5. The distance from a fanned draught appliance terminal installed at right angles to a
boundary may be reduced to 300 mm in accordance with diagram 2 to clause 3.20.17.
6. The distance of a fanned flue terminal located directly opposite an opening in a
building should be at least 2 m.
7. Vertical structure includes a chimney-stack, dormer window, tank room, lift motor room
or parapet.
8. 1500 mm if measured to a roof terminal, otherwise as Table 2 in BS 5440-1: 2000.
9. To manufacturer’s instructions.
10. As Table 2 in BS 5440-1: 2000.
11. n/all = not allowed. n/app = not applicable.
The guidance in this clause takes account of the audibility levels in adjoining rooms and
the effect of carbon monoxide moving throughout the building. Carbon monoxide detectors
should include an integral sounder.
A carbon monoxide detection system to alert occupants to the presence of carbon
monoxide should consist of at least:
• 1 carbon monoxide detector in every space containing a fixed combustion appliance
(excluding an appliance used solely for cooking), and
• 1 carbon monoxide detector to provide early warning to high risk accommodation, that
is, a bedroom or principal habitable room, where a flue passes through these rooms.
Unless otherwise indicated by the manufacturer, carbon monoxide detectors should be
either:
• ceiling mounted and positioned at least 300 mm from any wall, or
• wall mounted and positioned at least 150 mm below the ceiling and higher than any
door or window in the room.
Carbon monoxide detectors in the space containing the combustion appliance should be
sited between 1 m and 3 m from the appliance.
Note: where the combustion appliance is located in a small space it may not be possible to
locate the detector within that space. In such circumstances the detector may be located at
the appropriate distance outwith the space.
A carbon monoxide detector should not be sited:
• in an enclosed space (for example in a cupboard or behind a curtain)
• where it can be obstructed (for example by furniture)
• directly above a sink
• next to a door or window
• next to an extract fan
• next to an air vent or similar ventilation opening
• in an area where the temperature may drop below -10°C or exceed 40°C, unless it is
designed to do so
• where dirt and dust may block the sensor
• in a damp or humid location, or
• in the immediate vicinity of a cooking appliance.
Additional guidance on the siting of carbon monoxide detectors, including enhanced
coverage, can be found in BS EN 50292:2002.
The provision of a carbon monoxide detection system should not be regarded as a
substitute for the correct installation and regular servicing of a combustion appliance.
3.21.0 Introduction
All combustion appliances need ventilation to supply them with oxygen for combustion.
This air, which must be replaced from outside the dwelling, generally comes from the room
in which the combustion appliance is located although many appliances are now located in
specially constructed cupboards or appliance compartments. Ventilation of these
cupboards or appliance compartments is essential to ensure proper combustion.
Ventilation is also needed to ensure the proper operation of flues, or in the case of flueless
appliances, to ensure the products of combustion are safely dispersed to the outside air.
Failure to provide adequate replacement air to a room can result in the accumulation of
poisonous carbon monoxide fumes.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Additional information:
1. THROAT means the contracted part of the flue lying between the fireplace opening
and the main flue.
2. Where a draught stabiliser is fitted to a solid fuel appliance, or to a chimney or flue-
pipe in the same room as a solid fuel appliance, additional ventilation opening should
be provided with a free area of at least 300 mm2/kW of solid fuel appliance rated
output.
3. Nominal fire size is related to the free opening width at the front of the fireplace
opening.
3.22.0 Introduction
In some cases, combustion appliances may need air for cooling in addition to air for
combustion. This air will keep control systems in the appliance at a safe temperature and/
or ensure that casings remain safe to touch.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3.23.0 Introduction
The guidance on oil relates only to its use solely where it serves a combustion appliance
providing space heating or cooking facilities in a building. There is other legislation
covering the storage of oils for other purposes. Heating oils comprise Class C2 oil
(kerosene) or Class D oil (gas oil) as specified in BS 2869: 2006.
It is considered unlikely that a fire will originate from the stored oil. It is the purpose of this
guidance therefore, to ensure that a fire that may originate from a building, or other
external source, is not transferred to the tank contents, or if a fire does occur, its effects
are limited.
The acceptance of climate change and the environmental policies put in place to mitigate
its impact are pushing the commercial introduction of renewable energy technologies to
displace the use of fossil fuels and the related combustion emissions of greenhouse
gases. Woody biomass can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels and in some EU
countries biomass fuel is the principal source of renewable energy for heating applications.
The carbon dioxide emitted when biomass is burnt can be considered to be offset by the
carbon dioxide absorbed as trees grow. Whilst this does not compensate for the energy
used in processing the wood for fuel, the carbon dioxide emissions are considerably less
than those of fossil fuels.
The use of woody biomass, in the form of wood chips, wood pellets and logs may offer a
viable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly in areas not served by the gas grid, although
the supply and distribution of chips and pellets is, as yet, still developing with increasingly
more suppliers available.
Information of the different types of woody biomass fuel can be found on the BSD website
under: ‘Storage of woody biomass fuel for heating equipment’.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Additional information:
1. BARRIER means an imperforate, non-combustible wall or screen at least 300 mm
higher and extending 300 mm beyond either end of the tank, constructed so as to
prevent the passage of direct radiated heat to the tank.
2. See Section 2, Fire, annex 2.B.1.
Additional information:
1. BARRIER means an imperforate, non-combustible wall or screen at least 300 mm
higher than and extending 300 mm beyond either end of the container constructed so
as to prevent the passage of direct radiated heat.
2. See Section 2, Fire, annex 2.B.1.
Protection for pellets - wood pellets can be damaged during delivery thus producing dust
that can cause an explosion and precautions need to be taken to reduce this risk. Once a
year any dust that has collected in the store should be removed.
Storage containers for wood pellets, where they are to be pumped from a transporter to
the container, should include a protective rubber mat over the wall to reduce the damage
to the pellets when they hit the wall. Containers should have an outward opening door
incorporating containment to prevent the pellets escaping when the door is opened.
Automated supply - to maintain fire proof storage and prevent back-burning, there should
be an interruption to the fuel transport system normally by use of a star-feeder or chute for
the fuel to fall into the boiler. The installation should be in accordance with the safety
standards described in BS EN 303-5: 1999.
Small installations - delivery of woody biomass fuel in bags would only be economical for
small installations such as the suggestion in the guidance to Standard 6.2 for the use of a
small woody biomass stove or boiler as secondary heating providing 10% of the annual
heating demand. The woody biomass fuel should be stored separately from the boiler that
the fuel feeds for fire safety reasons.
3.24.0 Introduction
Oil is a common and highly visible form of water pollution. Because of the way it spreads,
even a small quantity can cause a lot of harm to the aquatic environment. Oil can pollute
rivers, lochs, groundwater and coastal waters killing wildlife and removing vital oxygen
from the water.
Oil is a ‘List I’ substance within the meaning of the EC Groundwater Directive (80/68/EEC).
The UK government is required by this directive to prevent List I substances from entering
groundwater and to prevent groundwater pollution by List II substances.
The storage of oil is a controlled activity under the Water Environment (Controlled
Activities)(Scotland) Regulations 2005 and will be deemed to be authorised if it complies
with The Water Environment (Oil Storage)(Scotland) Regulations 2006. Enforcement is by
SEPA.
Explanation of terms - The following terms are included below to provide clarity to their
meaning in this Technical Handbook.
Catchpit - means a pit, without a drain, which is capable of containing 110% of the
containers storage capacity with base and walls that are impermeable to water and oil.
Integrally bunded tank - means a tank together with a catchpit manufactured as a self-
contained unit.
Woody biomass fuel is unlikely to be locally sourced, except for chopped firewood, and
for large installations is likely to be delivered in bulk. If the storage container is too small,
the number of journeys by delivery vehicles will make unnecessary use of diesel fuel.
Wood chips tend to be used in large boilers supplying heat to district heating systems
rather than to individual houses. Information on woody biomass fuel can be found on the
BSD website under: ‘Storage of woody biomass fuel for heating equipment’.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
b. tank located where spillage could run into an open drain or to a loose fitting manhole
cover
c. tank within 50 m of a borehole or spring
d. tank over ground where conditions are such that oil spillage could run-off into a
watercourse
e. tank located in a position where the vent pipe outlet is not visible from the fill point
f. any other potential hazard individual to the site.
OFTEC Technical Book 3 provides a simple and helpful cross check to the above list.
A catchpit or integrally bunded tank should be provided in accordance with the
recommendations of OFTEC Standard OFS T100 and OFS T200; and Clause 6.5 of BS
5410: Part 1: 1997.
Secondary containment should also be provided where a tank is within a building or wholly
below ground.
Additional information:
1. The figures in the table relate to deliveries made every 3 months.
The guidance to Standard 6.2 suggests that to achieve the carbon emissions target,
designers and developers may use on-site renewable energy technologies to supply up to
10% of the annual heating demand, rather than adopting slightly more demanding
insulation standards for walls. A small woody biomass stove or boiler could provide this
level of heating.
The following table provides recommended size of storage for secondary heating for a
variety of dwelling types:
Additional information:
1. The figures in the table relate to deliveries made every 6 months.
3.25.0 Introduction
Scotland produces large quantities of waste – almost 17 million tonnes in 2010. This
comes from a range of sources with household waste accounting for 2.8 million tonnes.
The revised EU Waste Framework Directive establishes the legislative framework for
handling of waste in the European Union. The Directive lays down that Member States
must have a National Waste Management Plan, or Plans.
In June 2010 the Scottish Government launched its Zero Waste Plan which set out actions
to deliver important changes to how Scotland treats and manages waste. The plan
includes a 70% recycling rate for household and all other waste streams by 2025. The
Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012 provide statutory measures to support delivery of the
zero waste agenda by requiring, amongst other aspects, separate collection and treatment
of waste.
The Environmental Protection Act, 1990 gives powers to the waste collection authority to
stipulate the type and number of containers to be used. The Act also empowers the waste
collection authority to designate a collection point for removal of the waste and this is
normally at the curtilage of the dwelling. Under the Zero Waste Plan local authorities are
required to provide householders with separate collection services for dry recyclables
(glass, metals, plastics, paper and card) by the end of 2013 and for food waste by the end
of 2015.
Currently local authorities meet their obligations in different ways and designers need to be
aware of these local initiatives and make suitable provision in their designs.
Flats and maisonettes generally have communal storage with the associated risks to
health and the environment.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3.26.0 Introduction
Silage effluent is the most prevalent cause of point source water pollution from farms in
Scotland. A high proportion of serious pollution incidents occur each year through failure to
contain or dispose of effluent satisfactorily.
Collection, storage and disposal of farm effluent and livestock wastes are all stages when
pollution can occur. These materials are generally classified by type of stock and physical
form. This may be solid, semi-solid or liquid. Solids are stored in dungsteads that must be
properly drained and the effluent collected in a tank while liquids are stored in tanks above
or below ground. The container must be impermeable.
The guidance to this standard should not be read in isolation. Appropriate sections of other
legislation, such as the Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil)
(Scotland) Regulations 2003 and The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland)
Regulations 2011, as amended would also normally require to be met. The Scottish
Environmental Protection Agency is the body responsible for enforcing these
environmental regulations and further information may be obtained from their website
www.sepa.org.uk.
The Code of Good Practice for the Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural
Activity is a practical guide for farmers, growers, contractors and others involved in
agricultural activities, on whom there is a statutory obligation to avoid causing pollution to
the environment. The Code provides helpful guidance on the planning, design,
construction, management and land application of slurries and silage effluent that can give
rise to pollution of water, air or soil environments.
Explanation of terms - The following terms are included to provide clarity to their
meaning in this Technical Handbook.
Dungstead means a permanent storage facility for all farmyard manures including solid
and semi-solid animal excreta. The construction should allow for any liquid to be contained
within the store or be allowed to seep out for collection in a leak-proof storage tank.
Farm Effluent Tank means a leak-proof storage facility for liquid animal excreta (slurry),
dirty water (water contaminated with slurry) and silage effluent that is of a consistency that
allows it to be pumped or discharged by gravity at any stage of the handling process.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3.27.0 Introduction
Using less water saves energy and reduces Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions. This is
achieved by reducing the energy that is used in key areas including:
• treating water to a standard suitable for drinking
• distribution of water to homes
• collection and pumping of generated wastewater
• treatment of the wastewater generated
• heating of water for health and hygiene
Scottish Water estimate that the average consumption of wholesome water per person in
Scotland is around 150 litres per day. Water consumption has increased over the last few
decades and is projected to continue to rise. Around 30% of the average household’s
heating bills are spent on heating water for sanitary, health or hygiene purposes. Therefore
the provision of sanitary appliances and fittings that use water more efficiently can assist in
the reduction of associated carbon emissions and the home owner’s energy costs.
The Scottish Water Byelaws set requirements which must be adhered to in all properties
that have a public water supply. They cover the design, installation and maintenance of
plumbing systems, water fittings and water-using appliances. Scottish Water now require
all new industrial or commercial buildings to be metered. Meters may also be installed in
dwellings if requested.
Further information on water efficiency and related carbon emission savings can be found
on the websites of Scottish Water, Waterwise and the Energy Saving Trust.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
The actual water used within a dwellings will be influenced by both the behaviour of the
occupants in how they use the sanitary facilities and associated water fittings and also the
volume of water discharged from them. Therefore, controlling the volume of water
discharged from sanitary facilities and fittings should contribute to reducing the use of
water.
Efficiency measures can be applied to most sanitary facilities with varying degrees of
benefits. For certain sanitary facilities reducing the water use will be related to its
function. For example a bath is generally filled to a water level that suits the occupant and
therefore controlling water flow from taps to that facility would only serve to extend the
amount of time taken to fill the bath.
Most WCs produced today are now of the dual flush type which give users the option of a
reduced flush, generally for liquid waste or a full flush for solid waste. The flush volume will
generally be achieved through the valve mechanism of the WC cistern.
To reduce the water flow rates at taps for wash or hand rinse basins (WHBs) options
include the installation of flow restrictors, or aerators. These may be fitted in either the
water supply pipes serving the sanitary facilities or incorporated within the tap
components.
3.20.0 Introduction
Overheating in buildings has been highlighted as a key risk for the health and productivity of
people and businesses in the UK. Increasing global temperatures and hot weather events
put buildings at increasing risk of summertime overheating unless such risk is assessed and
managed. Overheating occurs when the local indoor thermal environment presents
conditions in excess of those acceptable for human thermal comfort or conditions which may
adversely affect human health.
Whilst overheating risk may generally be considered an issue principally for southern
regions of the UK, various research studies undertaken in recent years have identified the
occurrence of overheating in a wide range of new dwelling types in both Scotland and
northern England. Whilst risk can be driven by many factors (see below), the combination of
better insulated homes with very low fabric infiltration and the certainty of rising average
temperatures and warmer summers over the coming decades will increase the likelihood of
high internal temperatures.
Factors which influence overheating risk in buildings
Extended periods of sunlight and high external air temperatures contribute to overheating.
There are numerous factors of building design that influence the risk of overheating, such as
orientation of the building and glazed openings, solar gain through glazing, thermal mass,
opportunities for effective ventilation and the levels of insulation within the building fabric.
Occupant behaviour is also a factor that can significantly reduce the occurrence of
overheating in buildings such as use of openable windows when the internal temperature
increases and providing shading through use of internal blinds or curtains.
This standard introduces a simple approach to risk assessment and mitigation based upon two
of these factors – limiting excessive solar gain and provision for removal of heat via purge
ventilation.
The risk of overheating may be greater and opportunities for mitigating more limited when
converting an existing building to domestic or residential use due to limitations in design
choices arising from the building location, orientation, window openings and fabric.
Useful advice on design approaches to avoid overheating risk can be found in publications
such as ‘Overheating in New Homes’ (Good Homes Alliance, 2019) and ‘Avoiding Summer
Overheating’ (Passivhaus Trust, 2021).
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably practicable,
and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule 6).
It is not the intent of this assessment to preclude areas of glazing larger than the stated
percentage, simply to recognise that increased areas of glazing on risk facades should be
accompanied by mitigating measures. Changes to the specification of glazing should, where
practicable, maintain a high light transmittance value (0.7 or better is recommended) to
minimise adverse impact on daylighting.
Ventilation to assist in cooling
Assessment should be undertaken on all dwellings based upon the number of exposed
facades and arrangement of openings which provide ventilation to apartments or other
habitable spaces, as follows.
Where a building has:
• two elevations which are parallel, with ventilation openings distributed so that neither
elevation has less than 1/3 of the combined opening area, or
• one elevation with ventilation openings (single aspect) or two adjacent elevations with
ventilation openings, where all elevations are oriented outwith east (90º), through south
(180º) to west (270º),
no further action is required to support ventilation to assist in cooling. This will be addressed
by provision of purge ventilation openings which provide the level of air change sought under
standard 3.14 (4 air changes per hour).
In all other cases and where a building has only one elevation with ventilation openings
(single aspect) or two adjacent elevations with ventilation openings, there is limited scope for
cross ventilation and the minimum area of ventilation openings in apartments should be
increased by 50%, for example from 5% (1/20th, as set out in clause 3.14.3) to 7.5% of the
floor area in each apartment.
Where either mitigation of heat gain or provision of passive ventilation to assist in cooling is
not considered practicable, Dynamic Thermal Analysis should be undertaken.
The following provisions for windows and doors should be applied, in addition to guidance set
out in Section 3.3 and 3.7 of CIBSE TM59:
• For a room occupied during the day (8:00 to 23:00 hours), windows, patio and balcony
doors should be set to open and/or close using these parameters.
- start opening when the internal temperature exceeds 22 °C
- open to a maximum angle of 30º when temperature reaches 26 ºC.
- start closing when the internal temperature drops below 26 ºC
- be fully closed when temperature drops below 22 ºC.
• For bedrooms occupied at night-time (23:00 hrs to 08:00 hrs), windows should be
modelled with restrictors to reflect safety and security concerns, up to a maximum
opening angle of 10º. Additionally, bedroom windows should be modelled as being open
at night only if the temperature at 23:00 hours is greater than 23 ºC. They should then
be assumed to remain open overnight.
• Windows and doors should be modelled as closed in unoccupied rooms.
• External doors should be modelled as closed at all times.
• Internal blinds should not be used in the building design to assess compliance.
In developments of multiple dwellings, a sample of risk dwellings should be selected, following
the approach set out in section 3.1 of CIBSE TM59.
Justification for inclusion of active measures
When seeking solutions to an identified overheating risk, passive mitigation measures
should be prioritised. Active measures such as air-conditioning should only be considered
where it is demonstrated that all reasonable passive measures have first been applied. This
should include evidence of the different combinations of passive measures assessed in the
modelling and why they were not sufficient, including modelled results to show due
consideration of passive options.
Similarly any mitigation should not require occupants to circumvent measures intended to
deliver a safe environment in respect of issues such as the risk of a fall from height through
openings or dwelling security.
An assessment and statement on how these matters are considered as part of mitigating
any identified overheating risk should be provided as part of the building warrant application.
This should reference any relevant conditions set under other permissions and the
environmental factors considered in determining the approach to ventilation for cooling. A
summary of such information should be included within written information provided to the
building occupant.
withdrawn and replaced with external air. Dwellings are generally ventilated through a
combination of both “purpose provided ventilation” and “fortuitous infiltration”.
Purpose provided ventilation is the controllable air exchange between the inside and outside of
a dwelling by means of a range of natural ventilating devices including windows and
background (background) ventilators or mechanical devices such as extract and supply fans.
Fortuitous infiltration is the uncontrollable air exchange between the inside and outside of a
dwelling due to pressure differences caused by wind and temperature variations. The air
movement may occur through a wide range of air leakage paths through imperfections in the
building structure such as cracks and gaps between building elements.
Infiltration Paths
1. under floor ventilators
7 2. floor to wall junctions
3. through poorly constructed
11 windows/doors
9 4. through floor voids into the wall
8 10 cavity
6 12 5. around poorly fitted
5 windows/doors
6. ceiling to wall junctions
7. open flues
13 8. around services within hollow
4
walls
12 9. around the loft hatch
3 10. service penetrations through
ceiling
2 13 11. vents penetrating the ceiling and
roof
1 2 12. around and through extract fans
13. around waste pipes
Reducing the amount of fortuitous infiltration that occurs within a dwelling can play a
significant part in reducing carbon emissions by minimising both the amount of warm air
leaking from the dwelling and the amount of cold air entering into the dwelling. However, this
air movement has traditionally contributed to the ventilation strategy of dwellings. Reducing
the overall fortuitous infiltration rate of a dwelling, for example below 5 m3/h/m2 @ 50 Pa,
may necessitate the adoption of continuous mechanical extract ventilation to provide
satisfactory air quality of the dwelling. A more airtight building also places a greater need for
“purpose provided ventilation” to deliver satisfactory air quality within a dwelling.
In order to be satisfied that a new dwelling has an infiltration rate that meets the energy
section of the technical standards, whilst not adversely affecting the method of ventilating the
dwelling, it is now recommended within guidance to standard 6.2 that air tightness testing is
carried out on each new dwelling. The results from the test will indicate if the dwelling has
been constructed and performing as designed. Further information on the requirements for
air tightness testing can be found within clause 6.2.5 of the domestic Technical Handbook.
Where air tightness testing indicates that a constructed dwelling has a level of air infiltration
leakier or tighter than the design figure, the adequacy of the chosen ventilation strategy
should be checked and re-evaluated. This may mean additional works are required so that
adequate ventilation will be provided to all parts of the dwelling. Further information on
approaches to take when the designed level of air-tightness is not achieved in the
completed building can be found in section 3.A.3 of this Annex.
Although the guidance within this document is concerned with the ventilation of dwellings to
assist in maintaining the quality of the indoor air, opening doors and windows may also be
utilised to cool the dwelling in the summer. Standard 3.28 set requirements for the mitigation
of such overheating risk.
It is essential that the basic ventilation strategy is determined at early design stage. There
are three routes to follow, depending on the design intent for the fabric infiltration level of the
proposed dwelling The intended design infiltration rate will therefore fall into one of three
categories:
• ‘very low infiltration’ - 3 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa or tighter,
• ‘low infiltration’ - between 3 and 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa and
• ‘higher infiltration’ - 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa or more.
Once construction of the dwelling is complete, the air-tightness test results (see section
3.A.2) should be compared with the declared design value used to determine the ventilation
strategy. Where the test results differ from the design figure, the following actions are likely to
be needed. Note that the following examples assume that the ventilation solution
recommended in guidance is applied based upon the declared design infiltration rate. For
other solutions, seek specialist advice.
Note also that a tested infiltration rate poorer than the declared design intent or change of
ventilation solution will result in a need to demonstrate that the dwelling still complies with
standard 6.1 and the energy and emissions targets set under that standard.
Declared design infiltration rate of 3 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa or below - ‘very low infiltration’ -
Continuous mechanical supply & extract ventilation.
• If test reports below 3 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa – ventilation solution remains appropriate.
• If test reports above 3 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa – ventilation solution remains appropriate but
seek advice from system designer to assess impact on overall dwelling ventilation rate
due to any increased infiltration element.
Declared design infiltration rate of between 3 and 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa or tighter - ‘low
infiltration’ - Continuous mechanical extract ventilation.
• If test reports below 3 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa – seek advice from system designer to assess
impact on overall dwelling ventilation rate due to any reduced infiltration element.
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Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
Evidence of adequacy of ventilation based upon the test infiltration value should be
provided to the verifier.
• If test reports between 3 and 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa – ventilation solution remains
appropriate
• If test reports above 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa –ventilation solution remains appropriate but
seek advice from system designer to assess impact on overall dwelling ventilation rate
due to any increased infiltration element.
Declared design infiltration rate of 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa or higher - ‘higher infiltration’ -
Natural ventilation (with intermittent mechanical extract).
• If test reports below 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa – seek advice from system designer to assess
impact on overall dwelling ventilation rate due to any reduced infiltration element.
Evidence of adequacy of ventilation based upon the test infiltration value should be
provided to the verifier. Depending upon the test result, altering the ventilation solution to
a continuous mechanical extract ventilation solution may also be a consideration.
• If tested above 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa –ventilation solution remains appropriate.
Further advice on airtightness testing is available in Annex 6.D ‘Further guidance on pre-
completion airtightness testing’.
Installation
In all cases, the product manufacturer’s installation instructions should be followed.
Performance criteria – supply. Supply of air to the dwelling is met by background
ventilators. Provisions are set out in clause 3.14.4.
Performance criteria – extract. The provision of ventilation, in respect of intermittent extract
rates are set out in clauses 3.14.4.
Air Flow within dwelling. To assist in good air transfer throughout the dwelling, provision
should be made for air transfer between rooms and circulation space/other rooms as noted in
clause 3.14.2.
Duct runs. The location of the fan unit should minimise overall duct run length, both from
the internal terminals to the fan unit and from the fan unit to the external discharge terminal.
Where a duct breaches a vapour control layer, the continuity of the layer should be reinstated.
Refer to section 3.A.8 for ventilation ductwork.
Fitting through external wall. Where the fan is installed through a wall:
• the cored hole (and duct) should have a slight downward angle towards the outside to
promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress;
• the duct that connects the fan outlet to the terminal should be at least the diameter of the
fan outlet; and
• The duct should be rigid and be sealed to the external and internal wall leafs to maintain
air tightness. However, flexible ducting may be used where rigid ducting is not possible,
providing delivered ventilation rates are not compromised.
Fitting through window. Where a fan is installed through a window the window and glass
should be assessed for its suitability to incorporate the fan unit. A mounting kit from the
manufacturer of the fan unit should be used.
External discharge terminals – roof and wall mounted. Proprietary terminals should be
used. The free area of the terminal opening should be a minimum of 90% of the free area of
the ducting being used. The terminals should prevent rain, birds and large insects from
entering the system (however, fine fly-proof mesh should not be fitted).
The location of the external discharge terminal should minimise the potential for recirculation of
extract air through ventilation air inlets.
A cored hole (and duct) through the external wall should have a slight downward angle
towards the outside to promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress.
To avoid noxious or dangerous gasses from entering the dwelling the external discharge
terminal should be located remote from any flue or drainage vent pipe. Refer to Section 3,
Environment, of the Technical Handbooks for guidance.
Controls – operation. If control of the fan speed is undertaken manually, the method of
operating the fan in boost mode should be made obvious. Switching should be provided locally
to the spaces being served, e.g. bathrooms, kitchen.
Controls – isolation. A local manual override control should be provided to an extract fan
with automatic control to allow, amongst other things, for maintenance of the unit. This
manual override control should be situated in a location that will not encourage its use as an
“on-off switch” by the occupants.
Controls – accessibility. Manual switching controls for the fans should be accessible and
positioned at least 350 mm from any internal corner (where practicable) and between 900 –
1100 mm above floor level.
Noise – internal. Extract fans should be capable of passing the required continuous air flow
rate, at the available pressure drop, without generating excessive noise (maximum of 30 dB
LAeq.T to bedrooms and livingrooms and 45 dB LAeq.T to less sensitive rooms, such as kitchens).
Noise – external. In situations where external noise is likely to be a nuisance to the
occupants a sound attenuator may be fitted to the duct. It should be noted, however, that
sound attenuators can reduce the air flow rate and a larger capacity fan may be necessary to
achieve the minimum extraction rates needed.
Commissioning
Written information. A report containing the information gathered from the commissioning
and testing of the ventilation systems should be prepared and submitted to the verifier.
A copy of the report, together with written information on the design and use of the system
should be provided to the owner (see clause 3.14.8).
Initial visual inspection. Verify that system is installed in accordance with the design
criteria; Refer to information recorded during the construction process to confirm no issues
identified and unresolved.
All temporary protection and packaging has been removed from all products.
All fans and terminals are in good condition with no obvious defects that will be hazardous or
affect the system performance.
Functional checks. Check fan operates correctly when activated by manual control (e.g.
light switch), or automatic control (e.g. humidistat activated at greater than 60% humidity);
and
Check that the fan switches off after controls are de-activated and in the case of run-on
timers, that these continue to operate for the period set by the designer.
Airflow measurement. All intended background ventilators or other air transfer devices
should be open. All internal and external doors and windows should be closed, including the
room in which measurement is being carried out.
Airflow measurements should be performed on each extract fan using suitable equipment, for
example, a powered hood or a vane anemometer or similar airflow device with proprietary
hood attachment and results recorded in litres per second (l/s). The airflow device should be
capable of achieving an accuracy of ± 5% and have been calibrated within the last 12 months
at a UKAS accredited calibration centre.
Reference should be made to design airflow rates. These and the measured airflow for each
extract fan should be recorded on the commissioning sheet.
Controls. All local controls should be installed following the manufacturer’s instructions
and clearly labelled, indicating their function.
Where manual controls are provided clear and detailed written instructions should be made
available to the occupier.
Where control of the fan is automated, the controls are configured to ensure that such
operation, e.g. rapid changes in fan speed, are not disturbing to occupants.
As far as practical, the correct operation of each control function should be tested and the
extent and result of this exercise recorded.
• installed to allow sufficient space for replacement at the end of its operational life of both
the whole unit or of key mechanical/electrical components. This should be achievable
without need to remove fixed structures or remove significant lengths of connected
ductwork;
• installed on a suitable sound structure, which is stable and level;
• insulated to minimise the potential of condensation forming within or on the fan unit
casing. This is not necessary if the unit is pre-insulated; and
• provided with a condensate drain that terminates in an appropriate location. The
condensate pipe should be installed to have a minimum 5º fall from the fan unit. The
drain should be adequately secured and where passing through an unheated space must
be insulated to prevent freezing. The rate of condensate forming may be several litres
per day and therefore the location of the drain and its final discharge should take account
of this. Connections to a waste pipe or drain should be made through a trap. However, it is
not recommended that a trap is installed on the condensate pipe as this could be
subject to drying out.
• installed using the manufacturer’s supplied or recommended fixing brackets. Anti-
vibration isolation may be necessary for the extract unit and should be located and
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Room Extract Terminals & Grilles. Room air extract terminals should be installed as
detailed by the system designer.
Room air extract terminals should be positioned to clear as much air from as much of the room
as possible and in a bathroom or shower room ideally over the bath or shower. They should be
installed at high level and away from internal doors.
Where the extract terminals are fixed, there should be a means of achieving effective
balancing of the system. If this is not provided within the fan unit then dampers should be
installed within the duct system to allow balancing when the system is commissioned.
If the terminals are adjustable each terminal should be capable of being locked in its
commissioned position once system balance has been achieved. It is vital for the correct
operation of the system that the system remains balanced in its commissioned state.
The location and performance of extract terminals should be carefully considered to ensure
they do not adversely affect the safe operation of an open-flued appliance, that is, cause the
spillage of combustion products from the appliance. Refer to section 3 of the Domestic
Building Standards Technical Handbook for guidance
Fixed Terminals. If the extract air terminals are fixed, ensure that effective balancing of the
system can be achieved. If this is not provided within the fan unit then dampers should be
installed within the duct system to allow balancing when the system is commissioned.
Adjustable Terminals. Ensure each terminal/grille can be locked in its commissioned
position once system balance has been achieved. It is vital for the correct operation of the
system that the system remains balanced in its commissioned state.
Duct runs. The location of the fan unit should minimise overall duct run length, both from
the internal terminals to the fan unit and from the fan unit to the external discharge terminal.
Where a duct breaches a vapour control layer, the continuity of the layer should be reinstated.
Refer to section 3.A.8 for ventilation ductwork.
Fitting through external wall. Where the fan is installed through a wall:
• the cored hole (and duct) should have a slight downward angle towards the outside to
promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress;
• the duct that connects the fan outlet to the terminal should be at least the diameter of the
fan outlet; and
The duct should be rigid and be sealed to the external and internal wall leafs to maintain air
tightness. However, flexible ducting, whilst not recommended for central systems, may be
used for individual fans where rigid ducting is not practicable, providing delivered ventilation
rates are not compromised.
Fitting through window. Where a single fan is installed through a window the window and
glass should be assessed for its suitability to incorporate the fan unit. A mounting kit from the
manufacturer of the fan unit should be used.
External discharge terminals – roof and wall mounted. Proprietary terminals should be
used. The free area of the terminal opening should be a minimum of 90% of the free area of
the ducting being used. The terminals should prevent rain, birds and large insects from
entering the system (however, fine fly-proof mesh should not be fitted).
The location of the external discharge terminal should minimise the potential for recirculation of
extract air through ventilation air inlets.
A cored hole (and duct) through the external wall should have a slight downward angle
towards the outside to promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress.
To avoid noxious or dangerous gasses from entering the dwelling the external discharge
terminal should be located remote from any flue or drainage vent pipe. Refer to Section 3,
Environment, of the Technical Handbooks for guidance.
Common ducts – connection. Where a mechanical ventilation system gathers individual
extract ducts into a common duct for discharge to an outlet, no connections to the system
should be made between any exhaust fan and the outlet. The use of non-return valves is not
recommended.
Controls – operation. If control of the fan speed is undertaken manually, the method of
operating the fan in boost mode should be made obvious. Switching should be provided locally
to the spaces being served, e.g. bathrooms, kitchen.
Where sensors are not pre-installed within the fan unit, or additional optional sensors can be
installed, only the sensors specified by the manufacturer of the fan unit should be installed.
If sensors are duct mounted, their location should be noted and provisions for access for
maintenance or replacement made.
Controls – isolation. Continuous ventilation systems should not allow the occupier to turn off
the fan other than at the local isolator for maintenance. Provision of an on/off function may
result in the fans being operated intermittently and the required continuous air flow
ventilation rates not being achieved.
Controls – accessibility. Manual switching controls for the fans should be accessible and
positioned at least 350 mm from any internal corner (where practicable) and between 900 –
1100 mm above floor level.
Noise – Internal. Extract fans and extract terminals should be capable of passing the
required continuous air flow rate, at the available pressure drop, without generating
excessive noise (maximum of 30 dB LAeq.T to bedrooms and livingrooms and 45 dB LAeq.T to less
sensitive rooms, such as kitchens).
Noise – external. In situations where external noise is likely to be a nuisance to the
occupants a sound attenuator may be fitted to the duct. It should be noted, however, that
sound attenuators can reduce the air flow rate and a larger capacity fan may be necessary to
achieve the minimum extraction rates needed.
Commissioning
Written information. A report containing the information gathered from the commissioning
and testing of the ventilation systems should be prepared and submitted to the verifier.
A copy of the report, together with written information on the design and use of the system
should be provided to the owner (see clause 3.14.8).
Initial visual inspection. Verify that system is installed in accordance with the design
criteria; Refer to information recorded during the construction process to confirm no issues
identified and unresolved.
All temporary protection and packaging has been removed from all products.
All ductwork and terminals are in good condition with no obvious defects that will be
hazardous or affect the system performance.
On the initial start-up check that air flow direction is correct at each room terminal.
Check for any abnormal noises on start-up or when the system is running in normal
background ventilation mode or when running at high rate (some units have a start-up
diagnostic sequence that runs the fans at maximum speed before reverting to normal
operation – refer to the manufacturer’s instructions).
Airflow balancing. The system should be balanced to ensure that the designed air flow
rates are achieved at each room. As there are several methods of control that may be used in
domestic systems the system manufacturer’s instructions should be followed to achieve
balancing.
If specific details are not included the following steps should be adopted: Adjustable
terminals and a fixed (stepped) speed fan:
• The fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate;
• The index terminal flow rate is set to full open and all other terminals are adjusted to
achieve the required flows at each terminal. (The index terminal can be assumed to be the
furthest from the fan unit);
• If the total flow rate cannot be achieved through all the terminals then the fan speed
should be increased; and
• If all the terminals have to be closed significantly to achieve the required air flow rate then
reduce the fan speed and rebalance the terminals.
Adjustable terminals and a controllable speed fan:
• The fan speed should be set approximately to achieve the desired continuous flow rate;
• The index terminal flow rate should be set with the terminal fully open and all other
terminals are adjusted to achieve the required flows at each terminal; and
• If the index terminal has to be closed to achieve the required air flow rate, then reduce the
fan speed and rebalance the terminals;
Fixed terminals with flow adjustment by duct damper or similar device at the fan unit - as above
depending on the type of fan speed control.
Adjustable terminals and a fixed volume flow fan:
• The fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate.
• The index terminal flow rate should be set with the terminal fully open and all other
terminals are adjusted to achieve the required flows at each terminal.
• Adjustment of the terminals achieves balancing only; total flow rate is governed by the fan
control setting. Great care should be taken not to close the terminals too far as the fan unit
will always maintain a constant volumetric flow rate; closing the terminals will only require
the fan to work harder to achieve a given air flow rate.
Fixed terminals with an automatic flow adjustment at the fan unit:
The fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate; and
The flows are balanced by automatic devices located within the fan unit and therefore no
adjustment can be made.
Airflow measurement. All intended background ventilators or other air transfer devices
should be open. All internal and external doors and windows should be closed, including the
room in which measurement is being carried out.
Airflow measurements should be performed on each fan or terminal using suitable
equipment, for example, a powered hood or a vane anemometer or similar airflow device
with proprietary hood attachment and results recorded in litres per second (l/s). The airflow
device should be capable of achieving an accuracy of ± 5% and have been calibrated within
the last 12 months at a UKAS accredited calibration centre.
Reference should be made to design airflow rates. These and the measured airflow for each
extract fan should be recorded on the commissioning sheet. Measurements should be taken at
both maximum rate and minimum rate fan speeds
Controls. All local controls should be installed following the manufacturer’s instructions and
clearly labelled, indicating their function.
Where manual controls are provided clear and detailed written instructions should be made
available to the occupier.
Where control of the fan is automated, the controls are configured to ensure that such
operation, e.g. rapid changes in fan speed, are not disturbing to occupants.
If sensors have been installed separately from the fan unit, ensure installation follows the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Where control of the fan is automated, the controls should be configured to minimise the
occurrence of ‘hunting’. Hunting is where the fan speed continually increases and
decreases. If this does occur, the occupants may seek to modify the control system or turn it
off to remove the noise nuisance.
As far as practical, the correct operation of each control function should be tested and the
extent and result of this exercise recorded.
be insulated to prevent freezing. The rate of condensate forming may be several litres
per day and therefore the location of the drain and its final discharge should take account
of this. Connections to a waste pipe or drain should be made through a trap; however, it is
not recommended that a trap is installed on the condensate pipe as this could be
subject to drying out.
• installed using the manufacturer’s supplied or recommended fixing brackets. Anti-
vibration isolation may be necessary for the extract unit and should be located and
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Room Extract Terminals & Grills. Room air supply and extract terminals should be installed
as detailed by the system designer;
Room supply terminals should be installed at high level, away from internal doors and directed
across an area of unobstructed ceiling to provide good mixing without causing draughts.
Room extract terminals should be positioned to clear as much air from as much of the room as
is practical and in a bathroom or shower room should ideally be positioned over the bath or
shower. They should be installed at high level and away from internal doors.
In open plan areas where both supply and extract terminals may be installed, for example
kitchen/dining rooms, consideration should be given to the proximity of the terminals to
avoid short circuiting of the air. That is, to avoid the replacement air being extracted before it
has mixed with or displaced stale air.
The number and location of terminals installed in a ventilated space should allow effective
air distribution and minimise air noise when the system is operating at boosted air flow rates.
The location and performance of extract terminals should be carefully considered to ensure
that they will not adversely affect the safe operation of an open flued appliance, that is,
cause the spillage of combustion products for the appliance. Refer to Section 3 of the
Technical Handbooks for guidance.
Fixed Terminals. If the supply and extract air terminals are fixed, ensure that effective
balancing of the system can be achieved. If this is not provided within the fan unit then
dampers should be installed within the duct system to allow balancing when the system is
commissioned
Adjustable Terminals. Ensure each terminal/grille can be locked in its commissioned
position once system balance has been achieved. It is vital for the correct operation of the
system that the system remains balanced in its commissioned state.
Duct runs. The location of the fan unit should minimise overall duct run length, both from
the internal terminals to the fan unit and from the fan unit to the external discharge terminal.
Where a duct breaches a vapour control layer, the continuity of the layer should be reinstated.
Refer to section 3.A.8 for ventilation ductwork.
Common ducts - connection. Where a mechanical ventilation system gathers individual
extract ducts into a common duct for discharge to an outlet, no connections to the system
should be made between any exhaust fan and the outlet. The use of non-return valves is not
recommended.
Fitting through external wall. Where a duct is installed through a wall:
• the cored hole (and duct) should have a slight downward angle towards the outside to
promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress;
• the duct that connects the outlet to the terminal should be at least the diameter of the
terminal; and
• The duct should be rigid and be sealed to the external and internal wall leafs to maintain
air tightness.
Flexible ducting is not recommended for central systems except where rigid ducting is not
practicable, providing delivered ventilation rates are not compromised.
External discharge terminals – roof and wall mounted. Proprietary terminals should be
used. The free area of the terminal opening should be a minimum of 90% of the free area of
the ducting being used. The terminals should prevent rain, birds and large insects from
entering the system (however, fine fly-proof mesh should not be fitted).
The location of the external discharge terminal should minimise the potential for recirculation of
extract air through ventilation air inlets.
A cored hole (and duct) through the external wall should have a slight downward angle
towards the outside to promote condensate drainage and avoid the risk of water ingress.
To avoid noxious or dangerous gasses from entering the dwelling the external discharge
terminal should be located remote from any flue or drainage vent pipe. Refer to Section 3,
Environment, of the Technical Handbooks for guidance.
Controls – operation. If control of the fan speed is undertaken manually, the method of
operating the fan in boost mode should be made obvious. Switching should be provided locally
to the spaces being served, e.g. bathrooms, kitchen.
A remote fault/status indicator should be provided in a circulation area, such as a hallway, to
alert occupiers if the system is not functioning correctly.
Where sensors are not pre-installed within the fan unit, or additional optional sensors can be
installed, only the sensors specified by the manufacturer of the fan unit should be installed.
If sensors are duct mounted, their location should be noted and provisions for access for
maintenance or replacement made.
Controls – isolation. Continuous ventilation systems should not allow the occupier to turn off
the fan other than at the local isolator for maintenance. Provision of an on/off function may
result in the fans being operated intermittently and the required continuous air flow
ventilation rates not being achieved
Controls – accessibility. Manual switching controls for the fans should be accessible and
positioned at least 350 mm from any internal corner and between 900 – 1100 mm above
floor level.
Noise – Internal. Fan unit, air supply and extract terminals should be capable of passing the
required continuous air flow rate, at the available pressure drop, without generating
excessive noise (maximum of 30 dB LAeq.T to bedrooms and livingrooms and 45 dB LAeq.T to less
sensitive rooms, such as kitchens).
Noise – external. In situations where external noise is likely to be a nuisance to the
occupants a sound attenuator may be fitted to the duct. It should be noted, however, that
sound attenuators can reduce the air flow rate and a larger capacity fan may be necessary to
achieve the minimum extraction rates needed
Commissioning
Written information. A report containing the information gathered from the commissioning
and testing of the ventilation systems should be prepared and submitted to the verifier.
A copy of the report, together with written information on the design and use of the system
should be provided to the owner (see clause 3.14.8).
Initial visual inspection. Verify that system is installed in accordance with the design
criteria; Refer to information recorded during the construction process to confirm no issues
identified and unresolved.
All temporary protection and packaging has been removed from all products.
All ductwork and terminals are in good condition with no obvious defects that will be
hazardous or affect the system performance.
On the initial start-up check that air flow direction is correct at each room terminal.
Check for any abnormal noises on start-up or when the system is running in normal
background ventilation mode or when running at high rate (some units have a start-up
diagnostic sequence that runs the fans at maximum speed before reverting to normal
operation – refer to the manufacturer’s instructions).
Airflow balancing. The system should be balanced to ensure that the designed air flow
rates are achieved at each room. As there are several methods of control that may be used in
domestic systems the system manufacturer’s instructions should be followed to achieve
balancing.
If specific details are not included the following steps should be adopted: Adjustable terminals
and a fixed (stepped) speed fan:
• the fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate;
• the index terminal flow rate is set to full open and all other terminals are adjusted to
achieve the required flows at each terminal. (The index terminal can be assumed to be the
furthest from the fan unit);
• if the total flow rate cannot be achieved through all the terminals then the fan speed
should be increased; and
• if all the terminals have to be closed significantly to achieve the required air flow rate then
reduce the fan speed and rebalance the terminals.
Adjustable terminals and a controllable speed fan:
• the fan speed should be set approximately to achieve the desired continuous flow rate;
• the index terminal flow rate should be set with the terminal fully open and all other
terminals are adjusted to achieve the required flows at each terminal; and
• if the index terminal has to be closed to achieve the required air flow rate, then reduce the
fan speed and rebalance the terminals;
Fixed terminals with flow adjustment by duct damper or similar device at the fan unit - as above
depending on the type of fan speed control.
Adjustable terminals and a fixed volume flow fan:
• The fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate.
• The index terminal flow rate should be set with the terminal fully open and all other
terminals are adjusted to achieve the required flows at each terminal.
• Adjustment of the terminals achieves balancing only; total flow rate is governed by the fan
control setting. Great care should be taken not to close the terminals too far as the fan unit
will always maintain a constant volumetric flow rate; closing the terminals will only require
the fan to work harder to achieve a given air flow rate.
Fixed terminals with an automatic flow adjustment at the fan unit:
• The fan speed should be set to achieve the desired continuous flow rate; and
• The flows are balanced by automatic devices located within the fan unit and therefore no
adjustment can be made.
Airflow measurement. All internal and external doors and windows should be closed,
including the room in which measurement is being carried out.
Airflow measurements should be performed in each terminal using suitable equipment, for
example, a powered hood or a vane anemometer or similar airflow device with proprietary
hood attachment and results recorded in litres per second (l/s). The airflow device should be
capable of achieving an accuracy of ± 5% and have been calibrated within the last 12
months at a UKAS accredited calibration centre.
Reference should be made to design airflow rates. These and the measured airflow for each
extract fan should be recorded on the commissioning sheet. Measurements should be taken at
both maximum rate and minimum rate fan speeds.
Controls. All local controls should be installed following the manufacturer’s instructions and
clearly labelled, indicating their function.
Where manual controls are provided clear and detailed written instructions should be made
available to the occupier.
Where control of the fan is automated, the controls are configured to ensure that such
operation, e.g. rapid changes in fan speed, are not disturbing to occupants.
If sensors have been installed separately from the fan unit, ensure installation follows the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Where control of the fan is automated, the controls should be configured to minimise the
occurrence of ‘hunting’. Hunting is where the fan speed continually increases and
decreases. If this does occur, the occupants may seek to modify the control system or turn it
off to remove the noise nuisance.
As far as practical, the correct operation of each control function should be tested and the
extent and result of this exercise recorded.
• routed in a manner which minimises overall duct length and the number of bends
required. It is particularly important to minimise bends in main ducts operating at higher air
velocities.
• installed where it cannot be easily damaged e.g. not across open loft areas where it may
be stood on;
• installed to allow sufficient space to allow access for cleaning ducts where room extract
terminal/grilles are not fitted with filters;
• insulated where it is passes through unheated areas with the equivalent of at least 25
mm of a material with a thermal conductivity of not more than 0.04 W/mK. This reduces
the risk of condensation occurring within the duct;
• insulated or be fitted with a condensate trap where a duct extends above roof level. The
condensate trap should be fitted just below roof level;
• insulated where carrying cold air between the external supply/discharge terminal(s) and a
fan unit sited within the heated envelope. A vapour barrier should be wrapped outside the
insulation to prevent condensation occurring within the insulation material, alternatively,
rigid insulation of a type that is unaffected by moisture may be used;
• fitted with a condensate trap where it is installed vertically. The trap should prevent
condensation flowing down the duct and potentially damaging a mechanical extract fan;
• arranged to slope slightly downwards away from the fan unit, to prevent backflow of any
moisture into the unit, when installed horizontally;
Flexible ducting
Rigid ducts should be used wherever possible. Where flexible ductwork is installed this
should only be used for final connections and duct lengths should be kept to a minimum. All
flexible ductwork should meet the standards of BSRIA BG 43/2013.
Flexible ducting is generally only suitable for single extract fan installations; refer to extract fan
manufacturer’s instructions.
Ducting should be pulled taut to ensure that the full internal diameter is obtained and flow
resistance minimised. This is considered to have been achieved if the duct is extended to 90%
of its maximum length
Flexible ducting should be supported at suitable intervals to minimise sagging. Refer to
manufacturer’s information but generally it should be supported at no greater than 600 mm
intervals.
Bends in ducts should have a minimum inside radius equal to the diameter of the duct. If
tighter bends are required, rigid bends should be used.
Perforated insulated flexi duct, used to minimise airborne sound transmission, should not be
used between the fan unit and the external discharge terminal to prevent condensation
occurring within the insulation material.
duct support
Note: Insulation omitted to ceiling and over duct to aid clarity of duct arrangement.
Duct Connections/Terminals
All duct connections require to be sealed. Where ducts are installed against a solid structure
this can sometimes be difficult to achieve. In such locations pre-assembly of duct sections
should be considered. This will require connections to be permanent to ensure the seal is
maintained during installation.
Connection of lengths of flexible duct must use a rigid connector and jubilee clips or similar to
ensure a long term seal is achieved. Connections of lengths of flexible duct should not be
taped only.
Where access to ducts will not be possible after construction is complete, e.g. ductwork
within floor and wall voids, consideration should be given to permanent connection and
sealing with an appropriate non-hardening sealant. Using duct tape to achieve connections
and seals is not recommended in these situations.
Connection of components should not result in significant air flow resistance. Components
should be proprietary and fit easily together without distortion.
Each air terminal should have a free area of at least 90% of the free area of its associated
duct.
Where a duct breaches a vapour control layer the continuity of the layer should be reinstated
after installation, for example, with suitable tapes or preformed sleeves.
Where an extract duct is installed this should not adversely affect the sound insulation of a
separating wall or floor, internal wall or intermediate floor refer to Section 5, Noise, of the
Domestic Building Standards Technical Handbook for guidance.
Where an extract duct penetrates cavity barriers or floors, ceilings and walls that require a fire
resistance refer to Section 2, Fire, of the Domestic Building Standards Technical Handbook
for guidance.
1 1
HSE Publication EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits - 8 hour time weighted average
Page 332 Applicable from 1 April 2024
Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
bedroom, levels elsewhere in the property will also be high. The ventilation strategy adopted to
reduce CO2 should, therefore be replicated in other occupied rooms in the home.
It is not intended that the CO2 monitoring equipment sounds an alarm if the concentration
levels exceed 1,000 ppm as it is considered that this could lead to the permanent disabling of
the monitor. Rather, it is intended that occupants can interrogate the equipment the next day
and make informed decisions on how to ventilate their home. The Technical Handbook
guidance also calls for information on the ventilation strategy and CO2 monitoring to be
provided to the householder. This information is expected to cover the operation of the
specific CO2 monitor installed (i.e. not generic guidance), an explanation of what the results
the equipment is giving mean and suggested remedial action that can be taken to reduce
subsequent overnight CO2 levels.
The guidance allows the CO2 monitoring equipment to be either a single unit with detector
head and screen or separate detector and screen. In the case of a single unit this would be
sited within the main or principal bedroom where the screen can be easily read. Where the
detector is separate from the screen the detector should be sited in the main or principal
bedroom but the monitor may be sited elsewhere, for example, in a hallway. The benefit of
separate units is that additional detectors, sited in other rooms may be connected to the
monitor for additional coverage.
A CO2 monitor should be permanently fixed and is required to be mains operated. It should be
capable of recording and displaying readings within a range of at least 0 – 5,000 parts per
million CO2 and logging and displaying data at no more than 15 minute intervals for at least a
24 hour period. A CO2 monitor should be capable of measuring the actual level of carbon
dioxide present in the room they are located in. Monitors that give an ”equivalent” or “EQ”
concentration of CO2 are not suitable as they are not sensitive to CO2 but are mixed gas
sensors.
To allow free air movement over the detector head a CO2 detector head should not be sited
where air flow may be restricted. For example, close to corners of walls or ceiling/wall
junctions, where curtains may be expected to be fitted. The average person exhales
approximately 45,000 parts per million of CO2 in every breath. Therefore to prevent potential
false readings from exhaled breath the detector head should be sited away from where the
head of the bed would be expected to be located.
When monitoring concentration levels of CO2 within dwellings it should be remembered that
CO2 is present in outside air at concentration levels of between 350 and 575 ppm. As all the
ventilation strategies within the Technical Handbooks rely on an exchange of air from outside
the in-door concentration levels of CO2 will be more or less the same as the external air in the
proximity of the property. Although most whole house ventilation systems include some form
of filtration on the incoming air ducts, even they do not prevent CO2 entering the building.
The guidance in the Domestic Technical Handbook calls for occupiers of newly constructed
dwellings to be provided with guidance on the operation of CO2 monitoring equipment and
their options for improving ventilation when indicated as necessary by the monitor.
Written information to be passed to the dwelling occupant should include:
a. The purpose of the carbon dioxide monitoring equipment is to inform occupants of CO2
levels within their dwelling over the preceding 24 hour period. This information can then be
used by the occupants to determine the quality of air within their homes and whether
additional ventilation is required, for example, opening or increasing the opening of
background ventilators. This section should advise that CO2 is always present in the air
we breathe at levels of around 400 ppm and that levels of CO2 of up to 5,000 ppm are
generally not considered to be a risk. However, concentration levels greater than 1,000
ppm can be indicative of poor ventilation and consequently, high levels of other
contaminants.
b. Specific details of the CO2 monitoring equipment, including manufacturer’s operating
instructions. Instructions on operation (manufacturer’s or otherwise) should include:
• The location of the CO2 sensor(s) and monitor
• Initial set up procedure
• How to switch between available modes, where available
• How to de-activate the audible alarm, where fitted
• How to adjust the time between data logging events, this should be set at a maximum
of 15 minute intervals
• How to interrogate the monitor to determine CO2 levels over the preceding 24 hour
period
• Details and timeframe for re-calibrating the detector
• Advice on location of furniture near the detector head that may affect the operation of
the unit, in particular the bedhead
c. Details of the ventilation strategy adopted in the dwelling, including but not limited to:
• Window operation, including where possible means of securing windows in a partially
open position to prevent unauthorised entry
• Background ventilation location and operation
• Mechanical ventilation – intermittent operation
• Mechanical ventilation – continuous operation
d. Information on how occupants should ventilate their dwellings where the CO2 monitor
indicates concentration levels in excess of 1,000 ppm for periods of more than one hour.
This information may be best presented in stages, for example:
• 800 – 999 ppm
• 1,000 – 1,199 ppm
• 1,200 – 1,499 ppm
• 1,500 – 1,999 ppm
• Over 2,000 ppm
Section 3.A.10 provides a template containing information that should be provided to
occupiers of new dwellings. The text and layout within the template is intended only as a
guide and should be taken as being indicative of the type of information to be provided. The
generic information relating to the CO2 monitor and ventilation options, that is, windows,
background ventilators and mechanical extract fans (location and operation) should be
replaced with building specific information.
Ventilation Provisions
Insert text
Note: CO2 is present in internal and external air at concentration levels of around 400
parts per million (ppm). Levels of CO2 of up to 5,000 ppm are not in themselves a danger
to healthy occupants but can be indicative of the presence of high levels of other
contaminants that may cause short or more long-term health issues.
Action necessary to improve air quality
Insert text
Ventilation Provisions
Apartments
Tilt and turn opening windows to all apartments with intruder resistant night latches to allow
them to be locked in the partially open position.
Background ventilators located in the following locations:
• livingroom – one in the window head and one at low level in the east facing wall
• dining room one in the window head and one at low level in the west facing wall
• Bedroom 1 - one in the window head and one at low level in the west facing wall
• Bedroom 2 - one in the window head and one at low level in the north facing wall
• Bedroom 3 - high and low level in the north facing wall
Kitchen
Switchable two speed mechanical extract fan
Background ventilator located at low level in the north facing wall
Utility room
Switchable single speed mechanical extract fan
Background ventilator located at low level in the north facing wall
Bathroom
Switchable single speed mechanical extract fan
Background ventilator located at low level in the east facing wall
En-suite
Switchable single speed mechanical extract fan
Background ventilator located at low level in the west facing wall
Section 4 (Safety)
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Access to buildings
4.2 Access within buildings
4.3 Stairs and ramps
4.4 Pedestrian protective barriers
4.5 Electrical safety
4.6 Electrical fixtures
4.7 Aids to communication
4.8 Danger from accidents
4.9 Danger from heat
4.10 Fixed seating
4.11 Liquefied petroleum gas storage
4.12 Vehicle protective barriers
4.13 Security
4.14 In-building physical infrastructure for high-speed electronic
communications network
Section 4 - Safety
4.0 Introduction
4.0.1 Background
Safety has been defined by the International Standards Organisation as ‘a state of freedom
from unacceptable risks of personal harm’. This recognises that no activity is absolutely
safe or free from risk. No building can be absolutely safe and some risk of harm to users
may exist in every building. Building standards seek to limit risk to an acceptable level by
identifying hazards in and around buildings that can be addressed through the Building
(Scotland) Regulations.
Deaths and serious injury to people in and around buildings occur in significant numbers
from accidents involving falls, collisions, entrapment, scalding, electrocution or malfunction
of fittings. Designers need to consider all aspects of design carefully to minimise risks
inherent in any building.
Not all issues relating to good practice are covered in this Technical Handbook.
Publications by organisations including the Royal Society for Prevention of Accidents
(RoSPA) may offer further information relevant to the safety of occupants of, and visitors
to, buildings.
Accessibility - buildings should be designed to consider safety and the welfare and
convenience of building users. An inclusive environment is one within which everyone,
regardless of age, disability or circumstance, can make use of facilities safely,
conveniently and without assistance to the best of their ability. Buildings that consider
future flexibility
of use also contribute to the creation of a more sustainable housing stock, simplifying
alterations. This can allow people to remain longer in their home, through changing
circumstances, with the minimum of disruption and inconvenience.
The guidance in this section, together with the guidance in Section 3, Environment relating
to accessibility, has been based around, and developed from, issues that are included in
‘Housing for Varying Needs’ and the Lifetime Homes concept developed by the Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.
Access statements - many designers and developers are familiar with the use of an
access statement as a means of assisting in the delivery of more inclusive buildings. This
records how access issues have been considered and developed from project inception,
through all stages of development, through to the final use of a building.
Where design proposals vary from guidance within this Handbook or, in the case of a
conversion where a standard is to be met as far as is reasonably practicable, relevant
information extracted from a project access statement may assist in determining
compliance.
Security - a dwelling that is safe and secure provides a positive contribution to the quality
of life of its occupants and contributes to the delivery of a more sustainable community.
Introducing basic measures to improve security can make unlawful entry into dwellings
physically more difficult and ensure the safety and welfare of occupants.
4.0.2 Aims
The intention of this section is to give recommendations for the design of buildings that will
ensure access and usability, reduce the risk of accident and unlawful entry. The standards
within this section:
• ensure accessibility to and within buildings and that areas presenting risk through
access are correctly guarded, and
• reduce the incidence of slips, trips and falls, particularly for those users most at risk,
and
• ensure that electrical installations are safe in terms of the hazards likely to arise from
defective installations, namely fire and loss of life or injury from electric shock or burns,
and
• prevent the creation of dangerous obstructions, ensure that glazing can be cleaned
and operated safely and to reduce the risk of injury caused by collision with glazing,
and
• safely locate hot water and steam vent pipe outlets, and minimise the risk of explosion
through malfunction of unvented hot water storage systems and prevent scalding by
hot water from sanitary fittings, and
• ensure the appropriate location and construction of storage tanks for liquefied
petroleum gas, and
• ensure that windows and doors vulnerable to unlawful entry are designed and installed
to deter house breaking.
4.0.5 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
The certification of construction (electrical installations to BS 7671) scheme has been
approved by Scottish Ministers to confirm compliance with relevant standards in Section 4.
- Building approval - Building standards - gov.scot (www.gov.scot).
4.1.0 Introduction
An inclusive approach to design should be taken to ensure that buildings are as accessible
to as wide a range of people as possible. Solutions should be integral to a design rather
than an afterthought added in order to meet duties under building standards or other
legislation.
Inclusive design is not just relevant to buildings. It applies throughout any internal or
external environment, wherever people go about everyday activities. It should be a
continuous process, through all stages of the development of a building and involve
potential users. Advice on this topic is available in the joint BSD/Scottish Executive
Planning Division Planning Advice Note PAN 78: ‘Inclusive Design’ which promotes the
merits of an inclusive approach to the design of the built environment.
Whilst the guidance to this standard reflects general good practice, certain issues remain
outwith the scope of the building regulations. There are numerous publications offering
additional guidance on accessibility and inclusive design, including those listed below:
• BS 8300: 2009 – ‘Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of
disabled people – code of practice’
• Housing for Varying Needs, Parts 1 & 2 - Communities Scotland
• 'Inclusive Mobility' – Department of Transport, 2002
• ‘Guidance on the Use of Tactile Paving Surfaces’, published jointly by The Scottish
Office and the Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR).
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversions (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Complementary steps - ramps are not necessarily safe or convenient for an ambulant
person with mobility impairment, and can be more difficult and dangerous to negotiate than
steps. Therefore, on a route serving more than 1 dwelling, any ramped access, having a
rise of more than 300 mm, should be complemented by an alternate, stepped means of
access.
There may be stepped access to a route serving a single house where it is not reasonably
practicable to construct an accessible route, such as on a steeply sloping site. As a
guideline, if a ramp to an accessible entrance can be formed within the curtilage of the
dwelling with one change in direction between the bottom of the ramp and the top landing,
access should be considered reasonably practicable.
Where an accessible route cannot be provided from a road, it may still be practicable to
construct an accessible route by providing a car parking space within the curtilage of the
dwelling. It is only where it is not reasonably practicable to construct an accessible route
from either a road or from car parking within the curtilage of the dwelling that a stepped
access solution may be proposed.
The clear and unobstructed surface width of an accessible route should generally be at
least 1.8 m, unless:
• giving access to not more than 10 dwellings, where the minimum surface width may be
not less than 1.2 m. This will accommodate any person where traffic is in a single
direction of travel. To allow for passing, localised widening of any route less than 1.8 m
wide to at least 1.8 m should be made at any junction and change of direction and,
where the whole length of the route is not visible, also at not more than 10 m intervals
along the route, or
• giving access to a single dwelling, where effective width may be not less than 900 mm,
recognising reduced levels of traffic.
On an accessible route serving more than one dwelling, a level footpath of not less than
1.0 m in width should be maintained to the rear of the slope of any dropped kerb.
Any gate across an accessible route should offer a clear opening width of at least 850 mm.
4.2.0 Introduction
Circulation areas within a building should allow occupants to move around freely and
without difficulty, to the best of their ability. Lack of space can make movement around a
building difficult for many people and hamper activities such as carrying or moving large
items.
The design process should consider how the building can be used by as wide a range of
people as possible, including use by a person in a wheelchair, though it is recognised that
this may not be to the optimum standard that can be achieved within purpose-built
dwellings.
Improvement to circulation within dwellings under this standard, together with the
provision, on one level, of an enhanced apartment, and kitchen (Standard 3.11) and
accessible sanitary accommodation (Standard 3.12) will assist in creating more
sustainable homes.
Whilst the guidance to this standard reflects general good practice, certain issues remain
outwith the scope of the building regulations. There are numerous publications offering
additional guidance on accessibility and inclusive design, including those listed below:
• BS 8300: 2009 – ‘Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of
disabled people – code of practice’
• Housing for Varying Needs, Parts 1 & 2 – Communities Scotland.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Where either door can be secured by a locking device, a lobby should be not less than
1.5 m wide. This will permit a wheelchair or pram to be turned around should passage be
denied.
e. if not a powered door, have an unobstructed space to the opening face of the door,
next to the leading edge, of at least 300 mm.
Table 4.1 Width of doors
Minimum corridor Minimum clear opening
width at door (mm) width (mm) [1]
1500 800
1200 825 [2]
900 [3] 850 [2]
Additional information:
1. The projection of any ironmongery that extends across the width of a door leaf, such
as an emergency push bar to a fire exit or horizontal grab rail, should be subtracted
when calculating the clear opening width.
2. The clear opening width may be 800 mm where a door is approached head-on.
3. A corridor width of less than 1.2 m should not be present within new buildings but may
be found within some existing buildings.
A door should not open onto a circulation route in a manner that creates an obstruction,
other than a door to a cupboard or duct enclosure that is normally locked in a closed
position.
Additional information:
1. The opening width may reduce to 775 mm where a door is approached head-on.
Principal living level - in addition, there should be unassisted access to the basic
accommodation needed in any dwelling. The principal living level of a dwelling, normally
also the entrance storey, should contain at least one enhanced apartment (see clause
3.11.2), a kitchen (see clause 3.11.3) and accessible sanitary accommodation (see clause
3.12.3). This accommodation should be either on one level or, if on different levels within a
storey, accessible without a stepped change of level.
• have a similar area of not less than 200 mm in length, on the same side of the flight, at
landing level adjacent to the top nosing of the stair, to assist in transfer at the upper
level, allowing for projection of a stair lift track.
Figure 4.5 Future provision for unassisted access
c. entrance level accommodation should contain an area of at least 800 mm wide by 1.1
m long that would permit storage of a wheelchair or pram. This should be outwith the
minimum corridor width noted in clause 4.2.6 and clear of any door way, door swing,
stair landing or space identified for a future stair lift installation.
Where the entrance level of such a dwelling contains 2 or more apartments, there should
also be an accessible toilet on the entrance level in accordance with the guidance in
clause 3.12.3. This is in addition to accessible sanitary facilities on the principal living level.
There should be level or ramped access from the accessible entrance of the dwelling to
this accessible toilet and at least 1 of the apartments on the entrance storey.
4.3.0 Introduction
Half of all accidents involving falls within and around buildings occur on stairways, with
young children and elderly people being particularly at risk. This risk can be greatly
reduced by ensuring that any change in level incorporates basic precautions to guard
against accident and falls.
Stairs and ramps should be constructed to be within limits recognised as offering safe and
convenient passage and designed so that any person who is likely to use them can do so
comfortably and safely, with the minimum amount of difficulty. Design should also address
the issue of appropriate guarding, where a level change is made, and seek to eliminate
any possible trip hazards.
Explanation of terms - The following terms are explained to provide clarity to their meaning
in the Technical Handbooks.
Private stair means a stair wholly within a dwelling. It may also apply to any stair within
the curtilage of a single dwelling, which is not accessible to the public. This might include,
for example, a stair from a dwelling to a private garden, or a stair providing access to or
within a domestic garage. It should not, however include any external stair that forms a
part of an accessible route to the dwelling.
Tapered tread means a stair tread in which the nosing is not parallel to the nosing of the
tread or landing next above.
Conversions - in the case of conversions as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
The pitch of a private stair flight may be steeper than that of a public flight (any other stair)
in recognition that users, as occupants, will be more familiar with the stair through frequent
use.
To provide safe and convenient access, the rise, going, tread and pitch of a flight in a stair
should be in accordance with the following table:
Table 4.3 Stair geometry – private stair
Minimum rise Maximum rise Minimum going Maximum
Tread
(mm) (mm) (mm) pitch
Table 4.4 Stair geometry – Any other stair, including to a domestic building or within
the common area of a building containing flats or maisonettes
Minimum rise Maximum rise Minimum going Maximum
Tread
(mm) (mm) (mm) pitch
Additional information:
1. All rises in a flight should be of uniform height.
2. In a straight flight, or in a part of a flight that is straight, measurement should be
uniform along the centreline of the flight.
3. Where a flight consists partly of straight and partly of tapered treads, the going of the
tapered treads should be uniform and should not be less than the going of the straight
treads.
4. The going measured at the narrow end of a tapered tread should be at least 50 mm
(see diagram to clause 4.3.1).
5. The aggregate of the going and twice the rise should be at least 550 mm and not more
than 700 mm. For example, stairs provided with the minimum going of 250 mm
would result in rises of at least 150 mm.
6. The maximum rise and minimum going on a private stair should not be used together
as this will result in a pitch greater than the recommended maximum.
7. Clause 4.2.10 should be referred to for exceptions where a private stair should meet
the above recommendations for ‘any other stair’.
The most comfortable combination of rise and going varies between individuals but in
general, a going in excess of the minimum, resulting in a figure in the upper end of the
range in note 5 above, will increase both safety and amenity.
described in the diagram to clause 4.3.1. The effective width of a stair should be not less
than 1.0 m, or otherwise in accordance with the recommendations of the following table:
Table 4.5 Effective widths of flights and landings
Private Stair Any other stair
900 mm [1], such as from one storey 1.0 m generally, such as to an external flight to
to another or connecting levels within a domestic building or a common access within
a storey or a building containing flats or maisonettes, or
600 mm where it serves only sanitary 900 mm to an external flight serving a single
accommodation and/or one room dwelling, to which the public have access.
other than accessible sanitary
accommodation, a kitchen or an
enhanced apartment.
Additional information:
1. The effective width of a private stair may be 800 mm where a continuous handrail is
fitted to both sides of a flight.
The projection of any stringer or newel post into this width should be not more than
30 mm.
A stair lift may be fitted to a private stair and may project into the effective width of the
stair. However in such cases, at least 1 handrail should be present as described in clause
4.3.14 and, when not in use, the installation should:
a. permit safe passage on the stair flight and any landing, and
b. not obstruct the normal use of any door, doorway or circulation space.
Clause 4.2.8 gives guidance on the space to be provided adjacent to a stair flight to
accommodate a future stair lift installation.
d. between a landing and an adjoining level where the route of travel from the adjoining
level to the next flight changes direction through 90º (i.e. on a quarter landing as the
first step).
However a private stair may be constructed with open risers and without contrasting
nosings as occupants will be more familiar with the stair through frequent use.
Small children can climb or fall through gaps in stair treads and the size of such gaps
should be limited to prevent this. In a flight with open rises, the treads should overlap by at
least 15 mm. Any opening between adjacent treads in a flight should be small enough to
prevent the passage of a 100 mm sphere.
• have an effective width of not less than the effective width of the stair flight it serves,
and
• be clear of any door swing or other obstruction other than to a private stair as noted
below.
The minimum length of a stair landing, measured on the centreline of travel, should be
either 1.2 m or the effective width of the stair, whichever is less. However where, on an
intermediate landing, a change of direction of 90º or more occurs, the centreline length
need not be measured if the effective width of the stair is maintained across the landing.
On landings to external stair flights, where tactile paving is used, the minimum length of
landing should be 1.2 m.
Flights not needing a landing - other than at an accessible entrance, a landing need not
be provided to a flight of steps between the external door of:
• a dwelling and the ground, balcony, conservatory, porch or private garage, where the
door slides or opens in a direction away from the flight and the total rise is not more
than 600 mm, or
• a dwelling, or building ancillary to a dwelling, and the ground, balcony, conservatory,
or porch, where the change in level is not more than 170 mm, regardless of method of
door operation.
Obstructions - on a private stair, other than on an intermediate landing, common to 2
flights:
• a door to a cupboard or duct may open onto a top landing if, at any angle of swing, a
clear space of at least 400 mm deep is maintained across the full width of the landing
• a door may open on to a bottom landing, if, at any angle of swing, a clear space of at
least 400 mm deep is maintained across the full width of the landing and the door
swing does not encroach within space designated for future installation of a stair lift
(see clause 4.2.8).
Additional information:
1. The maximum flight length for a particular gradient can be interpolated as follows: 3 m
long for a gradient of 1 in 13, 4 m long for a gradient of 1 in 14, and so on.
The unobstructed length of a landing should be not less than 1.5 m, to allow space for
wheelchairs or prams to stop after travelling down a flight and to provide manoeuvring
space.
Where the entire length of a series of ramp flights is not visible from either the top or
bottom landing, intermediate landings should have an effective width of not less than
1.8 m, to provide passing places during ascent or descent.
b. have a profile and projection that will allow a firm grip, and
c. end in a manner, such as a scrolled or wreathed end, that will not present a risk of
entrapment to users, and
d. contrast visually with any adjacent wall surface.
However only sub clause (b) need be provided on a private stair or to a ramp providing
access within a single dwelling, as users are likely to be familiar with the layout and use of
the flight.
A stair or ramp that is more than 2.3 m wide should be divided by a handrail, or handrails,
in such a way that each section is at least 1.1 m and not more than 1.8 m wide. This does
not apply to a stair between an entrance door to a building and ground level where not
forming part of an escape route.
access is not for public use and would only be expected to be provided in places such as
plant-rooms. A stair or ladder should be constructed in accordance with:
a. BS 5395: Part 3: 1985 or BS 4211: 2005, as appropriate, or
b. BS 5395: Part 2: 1984 where the stair is a spiral or helical stair.
4.4.0 Introduction
Protective barriers are necessary to prevent people in and around buildings from an
accidental fall at an unguarded change of level.
In assessing the type of barrier to be used, the likely hazards, the use of the building and
the risks to the people that may be present should all be considered. Any barrier should
minimise the risk of persons falling or slipping through gaps in the barrier.
Young children are often adept at climbing within their reach. It is important that the design
of protective barriers restrict the ability of young children to climb them, thereby reducing
the possibility of injury from falls.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
However there is no need to provide a protective barrier in a location which would prevent
intended access route or be incompatible with the normal use of an area, such as to the
edge of a loading bay.
A wall, partition or area of fixed glazing, constructed in accordance with the
recommendations of clause 4.4.2, may act as a protective barrier.
To ensure a person can be aware of the presence of a protective barrier it should, unless
within a dwelling or forming part of a wall or partition, contrast visually with surrounding
surfaces. If a barrier is principally glazed, the recommendations for marking given in
clause 4.8.2 should be followed.
Minimum height
Location
(mm) [1]
Additional information:
1. A handrail provided in accordance with clauses 4.3.14 and 4.3.15 may form the top of
a protective barrier if the heights in this table are met.
2. Protective barriers should be installed where the opening window has:
a. a sill that is less than 800 mm above finished floor level, and
b. an operation that will allow the possibility of falling out, and
c. a difference in level between the floor level and the ground level of more than
600 mm.
At 2 storeys or more above ground level, reference should be made to clause 4.8.4
where external glazing is cleanable from within the building.
3. Where a handrail forming the top of a protective barrier to a flight meets a protective
barrier to a landing, the height of the latter may be reduced for a distance not more
than 300 mm to permit a smooth junction.
4.5.0 Introduction
The hazards posed by unsafe electrical installation are injuries caused by contact with
electricity (shocks and burns) and injuries arising from fires in buildings ignited through
malfunctioning or incorrect installations.
Concern has been expressed that risks have been increasing in recent years due to:
• the increasing prevalence and variety of electrical systems in buildings and the
demands being made on them
• the reduction in subscription to voluntary industry self-regulation schemes.
The intention of this standard is to ensure that electrical installations are safe in terms of
the hazards likely to arise from defective installations, namely fire, electric shock and burns
or other personal injury. Installations should:
• safely accommodate any likely maximum demand, and
• incorporate appropriate automatic devices for protection against overcurrent or
leakage, and
• provide means of isolating parts of the installation or equipment connected to it, as are
necessary for safe working and maintenance.
The standard applies to fixed installations in buildings. An installation consists of the
electrical wiring and associated components and fittings, including all permanently secured
equipment, but excluding portable equipment and appliances.
Appendix 6 of BS 7671: 2018 (The Wiring Regulations) provides specimen certificates that
may be completed by the person responsible for the installation. These can be issued to
the person ordering the works as evidence of compliance with the recommendations of the
British Standards.
‘Socket outlet’ means a fixed device containing contacts for the purpose of connecting to
a supply of electricity the corresponding contacts of a plug attached to any current-using
appliance.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
4.6.0 Introduction
Visual perception increases with the level of light falling on the surface of an object. It is
important to avoid hazardous situations that may be created by the nature of the lighting
itself including insufficient light sources, glare, gloom and shadows.
During daylight, lighting levels within a building are generally much less than those
outdoors. In lobby areas, transitional lighting will assist the eye in adjusting quickly
between exterior and interior lighting conditions. Careful design of lighting can also play an
important part in emergency situations, to ensure the safe and effective evacuation of
people in an emergency.
Section 2 (Fire) includes guidance on escape route lighting and emergency lighting, whilst
Section 6 (Energy) covers energy efficient design of lighting.
Aside from the specific issues noted above and in guidance to this standard, general
guidance on lighting in buildings remains outwith the scope of the Technical Handbook.
There are, however numerous publications offering guidance on use of lighting in buildings
for safety and amenity, including those listed below:
• Code for Lighting – CIBSE (2002)
• Building Sight - Royal National Institute for the Blind (1995).
The provision of an entryphone system to a communal entrance will enhance both the
amenity and the security of occupants within a building.
Today, with ever more electrical appliances being used in homes, an adequate provision
of power points reduces the possibility of both overloading of individual sockets, risking
fire, and the creation of trip hazards from use of extension cabling.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
4.6.1 Lighting
A dwelling should have an electric lighting system providing at least one lighting point to
every circulation space, kitchen, bathroom, toilet and other space having a floor area of 2
m2 or more.
Any lighting point serving a stair should have controlling switches at, or in the immediate
vicinity of, the stair landing on each storey.
4.7.0 Introduction
This standard does not apply to domestic buildings.
4.8.0 Introduction
This standard covers several unrelated safety issues that do not lend themselves to
inclusion in other standards although glass and glazing do figure prominently.
Collision or entrapment accidents result in a significant number of deaths and injuries to
people in and around buildings every year. The majority of these accidents occur during
normal use and involve building features such as doors, windows and areas of fixed
glazing, with the risk of injury increased where vulnerable glass is involved. Collisions with
glazing are very common as it can, if transparent, be difficult to see and may create
confusing lighting effects, presenting particular difficulties for a person with a visual or
cognitive impairment.
Falls still result in deaths and serious injury to people while cleaning windows. Whether
windows are cleaned professionally or by the building owner, provision should be made to
permit glazing to be cleaned safely.
Natural ventilation in dwellings is provided by openable windows or rooflights. People may
encounter difficulty and a hazard may arise in operating controls which are poorly sited.
Similarly, location of electrical sockets, switches and other controls can, if not considered
carefully, affect safe and convenient use.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Rooflight in dwellings - however within a dwelling, any rooflight, all of which is more than
1.8 m above both adjacent ground and internal floor level, need not be constructed so that
it may be safely cleaned.
Glazing in common areas - in addition to the above three options, any window or
rooflight within a common area of a domestic building may be cleaned from a ladder sited
on adjacent ground or from an adjacent loadbearing surface which has unobstructed
space large enough to allow the safe use of a ladder and which will contain a person from
falling further. However a ladder should not be used to access any external or internal
glazed surface more than 9 m above the surface on which the ladder is sited. General
guidance on the safe use of ladders may be found in HSE information sheet MISC613
'Safety in window cleaning using portable ladders'.
Glazing within a roof access hatch, located within a roof space, need not be constructed
so that it may be safely cleaned.
When cleaning a window from inside, a person should not have to sit or stand on a
window sill or use other aids to reach the external face of a window. The criterion of safety
is the ability to reach all points on the surface of the external glazing with only the arm
projecting outside the line of the window whilst remaining standing on the floor.
Safe reach - ergonomic statistics on reach capabilities for the UK adult population are
given in Annex A of BS 8213: Part 1: 2004. As reach may safely be increased to some
degree by use of cleaning implements, it would still be considered reasonable to apply a
safe limit to downward reach of 610 mm and a safe limit to lateral and vertical reach as an
arc with a radius of 850 mm measured from a point not more than 1.3 m above floor level.
Where the window is to be cleaned from a loadbearing surface noted in subclause (b) to
this clause, there should be:
• a means of safe access, and
• a protective barrier not less than 1.1 m high to any edge of the surface or access to the
surface which is likely to be dangerous.
This method of cleaning is only appropriate where no part of the glazing is more than 4 m
above the loadbearing surface.
Where there is a need for safe cleaning of glazing, it may be appropriate to consider
alternate methods of cleaning, in addition to those listed in the guidance, where an
equivalent level of safety can be demonstrated.
Guarding to a window is not needed where the open window gives access to a fully
guarded balcony.
Standard 4.9
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that protection
is provided for people in, and around, the building from the danger of severe
burns or scalds from the discharge of steam or hot water.
4.9.0 Introduction
Guidance is given under this standard on a number of issues relating to hot water safety.
Guidance is given to minimise the risk of explosion due to malfunction of an unvented hot
water vessel by:
• ensuring that such installations are carried out by appropriately qualified personnel,
and
• requiring a minimum range of safety devices be fitted to any such installation to
prevent the temperature of the stored water exceeding 100 °C.
It is not intended that this guidance should be applied to storage systems with a capacity
of less than 15 litres, to systems used solely for space heating or to any system used for
an industrial or commercial process.
Guidance is given on systems of up to 500 litres storage capacity, where power input does
not exceed 45 kW. Installations above this size are not usual in domestic buildings. It is
unlikely that many larger installations will be installed in dwellings but if required, additional
guidance on such installations is provided to Standard 4.9 of the non-domestic Technical
Handbook.
Hot water overflows - guidance is given on provision for the safe removal of the
discharge created by the normal operation of safety devices in such an installation and on
ensuring discharge of hot water and steam from any installation, unvented or otherwise, to
a safe and visible location.
Measures to prevent scalding from hot water are now addressed for certain sanitary
facilities used for personal hygiene.
Safety devices installed to protect from hazards such as scalding or the risk of explosion of
unvented systems should be maintained to ensure correct operation. Guidance on
maintenance can be provided by both manufacturers and installers of such devices.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Relief valve to tundish - each valve should discharge into a metal pipe not less than the
nominal outlet size of the valve. The discharge pipe should have an air-break, such as a
tundish, not more than 500 mm from the vessel relief valve and located in an easily visible
location within the same enclosure. Discharge pipes from more than one relief valve may
be taken through the same tundish.
Pipework should be installed so that any discharge will be directed away from electrical
components should the discharge outlet become blocked.
Tundish to final discharge point - the presence of this air break results in the pressure
of the final discharge being no higher than that of a vented system.
The discharge pipe from the tundish to final discharge point should be of a material,
usually copper, capable of withstanding water temperatures of up to 95 ºC and be at least
one pipe size larger than the outlet pipe to the relief valve. A vertical section of pipe, at
least 300 mm long, should be provided beneath the tundish before any bends to the
discharge pipe; thereafter the pipe should be appropriately supported to maintain a
continuous fall of at least 1 in 200 to the discharge point.
The pipework should have a resistance to the flow of water no greater than that of a
straight pipe 9 m long unless the pipe bore is increased accordingly. Guidance on sizing of
pipework from the tundish to the final discharge point is shown in the following table:
Table 4.8 Size of discharge pipework
Valve outlet Minimum Minimum Maximum Equivalent
size size of size of resistance allowed, resistance
discharge discharge expressed as a created by the
pipe to pipe from length of straight addition of each
tundish tundish pipe - i.e. no elbows elbow or bend
or bends
G½ 15 mm 22 mm Up to 9 m 0.8 m
28 mm Up to 18 m 1.0 m
35 mm Up to 27 m 1.4 m
G¾ 22 mm 28 mm Up to 9 m 1.0 m
35 mm Up to 18 m 1.4 m
42 mm Up to 27 m 1.7 m
G1 28 mm 35 mm Up to 9 m 1.4 m
42 mm Up to 18 m 1.7 m
54 mm Up to 27 m 2.3 m
Annex D to BS 6700: 1997 "Specification for design, installation, testing and maintenance
of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages” also
gives guidance on pipe sizing for water distribution systems.
Discharge pipe termination
The pipe termination should be in a visible location and installed so that discharge will not
endanger anyone inside or outside the building.
Ideally, the final discharge point should be above the water seal to an external gully and
below a fixed grating. Other methods for terminating the final discharge point would include:
a. up to 100 mm above external surfaces such as car parks, grassed areas, or hard
standings; a wire cage or similar guard should be provided to both prevent contact with
discharge and protect the outlet from damage, whilst maintaining visibility
b. at high level into a hopper and downpipe of a material, such as cast iron, appropriate
for a hot water discharge with the end of the discharge pipe clearly visible
c. onto a flat roof or pitched roof clad in a material capable of withstanding high
temperature discharges of water, such as slate/clay/concrete tiles or metal sheet, with
the discharge point a minimum of 3 m from any plastic guttering system that would
collect such discharges.
Discharge at high level may be possible if the discharge outlet is terminated in such a way
as to direct the flow of water against the external face of a wall. However evidence of the
minimum height of the outlet above any surface to which people have access and the
distance needed to reduce the discharge to a non-scalding level should be established by
test or otherwise.
4.10.0 Introduction
This standard does not apply to domestic buildings.
4.11.0 Introduction
This guidance deals with non-domestic supply installations where liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) is stored under pressure at ambient temperatures in fixed vessels larger than 75 kg
LPG capacity.
Guidance is also given on the storage of LPG within grouped cylinders, when connected to
a supply installation.
The intention of the guidance to this standard is to minimise both the risk of fire spreading
to the tank and of the contents of the tank forming explosive gas pockets in the vicinity of
any LPG storage container.
All persons concerned with the storage and use of LPG should be aware of the following
characteristics and potential hazards:
• the two forms of liquefied petroleum gases that are generally available in the UK are
commercial butane and commercial propane
• LPG is stored as a liquid under pressure. It is colourless and its weight as a liquid is
approximately half that of the equivalent volume of water
• LPG vapour is denser than air, commercial butane being about twice as heavy as air.
Therefore the vapour may flow along the ground and into drains, sinking to the lowest
level of the surroundings and may therefore be ignited at a considerable distance from
the source of the leakage. In still air, vapour will disperse slowly
• when mixed with air, LPG can form a flammable mixture
• leakage of small quantities of the liquefied gas can give rise to large volumes of
vapour/ air mixture and thus cause considerable hazard
hatches, within the separation distances given in column (A) of the table below should be
sealed or trapped to prevent the passage of LPG vapour.
Tanks should be separated from buildings, boundaries or fixed sources of ignition in
accordance with the following table:
Table 4.9 Separation distances for liquefied petroleum gas storage tanks
Minimum separation distance for above
Maximum capacity (in tonnes)
ground tanks (in metres)
Additional information:
1. Fire wall means a wall or screen meeting the guidance for an external wall with a fire
resistance of short duration (Section 2, Fire) within 1 m of the boundary, and located
between 1 m and 1.5 m from the tank and extending:
a. longitudinally: so that the distance specified above without the fire wall is
maintained when measured around the ends of the fire wall, and
b. vertically: 2 m or the height to the top of the pressure relief valve, whichever is
greater.
2. For vessels up to 1.1 tonnes capacity, the fire wall need be no higher than the top of
the pressure relief valve and may form part of the site boundary. For vessels up to 1.1
tonnes capacity located closer to a building than the separation distance in column (A)
of the above table, the fire wall should form part of the wall of the building in
accordance with the diagram below. Where part of the building is used for residential
accommodation (or as a dwelling), such a fire wall should meet the guidance for an
external wall with a fire resistance of medium duration (Section 2, Fire).
Figure 4.13 Separation or shielding of a LPG tank from a building, boundary or fixed
source of ignition
Where a group of tanks are sited together, the number of tanks in a group should not
exceed 6 and the total storage capacity of the group should not be more than that given for
any group of tanks in the table above.
Motor vehicles under the control of a site occupier should be parked at least 6 m from LPG
tanks or the separation distance in column (A) of the table to this clause, whichever is the
smaller. This does not apply to the loading/unloading of vehicles. Motor vehicles not under
site control (e.g. those belonging to members of the public) should be parked no closer
than the separation distance in column (A) of the table to this clause.
Use of cylinders in a domestic installation commonly takes the form of 2 sets of paired
cylinders connected to a manifold, with supply provided from one pair of cylinders at any
one time. This allows continuous supply to be maintained when changing empty cylinders.
Any installation should enable cylinders to stand upright, secured by straps or chains
against a wall outside the building.
Cylinders should be positioned on a firm, level base such as concrete at least 50 mm thick
or paving slabs bedded on mortar, and located in a well-ventilated position at ground level,
so that the cylinder valves will be:
a. at least 1 m horizontally and 300 mm vertically from openings in the buildings or from
heat source such as flue terminals or tumble dryer vents
b. at least 2 m horizontally from untrapped drains, unsealed gullies or cellar hatches
unless an intervening wall not less that 250 mm high is present.
Cylinders should be readily accessible, reasonably protected from physical damage and
located where they do not obstruct escape routes from the building.
4.12.0 Introduction
Where vehicles are introduced into a building, measures should be taken to protect people
from any additional risks presented. Where areas subject to vehicular traffic are at a level
higher than adjacent areas, such as on ramps or platforms, precautions should be taken to
ensure that vehicles can not fall to a lower level.
In the assessment of the type of barrier to be provided, the designer should give
consideration to the likely hazards, the building use and the risks to building users.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
The minimum height for these barriers relates to the height at which imposed load is
applied as described in BS EN 1991-1-1.
In locations used by both vehicles and pedestrians, such as parking areas, additional
barrier criteria may apply to edges and changes in level as described in clauses 4.4.1 and
4.4.2.
4.13 Security
Mandatory Standard
Standard 4.13
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that doors and
windows, vulnerable to unlawful entry, can be secured to deter housebreaking
and protect the safety and welfare of occupants.
Limitation:
This standard applies only to domestic buildings.
4.13.0 Introduction
Whilst police statistics show signs of housebreaking decreasing since 1999, people’s
perception of their likelihood of falling victim to this type of crime continues to increase.
The 2003 Scottish Crime Survey identified that one in ten people consider it ‘very’ or ‘fairly’
likely that their home would be broken into within the next twelve months. This is an
increase on the same response in 2000 and is double the proportion of households who
were actually victims of housebreaking in preceding years.
As almost half of the recorded incidents of housebreaking occur when a property is
occupied, it is not surprising that housebreaking is rated amongst the crimes that cause
people most concern and worry. However basic measures to improve the physical security
of dwellings, including robust specification of doors, windows, glazing and locks, can act
deter the opportunist thief.
Guidance to other standards is also relevant to promoting a more secure environment as
follows:
• lighting of common entrances and dwelling entrances (Standard 4.1)
• lighting within the common areas of domestic buildings and access control systems to
common entrances (Standard 4.6)
• ensuring security measures do not adversely affect means of escape (Standard 2.9).
‘Secured by Design’ is the established police initiative to design out elements within
development that may contribute to housebreaking and other crimes. ‘Secured by Design’
accreditation considers site design and layout as well as physical security measures and
offers a more comprehensive solution than those physical provisions set out within this
standard. As ‘Secured by Design’ is assessed on a site-specific basis, the police can also
offer recommendations on appropriate additional measures in areas where the risk of
crimes, such as housebreaking, are considered greater. Information on the scheme can be
found online at http://www.securedbydesign.com/.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
4.14.0 Introduction
Being online is not only a useful communication tool, it is also becoming increasingly
important to individuals in their day to day lives. It enables them to access online shopping
and banking, search for tradespeople and other businesses, interact with local and central
government services and research many other areas of interest. Further information on
digital technology, including the roll-out of superfast broadband in Scotland can be found
on the Digital Scotland Website.
European Directive 2014/61/EU is intended to reduce the cost of rolling out high-speed
fixed and wireless electronic communications networks. This standard and guidance
implements Article 8 of the Directive 2014/61/EU, which requires Member States to ensure
that newly constructed buildings are equipped with a “high-speed-ready in-building
physical infrastructure” to facilitate the cost-effective installation of cabling providing a
minimum broadband speed of 30 megabits per second (Mbps).
The remainder of the Directive, which covers the wider network, has been transposed at
UK level under The Communications (Access to Infrastructure) Regulations 2016.
The main technologies for delivering high-speed broadband to residential and small
commercial buildings are set out in OFCOM's Infrastructure Report 2014 and consist of:
• a combination of fibre and what was originally cable television wiring - where fibre is
provided between an exchange and a cabinet, and the existing copper coaxial cable is
used to deliver speeds of up to 152 Mbps
• a combination of fibre and telephone wiring - where fibre is provided between an
exchange and a cabinet, and the existing twisted pair copper phone wire line is used to
deliver speeds of up to 76 Mbps, and
• fibre only technology - relying entirely on fibre to connect buildings to the exchange
and deliver speeds of up to 1 Gbps.
The guidance to this standard provides the minimum provision necessary to meet the
objectives of Article 8 of European Directive 2014/61/EU, with the exception of paragraph
8(3) as there is currently no formal “broadband ready” label adopted in the UK. It should be
noted that the standard and guidance do not consider provisions for external infrastructure
beyond the "site" of the building, commonly known as the 'footprint'.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
Consideration should be given to any additional works that may be necessary to facilitate
the future installation of cabling, for example draw ropes within ducts. Where the internet
service provider is known, they should be consulted.
Further information on infrastructure and cabling for broadband in new dwellings can be
found in Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2016 Next generation access for new build
homes – Guide, available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/78511/10-1339-pas-2016-next-generation-access-new-build-
guide.pdf
Section 5 (Noise)
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Noise separation
5.2 Noise reduction between rooms
Annex 5.A – Supplementary guidance on post-completion noise testing
Section 5 - Noise
5.0 Introduction
5.0.1 Background
Noise is unwanted sound. In order to limit the effects of unwanted sound the standards
intend to improve the resistance of building elements to sound transmission. Research has
presented clear evidence that noise can indirectly contribute to a range of health issues
such as stress and anxiety.
Inadequate sound insulation can impair health by allowing noise from other people to
disrupt normal life. A number of people in attached homes complain of neighbour noise.
The World Health Organisation has established a relationship between noise exposure
and sleep disturbance. However, the short or long-term effects are still not clear. Over the
years, several pieces of legislation relating to noise (see clause 5.0.9) have been
introduced which provide some degree of control of ‘noisy neighbours’.
Noise generated within a dwelling, to some extent, is under the control of the occupants
but can still create tension within a family. The provision of sound absorption between
rooms should allow people a degree of privacy as they go about their everyday activities.
5.0.2 Aims
The purpose of the standards in Section 5 is to limit the transmission of sound to a level
that will not threaten the health of occupants from sound transmission emanating from
attached buildings and a differently occupied part of the same building. They also cover
sound from within the same dwelling if occupants are in rooms where they would expect to
have some degree of peace and quiet.
It is important to recognise that the standards will not guarantee freedom from unwanted
sound transmission. The standards aim to limit the effects from sound levels created from
normal domestic activities, but not from excessive noise from things such as power tools,
audio systems inconsiderately played at high volume or even raised voices. The standards
do not address environmental noise through the building facade from sources such as
aircraft, trains, road traffic or industry. Other legislation covers these areas and further
information may be obtained from Planning Advice Note PAN 1/2011 ‘Planning and Noise'.
Home improvements were previously not considered an issue, whereas some can now
create a noise nuisance. For example, lifting carpets and replacing them with laminate
flooring can have an adverse affect on sound transference in buildings, and particularly on
occupants of flats. A leaflet giving further information on home improvements is available
at Home improvements: noise guidance - gov.scot (www.gov.scot).
• through a heavyweight wall or floor it is its mass per unit area. A reduction in sound
transmission and increase in sound insulation are expected with increasing mass, as
the heavier the wall or floor, the less it vibrates in response to sound waves and hence
the less sound energy is radiated. For example, heavyweight constructions such as
masonry cavity walls provide mass and isolation
• through a lightweight wall or floor it is the use of cavities, isolation and absorption. A
reduction in sound transmission and an increase in sound insulation are expected by
the use of cavities with fewer and less stiff connections, while absorptive material hung
in the wall cavity will absorb mid to high frequency sound energy. The formation of
narrow cavities, such as dry linings on dabs, can also create an unwelcome ‘drum’
effect at low frequencies and filling or lining them with absorbing material can help to
reduce this. For example in lightweight constructions such as timber frame walls, the
twin stud of the timber frame provides isolation, stiffness and absorption
• resilience is needed for separating floors in flats where there is direct vibration impact
such as footfall noise. Resilience reduces the impact vibration by dynamic movement
and also converts the energy into heat. Examples of resilient elements for floors
include floating floor treatments such as battens and cradles, resilient bars and
resilient floor coverings, other than carpet
• mass and stiffness help to reduce significantly low frequency sound transmission
whereas absorption and resilience predominantly reduce mid and high frequency
sound transmission
• isolation has the most influence over all frequencies of sound but can be limited by
structural connections such as wall ties, straps and fixings that may bridge isolated
leaves or elements.
• The Common Law of Nuisance recognises that an occupant has the right to the free
and absolute use of the property, but only to the extent that such use does not
discomfort or annoy a neighbour.
• Part IV of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 sets out a range of public
nuisance offences.
• The Environmental Protection Act 1990 as it relates to noise, states that ‘any
premises in such a state as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance ranks as a
statutory nuisance’.
• The Human Rights Act 1998 (as it relates to noise) Article 8 guarantees the right to
respect for private and family life.
• The Antisocial Behaviour etc. (Scotland) Act 2004 empowers the local authority to
serve a warning notice in relation to noise which exceeds the permitted level.
• The Planning Advice Note PAN 1/2011 ‘Planning and Noise', provides advice on the
role of the planning system in helping to prevent and limit the adverse effects of noise.
5.0.10 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or
installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
5.1.0 Introduction
Noise nuisance outwith the control of dwelling occupants has increased substantially over
the last decade. This is mainly as a result of people’s changing lifestyles, greater numbers
and use of sound-producing equipment and household appliances.
There has been a dramatic increase in the use of electrical goods, particularly sound
producing equipment such as audio and TV. Music can be more bass orientated and
played at higher volumes, whilst speakers mounted on walls may improve the quality to
the listener, they can create a disturbance to others. The intention is not to prevent all
sound from being heard, but to limit noise nuisance by achieving levels of sound insulation
that will help to reduce the effects of sound on people in their home.
Complaints regarding noisy services do occur. Dealing with the varying levels of sound
produced by service equipment, such as lifts, heat pumps or air conditioning units in
buildings is a complex task. Guidance is given on the care that should be taken at the
design stage in the choice of service equipment, installation and location within the
building.
Designers should be aware that some Local Authorities may also set noise reduction
targets. This is usually enforced through environmental health and planning legislation for
noise emanating from commercial premises to dwellings, and more information on this is
contained in PAN 1/2011.
Conversions - in the case of conversions as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
Additional information:
1. For the definition of DnT,w and L’nT,w see clause 5.0.4.
2. Notice should be taken of the guidance on conversions in clause 5.1.5.
3. See clause 5.1.1 for application of these performance levels to separating walls and
separating floors.
Two methods are provided on ways to achieve these levels which can lead to meeting the
standard. They are by the use of:
a. Example Constructions (see clause 5.1.3), or
b. other constructions (see clause 5.1.4).
These methods are to be used in conjunction with the testing arrangements (see clause
5.1.8 to 5.1.10).
A further method of meeting Standard 5.1 rests outwith the Domestic Technical Handbook.
This involves using 'Robust Details (Scotland)' - http://www.labss.org/robust-details-limited.
If all the scheme rules are followed then post-completion testing (see clauses 5.1.9 and
5.1.10) is not necessary.
constructions that are in general use in the UK, and that are known to reduce the range of
sound frequencies that can generate complaints.
The Example Constructions are available on the BSD website.
5.1.5 Conversions
Achieving the design performance levels for conversions can present challenges to a
designer. The presence of hidden voids within constructions, back to back fireplaces,
cupboards and gaps between construction elements in walls and floors, mean that it may
not be possible to use ‘pattern book’ type constructions to achieve the design performance
levels. When conversions are undertaken, the adaption of the existing building should be
considered at the design stage. Conversions and conversions of traditional buildings
should achieve the performance levels in the table to clause 5.1.2.
With older buildings achieving the performance levels in clause 5.1.2 becomes more
difficult, therefore the levels for traditional buildings are less demanding than for new build
and conversions.
The design proposals for the conversion of a traditional building should be considered
carefully so that any measures taken will improve the sound insulation. The performance
levels in the table to clause 5.1.2 should be considered as a benchmark, but it may not be
possible to achieve these levels in all circumstances. Consultation on such matters at an
early stage with both the verifier and the planning officer of the relevant authority is
advisable.
Historic and Listed buildings will, prior to conversion, display unique characteristics as
far as sound insulation is concerned. The original building design and construction will
influence the level of sound insulation achievable for the separating walls and separating
floors. For this reason, specific prescriptive guidance on such buildings is not appropriate.
The relevant authority may, at their discretion, agree measures that respect the character
of the building.
Advice on the general principles of sound insulation in Historic and Listed buildings can be
obtained from the Building Performance Centre, Napier University booklet ‘Housing and
Sound Insulation – Improving existing attached dwellings and designing for conversions'.
The conversion of a roof space into a habitable area, although very common, can present
problems as it is unlikely that access to the roof space in the adjoining dwelling can be
assured. Where an existing separating wall in a roof space is constructed of a single leaf
of masonry only, it would be appropriate to provide one leaf of a free-standing framed
construction next to the existing wall as each attic is developed. Example Constructions -
detail 3: timber frame twin stud wall; gives a typical arrangement.
The building owner may wish to carry out a pre-conversion sound test prior to the start of
any conversion, ideally during the building survey process. The acoustic performance of
the existing construction can then be established and problems identified that will allow the
design of a tailored acoustic solution to be determined at an early stage.
For larger or more complex work, advice on conversions may be sought from an acoustic
specialist who should be able to offer appropriate design guidance.
construction that will maintain the levels of noise reduction recommended for a separating
floor in the table to clause 5.1.2.
Service equipment rooms should not be located next to quiet areas such as rooms
intended for sleeping. Locating plant in a larger space can help dissipate sound. Also,
plant machinery and equipment such as lift rails should be isolated from the walls and floor
to reduce vibrations and the resulting sound transmission to rooms intended for sleeping.
Vibration from mechanical equipment can be reduced with the use of inertia blocks and
resilient mounts.
Structure borne noise is the most common cause of complaints and the most effective
approach is to structurally de-couple service installations and mechanical equipment from
separating walls and separating floors. Lightweight structures need special consideration
and it may be necessary to support noisy plant on a separate, rigid structure. The
installation of an independent wall or ceiling lining may help achieve the performance
levels in clause 5.1.2.
A report ‘Limit noise transmission to dwellings from services' includes several useful
design guide annexes. Annex H of BS EN 12354-5: 2009 provides more detailed guidance
on the reduction of service noise transmittance through separating walls and separating
floors.
Design guides covering low carbon equipment, such as air source heat pumps, contain
advice on sound reduction measures and are available at Key supporting technical
guidance (Section 7: sustainability) – Building Standards collections – gov.scot
(www.gov.scot).
Additional information:
1. For the definition of DnT,w and L’nT,w see clause 5.0.4.
2. Notice should be taken of the guidance on conversions in clause 5.1.5.
3. See clause 5.1.1 for application of these performance levels to separating walls and
separating floors.
Additional information:
1. Where a separating wall forms a junction with a ground floor or roof a weak point in the
construction is created affecting the sound performance. For this reason 1 test should
be carried out on a separating wall at ground and first floor level for attached houses.
2. Each different construction in a development should be tested.
When a conversion of an attached building occurs, for example to a mid terrace dwelling,
it may not be possible to gain access to the adjacent dwelling or part of the same building,
to carry out tests to the separating wall. In this case, it may not be appropriate to request
testing to be carried out. The conversion of a roof space into habitable space, although
very common can also present problems. Since it is unlikely that access to the roof space
in the adjoining dwelling can be assured it may not be appropriate to test
Sound tests should only be carried out on a building that is complete and when doors,
access hatches and windows are fitted. Carpet, should not be used as bonded resilient
floor covering or laid before an impact test for separating floors. Sound testing should be
carried out in accordance with:
a. BS EN ISO 140-4: 1998 and BS EN ISO 717-1: 1997, for airborne sound transmission,
and
b. BS EN ISO 140-7: 1998 and BS EN ISO 717-2: 1997, for impact sound transmission.
Airborne sound insulation testing - at least two different loudspeaker positions should
be used for the source noise, in accordance with BS EN ISO 140-4: 1998.
Methods using a single source - for each source position, the average sound pressure
level in the source and receiving rooms is measured in one-third-octave bands using either
fixed microphone positions (and averaging these values on an energy basis), or using a
moving microphone.
For the source room measurements, the difference between the average sound pressure
levels in adjacent one-third-octave bands should be not more than 6 dB. If this condition is
not met, the source spectrum should be adjusted and the source room measurement
repeated. If the condition is met, the average sound pressure level in the receiving room,
and hence a level difference, should be determined.
It is essential that all measurements made in the source and receiving rooms to determine
a level difference should be made without moving the sound source or changing the output
level of the sound source, once its spectrum has been correctly adjusted (where
necessary).
The sound source should now be moved to the next position in the source room and the
above procedure repeated to determine another level difference. At least two positions
should be used for the source. The level differences obtained from each source position
should be arithmetically averaged, D as defined in BS EN ISO 140-4: 1998.
Airbourne and sound impact insulation testing - for both types of testing it is possible
to use fixed microphone positions, rotating booms or manual moving microphones (mmm),
in accordance with BS EN ISO 140-4: 1998 and BS EN ISO 140-7: 1998.
Doors - it is not normal practise to undertake sound insulation tests where there is a door
in a separating wall, such as an entrance door to a flat from a common stair. Allowance
should be made if a test is needed for such a separating wall as the door will not achieve
the same 'design performance level' as a separating wall, as the door will allow sound
transmission through the gaps and affect the sound test results.
Professional expertise - testing should be carried out by persons who can demonstrate
relevant, recognised expertise in acoustics for sound insulation testing. This should include
membership of a professional organisation which accredits its members as competent to
both test and confirm the results.
5.2.0 Introduction
Changing lifestyles has altered the way rooms are used in dwellings. Bedrooms are more
often used as areas where people spend time watching television, playing computer
games and listening to music. Shouting from room to room, running up and down stairs,
using noisy appliances and banging doors, can all be heard throughout a dwelling and can
create unwanted noise. At night, any noise made when generally there is little background
noise, is often perceived as excessive.
Although noise within a dwelling, can be more easily controlled than noise from outwith the
dwelling itself, this can still be a nuisance. The increase in noise level from speech and
music within dwellings may indirectly lead to anxiety and stress.
Conversions - in the case of conversions as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
between an en-suite bathroom and the apartment it serves need not have sound
insulation.
The design performance levels for internal walls and intermediate floors covered by this
standard should achieve minimum airborne sound insulation levels indicated in the
following table:
Table 5.5 Table 5.5 Design performance levels
Design performance Minimum airborne insulation level
Internal walls 40 dB Rw
Intermediate floors 43 dB Rw
5.2.4 Conversions
Many of the existing wall and floor constructions within a traditional building, will be
constructed from materials generally not still in use, for example lathe and plaster. In such
cases the sound insulation level will not be known therefore, it is not reasonably
practicable for the existing walls or floors to meet the performance levels in clause 5.2.1.
Sound testing
Notes
[1] see 5.A.14
[2] see 5.A.15
[3] see 5.A.12
[4] see 5.A.16
Figure 1 Sound test being carried out Figure 2 Typical sound level meter for
measuring sound insulation
Figure 4 Impact sound test being carried Figure 5 Typical tapping machines for
out impact sound insulation tests
• Confirmation that the test was conducted in accordance with BS EN ISO 140 Part 4
(Airborne) and Part 7 (Impact) 1998.
• Measurement procedure.
• The results should be calculated in accordance with BS EN ISO 717 Part 1 and Part 2
1997.
• Detailed test results giving a declaration of a pass or fail.
• Date of test.
The test results or certificates will be submitted to the verifier during the completion
certificate process.
5.A.14 Conversions
Conversions and conversion of traditional buildings is common practice, such as changing
an office into flats. Where division of the building results in different areas of occupation,
such as a flat, there is a need to carry out a sound test.
Pre-conversion sound tests can be carried out prior to the start of any conversion to
establish the acoustic performance of the existing construction. This will help to identify
any problems that may need the design of a tailored acoustic solution at an early stage.
For larger or more complex work, advice on conversions may be sought from an acoustic
specialist who should be able to offer design guidance.
Therefore, it may be prudent to seek advice from a specialist who, through experience of
building acoustic design and sound testing, may be able to identify and resolve any
problems. A specialist is normally a member of the Institute of Acoustics (IoA) or the
Association of Noise Consultants (ANC).
If the failure is attributed to the construction of the separating and / or associated flanking
elements, other rooms that have not been tested may also fail to meet the test
performance levels. Additional tests may be needed, over and above the number
recommended in Clause 5.1.9 of the Technical Handbooks to check that the work
achieves the test performance levels.
Where an even spread of tests has been carried out this will assist in identifying, at an
early stage, where the failures have been caused by intermittent poor workmanship.
Testing may then be required for all plots to identify the ones that require remedial
treatment. Where failure is due to a design fault, additional testing may not be required, as
all plots with the same design are likely to require remedial treatment.
5.A.18 Definitions
The definition of a dwelling is contained in Appendix A (Defined Terms) of the Technical
Handbooks.
“Dwelling” means a unit of residential accommodation occupied (whether or not as a sole
or main residence):
a. by an individual or by individuals living together as a family; or
b. by not more than six individuals living together as a single household (including a
household where care is provided for residents) and includes any surgeries, consulting
rooms, offices or other accommodation, of a floor area not exceeding in the aggregate
50 square metres, forming part of a dwelling and used by an occupant of the dwelling
in a professional or business capacity.
There are also different types of dwelling which are defined as follows:
• Flat – means a dwelling on one storey, forming part of a building from some other part
of which it is divided horizontally, and includes a dwelling of which the main entrance
door and associated hall are on a different storey from the remainder of the dwelling.
• High-rise domestic buildings – means a domestic building with any storey at a
height of more than 18 metres above ground.
• House – means a dwelling on one or more storeys, either detached or forming part of
a building from all other parts of which it is divided only vertically.
• Maisonette – means a dwelling on more than one storey, forming part of a building
from some other part of which it is divided horizontally.
6. Doors should be in place and fully fitted. External and internal doors
fitted with seals.
8. Services should be completed and any voids around ducts made good.
10. An electricity supply should be available for the test plots at 110v or
240v.
12. No site workers should enter or be in the building during the test.
13. Test plots and adjacent areas within the building should be quiet for the
duration of the test.
Example 1
A development of five plots made up from three blocks, all of the same construction
including:
• four dwellings are made up from two blocks of semi-detached two storey houses, and
• a two storey community centre (non-domestic block).
If the blocks were of different construction, sound testing would need to be carried out for
both semi-detached blocks.
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5
Sound tested
No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5
Figure 7 Sound testing – Example 1, Plots 3 and 4 are selected for testing
Example 2
A development of 27 plots made up from 8 blocks, all of the same construction, but of
different building types, including:
• 1 block of flats made up fo 12 dwellings (4 flats on each floor),
• 3 blocks of semi-detached, two storey houses,
• 1 block of 5 terraced, two storey houses,
• 2 blocks of two storey detached houses, and
• 1 block of two single storey shops (non-domestic).
If all 8 blocks were of a different construction, sound testing for all of the blocks with
attached dwellings would be required.
Testing applied
The verifier was informed the plots were complete and suitable for testing. The verifier
identified the first plots ready for testing as plots 3, 4, 7 and 8 (flats) and 13 and 14 (semi-
detached houses).
This phase needs two sound tests on the separating walls and two on the separating
floors, and a separating wall of the semi-detached houses (one at ground floor and one at
first floor level). As the dwellings are all of the same construction, no additional tests are
required.
Sound tested
(airborne and
impact) Sound tested
(airborne)
Testing applied
The verifier informed the plots in this phase were complete and suitable for testing. The
verifier identified the plots ready for testing as plots 19 and 20.
This phase needs two sound tests (1 and ground floor and one at first floor level) for house
plots 19 and 20. As the dwellings are all of the same construction, and all of the same type
of building (taking account of phase 1) no additional tests are required.
Sound tested
(airborne)
that deviate from the building warrant plans, this should be discussed with the verifier to
decide if an amendment to the building warrant would be required.
Step 7 – Reporting
The report / certificate was passed to the building standards verifier.
Phase 3 – Plots 24 – 27
Sound testing ratio
There was no sound testing in this phase as Standard 5.1 does not apply to detached
buildings.
Section 6 (Energy)
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions
6.2 Building insulation envelope
6.3 Heating system
6.4 Insulation of pipes, ducts and vessels
6.5 Artificial and display lighting
6.6 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
6.7 Commissioning building services
6.8 Written information
6.9 Energy performance certificates
6.10 Metering
6.11 Heating and hot water – direct emission heating system
Annex 6.A - Compensatory approach - heat loss example
Annex 6.B - Consideration of High-Efficiency Alternative Systems in New
Buildings
Annex 6.C - Further Guidance on Thermal Bridging at Junctions
Annex 6.D - Further guidance on pre-completion airtightness testing
Section 6 – Energy
6.0 Introduction
6.0.1 Introduction
Within Scottish building regulations, improvements in energy standards have been made over
many years including the introduction, in 2007, of emissions targets for new buildings and
further stepped improvement in 2010, 2015 and 2023. Earlier review of standards was
informed by the recommendations of The Sullivan Report (2007) and its subsequent Update
Report, published in 2013. More recent changes are driven by several of the outcomes set out
within our Heat in Buildings Strategy.
The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009
The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 (The 2009 Act), which originally received Royal
Assent on 4 August 2009, remains a key commitment of the Scottish Government and is the
most far-reaching environmental legislation considered by the Scottish Parliament during the
first ten years of devolution.
The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019
The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019 (The 2019 Act),
which amends The 2009 Act, sets targets to reduce Scotland's emissions of all greenhouse
gases to net-zero by 2045 at the latest, with interim targets for reductions of at least 75% by
2030 and 90% by 2040. Our target of net-zero emissions by 2045, five years ahead of the
rest of the UK, is firmly based on what the independent Committee on Climate Change (CCC)
advise is the limit of what can currently be achieved. To meet our statutory target for 2030, as
set out in the Climate Change Plan Update, we will need to reduce emissions from buildings
to 69% below their level in 2020. The levels of all of Scotland’s targets are regularly reviewed
following advice from the CCC.
Climate Change Plan
We published our Climate Change Plan update in December 2020 which reflects the
increased ambition of The 2019 Act. This update maintains the commitment to investigate
how building regulations can support the achievement of these targets and other emissions
and energy policy outcomes, including our decarbonisation of heat agenda.
Heat in Buildings Strategy
Building on the policies and actions set out in the 2020 Climate Change Plan update, the
2021 Heat in Buildings Strategy sets out a pathway to zero emissions buildings by 2045 and
details a series of near-term actions to put us on a clear path towards this, as well as a range
of further, longer-term commitments to accelerate and further scale the transformation of the
nation’s building stock.
Heating and powering buildings currently accounts for 40% of the UK’s total energy usage,
a figure which must be both significantly reduced and demand met through a transition to
low and zero emissions heating systems if we are to achieve our goal of net zero emissions
by 2045.
6.0.2 Aims
Alongside the implementation of the New Build Heat Standard from April 2024, the improved
standards introduced in February 2023 considered the technical, commercial and wider policy
implications of improvements to energy standards and introduced proposals, as part of
broader action by the Scottish Government on climate change, to further our ambition of
becoming a net-zero society by 2045.
The intention of Section 6 is to ensure that effective measures for the conservation of fuel
and power are incorporated within dwellings and buildings consisting of dwellings. In
addition to limiting energy demand, by addressing the performance of the building fabric and
fixed building services, a delivered energy standard obliges a designer of new dwellings to
consider building design in a holistic way.
The provisions set out within this section will result in a greater need to consider the benefits
which very good levels of insulation, high efficiency heating solutions and effective use of
on-site generation of heat or power can offer towards meeting standards. Additionally,
standard 6.11 now implements the 2024 New Build Heat Standard and prohibits the use of
direct emission heating systems in new buildings in applications for building warrants made
on or after 1 April 2024. This prescription against direct emission heating systems removes
the need for new buildings to meet a target emission rate, a provision which is now
removed. The 2023 delivered energy target set under standard 6.1 remains as the driver for
delivery of new buildings and measures which are effective in limiting total delivered energy
needs.
Parallel work seeks to improve compliance with building regulations and, accordingly
providing more assurance that designed energy performance is achieved.
Through the move to use of only zero direct emission heating systems, the standards and
guidance given in this section are intended eliminate direct emissions associated with
heating new buildings. Solutions which already meet the February 2023 standards and do
not use direct emission heating systems will still comply under the April 2024 standards.
However, nothing here prevents a domestic building from being designed and constructed
to be even more energy efficient in its construction or make greater use of effective sources
of on-site generation of heat or power.
buildings). The guidance to Standard 6.2 recommends that the insulation envelope of such
a building should achieve the level of performance applicable to any new building or
extension.
Work on existing buildings
As for other standards within Scottish building regulations, the energy standards apply to
conversions and also work on existing buildings, such as extensions, conservatories,
alterations and replacement work. However, in some situations, individual standards may not
apply or guidance on compliance with the standards may differ for such work. The latter is
usually to recognise constraints that arise when working with existing buildings.
It is advisable, in the first instance, to check the functional standard as sometimes a
limitation removes certain classes of this type of work. Where not excepted by a limitation to
a standard, the provisions of the standard will apply in full to the new work on the existing
building, other than where proposed works are wholly categorised as a conversion, where
the standard in question may be met as far as is reasonably practicable. This is identified in
the introduction to the guidance supporting each standard.
6.0.4 U-values
Thermal transmittance (U-value) is a measure of how much heat will pass through one
square metre of a structure when the temperature on either side differs by one degree
Celsius. It is expressed in units of watts per square metre per degree of temperature
difference (W/m2K).
Measurements of U-values should be made in accordance with BS EN ISO 8990:1996 -
‘Thermal insulation. Determination of steady-state thermal transmission properties.
Calibrated and guarded hot box’. In calculation, thermal bridging may be disregarded where
the difference in thermal resistance between bridging and bridged material is less than 0.1
m2K/W. For example, normal mortar joints need not be taken into account in calculations for
brickwork, but should be taken into account for lightweight insulating blockwork.
Taking into account guidance from BRE publication BR 443:2019 ‘Conventions for U- value
calculations’, individual U-values of building elements forming the insulation envelope can
be established by a number of methods, including:
• by using insulation to a thickness derived from manufacturers’ data relating to thermal
conductivities (W/mK) and thermal transmittances (U-values: W/m2K) certified by a
notified body
• by calculation, taking into account thermal bridging effects of, e.g. timber joists, structural
and other framing and normal bedding mortar, by using the Combined Method set out in
BS EN ISO 6946:2017.
• for floors adjacent to the ground and basements, by using the method set out in BS EN
ISO 13370: 2017, or
• for windows, doors and rooflights, by using BS EN ISO 10077-1: 2017 or BS EN ISO
10077-2: 2017 and, for rooflights, BS EN ISO 12567-2: 2005.
Further guidance is given on how the standards apply to conservatories in clauses 6.1.6,
6.2.11 and 6.3.1.
In a dwelling with an atrium, it should be assumed that the atrium is to gain heat transfer
from the surrounding building. The continuity of the insulation envelope occurs at the roof
level (usually predominantly glazed with translucent material) and the atrium is considered to
be a heated part of the dwelling.
• Clause 6.0.3 no longer makes reference to greenhouse gas emissions, new standard
6.11 referenced for heated stand-alone buildings.
• Standard 6.1 amended to ‘Energy Demand’, requirement to limit carbon dioxide
emission removed.
• Clause 6.1.0 notes the updated definition of ‘direct emission heating systems’ and the
removal of the target emission calculation. Note that solutions which already meet the
February 2023 standards and do not use direct emissions heating systems will still
comply with standard 6.1 after 1 April 2024.
• Table to clause 6.1.1 retains ‘legacy combi or system boiler specification’ for ‘all other
solutions’ notional building.
• Clauses 6.1.1, 6.1.2 & 6.1.3 amended to refer only to the Target Delivered Energy Rate
and Dwelling Delivered Energy Rate.
• Clause 6.1.3 references the introduction of standard 6.11.
• Reference to emissions removed in clause 6.2.0, 6.2.4, 6.2.7, 6.2.8, 6.2.11 and 6.2.12.
• Clause 6.3.0 - note added on ‘direct emission heating systems’, referencing application
of standard 6.11 to new and existing buildings.
• Clause 6.5.0 - reference to emissions removed.
• Clause 6.6.0 - reference to emissions removed.
• Clause 6.8.0 - removal of paragraph on the need to provide information on the future
retrofit of buildings with ‘direct emission heating systems’.
• Removal of previous clause 6.8.3 ‘Information to enable future retrofit of zero direct
emissions heating’.
• New standard 6.11 ‘Heating and hot water – direct emission heating system‘ introduced
which prohibits the installation of such systems in new buildings.
• Clause 6.B.0 reference to emissions targets removed.
• Clauses 6.B.1 & 6.B.2 now reference alternative solutions in the context of standard
6.11.
• Clause 6.D.14 – updated reference to standard 6.1.
A summary of the previous changes made to the standards and guidance from 1 February
2023 are included in this clause in the February and June 2023 editions of the Technical
Handbooks.
6.0.13 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures adopted
by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various designers and
specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services under the
scheme are assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and experience
required to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the scheme. Checking
6.1.0 Introduction
Standard 6.1 focuses on the reduction of energy demand arising from the use of heating,
hot water, lighting, ventilation and cooling systems in a new dwelling. Standard 6.11
introduces a requirement to avoid direct emission heating systems when designing and
constructing new buildings.
The guidance which supports this standard sets a target for overall energy performance in
buildings by use of a calculation methodology which assesses performance at a building
level, considering a wide range of parameters which influence energy use.
This means that, for new dwellings, a designer is obliged to consider energy performance as
a complete package rather than looking only at individual elements such as insulation or
heat generator efficiency - a ‘whole dwelling approach’ to energy, which offers a significant
degree of design flexibility.
For the majority of new buildings, Standard 6.1 has the greatest influence on design for
energy performance, setting a challenging performance target for delivered energy which
must be met.
Standards 6.2 to 6.6 recommend minimum performance levels to be achieved for individual
elements or systems within a building.
To achieve compliance with Standard 6.1, it will be necessary to improve upon some or all
of these minimum levels or incorporate additional energy efficiency measures, such as
generation of renewable heat or power to offset energy demand.
Nearly zero energy buildings
Initially introduced in response to a European Directive, “nearly zero-energy building” means a
building that has a very high energy performance, as determined in accordance with the
methodology cited in this standard, where the ‘nearly zero’ or very low amount of energy
required by the building should be covered, to a very significant extent, by energy from
renewable sources, produced on site or nearby.
Review of standards in 2022 is the first improvement since this provision was introduced into
regulation as part of standard 6.1 in March 2016. Standards now set, via the approved
methodology and supporting guidance, should result in buildings with very low energy
demand at levels which are more widely associated with the concept of ‘nearly zero’.
In this context, “energy from renewable sources” means energy from renewable non-fossil
sources, namely wind, solar, aero-thermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy,
hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases. In this context,
current and ongoing decarbonisation of grid electricity is also now considered to contribute as a
renewable source, as noted in our draft Heat in Buildings Strategy.
High-efficiency alternative systems
For all new buildings, it remains the case that the technical, environmental and economic
feasibility of high-efficiency alternative systems (such as decentralised energy supply
systems using renewable energy, co-generation, district or block heating/cooling and heat
pumps are considered and taken into account in developing proposals. Further information
on this process is provided in Annex 6.B -'Consideration of High-Efficiency Alternative
Systems in New Buildings'.
‘Direct Emission Heating Systems’
All new buildings constructed under a building warrant applied for on or after 1 April 2024 will no
longer use ‘direct emission heating systems’.
A “direct emission heating system”, in relation to a building, means a fixed combustion
appliance installation (other than a fixed combustion appliance installation which is a source
of production from which thermal energy is distributed by a heat network) the purpose of
which is to produce thermal energy by which space within the building is heated or cooled,
or by which hot water is made available in the building, and which:
a. is located within the building, or curtilage of the building, and
b. during normal operation produces more than a negligible level of greenhouse gas
emissions at the point of production of that thermal energy.
As no heat or cooling will be supplied to a new dwelling from ‘direct emission heating
systems’. the operation of the building is deemed to produce ‘zero direct emissions’ and a
Target Emission Rate calculation therefore no longer needs to be undertaken or building
emission reported on. Compliance with Standard 6.1 will still be demonstrated by the
building meeting the Target Delivered Energy Rate (TDER).
Solutions which already meet the February 2023 standards and do not use direct emission
heating systems will still comply with standard 6.1 after 1 April 2024.
Conversions - in the case of conversions as specified in regulation 4, this standard does
not apply.
6.1.1 Dwellings
Objective – To limit the delivered energy needed at a new building to meet energy demand
through the setting of an overall performance target, calculated by an approved
methodology.
Method – the calculated delivered energy demand for the proposed dwelling (the Dwelling
Delivered Energy Rating (DDER) measured in kilowatt hours per square metre per year,
kWh/m²/yr) should be less than or equal to the Target Delivered Energy Rate (TDER)
calculated for a ‘notional dwelling’ of the same size and shape.
Summary of procedure
In order to establish the Target Delivered Energy Rate (TDER) for the ‘notional dwelling’ (i.e. a
dwelling of the same size, shape and 'living area fraction' as the proposed dwelling), the
dimensions and 'living area fraction' of the proposed dwelling and a set of standard values are
input into the methodology (see clause 6.1.2). To calculate the Dwelling Delivered Energy
Rate (DDER) for the proposed dwelling, a second calculation is carried out where the
specification for the dwelling proposed by the applicant are input into the methodology.
Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP)
The Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings (SAP
10) is the calculation tool which forms part of the UK National Calculation Methodology and is
the methodology for the calculation of energy and emissions performance of new dwellings
approved under standard 6.1(a). At all stages, the conventions associated with the SAP
document should be read in conjunction with the specific guidance given in the clauses to
this section. Designers should be familiar with the SAP methodology and their chosen
software tool and be able to explain the input and calculation process in the context of the
information submitted as part of the building warrant.
Non-domestic use within dwellings
Some new dwellings may incorporate surgeries, consulting rooms, offices or other
accommodation of a floor area not exceeding 50 m² in aggregate, used by an occupant of
the dwelling in a professional or business capacity. Where this occurs, the accommodation
should be considered as a part of the dwelling.
the choice of main heating type fuel. This specification is applied within the methodology to
define a ‘notional dwelling' having the same size, shape (including floor, roof, exposed wall
areas and storey heights) and 'living area fraction' as the proposed dwelling. These terms
are explained in SAP 10.
Where the dwelling is to be served by an electric heat pump, one specification is defined.
For any other heat solution at the building, a second specification is defined. This is to
provide a degree of equitability in performance outcomes for the heat pump systems that
generally operate with a very high energy efficiency.
Further adjustments are made to the second specification where the dwelling is supplied
from a heat network, with the heat network characteristics not being applied to notional and
actual building as supplied heat is always deemed 100% efficient. This is further explained
in the notes to table 6.1.
Software vendors providing BRE approved SAP 10 software will incorporate a function that,
with purpose of assessment ‘Scotland’ selected, automatically generates the target rates
once the choice of heating solution to the actual building, together with the ‘notional
dwelling’ dimensions and 'living area fraction' have been input into the software.
Measures used to calculate the Target Delivered Energy Rate for the 'notional
dwelling'
The measures identified in the table below were set in 2023 to deliver, on aggregate, a 32%
reduction in emissions over application of the 2015 standards. These still apply. Whilst a
dwelling can be constructed using these packages of measures, it is stressed that the
specifications are provided solely for the purpose of setting the TDER for the ‘notional’
dwelling. Designers will find more cost-effective and relevant solution when considering the
nature of the new home they propose.
Accordingly, it is not necessary that values or elements present in these tables form part of
the proposed dwelling. Designers are free to develop cost-effective and appropriate
solutions which meet the TDER, subject to meeting or improving upon the minimum levels
identified in guidance to Standards 6.2 to 6.6.
Low carbon equipment element of the TDER (generation of power)
The ‘all other solutions’ and ‘heat network’ specification for the notional building include an
element of low carbon equipment (LCE) represented, as a proxy, by the inclusion of roof
mounted photovoltaic panels, expressed as a fixed percentage of the building gross internal
area. This is included to assist in reducing the overall delivered energy total for the building.
This PV element is applied only to that portion of the actual building where space heating
demand is not met by an electric heat pump. This is in recognition of the higher efficiency of
heat pump solutions which will already significantly reduce the delivered energy total.
Accordingly, a building where heat demand is met 100% by an electric heat pump will have
no assigned PV in the notional building calculation.
The incorporation of LCE within design proposals, is encouraged where this is considered
an appropriate and cost-effective part of the overall building solution and the generating
capacity can be shown to be utilised on site. From 2023, the calculation of notional and
actual building no longer include any component of generated power which is identified by
SAP 10 as exported from the building. This change in approach seeks to reinforce the need
for design choices to be effective in reducing the total delivered energy needed at a
building, to the benefit of those using the building.
Table 6.1. Notional building specification - fabric and fixed building services values
for TER/TDER.
Element Specification
Openings (windows, Same as actual dwelling up to a maximum total area of openings
doors, etc) 1 of 25% of total floor area. If the total area of openings exceeds
25% of the total floor area, reduce to 25%
Walls 0.15 W/m²K
Party walls 0.0 W/m²K
Floors 0.12 W/m²K
Roofs 0.09 W/m²K
Doors 1.2 W/m²K
Windows 2 U = 1.2 W/m²K
Frame factor 0.7, Solar energy transmittance 0.63, Light
transmittance 0.80
Roof windows 3 U = 1.2 W/m²K)
Overshading factor 1.0, Other parameters as for windows
Rooflights 3 U = 1.7 W/m²K
Overshading factor 1.0, Other parameters as for windows
Thermal mass Same as actual dwelling
Number of sheltered Same as actual dwelling (but must not exceed 2)
sides
Allowance for thermal Assigned y-value of 0.05
bridging 4
Ventilation system Continuous mechanical extract ventilation
Air permeability 5 m³/(h.m²)@50Pa
Chimneys/open flues None
Extract fans/points Number of extract fans/points the same as the actual building.
Main heating fuel Heat pump All other solutions Heat Network 6
(space and water) 5 (Electric)
Heating system Air Source Heat Applies legacy combi or As actual dwelling
Pump, 250% system boiler specification) (from existing heat
(SPF as SEDBUK 2009 = 89.5% network)
modelled in Room-sealed, fan- Heating output -
SAP) assisted flue. Modulating design flow
burner control Boiler and temperature of 55 °C
Boiler and
radiators (large); central HIU data if for PCDB
radiators (large);
heating pump 2013 or entry 400001 - direct
Design flow later, in heated space 400002 - indirect
temperature of
Design flow temperature of
55 °C
55 °C
Element Specification
Heating system controls Time and Time and temperature charging system
temperature zone control, interlock, linked to use of
zone control ErP Class V controls, heating, programmer
delayed start and TRVs
Hot water system As space heating source.
Showers and baths Number of showers and baths same as actual dwelling. If shower(s)
specified, shower flow rate(s) to be 8 l/min. Shower(s) supplied by
main water heating system (not instantaneous electric shower).
Main heating fuel Heat pump All other solutions Heat Network 6
(space and water) 5 (Electric)
Waste water heat None All showers connected to None
recovery WWHR
Recovery efficiency:
House = 55%, Flat = 36%
Utilisation of 0.98, waste
water fraction 0.9.
Hot water cylinder If present in actual building. Volume as actual None
building; subject to minimum volume of 150 litre.
Hot water cylinder If cylinder present. Declared loss factor = 0.85 x None
(0.2 + 0.051 V2/3) kWh/day where V is the volume
of the cylinder in litres. Cylinder thermostat;
cylinder in heated space.
Primary water heating Fully insulated primary pipework; Separate time None
losses control for space and water heating.
Secondary heating None
Electrical Supply Standard Tariff
Lighting Fixed lighting capacity (lm) = 185 x total floor area; Efficacy of all fixed
lighting = 80 lm/W
Main heating fuel Electric, heat Other
(space and water) pump
PV system 7 None Houses - kWp = 0.4 x ground floor area (m²) / 6.5
Flats - kWp = 0.4 x dwelling floor area (m²) / (6.5
x number of storeys in block)
Notes:
1. If there is a need to reduce the area of openings in the notional building to 25%:
a. Include all opaque and semi-glazed doors with the same areas as the actual dwelling
(excluding any doors not in exposed elements, e.g. entrance door to a flat from a
heated corridor); then
b. Reduce area of all windows and roof windows/rooflights by a factor equal to [25% of
total floor area less area of doors included in (a) above] divided by [total area of
windows and roof windows/rooflights in actual dwelling].
2. Orientation same as actual dwelling. Over shading - average if actual dwelling has very
little or average overshading; same as actual dwelling if greater overshading.
3. U-values for roof windows should be calculated for the inclination of the roof into which
the unit is installed. Where this information is not available, adjustment of the vertical
plane U-value should be made per clause 11.4 of BR 443. U-values for rooflights are
already calculated on the horizontal plane.
4. For the purposes of setting the TER/TDER, a y-value of 0.05 is identified. Note that for
DER/DDER, this element of calculation must have the additional heat loss element (Htb)
calculated from lengths of junctions and individual psi values.
5. Three specifications are applied:
a. if space heating is proposed via an electric heat pump, the notional building has a
heat pump solution;
b. if any other heating solution is proposed, the notional building applies a legacy
mains gas boiler solution (except see 6 below) and assignment of both photovoltaics
and wastewater heat recovery. Where more than one fuel is used to heat different
parts of the building the calculation will assign each specification based upon the
proportion of each solution present by heated floor area.
6. Where heating is provided via a Heat Network connection, the notional building space
and water heating efficiency is moderated downward to match the net efficiency of ‘all
other solution’ (legacy gas boiler). This is to provide assurance that the efficiency of a
supplied heat solution (deemed 100% efficient) is represented in the same way as the
efficiency of other (non-heat pump) fuel solutions in the actual building.
7. The cited PV element of the specification is calculated on the basis of a panel
specification of 6.5 m²/kWp. For purpose of calculating the benefit of the PV element in
TER/TDER reporting, the contribution will be capped to the amount of generated energy
that is assessed as not being exported from the dwelling, following the methodology set
out in Appendix M1 of SAP 10. The same assessment will be applied to the DDER
calculation – see clause 6.1.3.
following the methodology set out in Appendix M1 of SAP 10. Where the calculated
generating capacity exceeds that which is assessed as utilised on site, this excess will be
reported to the designer. This capping is intended to provide assurance on the extent that
such generation at a building is effective in reducing the delivered energy total for the
dwelling.
Demonstrating compliance for buildings with a supplied heat connection
Compliance with standard 6.1 for a building supplied with heat from an external network
source will be demonstrated without heat network characteristics being applied to the actual
building and the notional building (as noted in clause 6.1.2).
This recognises that supplied heat can be utilised with 100% efficiency at the building, with
adjustment only needed to recognise any standing losses from heat interface units where
not contributing usefully to reduce the heating demand at the building.
Application of the same characteristic to both notional and actual building enables the
designer to propose a supplied heat solution to an energy efficient new dwelling without the
need to further compensate for the characteristics of the connected network. The
improvement of the characteristics of heat from heat networks will be addressed through
separate regulation made under The Heat Networks (Scotland) Act 2021.
Emissions and primary energy conversion factors for heat networks should be calculated to
take account of the annual average performance of the whole system, including all
distribution and heat generating characteristics and should be provided for the connecting
network, from an assured source, by the network provider or from information registered in
the SAP Product Characteristic Database. For network heat generation sources, the values in
Table 12 of SAP 10 should be used. Whilst these factors are used to calculate emissions
and primary energy totals for the actual dwelling, they are no longer applied as part of the
process of demonstrating compliance with standard 6.1 for new dwellings where all heating
demand is met from a heat network.
6.2.0 Introduction
The levels set out in the guidance to this standard are robust minimum values. These are
needed for the following reasons:
• to help reduce energy demand for space heating, which still form a significant portion of
the overall delivered energy consumption in dwellings, new and existing, and
• to ensure that a good level of fabric insulation is incorporated in building work, especially to
construction elements which would be difficult or costly to upgrade in the future.
Non-repeating thermal bridging at the junctions of building elements and around openings in
the building envelope form part of the calculation of energy performance in the Standard
Assessment Procedure (SAP 10, see clause 6.1.1). Such junctions, if poorly designed and
constructed can contribute significantly to the overall heat loss through the insulation
envelope.
As fabric insulation levels improve, the rate at which heat is lost through air infiltration
through the building envelope (air permeability) becomes proportionally greater. When
addressing infiltration, the provision of adequate, controllable ventilation is essential if both
energy efficiency and good indoor air quality are to be achieved.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule 6).
3. The limiting U-value for a roof window is assessed and reported on the vertical plane.
For a SAP calculation, the U-value should be calculated for the inclination of the roof
into which the unit is installed. Where this information is not available, adjustment of the
vertical plane U-value should be made per clause 11.4 of BR 443.
4. U-value for rooflights is already calculated on the horizontal plane.
5. U-values for rooflights or rooflight-and-kerb assemblies should be based on the
developed surface area of the rooflight (Ud-values), which is often greater than the area
of the roof opening. Further guidance on Ud-values is given in the Building Research
Establishment’s BR 443 and the National Association of Rooflight Manufacturers’
Technical Document NTD02.
6. The limiting value for rooflights also applies to kerbs that are supplied as part of a single
rooflight-and-kerb assembly sourced from the same supplier and for which the supplier
can provide a combined Ud-value for the assembly. An upstand built on site should not
exceed the individual element U-value of 0.35.
Cavity separating walls
Unanticipated heat loss can arise via air movement, within a cavity separating wall, from
heated areas to points outwith the insulation envelope. To limit heat loss, a separating wall
cavity should have effective perimeter sealing around all exposed edges and in line with
insulation layers in abutting elements which separate the dwelling from another building or
from an unheated space.
Any cavity separating wall should also be fully filled with a material that limits air movement,
allowing a U-value of 0.0 to be assigned. In considering this issue, it is important that
solutions also address the need to limit noise transmission (see Section 5: Noise).
New dwellings – ‘space heating demand limit’ approach.
For new buildings, meeting Standard 6.1 may result in even better levels of thermal
insulation being achieved unless the design of a building involves improved specification of
building services or greater effective use of on-site generation of heat or power.
Effective limits to space heating demand can be achieved by a consistently high level of fabric
insulation, either by a specification no worse that the area weighted values listed in Table 6.2
above or, where more design flexibility is sought, by demonstrating that the space heating
demand is no greater than a ‘dwelling space heating demand limit’ which is calculated for the
notional building by replace the fabric values in table 6.1 with the values noted above.
SAP 10 tools will report both the space heating demand for the actual dwelling and the
‘dwelling space heating demand limit’ as part of calculated outputs.
To provide assurance of thermal comfort for occupants, where the ‘space heating demand
target’ is applied, this target must be met by each individual dwelling. Unlike the DER and
DDER (see clause 6.1.2), it may not be averaged across a block or terrace.
In certain cases where there is a desire to have a large proportion of glass it may be difficult
to demonstrate compliance with Standard 6.1. In such cases, innovative solutions will need
to be considered. All relevant standards and guidance should be considered, including the
impact that large areas of glazing can have on summer overheating risk (see standard
3.28).
Guidance on alterations, extensions and conversions is provided in clauses 6.2.6 to 6.2.12.
For communal areas, refer to clause 6.2.12.
Note that a combination of Ψ values from these sources can be used to produce a
calculated heat loss.
Further commentary on this process and use of other published documents providing
sources of pre-calculated values can be found within Annex 6.C ‘Further Guidance on
Thermal Bridging at Junctions’.
Note that, for 2022, no updated construction details were published by the Scottish
Government. Reference should instead be made to recognised industry publications for
independently calculated and validated examples.
Similarly, work to improve an existing dwelling which includes measures which reduce
infiltration should also consider the impact of such work on condensation risk and moisture
movement within affected construction elements (see clause 6.2.10).
Common areas
In building consisting of dwellings, common areas which need particular consideration to limit
air infiltration include common stair entrances and shafts which extend through most of the
floors (e.g. lift and common stair enclosures).
conversion should still trigger an assessment of the capacity to improve the building fabric
and follow the guidance given in clause 6.2.1.
In each case, the provisions set out in clause 6.2.1 should be met or, if not, evidence
provided to demonstrate the extent to which an equivalent level of overall heat loss can be
delivered to the extent that such work is reasonably practicable. Such evidence should
clearly set out the options considered and the justification for the best values that the
designer has arrived at, identifying any limitations arising from factors such as conflicting
statutory requirements, lack of space, cost or issues of technical risk arising from the nature
of the retained elements of building envelope.
The total area of windows, doors and rooflights, should not exceed 25% of the floor area of
the dwelling created by conversion. Alternatively, a compensatory approach should be
taken.
Conversion of part of a dwelling
Examples of work which involve conversion of part of a dwelling are; changing a roof space, an
unheated garage or a deep solum space into an apartment or other habitable
accommodation:
• in the case of a roof space, this will usually involve extending the insulation envelope to
include, the gables, the collars, a part of the rafters and the oxters, as well as any new or
existing dormer construction. The opportunity should be taken at this time to upgrade any
remaining poorly performing parts of the roof which are immediately adjacent to the
conversion, for example, insulation to parts of the ceiling ties at the eaves
• in the case of an unheated garage, this will usually involve extending the insulation
envelope to include, the existing floor, perimeter walls and the roof/ceiling to the new
habitable part, and
• in the case of a deep solum space, this will usually involve extending the insulation
envelope to include, the solum/existing floor and perimeter walls to the new habitable part.
Accordingly, each building will have to be dealt with on its own merits. Improvements to the
fabric insulation of the building will often depend on factors such as whether or not
improvement work can be carried out in a non-disruptive manner without damaging existing
fabric (for example, insulating the ceiling of an accessible roof space), or whether potential
solutions are compatible with the existing construction.
In certain cases, buildings are given historic or listed status because of specific features
present in certain parts of the building. In these circumstances, it may be possible to make
greater improvements to other less sensitive areas.
In all cases the ‘do nothing’ approach should not be considered initially. Innovative but
sympathetic and practical solutions to energy efficiency, which are beyond the scope of this
guidance, can often result in an alternative package of measures being developed for a
building. For example, energy demand can be reduced without affecting building fabric
through improvements to the heating system (refer to Standards 6.3 and 6.4), the lighting
system (refer to Standard 6.5) or incorporation of renewable heating or on-site generation of
heat or power. Consultation on such matters at an early stage with both the verifier and the
planning officer of the relevant authority is advised.
Further guidance on issues that merit consideration and potential approaches to
improvement can be found in the Historic Scotland Document ‘Guide for Practitioners 6 -
Conversion of Traditional Buildings’.
varied provided that the resulting overall heat loss for an extension is not greater than that
of a ‘notional’ extension. The ‘notional’ extension should be the same size and shape as the
proposed extension, and have the area weighted average U-values from the guidance to
clause 6.2.1 and have an area of windows, doors and rooflights equal to 25% of the total
extension floor area plus the area of built over openings.
Examples of this approach are given in Annex 6.A.
Whole dwelling approach
Where SAP data is available for the existing dwelling, it may be practical to provide a
revised SAP calculation to demonstrate compliance of a dwelling, as proposed, including
extension, using the target-based methodology (DDER not more than TDER) set out in
guidance to Standard 6.1 (energy demand). This option will generally only be viable where
both extension and dwelling are built to the same, current edition of the standards.
• the impact of any other statutory requirements to which the building is subject (e.g.
listing, conservation area).
Alterations to the insulation envelope of a building should be considered using the guidance
in the following paragraphs.
Infill of small openings
The infill of an existing opening of approximately 4 m² or less in the building fabric should
have a U-value which matches at least that of the remainder of the surrounding element. In
the case of a wall or floor however it should not be worse than 0.70 W/m²K, and for a roof,
not worse than 0.35 W/m²K.
Infill of large openings
The infill of an existing opening of greater area (more than approximately 4 m²) in the
building fabric should have a U-value which achieves those in the table to clause 6.2.1.
Another way would be to follow the guidance in the paragraph above, but compensate for
the energy efficiency deficit by improving the overall U-value of other parts of the insulation
envelope.
Internal elements which become part of the insulation envelope
Alteration can cause an existing internal element of a building to become part of the
insulation envelope. This will most likely occur where a part of a building is permanently
removed as a phase of the alteration work. Where this occurs, that part of the building
(including any infill construction) should have U-values which achieve those in the table to
clause 6.2.1. Another approach would be to follow the guidance given in the previous
paragraph, but compensate for the energy efficiency deficit by improving the overall U-value
of other parts of the insulation envelope.
However, where this occurs at a boundary, no upgrading need be carried out if the element
is a wall that is exclusively the property of the adjoining building.
Windows, doors and rooflights
Where windows, doors and rooflights are being created or replaced, they should achieve the U-
value recommended in the table to clause 6.2.1.
Where the work relates only to 1 or 2 replacement windows or doors, to allow matching
windows or doors be installed, the frame may be disregarded for assessment purposes,
provided that the centre pane U-value for each glazed unit is 1.2 W/m2K or less. For
secondary glazing, an existing window, after alteration should achieve a U-value of about 3.5
W/m2K.
Areas of windows, doors and rooflights
Where additional windows, doors and rooflights are being created, the total area (including
existing) of these elements should not exceed 25% of the total dwelling floor area. In the
case of a heated communal room or other area (exclusively associated with the dwellings),
it should not exceed 25% of the total floor area of these rooms/areas.
Alternatively, the designer should show that the work to provide additional glazing will not
result in an increase in the overall heat loss in the dwelling.
Reconstruction of elements
Where the build-up of an element forming part of the insulation envelope is to be altered or
dismantled and rebuilt, the opportunity should be taken to improve the level of thermal
insulation.
The table to clause 6.2.1 gives benchmark U-values and in many cases these can be achieved,
without technical risk, within the constraints of the existing construction. It is recognised
however certain constructions are easier to upgrade than others and these values should be
met as far as is reasonably practicable.
A building that was in a ruinous state should, after renovation, be able to achieve almost the
level expected of new construction. It may not however be reasonably practicable for a
dwelling, which is in a habitable condition, to have its internal space significantly reduced in
area or height in order to accommodate insulation; or for excessive enabling alterations to be
caused by the fitting of external thermal insulation, unless the owner/occupier of the dwelling
intends that these changes are to be made. Other building standards and the impact that they
will have when upgrading thermal insulation should be taken into account.
In the majority of cases however, after an alteration of this nature to the insulation envelope, a
roof should be able to achieve at least an average U-value of 0.35 W/m2K and in the case of a
wall or floor, 0.70 W/m2K.
For older buildings of traditional construction, further guidance to assist in this assessment
can be found in the Historic Scotland Document ‘Guide for Practitioners 6 - Conversion of
Traditional Buildings’.
Thermal bridging and air infiltration
When alterations are carried out, attention should still be paid to limiting thermal bridging at
junctions and around windows, doors and rooflights and limiting air infiltration (clause 6.2.9).
However, only the work that forms the alteration and the impact of that work on the existing
building need be considered.
6.2.11 Conservatories
Conservatories are a common addition to many dwellings. Traditionally used as an ancillary
space, occupied for part of the year, conservatories are now often used year-round leading
to an increased heating demand. Accordingly, such buildings should, like other heated
stand-alone buildings, be constructed to limit energy demand.
Some smaller conservatories can be exempt from both building warrant and building
standards (see Section 0). Conservatories of 50 m² or more are subject to Standard 6.1
(see clause 6.1.6).
Thermal division
A conservatory should be thermally divided from a dwelling, being outwith the insulation
envelope of the dwelling. The dividing elements (e.g. wall, door, and window) should have
U–values equal or better than the corresponding exposed elements in the rest of the
dwelling.
U-values
Although conservatories are attached to dwellings, they are stand-alone buildings. Where
not exempt, a conservatory (heated or unheated) should be built to the same maximum U-
values as any other new work, as listed in the table in clause 6.2.1. The exception is that
glazing and framing elements forming the walls or roof of a conservatory are unlimited in
area and should have a maximum area-weighted average U-value of 1.8 W/m²K and a
maximum individual element U-value of 3.3 W/m2K.
U-values of glazing elements forming the roof are usually quoted in the vertical plane and
should therefore be adjusted allowing for the angle of the roof. Further guidance and U-
value adjustments can be found in BR 443: 2019 ‘Conventions for U-value calculations’.
Thermal bridging and air infiltration
In order to limit air infiltration and thermal bridging at junctions and around windows, doors
and rooflights, guidance in clause 6.2.9 should be followed.
If using the Building Standards Division document: 'Conservatories', these issues will be
considered to have been taken into account. Draught stripping for existing windows and
doors which are part of the thermal division between the conservatory and the dwelling
should be of a similar standard as the exposed windows and doors elsewhere in the
dwelling.
6.3.0 Introduction
In the design of domestic buildings, the energy efficiency of the heating plant is an important
part of the package of measures which contributes to the overall dwelling energy and
emissions performance. In practice the backstop levels given in this guidance for appliance
efficiencies and controls will normally be exceeded to achieve compliance with Standard 6.1
for new buildings. The notional dwelling standard specifications already indicate this (refer
to clause 6.1.2).
This guidance refers to main heating systems for dwellings. Both the primary heating and
secondary heating systems are taken account of in SAP 10.
‘Direct emission heating systems’
From 1 April 2024, all new buildings will no longer be heated with ‘direct emission heating
systems’. Additionally, any existing building previously constructed to comply with the April
2024 standards cannot subsequently have a ‘direct emission heating system’ installed.
Information on this is provided under standard 6.11.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule 6).
6.4.0 Introduction
Thermal insulation to heating pipes and ducts and hot water storage vessels will improve
energy efficiency by preventing:
• uncontrolled heat loss or heat gains from such equipment, and
• an uncontrolled rise in the temperature of the parts of the building where such
equipment is situated.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard as is reasonably practicable, and in
no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule 6).
6.5.0 Introduction
Artificial lighting can account for a substantial proportion of the electricity used within a
building. Appropriate lighting design (including use of natural daylight) can reduce energy
demand and running costs.
A limit for energy use arising from fixed lighting is included in the notional building
specification for new dwellings under standard 6.1. Lighting in all buildings should be
provided to meet the needs of occupants based upon the activities undertaken in different
areas of the dwelling.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirements of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
6.6.0 Introduction
It is not desirable that dwellings or buildings consisting of dwellings have air-conditioning
systems or use mechanical ventilation systems for cooling purposes, as this leads to
increased energy use. In view of this, guidance is intended to promote designs that avoid
the need for such systems in dwellings, including an assessment of summertime
overheating risk set out in standard 3.28 and advice to standard 3.14 on ventilation in
certain dwelling types with limited facility for cross-ventilation. However, where such
systems are installed, which should generally only be a consideration when working with
existing buildings, a performance specification to limit energy use is set out.
With the drive to limit energy demand in buildings, the need arises to consider efficient use
of mechanical systems, including ventilation. Accordingly, guidance is now offered on
power consumption and controls of such systems and on the efficiency of systems that
incorporate heat recovery.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard in so far as is reasonably
practicable, and in no case be worse than before the conversion (regulation 12, schedule
6).
6.7.0 Introduction
Commissioning in terms of this section means, raising the building services systems
covered by this guidance from a level of static completion to full working order and
achieving the levels of energy efficiency that the component manufacturers expect from
their product(s). Commissioning however, should also be carried out with a view to
enabling the safe operation of the installation.
Although there is no requirement within Section 6 for minimum efficiency levels of either,
building-integrated or localised energy supply systems (e.g. diesel generators, micro wind
turbines or photovoltaic arrays), there is a need for commissioning to be carried out to
enable efficient use, unless they are exempt under schedule 1, regulation 3. Power plants
which serve a number of buildings (e.g. housing estates) and only export surplus electricity
to the National Grid will also need to be commissioned, unless exempt in terms of
schedule 1, regulation 3.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
6.8.0 Introduction
Correct use and maintenance of building services equipment is essential if the benefits of
enhanced energy efficiency are to be realised from such equipment. The intention of this
standard is to make the information that will help achieve this available to the occupier of
the building.
Although there is no requirement within Section 6 for minimum efficiency levels of either,
building-integrated or localised energy supply systems (e.g. diesel generators, micro wind
turbines or photovoltaic arrays), there is a need for user and maintenance instructions to
enable efficient use, unless they are exempt under schedule 1, regulation 3.
Power plants which serve a number of buildings (e.g. housing estates) and only export
surplus electricity to the National Grid will also need to have user and maintenance
instructions, unless exempt in terms of schedule 1, regulation 3.
Conversions - in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, the building as
converted shall meet the requirement of this standard (regulation 12, schedule 6).
6.9.0 Introduction
A requirement for the production of an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) on
completion of most new buildings was introduce in response to Article 12 of the EU Energy
Performance of Buildings Directive in 2007. EPCs provide an established means of
reporting on building energy performance and are an essential element in our ongoing
Heat in Buildings Strategy, with review of their format and application programmed over
the coming years.
6.10 Metering
Mandatory Standard
Standard 6.10
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that each
building or part of a building designed for different occupation is fitted with fuel
and power meters.
Limitation:
This standard does not apply to:
a) domestic buildings
b) district or block heating systems where each part of the building
designed for different occupation is fitted with heat meters, or
c) heating fired by solid fuel or biomass.
6.10.0 Introduction
This standard does not apply to domestic buildings as fuel providers e.g. gas companies,
provide meters to dwellings to enable correct charging for fuel used by the customer.
6.11.0 Introduction
We are now in a position where there are a range of simple and practical solutions which
can be implemented at a national scale and which can deliver the heat we use in our
buildings without the need for combustion solutions, avoiding the use of fossil and biofuels.
That transition begins with how we regulate for heat in our new buildings.
This standard addresses the greenhouse gas emissions associated with delivering space
heating, hot water and cooling in new buildings and certain conversions by prohibiting the
use of direct emission heating (DEH) systems. This will deliver progress towards achieving
Scotland’s 2045 net zero target laid out in the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction
Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019, and meets the commitment initially announced within
Scotland’s Programme for Government 2019-20 that new homes consented from 2024
must use renewable or low carbon heat.
The Scottish Government has ambitions to align with the EU, where appropriate, and in a
manner that contributes towards maintaining and advancing standards. In December
2021, the EU proposed a revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(EPBD). This recast Directive sets out how Europe can achieve a zero-emission and fully
decarbonised building stock by 2050 and is seeking to introduce requirements that all new
buildings must be zero-emission buildings. The EPBD is now entering the last phase of the
EU legislative process. Once final agreement on the EPBD has been reached, we will be
able to fully consider any opportunities for alignment.
Standard 6.11 also supports the wider Heat in Buildings landscape by ensuring that new
buildings will not have to retrofit their heating systems with a zero direct emission heating
(ZDEH) alternative in future - eliminating the need for potentially disruptive retrofit works -
while also providing certainty to the ZDEH supply chain to invest with confidence.
Whilst a Target Emission Rate calculation no longer needs to be undertaken under
standard 6.1, it is recognised that emissions are still associated with heat generated by
6.11.3 Conversions
Where undertaking work to convert a building, the requirement to avoid direct emission
heating systems is applied in specific situations. This recognises that some types of
conversion are small in scale and applied only to part of a building, for example the
conversion of roof space or attached garage into habitable accommodation.
• A building which has previously been subject to standard 6.11 will already have no
direct emission heating system and this should remain the case after conversion.
• A building which has not previously been subject to standard 6.11 (a pre-April 2024
building) should, subject to such action being reasonably practicable, have no direct
emission heating system after conversion where the existing heat source for that
system was located within a part of the building which is subject to conversion.
It is the responsibility of the applicant to demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the verifier,
that installation of a zero direct emission heating system is not reasonably practicable
for a given conversion project. In this respect, the following describes the criteria for
assessing whether installation is reasonably practicable.
a. If the building, pre-conversion has no direct emission heating system, then it is
reasonably practicable to maintain this on conversion.
b. The cost of a new installation is not considered, except to the extent that
replacement would remove the benefit of previous expenditure. Where the existing
heating system meets the provisions of standard 6.3 as set out for the relevant
system type in the 2015 Domestic Building Services Compliance Guide or later,
replacement may be deemed not reasonably practicable.
c. If there is written evidence from a chartered construction professional specialising in
heating systems that it is not technically feasible to install any type of zero emission
heating system as part of conversion works, replacement may be deemed not
6.A.0 Introduction
This annex gives an example of the compensatory approach for use in the design of
conversions, extensions and alterations. This is likely to be of use where there is a need to
specify one or more constructions with a U-value higher than the recommended maximum
area-weighted average U-values given the table to clause 6.2.1.
The examples given in this instance are for an attic conversion and for a single storey
extension, however the same principles apply to other substantial alterations, extensions
and conversions:
• example 6.A.1 shows use of better U-values to some elements to compensate for lack
of headroom in an attic conversion.
• example 6.A.2 shows use of better U-values to enable a larger area of glazing within
an extension.
Note that this method can only be used in conversions, if the recommended U-values are
met in full, not where values are being met as far as is reasonably practicable.
Separate work under the same building warrant
A single compensatory approach calculation can be carried out to cover separate areas of
work to an existing dwelling provided the same assessment criteria (maximum U- values,
etc) are applicable to each area of work.
Then calculate the rate of heat loss from the proposed attic as follows:
From the above comparison, the rate of heat loss from the proposed attic (24.71) is less
than that from the 'notional attic' (25.94). Proposals will comply.
Additional insulation work
The existing dwelling is of an age where there was no insulation provided in the roof space
at the time of the original construction. Guidance on ‘reconstruction of elements’ within
clause 6.2.10 recommends that where an element forming part of the insulation envelope
is to be altered or dismantled and rebuilt, the opportunity should be taken to improve the
level of thermal insulation.
In this example, there is no technical risk or other reason which prevents the level ceiling
at the eaves of the roof (see X on the section) being upgraded to achieve a U- value of
0.12 as noted in the table to clause 6.2.1. This would therefore be required as part of the
proposed works.
A key element of the design is provision of significant glazing (5.0 m²) to the end wall of the
extension to provide views across the large garden and rooflights (2.0 m²) to maximise light
Then calculate the rate of heat loss from the proposed extension as follows:
From the above comparison, the rate of heat loss from the proposed extension (17.74) is
less than that from the 'notional extension' (17.81). Proposals will comply.
In this example, the specification for the proposed extension improves on the U-values of
all elements to achieve compliance and enable the increased area of glazing sought.
6.B.2 Process
When submitting a building warrant, applicants should include a short design statement
identifying how the technologies identified in this Annex were discussed and considered as
6.C.1 Background
Achieving current energy performance standards for new construction work will generally
mean that buildings are more highly insulated. Buildings will have improved heating
system efficiencies and need a consistently good level of design and construction to
ensure that heat losses from uncontrolled air infiltration and through junctions in the
building fabric are minimised.
The guidance and examples in this document are intended to assist in the understanding
and application of the design and construction principles needed to reduce both
uncontrolled infiltration and linear thermal bridging at junctions between building elements.
The information and illustrative examples in this document do not endeavour to achieve
specific or absolute levels of air infiltration but, they can limit air infiltration to an acceptable
level without the need to consider alternative ventilation strategies for dwellings and other
domestic-scale buildings. Designers looking to achieve very low infiltration rates
(<3m³/m²h) should therefore refer to further good practice information available elsewhere.
When assessing heat loss at junctions, if the principles and performance of specified
elements within a particular junction example are followed, the cited ψ (psi) value for that
junction may be used in the calculation of building heat loss within SAP or SBEM/NCM
(other sources of such values are available, as discussed in 6.C.5).
Junction details should be developed to minimise the risk of both surface and interstitial
condensation. They should also take into account construction sequencing and be built
using construction methods and skills currently available.
1. Roof eaves
2. Roof gable
3. Wall / ground floor
4. Window / door lintel
5. Window jamb
6. Window sill
7. Corner
8. Door threshold
9. Internal corner
10. Intermediate floor
• Following the convention for calculation set out in BR 497 (2016), Appendix K of SAP
10.2 notes “If a junction included in the Table K1 is shared by a two or more dwellings,
divide the Ψ-value by the number of dwellings involved and apply the proportion to
each dwelling”.
For further information on assessing the effect of thermal bridging at junctions and around
openings in the building insulation envelope, reference should be made to the BRE
publication IP 1/06 - ‘Assessing the effects of thermal bridging at junctions and around
openings’. A detailed explanation of the calculation method and modelling procedure may
be found in BR 497 - ‘Conventions for Calculating Linear Thermal Transmittance and
Temperature Factors’ and supporting updates.
Intermediate floors
1. Include a strip of insulation around the
perimeter, with thermal resistance of at least the
same value as the external wall.
Corner
1. Ensure continuity of insulation around the
corner. Tuck insulation around frame to avoid
any gaps.
Party walls
1. Tuck insulation around the frame to avoid any
gaps.
2. Fill any gaps in the frame with insulation.
Intermediate floors
1. Ensure the cavity wall insulation is continuous
across the end of any built-in concrete floor
slab.
Corner
1. Ensure continuity of insulation around the
corner. Tuck insulation around frame to avoid
any gaps.
Party walls
1. Tuck insulation into corners to avoid any
gaps.
2. Fill any gaps in the frame with insulation.
6.C.20 Workmanship
No matter how good and simple the design of a building detail, problems can still arise
from poor workmanship on site. Issues that need attention include:
Poorly positioned cavity insulation - cavity wall insulation should be installed neatly,
both tight against the outer face of the inner leaf and with tight joints between boards/batts.
This will prevent air circulation between the block and insulation or through the insulation
layer into the cavity, reducing the performance of the insulation layer.
Debris in the cavity - all debris, including mortar
droppings should be cleared from the cavity as work
progresses to prevent cold bridging and possible
water penetration occurring between the inner and
outer leaf. Check the cavity for mortar snots or other
irregularities at least once per half-storey lift. Use of
cavity boards will assist in minimising debris.
Insulation cut short - ensure that cavity insulation is
cut accurately to suit to avoid gaps, with boards/batts
that tightly butt against each other and against
surrounding cavity closers and any loose fill
insulation.
Seal between the DPM in the floor and the air
barrier in the walls – this is more difficult at corners, where multiple planes meet and the
use of appropriately shaped pre-formed sections of rigid DPM may be useful in avoiding
the difficulties experienced in trying to make airtight overlaps and folds in materials. It is
essential to ensure that these are correctly installed, since they can easily be damaged if
they have to be moved or repositioned on site.
Seal between the DPC and the underside of profiled door thresholds - this has often
proved problematic in practice, with movement and damage on site often compromising
this seal before the building is complete. It is essential that door thresholds are robustly
supported during construction and that voids are fully filled and sealed.
Service penetrations - service penetrations should be core drilled to minimise damage to
the insulation layer and facilitate remedial air sealing. Any damage caused to the insulation
layer by penetrations through the air barrier should be made good following their
installation. This can be achieved by filling any large gaps with loose fibrous insulation,
expanding foam insulation and then sealing with a thin mastic fillet. Locations includes
behind bath panels, shower trays, kitchen units and into service shafts.
An example of an alternative approach is the ‘casting in’ of suitably sized pipes and flexible
trunking through the concrete floor slab at an early stage. This will make it easier to
Apply to verifier
for building warrant
Building warrant
granted
Other work to Y Y
Work to amend
improve ventilation
performance to Use test result in production of strategy to
meet TER [6] EPC submitted on Completion building [6]
Notes:
1. Early-stage testing prior to a final test of the completed building should be recorded but
need not be notified to the verifier at that stage unless discussion on changes to proposals
is sought.
2. The impact of the test value is demonstrated by submission of a revised SAP or SBEM
compliance calculation to the verifier.
3. Reference should be made to guidance to standard 3.14 and any alternative approaches
agreed as part of the issued building warrant.
4. Such work should be supported by investigation into existing air leakage pathways to
identify and address any local deficiencies in the AVCL. The nature of any remedial work
undertaken should be recorded and accompany issue of retest results to the verifier.
Developers should engage with their registered tester prior to undertaking remedial work
to ensure that the approach taken will not invalidate any future test, see also 6.D.16.
5. Manual introduction of additional infiltration pathways is not recommended as it is difficult
to achieve a robust, long-term outcome. The alternative of introducing additional intended
input ventilation to rooms or amending the ventilation strategy or level of background
ventilation should be investigated first.
6. Work which alters the approved design and specification may require submission of an
amendment to the building warrant.
6.D.14 Conversions
There is no requirement to carry out an airtightness test on a new building created by
conversion. Such buildings are not subject to the need to demonstrate compliance with
standard 6.1 (Energy demand). However, testing, pre- and post-completion can support a
more informed approach to compliance with standard 3.14 (ventilation) and provide good
indoor air quality as part of such works.
Section 7 (Sustainability)
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Statement of sustainability
7.2 Electric Vehicle Charging
Annex 7.A - Sample sustainability label
Annex 7.B - Supplementary guidance in the aspect of optimising performance
Annex 7.C - Desk Space
Annex 7.D - Mobility Space
Annex 7.E - Sustainability Label
Section 7 – Sustainability
7.0 Introduction
7.0.1 Background
Sustainable development has been defined as meeting “the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” by the Brundtland
Commission of the United Nations in 1983. It follows that the process of sustainable
development and the quality of ‘sustainability’ to aspire to within the built environment
should account for:
• social, economic and environmental factors
• the potential for long-term maintenance of human well-being in and around buildings
• the well-being of the natural world and the responsible use of natural resources, without
destroying the ecological balance of the area where these resources originate or are
processed, and
• the ability for the built environment to be maintained.
The Building (Scotland) Act 2003 allows Scottish Ministers to regulate for the purpose of
furthering the achievement of sustainable development. In Scotland, sustainability is
embedded into the building regulations for all new buildings, rather than reference being
made to new buildings achieving levels within a voluntary system. Since 2005, progress
has been made by strengthening the standards on, for example, energy efficiency and
accessibility for all new buildings so they are comparable with the best in Europe.
Whilst the standards within Sections 1 - 6 of the 2013 Technical Handbooks deliver a level
of sustainability in a number of areas such as energy efficiency, surface water drainage and
sound insulation, there is always the possibility of going beyond the minimum standard.
Developers may wish to gain recognition for building to higher standards. Additionally,
organisations such as planning authorities or funding bodies may choose to make
constructing to a higher level of sustainability a condition of approval or funding.
Defining higher standards to measure sustainability will enable higher quality buildings to be
created and for such benefits to be formally recognised. The introduction of Section 7 is a
means of encouraging the design and construction of all new buildings within a broader
context of sustainable development. Within Section 7, specific further provisions applicable
to development which are not otherwise addressed within sections 1 to 6, such as
measures which support our transition towards more sustainable forms of transport, can
broaden the scope of useful action delivered by these standards.
7.0.2 Aims
The standards in Section 7 identify topics which, if addressed, will contribute in a material
way to make new development more sustainable.
The intention of Standard 7.1 (Statement of sustainability) is to:
• recognise the level of sustainability already achieved by the building regulations. By
setting the 2010 Standards as the benchmark level, credit is given to meeting the
7.0.3 Scope
The measures on sustainability are broadly related to the built form but some matters that
are associated with sustainable development such as location and transport cannot be
adequately delivered by the building standards system. The scope of the measures can be
divided into two sets:
• Climate change, energy and resource use - Promote the more efficient use of
energy, fuel and water in buildings. Reducing water use will reduce the energy
consumed and the carbon emissions associated with distributing, processing and
heating of water. It is also important that building occupants have the opportunity to
understand how their behaviour can reduce use of these resources.
• Quality of life; material use and waste - Homes should be designed to accommodate
flexible living, working and studying patterns for individuals, groups and families. More
aspects of designing for well-being, such as daylighting rooms more effectively and
protecting from noise from adjacent buildings, should be promoted for all new home
occupants.
There are areas considered inappropriate for inclusion in the optional upper levels for
domestic buildings due to the complexity of some subjects related to building design such
as material sourcing and embodied energy. However the Sullivan Report ('A Low Carbon
Building Standards Strategy for Scotland'; published by Scottish Ministers in 2007)
recommends total-life zero carbon buildings by 2030. This standard can respond in due
course to the growing relative importance of embodied energy as the performance of new
buildings improves further. At present these areas are outside the scope of this standard.
Reference to external examples of guidance that allow appraisal of local or ethical
construction material sourcing, embodied energy and use of recycled materials are the
BRE's Green Guide to Specification and the materials section on www.greenspec.co.uk.
aspects covering resource use and performance are more prominent in this standard.
Examples of aspects named and defined in this standard for dwellings are:
• Energy for water heating
• Well-being and security, and
• Material use and waste
Within the aspect of flexibility and adaptability a ‘home office’ is a space for a desk in a
dwelling to allow work or study. A mobility space is a space that could accommodate an
electric wheelchair or an infant’s pram or a bicycle.
Level is the term used as a banding, where all the aspects of sustainability have reached a
certain cut-off point. Upper levels in some aspects may become absorbed into guidance in
Sections 1 to 6 to meet revised mandatory functional standards following future reviews of
these sections. However, they should not be seen as predictions because the process for
review of these sections are independent of Section 7. It is possible that levels that are
more demanding may be added into Section 7 in the future.
7.0.7 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003, approve
schemes for the certification of design or construction for compliance with the mandatory
functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the basis that the procedures
adopted by the scheme will take account of the need to co-ordinate the work of various
designers and specialist contractors. Individuals approved to provide certification services
under the scheme are assessed to make sure that they have the qualifications, skills and
experience to certify compliance for the work covered by the scope of the scheme.
Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver design or installation
reliability in accordance with legislation.
Standard 7.1
Every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that:
a) with regard to a dwelling or school building containing classrooms, a
level of sustainability specified by the Scottish Ministers in respect of
carbon dioxide emissions, resource use, building flexibility, adaptability
and occupant well- being is achieved
b) with regard to a non-domestic building other than a school building
containing classrooms, a level of sustainability specified by the Scottish
Ministers in respect of carbon dioxide emissions is achieved, and
c) a statement of the level of sustainability achieved is affixed to the
dwelling or non-domestic building.
Limitation:
This standard does not apply to:
a) alterations and extensions to buildings
b) conversions of buildings
c) buildings that are ancillary to a dwelling that are stand-alone having an
area less than 50 square metres
d) buildings which will not be heated or cooled other than by heating
provided solely for the purpose of frost protection
e) buildings intended to have a life not exceeding the period specified in
regulation 6, or
f) conservatories.
• 1 water butt (with a min. capacity of 200 litres) for outdoor use per dwelling. Dwellings
without a private garden or landscaped area, or if there is no access to rainwater
collection (for example if there is no external rainwater pipe within the curtilage) are
excluded.
The flow rates referred to align with performance bands in the Bathroom Manufacturers
Association’s water efficient product labelling scheme (BMA scheme). Reference can to be
made to the performance bands within the BMA scheme or equivalent standards. Kitchen
or utility room sinks are not included in low flow fitting targets at this level.
Consideration should be given to the flow rates that combi boilers (if fitted) need to activate
their water heating function when specifying taps and shower heads with lower flow rates.
When installing low volume flush WCs, the pipe diameter and gradient inter-relationship is
critical in order that the new and any existing sections of the drain are self-cleansing.
Aspect Silver level 5: Optimising Performance
a. Quick start guide: Provide guidance to the occupants on the ways in which the
specific dwelling is intended to function and how to optimise its performance on the
scope, format and contents of the guide for occupants. Supplementary guidance with a
performance specification as well as links to an example completed quick start guide is
in Annex B.
This is additional to the written information to be provided to occupants under Section 6.
b. Resource use display: Install a real-time resource use monitor that displays electricity
use, located in an easily accessible and readable position.
Aspect Silver level 6: Flexibility and Adaptability
Provide a home office space dedicated for home working/study to include:
• A clear space, against a wall or partition, where a desk of 1800 mm long x 600 mm
deep could be placed. Alternatively, the desk space could be ‘L’ shaped in plan as long
as each leg of the ’L’ is a minimum length of 1200 mm. Diagrams below show the two
desk options with associated activity spaces.
• 2 switched electrical sockets in addition to those that should be provided under Section 4.
• A connection to allow direct access to internet services (unless such a provision is
made elsewhere in the dwelling).
• For natural daylight there should be line of sight to a window, glazed external door or
rooflight.
• Generally ventilation, accessibility, safety and escape should meet all the other
standards however, see paragraphs below.
For diagram, see Annex C.
In any dwelling, the home office space can be in a circulation space but should not be
located in a protected enclosure. The desk space and/or its activity space can locally
reduce a corridor width to 800 mm and should not interfere with door swings.
In any dwelling, the home office space can occupy a room by itself even if this room is too
small to be an apartment. In this case, this small room should be ventilated as if it were an
apartment.
In any dwelling, the home office space can occupy a part of the enhanced apartment but
the desk space and its activity space should be additional to the defined spaces and access
of the enhanced apartment, as described in guidance in Section 3.
In any dwelling the home office space can be in a room that includes the kitchen but the
desk space and or its activity space should not interfere with kitchen worktops, appliances
or manoeuvring spaces.
To allow some more flexibility in smaller dwellings (those of not more than 2 apartments)
the home office space can be in any apartment. But in this case, the desk space and its
activity space should not overlap with the minimum furniture provision or associated activity
spaces.
The height of the home office should be not less than 1.8 m over the activity space and 1.5
m over the desk space. For dwellings over 150 m² floor area, two home office spaces
should be provided.
Aspect Silver level 7: Well-being and security
a. Noise separation: Design performance levels for separating walls and separating
floors associated with attached dwellings should be:
• Minimum airborne sound insulation: 58 dB DnT,w
• Maximum impact sound transmission: 54 dB L'nT,w
Performance levels for noise isolation for separating walls and separating floors should
be verified by carrying out a sound test as indicated in the guidance to Section 5.
b. Noise reduction between rooms: Design performance level for a minimum airborne
sound insulation should be 44 dB Rw.
This refers to all internal partitions in all dwellings and intermediate floors within houses
and maisonettes excluding storage cupboards and should be substantiated by
manufacturer’s laboratory test certificates.
c. Enhanced natural lighting: The enhanced apartment should be provided with a
glazed area of not less than 1/8th of the floor area of the apartment.
d. Security: Install a 13 amp fused spur, suitable for an intruder alarm system, located
within 2 m of the main entrance door.
Aspect Silver level 8: Material use and waste
Recycling of solid waste: Provide a dedicated internal space with a volume of at least
0.12 m3(120 litres) and no dimension less than 450 mm, for storing recyclable material.
The storage space should:
• be able to store small amounts of recyclable material (e.g. metal, glass, plastic,
cardboard and/or paper)
• be easily cleanable
• be additional to the general 1 m3 kitchen storage in Section 3, and
• facilitate temporary storage before transfer to a main storage point or a collection point,
whether for the dwelling or for a group of dwellings.
It is recognised that local authority provision, resources and preferences for collecting
separately or together will vary across Scotland. Therefore subdivision into containers for
different materials is optional.
To assess, the annual energy demand for water heating in kWh multiplied by 0.5,
should be no more than the contribution from specified equipment that uses renewable
energy and/or heat recovery. A SAP spreadsheet is available for this calculation at
http:// www.bre.co.uk/sap10/scotland-section-7-sustainability/.
Where a building contains more than one dwelling (such as a block of flats or terrace of
houses) the average annual energy demand for water heating may be met by
installations of renewable sources and/or heat recovery for the block. This is similar to
the buildings with multiple dwellings guidance in Section 6.
b. Water heating display: A display showing the performance of the primary renewable
source, such as a solar collector, should be mounted in easily accessible space, for
instance alongside controls for heating equipment or near the bathroom/shower room
door.
Aspect Gold 4: Water use efficiency
Enhanced or additional products should be provided to encourage water efficiency as
follows:
a. 1 water butt (with a min. capacity of 200 litres) for outdoor use per dwelling. Dwellings
without a garden or landscaped area, or if there is no access to rainwater collection (for
example if there is no external rainwater pipe within the curtilage) are excluded, and
b. 3 of the following 5 items:
water meter
WCs of average flush volume to be not more than 3.5 litres
wash hand basin taps of flow rates not more than 4 l/m and to kitchen or utility room
sinks to be not more than 6 l/m
shower heads with maximum flow rate not more than 6 l/m
rainwater harvesting or greywater recycling system designed to provide water for
toilet flushing.
The flow rates referred to align with performance bands in the Bathroom Manufacturers
Association’s water efficient product labelling scheme (BMA scheme). Reference can
be made to the performance bands within the BMA scheme or equivalent standards.
Consideration should be given to the flow rates that combi-boilers (if fitted) need to
activate their water heating function when specifying taps and shower heads with lower
flow rates.
When installing low volume flush WCs, the pipe diameter and gradient inter-relationship
is critical in order that the new and any existing sections of the drain are self-cleansing.
Aspect Gold 5: Optimising Performance
a. Quick start guide: Provide as for Aspect Silver 5, plus: Direct ‘easy release’ adhesive
labels on all key heating and ventilation equipment including (where fitted): trickle
ventilators, extract fans, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR), heating
controls (programmers, Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs)). Supplementary
guidance on the content of the direct equipment labels is in Annex B.
b. Resource use display: Provide as for Aspect Silver 5, plus the real-time resource
display indicates gas use (if gas is used for heating), displaying gas use at least at a
daily period.
Aspect Gold 6: Flexibility and adaptability
a. Home office: Provide as for Aspect Silver 6.
b. Mobility space: Provide convenient secure mobility space to accommodate an electric
wheelchair(s) and that could also be suitable for pram storage and the storage of a
bicycle(s). The size is defined as follows:
• An electric wheelchair (or pram) storage space of: 0.8 m x 1.1 m on plan, minimum
height of 1.8 m. For dwellings of 4 apartments or more; or over 150 m2; space for
two electric wheelchairs and
• A bicycle storage space of: 2 m x 0.75 m on plan, minimum height of 1.2 m. For
dwellings of 3 apartments or more; or over 150 m2; space for two bicycles: 1 m x
1.5 m.
A single infant’s pram or pushchair should generally be able to use the mobility space
as defined by either the cycle or wheelchair footprint. The space does not need to be
able to store a wheelchair at the same time as a pram or bicycle; this diagram shows
how the spaces can overlap.
For diagram, see Annex D.
The mobility space should have a socket outlet for recharging. Ideally, it should be
adjacent to the accessible entrance. It should not be located in a protected enclosure
and it should be outwith the minimum corridor width noted in Section 4, clear of any
door way, door swing, stair landing or space identified for a future stairlift installation.
The mobility space in the dwelling would be defined only by the wheelchair size(s) if
either of the areas below are present, allowing the bicycle storage provision to be
located outwith the dwelling:
• A motor vehicle garage could be adequate as long as bicycle storage is outwith a
4.8 m x 2.4 m space for parking a single motor vehicle or
• Communal bicycle storage that is secure (locked with resident only key access) and
weather protected. This should be sized on the number of apartments in total or
overall size of all dwellings served. The communal store should be at ground level
or accessible by a ramp.
If separate bicycle storage is allocated (garage or communal store), this does not need
an electrical socket outlet. The storage provision for more than one bicycle could be
split between a dwelling and a communal store.
c. General storage provision within a dwelling: Accessible storage of 1 m3 in volume
per apartment. The storage space should be capable of being closed off with a door but
does not need to be off each apartment.
General storage is in addition to a wardrobe space or built-in wardrobe, or storage that is
designated for the future provision of a shower. Both of these are identified in Section 3.
Aspect Gold 7: Well-being and security
a. Noise separation: Design performance levels for separating walls and separating
floors associated with attached dwellings should be:
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Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
houses or flats and not be occupied by car or cycle parking space, waste storage area,
electricity substations or other ancillary features. It must comprise of at least one of the
following:
• a private garden, patio, roof terrace or balcony (with the front open to air, or see
Note 1 below) of an area no less than 1.5 m2/apartment (minimum 3 m2/home) with
a minimum short dimension of 1.2 m or
• a communal shared garden or courtyard that is:
of an area no less than 1.5 m2/apartment (minimum 3 m2/home) with a
minimum short dimension of 2 m
secure by, for example, resident only key access
secluded and fully enclosed with buildings themselves, walls, fencing or
planting are all permitted possibilities to define the space.
Generally issues of daylight, ventilation, safety and escape should meet the guidance of
all the other mandatory standards. Access to these spaces should follow the guidance
of Section 4.
Note 1: In a studio or single bedroom flat (i.e. a flat with 2 apartments or less) then the
balcony could be a ‘Juliet’ type where the size could then be provided by a space
immediately inside of an inward opening glazed door or door(s) and has a protective
barrier externally. This space should not:
• interfere with the defined space or access of an enhanced apartment
• overlap with minimum furniture provision or associated activity spaces and
• interfere with kitchen worktops, appliances or manoeuvring spaces.
Aspect Gold 8: Material use and waste
a. Recycling of solid waste: Provide as for Aspect Silver 8.
b. Design for de-construction: By consideration of waste minimisation arising from the
built-form, one of the following should be adopted:
• Demonstrate that key principles of demountable construction detailing have been
followed. This could be demonstrated by submitted drawings containing reference
to guidance such as the Scottish Ecological Design Association’s (SEDA) document
on: 'Design and Detailing for Deconstruction'. A minimum of three of the high or
medium priority items from the example constructions in the detailed section of this
document should be demonstrated clearly or
• Provide a detailed plan for deconstruction of the building that follows a template
such as that on page 21 of the SEDA document. This option provides opportunities
to meet this level in this aspect for prefabricated, modularised or flexible internally
• partitioned constructions that use techniques that involve off-site manufacturing
where the described assembly could be reversed for disassembly or
• An option only where a site is occupied and the warrant application is for demolition
and construction. Provide a pre-demolition audit of existing buildings/structures on
site. In this option for brownfield developments only, the audit should follow an
established methodology such as the ICE Demolition Protocol, referred to by the
Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) that:
7.2.0 Introduction
Whilst building regulations do not require the provision of car parking spaces, they do set
out provisions which are applicable where provision for parking is made as part of the
development of a building. This includes a proportion of accessible spaces and means of
access from parking spaces to the entrance of a building (see standard 4.1).
Scottish Government policy on sustainable transport remains that use of active travel and
public transport should be promoted first and foremost. However, it is recognised that there
will be situations where use of a private vehicle, most likely a car, will be required and car
ownership will continue.
In recognition of the intent to move away from the ownership and use of internal
combustion engine vehicles towards electric vehicles, the provision of charge point sockets
and enabling infrastructure as part of new building work will support a more sustainable
approach to development, providing facilities which simplify the transition to electric
vehicles for building residents, occupiers, visitors and other users.
It is anticipated that a large number of electric vehicle drivers will choose to charge their
vehicles at home. It is therefore now a requirement for all new homes, where external car
parking is provided, to have access to a charge point socket. It is considered that, where a
property has more than one vehicle, one charge point socket is sufficient for normal usage
of these vehicles. The installation of a proprietary electric vehicle charging point socket, not
a standard electrical outlet, will facilitate safe and efficient recharging of vehicles. The
provision of electrical infrastructure will also ‘future proof’ parking spaces in response to the
growing uptake of electric vehicles.
Installers of electric vehicle charge points should be aware of the need to notify the
electricity Distribution Network Operator of the intent to undertake such an installation to an
existing electrical supply or when applying for a new electrical supply.
Conversions: in the case of conversions, as specified in regulation 4, every conversion
which alters the number dwellings, or the number of building units, in the building, or which
changes the occupation or use of:
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Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
socket with an output rating of not less than 7 kW should be provided with such a
facility to at least one in every four (or part thereof) of such parking spaces.
• Electric vehicle charge point sockets should be part of an installation where there is
capacity within the existing electrical supply to the building, post-renovation.
• Installation should be cost-effective. This is explained under ‘defined cost limit’ below.
In this respect, ‘covered car park’ is car parking located within the footprint of a building.
For example a single dwelling garage or roof-top, open-sided, enclosed or underground car
park.
Defined cost limit.
For the purpose of this standard, installation is deemed cost-effective where the cost of
providing the installation does not exceed 7% of the total capital cost of the major
renovation works. This defined cost limit includes the provision of enabling infrastructure,
charge point sockets and other equipment needed for the operation of installed charge
point sockets.
The cost set out should be the cost of materials and labour, excluding VAT. Calculation of
the percentage of project costs should compare the cost of the electric vehicle charge point
sockets, cable routes and other equipment to the total cost of the major renovation
including those additional works. The cost should exclude land or property costs, statutory
fees or any other development costs.
Where it is determined that electric vehicle charge point sockets can be installed without the
need to upgrade the building electrical supply, this should form part of the installation. The
developer may then determine the preferred extent of installation of enabling infrastructure
and charge point sockets without exceeding the defined cost limit.
Installations should meet the requirements of BS 7671 and the IET’s ‘Code of Practice:
Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation’.
To enable installation, maintenance and ease of use, where charge points are not initially
installed or where minimum distances to obstructions for such purposes are not confirmed
in the installation or operational instructions supplied with the charge point being installed:
• Floor mounted charge points should be installed so that there is not less than 1500 mm
between the sides, and 500 mm between the rear, of the charge point enclosure and
any adjacent wall or similar obstruction.
• Wall mounted charge points should be installed so that there is not less than 800 mm
between the charge point enclosure and any adjacent wall or similar obstruction.
Charge points should be installed with the lower edge of the charge point enclosure
between 700 mm and 1000 mm from floor level.
Where charge points are not initially installed, a minimum assumed unit size should be
used to demonstrate adequate distance from obstructions:
• Floor mounted charge points not less than 1200 mm high, 450 mm wide and 220
mm deep
• Wall mounted charge points not less than 500 mm high, 400 mm wide and 200 mm
deep.
Additional guidance on delivering accessible charge points is provided within PAS
1899:2022 – ‘Electric vehicles – Accessible charging – Specification’.
Duct installations should be provided from a suitable electricity supply location at the
building or elsewhere within the development site to the installation position for each charge
point and future charge point location. The design of the installation should identify and
make provision for any intermediate switchgear or other control apparatus needed to
manage the distribution of the electrical supply to each charge point or future charge point
location. Installations should meet the requirements of BS 7671 and the IET’s ‘Code of
Practice: Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation’.
The size, specification and bend radius of all cable ducts should be based upon the
confirmed type of cabling needed to meet the required power supply at outlets.
Underground cable duct installations should meet BS EN 61386-24 –‘Conduit systems for
cable management - Particular requirements. Conduit systems buried underground’. All
cable ducts should meet the positioning and colour-coding standards in the National Joint
Utilities Group ‘Guidelines on the Positioning and Colour Coding of Underground Utilities’
Apparatus’.
The point where a cable duct enters a building should be sealed to prevent water ingress
and attack by vermin, and to comply with all relevant Building Regulations requirements.
Where a charge point is not fitted as part of initial work, enabling infrastructure should be
provided to the extents noted in clauses 7.2 1 & 7.2.2. This should enable the installation of
charge points and any intermediate control equipment without the need for additional
builder work other than at the equipment installation points.
The termination points of cable ducts should be located to provide adequate space for
future installation and ongoing maintenance of a charge point, as noted in clause 7.2.4.
Termination points for future connections should be weather sealed but clearly identified
and accessible. Location of future charge points should be identified by durable,
weatherproof signage, with text not less than 25 mm high noting “Dedicated position for
electric vehicle charge point”.
7.B.1 Scope
The QSG should be specific to each individual dwelling. Where there are a number of
houses or flats of the same type, it is likely that the information could be repeated for each
type, taking care to ensure correct orientation of plans and correct positions of installed
items on the plan.
The purpose is not to explain details of how or why a home is designed to work
environmentally, but rather what occupiers need to know to make a home work efficiently. It
should describe the overall performance of the dwelling as a system itself. The focus should
be on maintaining internal comfort in an efficient manner. Do not include unnecessary detail
on the operation of the individual elements or systems of technology.
7.B.2 Format
The QSG should be as compact and graphic as possible to aid rapid comprehension,
making it more likely to be kept available, used for future reference and be capable of being
passed on to future owners or residents.
A variety of formats could be used to convey the information but it should be a free-
standing document, separate from other documentation (but including directions to further
information). It may be designed to meet a similar graphic standard of other material which
is provided at completion. The recommended formats are:
• an A4 guide of maximum 6 pages, preferably 4 or less or
• a booklet with page sizes smaller than A4, possibly with double page spreads such as
the booklet in the first good practice example.
Better design and construction of control mechanisms should make systems more intuitive
and reduce the need for guidance, therefore please be very concise if appropriate.
or a photograph. These can be mixed because consistency in style is less important than
content. Illustrations do not need to be to scale, but should show relationships and explain
things quickly and easily. These guidelines should be followed:
• Use illustration where possible to focus the occupant on the equipment that users
normally come into contact with. For example, the programmer in the heating section
should show where it is placed in relation to the boiler.
• Link key components (such as heating controls) to a location plan to help the resident to
make connections between controls and systems quickly
• Images should be labelled.
• Avoid non-essential images (e.g. lifestyle image) which can reduce the authority of the
document.
• Use graphic formats that preserve the sharpness of lines, such as PDF.
• Illustrations should be associated with a legible caption of standard size and colour.
• Many people have difficulty understanding plans, so use other images, for example a
simple 3D diagram alongside plans to aid comprehension.
• Use colour where possible as an easy way to differentiate categories visually. However
readers may be colour blind, so use icons, illustrations and high contrast type.
• Text size should aim to be at least 11pt but can be of smaller sizes in annotations,
labels or text boxes if a typeface designed for text reading at small sizes is used. Make
headings as large as possible.
• Use clear, colour, photographs (well lit, avoid use of flash if possible) or line illustrations
of actual installed equipment.
• Use engineer’s or manufacturer’s drawings as reference in order to comprehend the
system but edit these to remove unnecessary items. Do not attempt to replace the
manufacturer's manuals, but do refer to them for further information. The main elements
or products should be identified with their full names/reference model numbers and links
to more information such as manuals or manufacturers websites.
• Use plain English avoiding detailed technical descriptions.
• Use bullet points where possible.
• Avoid jargon and acronyms. If an acronym is necessary define it on first use. In the
good practice example MVHR (Mechanical Ventilation Heat Recovery system) is used
because the acronym is more likely to lead to success in internet searches for more
information.
7.B.5 Sections
Aim to fit a section relating to each of the following categories on the equivalent of a single
A4 sheet, or less where possible.
a. Overview
Give a brief description of the basic features of the house, including insulation, building
fabric, heating, ventilation, hot water use and any major equipment that make a
difference to how the house operates. Avoid large paragraphs. Keep to between 100 to
150 words.
The overview page should include the following sentence: This guide is produced to
meet the aspect of 'Optimising Performance' within Section 7: Sustainability of the
Building Standards Technical Handbooks.
Locate key parts of the equipment, annotated on a legible plan or other illustration.
Plans should be simple and clear, generally ‘planning application’ standard with walls
blacked in, dimensions and unnecessary annotation removed in the CAD program.
Showing fittings such as bathrooms and kitchens on layouts can assist. Limitations on
alterations due to the construction (e.g. avoid holes in external walls that penetrate the
vapour barrier) can be mentioned here. Use 3D plan perspectives, axonometric
diagrams, or cutaway models to aid understanding. Items to be shown include:
• Key elements of the construction and materials - roof, walls, windows and doors
• Elements of heating, hot water and ventilation equipment
• Heat element devices
• Control locations
• Meters
• Water stop-cock
If the dwelling has achieved a silver, gold or platinum level, it is permissible to use the
associated 'badge' on the overview page of the front cover.
b. Heating
Describe how the home can be heated including aspects of the building fabric and
ventilation that are relevant to how the system works. Cover the main principles of use
in both warm and cold weather. Simple diagrams illustrating how the building is heated
in both winter and summer are useful. Avoid engineering heating system schematics as
many people find these hard to understand.
Describe in around 50-100 words the main heating source in the home, including the
principles of operation and fuel source if relevant. Supplementary heating sources
should be mentioned, where included. Provide a brief description of how heat reaches
rooms e.g. radiators, underfloor heating, air grilles, with illustrations provided as
required.
Briefly describe how heating is controlled. Illustrations and locations are required for all
the main controls. Identify the reaction to heating controls (for example there may be a
time lag before a heating system operates at optimum capacity) and outline the normal
range if this is not obvious.
c. Ventilation
Describe in around 50-100 words how the home is ventilated and the main principles
for its use, in both warm and cold weather. Simple diagrams illustrating how the building
is ventilated in winter and summer are useful.
Briefly describe how the ventilation is controlled with illustrations and locations required
for all the main controls. This should include both natural and mechanical systems.
Identify the elements that users have the most interaction with, so in natural ventilation,
it may be trickle vents and opening of windows together with a reference to cross
ventilation. For mechanical ventilation it may be the boost switch and location of filters.
d. Hot Water
Provide up to 50-100 words on how water is heated in the homes, including primary
and secondary systems (for example a boiler working with solar hot water panels).
Consider a simple diagram illustrating how the system works if it has a number of
components or options.
Briefly describe how hot water generation is controlled. Illustrate the controls, identify the
reaction to hot water controls (for example there may be a time lag before a hot water
system operates at optimum capacity) and outline the normal range if this is not obvious.
e. Other Energy Saving Features (if installed)
Cover any other energy saving feature installed as part of the fabric of the home or
included in the SAP calculation. Include instructions for items not covered elsewhere.
Each item should have a brief (around 50 words) description of other energy saving
features. Identify for each item:
• Name or description
• Location
• How to control it and where the controls are located
• Manufacturer and model number
• Location of further information such as a manual or specific website address
f. How to maintain systems
A ‘how to keep your home running efficiently’ section should provide an easy to
understand list of maintenance required for systems outlined in the guide. It must only
include items that residents should be undertaking without tools or specialist
knowledge. In particular consider including the following information:
• List of equipment names/serial numbers
• Links to further detailed information
• Manufacturers websites
• Recommended servicing organisations
Appendices
Appendix A Defined Terms
Definitions and explanation of terms used in this document
water service system which is designed and installed for use during normal operation of
the building.
Entertainment building means a place of entertainment or recreation other than sports
stadia, including bingo halls, broadcasting, recording and film studios open to the public,
casinos, dance halls, entertainment, conference, exhibition and leisure centres (except
where consisting predominately of a swimming pool), funfairs and amusement arcades,
licensed betting offices, clubs, public houses, restaurants, cafes, snack bars, theatres,
cinemas and concert halls.
Escape route means a route by which a person may reach a place of safety, and in
relation to:
a. a storey, a space or an access deck, means a route from an exit from that storey,
space or access deck
b. a room, means a route from an exit of that rooms
c. an inner room, other than an inner room in a dwelling, means a route from an exit of
the room which provides access to the inner room
d. a flat or maisonette, means a route from the main entrance door of that flat or
maisonette
e. a gallery, catwalk or openwork floor, means a route from any doorway of, or from
the head of any unenclosed escape stair from, that gallery, catwalk or openwork
floor
f. a place of special fire risk, means a route from an exit of that room or from an exit of
the protected lobby serving that room, or from an exit of the room or lobby
separating the place of special fire risk from any other accommodation, as the case
may be.
Escape stair means a stair or ramp forming part of an escape route.
Exit means a point of egress from a room, storey, protected zone, space, gallery, catwalk
or openwork floor which forms part of, or gives access to, an escape route or place of
safety.
External wall includes a part of a roof pitched at an angle of 70º or more to the horizontal.
Factory (Class 1) is any factory involved in manufacturing, processing, repairing,
cleaning, washing, breaking up or otherwise treating any substance comprising or used in
association with: adhesives, asphalt and bituminous products, chemical and allied
industries, cleaners and solvents, clothing and footwear (excluding laundering), coal and
petroleum products, cork products, dry cleaning, dye-stuffs and pigments, fertilisers, grains
and cereals, inks, insulated wires and cables, leather, sheepskin and fur, linoleum,
magnetic tape, oils and greases, paints, paper, printing and publishing (excluding paper
manufacturing), pharmaceutical products, photographic materials and products, plastics,
polishes, rubber and synthetic rubber, soaps and detergents, spirit distilling, surgical
bandages and plasters, synthetic resins, textiles, timber, joinery, furniture, brushes and
brooms, toilet preparations, upholstery, weedkillers and pesticides.
Factory (Class 2) is any factory other than a factory (Class 1), including buildings used for
generating or supplying power or slaughtering livestock.
Fire door means a door which, together with its frame and furniture as installed in a
building, is intended, when closed, to resist the passage of fire and, where prescribed,
smoke and is capable of meeting specified performance criteria in section 2.
Fire-stop means a seal provided to close an imperfection of fit or design tolerance
between elements, components or construction so as to restrict the passage of fire and
smoke through that imperfection. Fire-stopping and fire-stopped should be construed
accordingly.
Flat means a dwelling on one storey, forming part of a building from some other part of
which it is divided horizontally, and includes a dwelling of which the main entrance door
and associated hall are on a different storey from the remainder of the dwelling.
Flat roof means a roof the slope of which does not exceed 10º from the horizontal.
Flight means part of a stair or ramp uninterrupted by a landing.
Flue means passage for conveying the products of combustion to the outside atmosphere.
Flue-block means factory-made chimney components with 1 or more flues.
Flue-pipe (correctly termed ‘connecting flue-pipe’) means a pipe that connects a
combustion appliance to a flue in a chimney.
Foundation means that part of the structure in direct contact with, and transmitting loads
to, the ground.
Gallery means a raised floor or platform, including a raised storage floor, which is open to
the room or space into which it projects and which:
a. has every part of its upper surface not less than 1.8 metres above the surface of the
main floor of the said room or space and
b. occupies (or, in the case of there being more than one gallery, together occupy), not
more than one-half of the floor area of the said room or space.
Glazing means any permanently secured sheet of glass or plastics, and glazed should be
construed accordingly.
Greenhouse except in the expression agricultural greenhouse, means a building ancillary
to a dwelling used mainly for growing plants which is either:
a. detached from the dwelling or
b. attached to, but not entered from, the dwelling.
Greywater means wastewater not containing faecal matter or urine.
Ground storey means the storey of a building in which there is situated an entrance to the
building from the level of the adjoining ground or, if there is more than one such storey, the
lower or lowest of these.
Highly combustible metal composite material means any panel or sheet, having a
thickness of no more than 10mm, which consists of a number of layers, two or more of
which are made of metal, alloy, or metal compound and one or more substantial layer of
which is made of material having a gross calorific value of more than 35 MJ/kg when
tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 1716:2018 entitled “Reaction to fire tests for
products – Determination of the gross heat of combustion (calorific value)” published by
the British Standards Institution.
High rise domestic buildings means a domestic building with any storey at a height of
more than 18 metres above the ground.
High-speed electronic communications network means an electronic communications
network which is capable of delivering broadband access services at speeds of at least 30
Mbps.
High-speed ready in-building physical infrastructure means in-building physical
infrastructure intended to host elements, or enable delivery, of high-speed electronic
communications networks.
Hospital means a healthcare premises with bed – patient facilities.
Hospital street means a protected zone in a hospital provided to assist in facilitating
circulation and horizontal evacuation, and to provide a fire-fighting bridgehead.
House means a dwelling on one or more storeys, either detached or forming part of a
building from all other parts of which it is divided only vertically.
Imposed load means the load assumed to be produced by the intended occupancy or
use, including the weight of moveable partitions; distributed, concentrated, impact, inertia
and snow loads, but excluding wind loads.
In-building physical infrastructure means physical infrastructure or installations at the
end-user's location, including elements under joint ownership, intended to host wired or
wireless access networks, where such access networks are capable of delivering
electronic communications services and connecting the building access point with the
network termination point.
Inner room means a room, other than a kitchen in a dwelling, which does not have a
direct access to an exit, or direct access to an enclosed circulation area having an exit.
Insulation envelope means the building elements which encapsulate the building or parts
of the building which use fuel or power for heating or cooling the internal environment and
will comprise all or some of the following:
a. elements exposed directly to the outside air
b. elements directly in contact with the ground
c. floors directly in contact with a solum space
d. elements that are buffered by an enclosed area
e. separating elements where the thermal transmittance should be ignored.
Note – the definition of ‘insulation envelope’ was amended on 1 May 2007.
Kitchen means any room or part of a room used primarily for the preparation or cooking of
food.
Land in different occupation in relation to a building, means land occupied, or to be
occupied, by a person other than the occupier of the land on which the building is, or is to
be, situated.
Limited life building means a building intended to have a life of the period specified in
regulation 6.
Maisonette means a dwelling on more than one storey, forming part of a building from
some other part of which it is divided horizontally.
Major renovation works, in respect of standard 4.14, means works at the end user's
location encompassing structural modifications of the entire in-building physical
infrastructure, or of a significant part of it.
“Major renovation works” means, in respect of standard 7.2, works for the renovation of
a building where ten or more car parking spaces are present within the building or the
curtilage of the building and where:
a. more than 25% of the surface area of the building envelope undergoes renovation,
and
b. the works include works to:
i. car parking spaces, or
ii. the electrical infrastructure of the building or of the car parking spaces.”
Net input rating of an appliance means the total energy input rate determined when the
water produced by the combustion of the fuel is assumed to remain as a vapour.
Network termination point means a physical point located inside or outside the building
at which an occupier is provided with access to high-speed electronic communications
networks.
Non-combustible means that a material does not ignite or burn when subjected to fire or
heat.
Notified body means a body (organisation), whose name is notified by individual
countries or Member States, to the European Commission, that are designated to carry out
conformity assessment (on harmonised technical specifications) according to a directive
or regulation. The notification of a Notified Body and their withdrawal is the responsibility of
the notifying Member State.
Occupier in relation to a dwelling, means a person inhabiting the dwelling.
Office means a building or premises used for office, administrative or clerical purposes
(including writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, filing, typing, duplicating, machine
calculating, police and fire service work, drawing and editorial preparation of work for
publication), financial transactions (including banking and building society work) and
communications (including postal, telegraph and radio, television, film, audio or video
recording or performance (not open to the public), communication or control).
Open-flued appliance means one that draws its air for combustion from the room or
internal space within which it is installed and uses a flue system to discharge its products
of combustion to the outside air.
Open sided car park means open sided car parks and parking garages, designed to
admit or accommodate only passenger or light goods vehicles not exceeding 2500
kilograms gross mass. For the purposes of this description “open-sided” means naturally
ventilated to provide an adequate supply of air in accordance with section 3.
Permanent ventilator means a ventilator which provides continuous ventilation.
Place of safety means either:
a. an unenclosed space in the open air at ground level or
b. an enclosed space in the open air at ground level leading to an unenclosed space,
via an access not narrower than the total width of the exits leading from the building
to that enclosed space.
Place of special fire risk means any place within, or attached to, or on the roof of, a
building in which there are installed one or more:
a. solid fuel appliances, with a total installed output rating more than 50 kW, other than
kitchen appliances or
b. oil or gas fired appliances, with a total installed net input rating more than 70 kW,
other than kitchen appliances and forced air convection or radiant heaters in
buildings which are neither residential nor domestic or
c. fixed internal combustion engines, including gas turbine engines, with a total output
rating more than 45 kW or
d. oil-immersed electricity transformers or switch gear apparatus with an oil capacity
more than 250 litres and operating at a supply voltage more than 1000 volts or
e. fuel oil storage tanks having a capacity of more than 90 litres or
f. paint spray booths or rooms where cellulose or other flammable liquid spray is
used.
Porch means a building attached to and providing a covered entrance to a dwelling.
Pre-2024 building means a building:
a. originally constructed before 1 April 2024, or
b. constructed after that date in accordance with a building warrant granted (whether
before or after that date) in respect of an application for a building warrant made
before that date.
Private road means a road not maintainable by the Scottish Ministers or a local roads
authority (whether or not comprising a public right of way).
Private stair or ramp means a stair or ramp wholly within a dwelling.
Protected door means a fire door giving access to:
a. a protected zone, including a protected lobby or
b. a fire-fighting shaft or
c. another compartment or
d. a place of safety or
e. an unenclosed external escape stair or
f. an open access balcony or
g. an escape route across a flat roof or access deck.
Protected enclosure in a dwelling means a circulation area constructed to resist fire in
adjoining accommodation. It includes a hall, landing or private stair or ramp but not a
room.
Protected lobby means a lobby within a protected zone but separated from the remainder
of the protected zone so as to resist the movement of smoke from the adjoining
accommodation to the remainder of the protected zone.
Protected zone means that part of an escape route which is within a building, but not
within a room, and to which access is only by way of a protected door and from which
there is an exit directly to a place of safety.
Public open space includes land used as a public park or for public recreation or as a
burial ground.
Public road means a road maintainable by the Scottish Ministers or a local roads
authority.
Reasonably practicable in relation to the carrying out of any work, means reasonably
practicable having regard to all the circumstances including the expense involved in
carrying out the work.
Relevant building means a building having a storey, or creating a storey (not including
roof-top plant areas or any storey consisting exclusively of plant rooms) at a height of 11
metres or more above the ground and which contains a:
a. dwelling;
b. building used as a place of assembly, or as a place of entertainment or recreation;
c. hospital;
d. residential care building or sheltered housing complex; or
e. shared multi-occupancy residential building.
Residential building means a building, other than a domestic building, having sleeping
accommodation.
Residential care building means a building used, or to be used, for the provision of:
a. a care home service or
b. a school care accommodation service
and for these purposes the expressions mentioned in sub-paragraphs a) and b) above
have the same meaning as in the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001.
Road has the same meaning as in the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (c54) except that it also
includes any drain or ditch at the side of a road.
Roof space means any space in a building between a part of the roof and the ceiling
below.
Room means any enclosed part of a storey intended for human occupation or, where no
part of any such storey is so enclosed, the whole of that storey, but excepting in either
case any part used solely as a bathroom, shower room, washroom, toilet, stair or
circulation area.
Room-sealed appliance means a combustion appliance which, when in operation, has its
combustion chamber, air inlet and its flue outlet ways isolated from the room or space in
which it is installed.
Sanitary accommodation includes bathrooms, shower rooms, washrooms and toilets.
Sanitary facility includes washbasin, sink, bath, shower, urinal, or watercloset, and in
dwellings only, includes a waterless closet.
Self-closing fire door means a fire door, fitted to close automatically from any angle of
swing.
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Separating floor and separating wall mean respectively a floor or wall constructed to
prevent the spread of fire between buildings or parts of a building in accordance with
section 2.
Service opening means any opening to accommodate a duct, pipe, conduit or cable
(including fibre optics or similar tubing).
Shared multi-occupancy residential building means a residential building occupied as
a sole or main residence by more than six individuals where those occupying the building,
or part of the building, share the use of sanitary facilities or facilities for the preparation of
cooked food with other persons occupying the building, or part building.
Shared residential accommodation means a unit of residential accommodation, other
than a dwelling, having an occupancy capacity not exceeding 10, entered from the open
air at ground level and having no storey at a height exceeding 7.5 m.
Sheltered housing complex means:
a. two or more dwellings in the same building or
b. two or more dwellings on adjacent sites
where those dwellings are, in each case, designed and constructed for the purpose of
providing residential accommodation for people who receive, or who are to receive, a
support service; and, for these purposes, “support service” has the same meaning as in
the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001.
Shop means a building or premises used for retail or wholesale trade or business,
including sales by auction, self-selection and over the counter wholesale trading,
hairdressing and beauty or body care and premises to which members of the public are
invited to resort for the purposes of delivering or uplifting goods in connection with
cleaning, repair, hire or other treatment or (except in the case of the repair of motor
vehicles) of themselves carrying out such cleaning, repair or other treatment.
Site in relation to a building, means the area of ground covered or to be covered by the
building, including its foundations.
Smoke alarm means a device powered by mains electricity, with a secondary power
source, containing within one housing all the components necessary for detecting fire and
thereupon giving an audible alarm.
Social housing dwelling means a dwelling occupied by virtue of a Scottish secure
tenancy within the meaning of section 11 of the housing (Scotland) Act 2001.
Specified attachment means:
a. a balcony;
b. solar shading; or
c. a solar panel
attached to an external wall.
Stand-alone building means a building, other than a dwelling, but includes an ancillary
building or a part of a building, that is either:
a. detached or
b. thermally divided from the remainder of the main building and incorporates shut-
down control of any heating or cooling system which is linked to any main system,
and includes a conservatory.
Note – the definition of 'stand-alone building' was added on 1 May 2007.
"Statement of sustainability" means a statement issued for the purposes of compliance
with regulation 9 and section 7.1(c) of Schedule 5.
Storage building (Class 1) is any storage building containing hazardous goods or
materials, and any storage of vehicles containing hazardous goods or materials, including:
any compressed, liquefied or dissolved gas, any substance which becomes dangerous by
interaction with either air or water, any liquid substance with a flash point below 65º
Celsius including whisky or other spirituous liquor, any corrosive substance, any substance
capable of emitting poisonous fumes, any oxidising agent, any substance liable to
spontaneous combustion, any substance that changes or decomposes readily giving out
heat when doing so, any combustible solid substance with a flash point less than 120º
Celsius, any substance likely to spread fire by flowing from one part of a building to
another.
Storage building (Class 2) is any storage building other than a storage building (Class 1),
including car parks, parking garages designed to admit or accommodate only passenger
or other light goods vehicles not more than 2500 kilograms gross mass, other than open
sided car parks.
Storey means that part of a building which is situated between the top of any floor being
the lowest floor level within the storey and the top of the floor next above it being the
highest floor level within the storey or, if there is no floor above it, between the top of the
floor and the ceiling above it or, if there is no ceiling above it, the internal surface of the
roof; and for this purpose a gallery or catwalk, or an openwork floor or storage racking,
shall be considered to be part of the storey in which it is situated.
Sub-compartment means a part of a building (which may contain one or more rooms, and
includes, where relevant, the space above the top storey of the sub-compartment)
constructed so as to aid horizontal evacuation.
Sub-compartment wall means a wall with the fire resistance required to create a sub-
compartment.
Substantial layer in relation to highly combustible metal composite material, means a
layer which is at least 1 mm thick or has a mass per unit area of at least 1 kg per m².
Surface water means the run-off of rainwater from roofs and any paved ground surface
within the curtilage of a building.
System chimney (factory-made chimney) means a chimney that is installed using a
combination of compatible chimney components, obtained or specified from one
manufacturing source with product responsibility for the whole chimney.
Toilet means an enclosed part of a storey which contains a watercloset, a waterless closet
or a urinal, which are properly installed for use.
Traditional building means a building or part of a building of a type constructed before or
around 1919:
a. using construction techniques that were commonly in use before 1919 and
Where a publication referred to in the handbooks itself refers to another publication, the
reference to such other publication should be considered to be a reference to the latest
edition including any amendments, supplements or addenda.
Where the standards listed in this Appendix have been amended or replaced since the
publication of the handbooks, it is no longer necessary to await the publication of updated
guidance. The verifier can accept a design to the new standard if it considers the relevant
expanded functional standard is met.
Note 1. The European Economic Area Agreement is given affect in the UK by the
European Economic Area Act 1993 and entered into force on 1 January 1994.
Note 2. A Member State is a state which is a member of the European Union or the
European Free Trade Association and is a contracting party to the European Economic
Area Agreement.
Title Section
Civic Government (Scotland) Act, 1982 – Order 2000 2
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, 1994 5
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, 2015 1, 2, 5
Control of Pollution Act 1974 3
Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmosphere Regulations 2002 2
Electricity Act 1989 4
Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 4
Energy Act 1983 4
Environment Act 1995 3
Environmental Protection Act, 1990 3
EU Directive 1999/5/EC – Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment 3
EU Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) 6
EU Directive 2006/95/EC Low Voltage Directive 3
EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources 6
Factories Act 1961 4
Fire (Scotland) Act 2005 as amended 2
Fire Safety (Scotland) Regulations 2006 2
Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987 1, 2
Gas Appliance (Safety) Regulations, 1995 3
Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations, 1998 3, 4
Groundwater Regulations 1998 3
Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974 0
Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 2
Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999 2
Manual Handling Operations Regulations, 1992 5
Mines and Quarries Act 1954 4
Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996, SI 1996 No 825 2
Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 2
Safety of Sports Grounds Act, 1975 1, 2
Sewage (Scotland) Act, 1968 3
Water Byelaws 2004 3
Water Environment (Controlled Activities)(Scotland) Regulations 2005 3
Water Environment (Oil Storage)(Scotland) Regulations 2006 3
Government
Table of Contents
Page 605 Applicable from
Applicable from 1 April 2024
Domestic Technical Handbook April 2024 Edition
Table of Contents
Section 0 - General ............................................................................................................ 3
0.1 Application ........................................................................................................................................3
0.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................3
0.1.2 The Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 .................................................................................4
0.1.3 The building standards system .................................................................................................4
0.1.4 Status of Technical Handbooks ..................................................................................................5
0.1.5 Alternative solutions ....................................................................................................................6
0.1.6 Domestic and non-domestic buildings ........................................................................................6
0.1.7 Latest changes ...........................................................................................................................6
0.1.8 Updating......................................................................................................................................7
0.1.9 Arrangement of Section 0 ...........................................................................................................7
0.1.10 Certification .............................................................................................................................7
0.2 Citation, commencement and interpretation..................................................................................8
Regulations 1 & 2 .....................................................................................................................................8
0.2.1 Explanation of Regulation 1 ........................................................................................................8
0.2.2 Explanation of Regulation 2 ................................................................................................... 11
0.3 Exempted buildings and services, fittings and equipment ....................................................... 13
Regulation 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 13
0.3.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 13
0.3.2 Schedule 1 ............................................................................................................................... 14
0.4 Changes in the occupation or use of a building that cause the regulations to apply ............ 19
Regulation 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 19
0.4.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 19
0.4.2 Schedule 2 ............................................................................................................................... 20
0.5 Buildings work, services, fittings and equipment not requiring a warrant ............................. 22
Regulation 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 22
0.5.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 22
0.5.2 Schedule 3 ............................................................................................................................... 24
0.6 Limited life buildings ..................................................................................................................... 30
Regulation 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 30
0.6.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 30
0.7 Measurements ................................................................................................................................ 31
Regulation 7 .......................................................................................................................................... 31
0.7.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 31
0.7.2 Schedule 4 ............................................................................................................................... 31
0.8 Durability, workmanship and fitness of materials ...................................................................... 32
Regulation 8 .......................................................................................................................................... 32
0.8.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 33
0.8.2 Explanation of terms ................................................................................................................ 34
0.8.3 Performance ............................................................................................................................ 35
0.8.4 Materials .................................................................................................................................. 36
0.8.5 Ways of establishing the fitness of materials .......................................................................... 36
0.8.6 Short lived materials ................................................................................................................ 38
0.8.7 Materials susceptible to change in their properties .................................................................. 38
0.8.8 Ways of establishing the suitability of workmanship ................................................................ 38
0.8.9 Certification .............................................................................................................................. 40
0.9 Building standards applicable to construction ........................................................................... 41
Regulation 9 .......................................................................................................................................... 41
0.9.1 Explanation .............................................................................................................................. 41
0.9.2 Schedule 5 ............................................................................................................................... 41
0.10 Building standards applicable to demolition .......................................................................... 42
Regulation 10 ........................................................................................................................................ 42
0.10.1 Explanation ......................................................................................................................... 42
0.11 Building standards applicable to the provision of services, fittings and equipment ....... 43
Regulation 11 ........................................................................................................................................ 43
0.11.1 Explanation ......................................................................................................................... 43
0.12 Building standards applicable to conversions ....................................................................... 44
Regulation 12 ........................................................................................................................................ 44