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Chapter 4
Polynomials: Operations
50. 25 = 32
Exercise Set 4.1 52. t7
6
RC2. y 0 = 1, y =
· 0; answer (a) is correct. 54.
n5
y9 a
RC4. = y; answer (c) is correct. 56. 3
y8 b
1 58. 5−2
2. 4 · 4 · 4
62. b−7
4. (87.2)(87.2)(87.2)(87.2)(87.2)(87.2) 64. 37
6. − 5 —5 − 5 66. 737
8 8 8
14. 1 74. 8x
16. c 76. 5
18. 1 78. 1
1
4 80.
20.
5 y13
22. 8.38 1
82.
24. 1 a21
84. a8c11
26. ab1 = a · b1 = ab
86. m6n8
28. x6 = 26 = 64
88. 52
30. x19 = 019 = 0
90. x10
32. −2y7 = −2 · 27 = −2 · 128 = −256 72 1
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y15 = 115 = 1 92. = 7−7 =
34. 79 77
3
a 1
36. z5 + 5 = (−2)5 + 5 = −32 + 5 = −27 94. = −1 =
a
38. 325 − v3 = 325 − (−3)3 = 325 − (−27) = 325 + 27 = 352 a4 a
1
(8t)4 = (8 )−7 =
96.
40. y0 − 8 = (−3)0 − 8 = 1 − 8 = −7 (8t)11 t
(8t)7
y1 − 8 = (−3)1 − 8 = −3 − 8 = −11
98. t11
42. A = s2 = (24 m)2 = 576 m2 x−9 1
1 1 100. = x−6 =
44. = x−3 x6
23 8 102. y7
1 1
46. 4 = 104. 1
5 625
1 106. s7t
48.
x2
108. 1 1 1 =− 1
2
8 = 64
2
number greater than or equal to 10.
−82 = −(8)(8) = −64
2. 58
(−8)2 = (−8)(−8) = 64 1
1 −2
1 1 64 4. (7−3)5 = 7−15 =
— = = =1· = 64 715
8 1 2 1 1
— 6. a30
8 64 1
1 2
—1 − 1 = 1 8. (x−5)6 = x−30 =
— = 8 8 64 x30
8
−x + 7 = 17 − 6x 20. ( 3 1
)−2 = −6 −2 =
5x = 10 x y x y
x6y2
x=2
22. 4x6
116. −10(x − 4) = 5(2x + 5) − 7 8
−10x + 40 = 10x + 25 − 7 24. (2a−5)3 = 23a−15 =
a15
−10x + 40 = 10x + 18 26. ( 5 1
3)−4 = −20 −12 =
−10x = 10x − 22 t x t x
t20x12
−20x = −22 28. x10y35
11
x= r3
10 30. (q5r−1)−3 = q−15r3 =
q15
118. Let y1 = (x − 1)2 and y2 = x2 − 2x + 1. A graph of the
32. (4 5 −6)3 = 43 15 −18 = 64x
15
equations or a table of values gives a partial confirmation
x y x y
that (x − 1)2 = x2 − 2x + 1 is correct. y18
x3 z18
120. Let y1 = and y = x2. A graph of the equations or a 34. (x −4 −2 9)2
y x = x −8y −4 z18 =
x 8y4
x5
2
x3
table of values shows that = x2 is not correct. 8a6
x5 36. (2 2 −4 −5)3 = 23 6 −12 −15 =
a y z a y z
122. a5k ÷ a3k = a5k−3k = a2k y12z15
9
4 2 1 4−5
1 y6
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38.
1 (−8
−1
x3 y
−2 )
1 3 =
2 (−8
)3 x
9y
−6
=−
512
x
124. = 1
1 5 2 = = =1· =2 40. (− −4 −3 −2 −2 8 6 8 6 8 6
2 1 1
p q ) = (−1) p q = pq =p q
2 2 (−1)2
15
a
126. (x − 3)4 42.
27
128. Since the bases are the same, the expression with the larger
x15
exponent is larger. Thus, 42 < 43. 44.
y20
130. 43 = 64, 34 = 81, so 43 < 34. 1
1 1 1 1 a4 −2 a−8 a 8 1
132. = = = = 100, 000 46. = = = 32 9
=
−z5 −(−0.1)5 −(−0.00001) 0.00001 3 3−2 ·
1 a8 1 a8
32
3
3
= 3 = 27a6 72. Positive exponent, so the answer is a large number.
3
48.
a−2 a−6 106 = 1 × 106
m3 1.000000.
50. ↑ 6 places
n12p3
2a2 −3 2−3a−6 1 33b12 27b12 106 = 1, 000, 000
52. = =
3b4 3−3b−12 2 3 a6
· = 74. Negative exponent, so the answer is a small number.
1 8a6
58. 0.0000000008.65
80. (1.123 × 104) × 10−9 = 1.123 × 10−5
↑ 10 places
5.6 × 10−2
Small number, so the exponent is negative. 82. = 2 .24 × 10−7
0.000000000865 = 8.65 × 10 −10 2.5 × 105
. . ×
5 × 10−24
62. 0.0000001.
↑ 7 places 88. 10 million = 1.0 × 107
Small number, so the exponent is negative. 14, 000 km2 = 14, 000 × 100, 000 cm × 100, 000 cm =
1.4 × 104 × 105 × 105 = 1.4 × 1014
0.0000001 = 10−7
(1.0 × 107)(1.4 × 1014) = 1.4 × 1021 bacteria
64. 0.00000002.8
↑ 8 places 90. 150 million = 1.5 × 108 and 1 million = 106.
Compute: (1.5 × 108) × 106 = 1.5 × 1014
Small number, so the exponent is negative.
We find that 150 million gallons of oil can contaminate
0.000000028 = 2.8 × 10−8
1.5 × 1014 gallons of drinking water.
66. 1 . 5,000,000,000. 92. 500 = 5 × 102
↑ 8 places
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÷
1.85 × 108 = 185, 000, 000 1.0 × 1013 103 = (2 × 10−1) × 103 = 2 × 102 sec
= 0 .2 ×
5.0 × 10 10
70. Negative exponent, so the answer is a small number.
1.5 × 10−6
96. = 1 25 10 viruses
. ×
× . ×
8 × 104
−1 −1 1
= =− .
42 16 16
RC2. (f)
RC4. (d)
RC6. (e)
104. 2. −8x + 1 = −8 · 4 + 1 = −32 + 1 = −31;
−8x + 1 = −8(−1) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
4. 3x2 + x − 7 = 3(4)2 + 4 − 7 = 3 · 16 + 4 − 7 =
48 + 4 − 7 = 45;
3x2 + x − 7 = 3(−1)2 + (−1) − 7 =
3 · 1 + (−1) − 7 = 3 − 1 − 7 = −5
6. 7 − x + 3x2 = 7 − 4 + 3 · 42 = 7 − 4 + 3 · 16 =
7 − 4 + 48 = 51;
106.
7 − x + 3x2 = 7 − (−1) + 3(−1)2 =
7 − (−1) + 3 · 1 = 7 + 1 + 3 = 11
x=4
1 1 1 17
8. 8 − x = 8 − (−2) = 8 + = ;
4 4 2 2
1 1
8 − x = 8— · 0 = 8 − 0 = 8
4 4
0 16 + 20 + 8 + 3 = 47;
5x−2
112. =1
3y−2z −2x3 + 5x2 − 4x + 3 =
−2 · 03 + 5 · 02 − 4 · 0 + 3 =
1 −2 · 0 + 5 · 0 − 4 · 0 + 3 =
114. 1 −n 1−n 1 1 an = an −0 + 0 − 0 + 3 = 3
= ·
n
= =
a a−n 1 1 1
an 14. S = 173t − 369 = 173(20) − 369 = 3460 − 369 = 3091 ft
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4a3b−2
1
4a3b−2 4a3c3 16. s = 16t2 = 16(2.5)2 = 100 ft
116. = 5c−3 = 5b2
5c−3
52. 1, 2, 0, 3; 3 − 2 1 3
1 102. + — = − = −1
3 3 3
54. 3x2 + 8x5 − 46x3 + 6x − 2.4 − x4 5 1 5 2 3
2 104. − + =− + =−
−6.3 5
116. = is not defined.
56. 3x2 and −2x2 −5 + 5 0
122. Graph y = 6x3 6x.− Then use “value” from the CALC menu 54.
3y
to find the y-values for x = 1, x—= 0.5,−x = 0.5,x = 1,
and x = 1.1. We find that the y-values are 0, 2.25, 7 3
−2.25, 0, and 1.386, respectively.
2y
124. Graph y = 0.001x
− 3 + 0.1x2. Then use “value” from the CALC 7y 7
menu to find the y-value for x = 14. As before, we find
that the y-value is 17. 5
RC4. False; the area of a rectangle is the product of its length 3y + 7y + (2y + 3) + 5 + 7 + 2y + 7 + 3 =
and its width. (3 + 7 + 2 + 2)y + (3 + 5 + 7 + 7 + 3) = 14y + 25
A polynomial for the perimeter of the figure is 14y + 25.
2. −x + 3
19 56. πr2 + π · 32 + π · 22 = πr2 + 9π + 4π = πr2 + 13π, or
14. x9 − x5 + x4 + x2 +
15 5 4 4 2 C D
16. 0.1x6 + 0.02x3 + 0.22x + 0.55 3 3
❄
18. 4x5 − 4x3 + 17x2 + 3x − 1 t 5
20. 1.3x4 + 0.35x3 + 9.53x2 + 2x + 0.96 The length and width of the figure can be expressed as
t + 5 and t + 3, respectively. The area of the rectangle can be
22. −x2 + 3x expressed as (t + 5) · (t + 3).
1
24. 4x3 + x2 + x Another way to express the area is to find an expression
4 for the sum of the areas of the four rectangles A, B, C, and
26. −4x3 + 6x2 + 8x − 1 D. The area of each rectangle is the product of its length
and width.
28. 2x − 4
Area Area Area Area
30. 6a3 − 2a2 + 9a − 1 of A of B of C of D
+ + +
Another way to express the area is to find an expression 76. Surface area = 2· 9· x + 2 ·9 x· + 2 x· x ·=
for the sum of the areas of the four rectangles A, B, C, and 18x + 18x + 2x2 = 36x + 2x2
D. The area of each rectangle is the product of its length
and width. 78. Surface area = 2 · 7 · a + 2 · 7 · 4 + 2 · a · 4 =
14a + 56 + 8a = 22a + 56
Area Area Area Area
+ + + 80. (3x2 − 4x + 6) − (−2x2 + 4) + (−5x − 3)
of A of B of C of D
= 8 · x + 8 · 10 + x · x + 10 · x = 3x2 − 4x + 6 + 2x2 − 4 − 5x − 3
= 8x + 80 + x2 + 10x = 5x2 − 9x − 1
This can also be expressed as 82. (−4 + x2 + 2x3) − (−6 − x + 3x3) − (−x2 − 5x3)
x2 + 18x + 80. = −4 + x2 + 2x3 + 6 + x − 3x3 + x2 + 5x3
✛ m ✲ = 4x3 + 2x2 + x + 2
62.
✻
Chapter 4 Mid-Chapter Review
m
8 1. True; an · a−n = a0 = 1.
2. False; x2 · x3 = x2+3 = x5 =
· x6 .
64. The circle has radius r and the square has side 7. 6. 3y4 − y2 + 11 − (y4 − 4y2 + 5)
= 3y4 − y2 + 11 − y4 + 4y2 − 5
Shaded Area of Area of
= − = 2y4 + 3y2 + 6
area circle square
Shaded 7. z1 = z
= πr2 − 7·7
area
= πr2 − 49 8. 4.560 = 1
78
72. 8(5x + 2) = 7(6x − 3) 15. =7 8−4 =7 4
40x + 16 = 42x − 21 74
—2x = − 37 1
37 = x1−3 = x−2 =
x= x2
2
16. x3
5
w −3 = w
5−(−3) = w5+3 = w8
74. 2(x − 4) > 5(x − 3) + 7
17.
−3x > 0
19. (35)3 = 35·3 = 315
x<0
18
The solution set is {x|x < 0}. 20. ( −3 2)−6 = −3(−6) 2(−6) = 18 −12 = x
x y x y x y
y12
6
21. a4 4·6
= a =a
24
35. x − 9 has two terms. It is a binomial.
25. 3.6 × 10−5 3s = the length of a side of the larger square. The area of
the smaller square is s2, and the area of the larger square
Negative exponent, so the answer is a small number. is (3s)2, or 9s2, so the area of the larger square is 9 times
0 . 00003.6 the area of the smaller square.
↑ 5 places
43. Let s = the width of the smaller cube. Then 2s = the width
3.6 × 10−5 = 0.000036 of the larger cube. The volume of the smaller cube is s3,
and the volume of the larger cube is (2s)3, or 8s3, sothe
26. 1.44 × 108 volume of the larger cube is 8 times the volume of the
Positive exponent, so the answer is a large number. smaller cube.
1.44000000.
44. Exponents are added when powers with like bases are mul-
↑ 8 places
tiplied. Exponents are multiplied when a power is raised
1.44 × 108 = 144, 000, 000 to a power.
1
27. (3 × 10 6)(2 × 10−3) = (3 × 2) × (106 × 10−3) =
45. 3−29 = and
6 × 103 329
1 1 1
1.2 × 10−4 1.2 2−29 = 29 . Since 329 > 229, we have 29 < 29.
28. 10−4 2 3 2
× 102 = 0.5 × 10 =
−6
2.4 × 102 = 46. It is better to evaluate a polynomial after like terms have
2.4
(5 × 10−1) × 10−6 = 5 × 10−7 been collected, because there are fewer terms to evaluate.
29. −3x + 7 = −3(−3) + 7 = 9 + 7 = 16; 47. Yes; consider the following.
−3x + 7 = −3 · 2 + 7 = −6 + 7 = 1 (x2 + 4) + (4x − 7) = x2 + 4x − 3
31. 3x − 2x5 + x − 5x2 + 2 = (3 + 1)x − 2x5 − 5x2 + 2 = 34. The degree of 2x, or 2x1, is 1.
4x − 2x5 − 5x2 + 2, or − 2x5 − 5x2 + 4x + 2 The degree of −x4 is 4.