Solution Manual for College English and Business

Communication 10th Edition by Camp Satterwhite ISBN

0073397121 9780073397122
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

If the following is a polynomial function, then state its degree and leading coefficient. If it is not, then state this
fact.
1) f(x) = 20x5 + 6x - 1
A) Degree: 6; leading coefficient: 20
B) Degree: 5; leading coefficient: 20
C) Degree: 20; leading coefficient: 5
D) Not a polynomial
function. Answer: B

2) f(x) = -17x4 - 3x3 - 2

A) Not a polynomial function.
B) Degree: -17; leading coefficient: 4
C) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: -17
D) Degree: 7; leading coefficient: -17
Answer: C

3) f(x) = 18x6 - 9x5 - 5x4

A) Degree: 18; leading coefficient: 6
B) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: 18
C) Degree: 6; leading coefficient: 18
D) Not a polynomial
function. Answer: C

4) f(x) = -19x4 + 6x3 - 5x2 + 9

A) Degree: -19; leading coefficient: -5
B) Not a polynomial function.
C) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: -19
D) Degree: 3; leading coefficient: -19
Answer: C

5) f(x) = -17 - 12x4 - 9x + 13x3 - 4x2

A) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: -17
B) Not a polynomial function.
C) Degree: -17; leading coefficient: -12
D) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: -12
Answer: D
1
6) f(x) = -11 - 15x + 11x2 + 17x3 + 3x4
A) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: 3
B) Degree: -11; leading coefficient: 3
C) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: -11
D) Not a polynomial function.
Answer: A

7) f(x) = -5x3 - 16 + 13x4 + x9 - 3x2

A) Degree: 3; leading coefficient: -5
B) Degree: 9; leading coefficient: -5
C) Degree: 9; leading coefficient: 1
D) Not a polynomial
function. Answer: C

2
 8) f(x) = -3x-7 - 11
A) Not a polynomial function
B) Degree: -3; leading coefficient: -7
C) Degree: 7; leading coefficient: -3
D) Degree: -7; leading coefficient: -3
Answer: A
3
9) f(x) = 27x12 + 64x3

A) Degree: 12; leading coefficient: 3

B) Degree: 4; leading coefficient: 3
C) Not a polynomial function
D) Degree: 3; leading coefficient: 4
Answer: C

Determine any local or absolute extrema as

indicated.
10) Use the graph of f to estimate the local extrema.
y
5
4
3

2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) Local maximum: ∞; local minimum: - ∞

B) Local maximum: approx. 1.17; local minimum: approx. -3.33
C) Local maximum: -1; local minimum: 2
D) No local maximum; no local minimum
Answer: B

3
11) Use the graph of f to estimate the absolute extrema.
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2

-3
-4
-5

A) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minimum: -

∞ B) No absolute maximum; no absolute

minimum C) Absolute maximum: -1; absolute

minimum: 2
D) Absolute maximum: approx. 1.17; absolute minimum: approx. -
3.33
Answer: B

12) Use the graph of f to estimate the local extrema.

y
5
4

3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

A) No local maximum; local minimum: -4

B) Local maximum: 0; local minimum: -4
C) Local maximum: 0; local minima: -2 and 2
D) Local maximum: ∞; local minima: -2 and 2
Answer: B

4
13) Use the graph of f to estimate the absolute extrema.
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2

-3
-4
-5

A) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minimum: -4

B) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: -4
C) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minima: -2 and 2
D) Absolute maximum: 0; absolute minima: -2 and 2
Answer: B

14) Use the graph of f to estimate the local extrema.

y
10
8

6
4
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

A) Local maximum: approx. 8.08; local minima: approx. -7.67 and 2.75
B) Local maximum: ∞; local minima: -2 and 3
C) No local maximum; local minimum: approx. -7.67
D) Local maximum: 1; local minima: -2 and 3
Answer: A

5
15) Use the graph of f to estimate the absolute extrema.
y
10
8
6
4
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

A) Absolute maximum: approx. 8.08; absolute minima: approx. -7.67 and 2.75
B) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: approx. -7.67
C) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minima: -2 and 3
D) Absolute maximum: approx. 8.08; absolute minimum: approx. -7.67
Answer: B

16) Use the graph of f to estimate the local extrema.

y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3

-4
-5

A) Local maximum: ∞; local minimum: - ∞

B) Local maximum: approx. 3.66; local minimum: approx. -2.55
C) Local maximum: 1; local minimum: 4
D) No local maximum; no local minimum
Answer: B

6
17) Use the graph of f to estimate the absolute extrema.
y
5
4
3
2
1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2

-3
-4
-5

A) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minimum: -

∞
B) Absolute maximum: approx. 3.66; absolute minimum: approx. -
2.55
C) Absolute maximum: 1; absolute minimum:
4
D) No absolute maximum; no absolute
minimum
Answer: D

18) g(x) = 3 - 4x
A) Local minimum: 3; no absolute
extrema
B) Local maximum: 3; no absolute
extrema
C) No local extrema; no absolute
extrema
D) No local extrema; absolute maximum:
3
Answer: C

1
19) g(x) = x
5
A) Local maximum: 0; no absolute
extrema B) Local minimum: 0; no absolute
extrema C) No local extrema; absolute
maximum: 0
D) No local extrema; no absolute
extrema
Answer: D

20) g(x) = x2 + 8
A) Local minimum: 8; absolute minimum:
8
B) Local maximum: 8; absolute maximum:
8
C) No local extrema; absolute minimum:
8

7
 D) Local minimum: -8; absolute minimum: -
8
Answer: A

21) g(x) = 9 - x2
A) Local maximum: 9; absolute maximum:
9
B) Local minimum: 9; absolute minimum:
9
C) Local maximum: -9; absolute maximum: -
9
D) No local extrema; absolute maximum:
9
Answer: A

8
22) g(x) = -3(x + 3)2 + 1
A) Local maximum: -3; absolute maximum: -3
B) Local minimum: 1; absolute minimum: 1
C) Local maximum: 1; absolute maximum: 1
D) No local extrema; absolute maximum: 1
Answer: C

23) g(x) = -9x2 - 180x - 903

A) Local maximum: -3; absolute maximum: -3
B) No local extrema; absolute maximum: -3
C) Local minimum: -3; absolute minimum: -3
D) Local maximum: 3; absolute maximum: 3
Answer: A

24) g(x) = -|x + 4|

A) Local maximum: 4; absolute maximum: 4
B) Local minimum: 0; absolute minimum: 0
C) Local maximum: 0; absolute maximum: 0
D) Local maximum: -4; absolute maximum: -4
Answer: C

25) g(x) = |x| + 2

A) Local minimum: 0; absolute minimum: 0
B) Local minimum: -2; absolute minimum: -2
C) Local minimum: 2; absolute minimum: 2
D) Local maximum: 2; absolute maximum: 2
Answer: C

26) Estimate graphically the local extrema of f(x) = 4x2 - 5x - 3.

A) No local maximum; local minimum: -4.56
B) No local maximum; local minimum: 0.63
C) Local maximum: -4.56; no local minimum
D) Local maximum: -4.56; local minimum: 0.63
Answer: A

27) Estimate graphically the absolute extrema of f(x) = 5x2 + 4x + 3.

A) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 2.2
B) No absolute maximum; absolute minimum: -0.4
C) Absolute maximum: 2.2; absolute minimum: -0.4
D) Absolute maximum: 2.2; no absolute minimum
Answer: A

28) Determine graphically the local extrema of f(x) = -3x2/3 + 4.

A) Local maximum: 4; no local minimum
B) Local maximum: 0; no local minimum
C) No local maximum; local minimum: 4
D) Local maximum: 4; local minimum: - ∞
Answer: A

9
 29) Determine graphically the absolute extrema of f(x) = -2x2/3 + 2.
A) Absolute maximum: 0; no absolute minimum
B) Absolute maximum: 2; absolute minimum:
- ∞ C) Absolute maximum: 2; no absolute
minimum D) No absolute maximum; absolute
minimum: 2
Answer: C

1 3
30) Estimate graphically the absolute extrema of f(x) = x - 2x2 - 5x.
3
A) No absolute maximum; no absolute minimum
B) Absolute maximum: 2.67; absolute minimum: 66.67
C) Absolute maximum: -1; absolute minimum: 5
D) Absolute maximum: ∞; absolute minimum: - ∞
Answer: A

31) Estimate graphically the local extrema of f(x) = 0.02x5 - 0.04x4 - 0.06x3 + 1.46x2 + 1.
A) Local maximum: -2.79; local minimum: 0
B) Local maximum: 9.20; local minimum: 1.06
C) Local maximum: 8.65; local minimum 0.91
D) Local maximum: 7.86; local minimum: 1
Answer: D

4x
32) Estimate graphically the local extrema of f(x) = .
x2 + 9
A) Local maxima: 0, 0.67; local minima: -0.67, 0
B) Local maximum: 3; local minimum: -3
C) Local maximum: 0; local minimum: 0
D) Local maximum: 0.67; local minimum: -0.67
Answer: D

Use the graph to determine if f is odd, even, or neither.

33)
y
10
8
6
4
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

A) Odd
B) Neither
C) Even
Answer: A
10
 34)
y
25
20
15
10
5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25

A) Neither
B) Even
C) Odd
Answer: B

Determine whether the function is odd, even, or neither.

35) f(x) = 15x
A) Even
B) Odd
C) Neither
Answer: B

36) f(x) = 5x + 5
A) Even
B) Neither
C) Odd
Answer: B

37) f(x) = 2x2 - 4

A) Neither
B) Even
C) Odd
Answer: B

38) f(x) = (x - 9)(x -

5) A) Neither
B) Odd
C) Even
Answer: A

39) f(x) = -3x3 + 6x

A) Neither
B) Even
C) Odd
Answer: C

11
 40) f(x) = -7x5 + 7x3
A) Even
B) Odd
C) Neither
Answer: B

41) f(x) = -7x4 - 5x - 4

A) Odd
B) Neither
C) Even
Answer: B

42) f(x) = 1 + 5x2

A) Odd
B) Neither
C) Even
Answer: C

-15
43) f(x) =
x3
A) Neither
B) Even
C) Odd
Answer: C

44)
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) -24.5 -10 -1.36 5 -1.36 -10 -
A)24.5
Odd
B) Neither
C) Even
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

45) Complete the table if the function f is odd.
x -1 0 1
f(x) -8 ? ?
A) 8, -8
B) -8, 8
C) 0, 8
D) 0, -8
Answer: C

12
46) Complete the table if the function f is even.
x -9 -6 6 9
f(x) 8 ? -5 ?
A) -5, 8
B) 5, -8
C) 5, 8
D) -5, -8
Answer: A

47) A partial graph of an odd function with domain D = {x|-3 ≤ x ≤ 3} is shown in the figure. Make a sketch
of the complete graph.
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2

-3
-4
A)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4
B)
4 y

2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

13
 C)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

D)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

Answer: B

48) A partial graph of an even function with domain D = {x|-3 ≤ x ≤ 3} is shown in the figure. Make a sketch
of the complete graph.
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2

-3
-4
A)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

14
 B)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

C)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4
D)
4 y

3
2
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4x
-1
-2
-3
-4

Answer: B

1
Use the graph of f(x) = x - x 5 and translations of graphs to sketch the graph of the equation.
2
y
4

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1

-2

-3

-4

15
Another random document with
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 “Joe and Hannah are sitting in front of the lamp, playing checkers
on an old piece of canvas, the squares being marked out with
Tyson’s pencil. They use buttons for men, as they have nothing
better. The natives easily learn any sort of game; some of them can
even play a respectable game of chess; and cards they understand
as well as the ‘heathen Chinee.’ Cards go wherever sailors go, and
the first lessons that the natives of any uncivilized country get are
usually from sailors.
“Little Puney, Joe and Hannah’s adopted child, a little girl, is
sitting wrapped in a musk-ox skin; every few minutes she says to her
mother, ‘I am so hungry!’ The children often cry with hunger. It
makes one’s heart ache, but they are obliged to bear it with the rest.”

The gale continued on the 2nd, with blinding showers of snow—

fine, penetrating, pungent. Next day the weather moderated, and the
glass rose to 15° below zero. Dark clouds lowered in the horizon,
preventing the land from being seen, if any shore were near. But the
rapid rise in the temperature, after so strong a north-west gale,
allowed Tyson to hope that the wind had mastered the current, and
was forcing them towards the Greenland shore.
 RETURN OF THE SUN.
Though all around nothing was visible but ice and icebergs, the
scene had a certain beauty of its own—a strange weird beauty, like
that of a dream-picture. When the sun shone on the bergs, and
lighted up their massive or fantastic forms, all the prismatic colours
of the rainbow flashed through the “crystal pendants” or “projecting
peaks.” The interest of the scene was enhanced by the variety of its
forms. Every berg appeared to have had its individual history, and its
broken outline and furrowed surface bore witness to the experiences
it had undergone—storm and rain, wind and water. Some rose up
around the castaways like solid ramparts; others represented the
spire of a Gothic cathedral, the pinnacle of a Turkish minaret, the
glittering walls of a palace: all were beautiful, yet terrible in their
beauty, conveying a profound feeling of might and destructive power.
 SHOOTING NARWHAL.
On the 5th, and again on the 7th, a seal was caught, and the little
company enjoyed a plentiful meal. On the latter day a couple of
narwhals were shot, but both sank before they could be reached.
These narwhals are sometimes called sea-unicorns, or monodons, in
allusion to the long horn, six to eight feet in measurement—or,
rather, the elongated tooth—which projects from the upper jaw; a
formidable weapon, tapering from base to point, with a spiral twist
from left to right. Strange stories were told of these sea-unicorns by
the early navigators; but science has made short work of legend and
fable.

Day after day, the history of our navigators was the same; no
stirring romance, but harsh reality:—wind and snow, snow and wind
—a wind which almost froze the life-blood of those exposed to it, and
snow which fell so fast and thick as to wrap the scene in the gloom
of desolation. Still, the ice-raft drifted southward; slowly but surely
drifted through the darkness of the night and the twilight obscurity of
the day; while the little company it carried suffered much from
increasing weakness, though better provided with food than formerly,
owing to the frequent capture of narwhal and seal. Occasionally the
mists cleared off, and the sun streamed out in meridian splendour,
lighting up every feature of the “ice-scape”—may we coin the word?
—around them. But, too frequently, “snow and blow, blow and snow,”
was, as Tyson remarks, “the order of the day.”
Hope lives eternal in the human breast; and though it had sunk
very low in the hearts of our adventurers, it suddenly rekindled on
the 19th of February, when they caught sight of the west coast, at no
greater distance than thirty-eight or forty miles. Its flame was kept
alive on the 21st by the discovery that the thermometer had risen to
3° above zero. Next day it had risen to 20°, or within 12° of freezing-
point; and men inured to the rigour of an Arctic winter spoke of such
weather with cheeriness as “very comfortable.” The cloud upon the
prospect now was the want of food, for the game had begun to fail.
The hunters went forth every morning, but returned empty-handed.
The feebleness of the party increased in an alarming degree. It took
several men to carry a light Eskimo kayack, which for an ordinary
man is not even a burden. What was to be done? The only chance of
life seemed to lie in reaching the shore; but how were these gaunt,
frail skeletons to convey their boat across the rugged ice until they
reached the open water?
DRAGGING THE OOGJOOK (SEE PAGE 295).
 SUNLIGHT EFFECT IN THE ARCTIC REGION (SEE PAGE 291).
They decided, however, on making the attempt, in the hope of
reaching a place called Shaumen, a little to the north of Cape Mercy,
in lat. 65° N., where game, and sometimes Eskimos, were to be
found. In spite of all their efforts, they were foiled by a succession of
blinding, lashing, beating snow-storms. The mercury sank again to
24° below zero, and their position grew desperate. They were
reduced to one meal—and such a meal!—per diem. Great was their
joy on the 28th when the hunters brought in thirty-seven dove-kies,
or two apiece. They were cooked without delay, and eaten up to the
last morsel, except the feathers. Greater still was their joy on the 2nd
(of March), when Eskimo Joe shot a monster oogjook (a large kind of
seal), the largest they had ever seen—such a monster that it took all
hands to drag its carcass to the huts. Peter danced and sung in the
exuberance of his delight, and everybody felt that for a time they
were saved from starvation. On measurement, this glorious oogjook
proved to be seven feet nine inches in length, or fully nine feet
including the tail.
 The ice-raft was now approaching Cumberland Gulf, and Tyson
calculated that they had reached lat. 65° N. They drifted more and
more rapidly; and if they did not die of famine,—if the ice did not
break up too suddenly,—there was a probability of their reaching the
whaling ground, and falling in with some friendly ship. The gales,
however, were frequent and severe; the thermometer continued very
low—32° to 34° below zero; and the sufferings of the whole company
were intense. Even the Eskimos were sorely afflicted; though without
these bold and patient hunters, the white men must certainly have
perished.

FIRST SIGHT OF A WHALE.

On the 7th of March there were indications of the breaking up of

the floe. It cracked and snapped beneath them, with a sound like that
of distant thunder. So far as the surface was concerned, however, no
signs of fracture were visible; the eye, straining in every direction,
saw nothing but an unbroken expanse of ice. And thus it continued
until the 12th, when, during a terrible storm, the threatened
catastrophe took place, the ice-raft being shattered suddenly into
hundreds of pieces, on one of which, not more that one hundred
yards by seventy-five, the adventurers found themselves adrift! Oh,
what a night of dread anxiety they passed, expecting every moment
that this piece too would give way, and plunge them into ruin! But it
held together; and when the wind abated, and the snow ceased to
fall, and the wild hurtling of the broken ice was hushed, they could
look around them, and realize their position. The condition of the ice
had undergone an absolute change; the “floes” were driven up into a
“pack,” and huge blocks, of all shapes and sizes, were heaped up
and jammed together in inextricable confusion.

FACE TO FACE WITH A POLAR BEAR.

 AN ARCTIC ICE-SCAPE (SEE PAGE 292).
Noting that on the 21st of March seven seals replenished the
empty larder of our adventurers, and that on the 26th whales were
visible for the first time,—a welcome sign, as indicating their
approach to the fishing-grounds,—we pass on to the 29th, which
was marked by a curious incident. Shortly after dark, Tyson heard a
noise outside his hut; he had just taken off his boots, preparing for
rest; Joe, too, was on the point of retiring, but thinking the ice was
breaking up, he went out to view the “situation.” In a few seconds he
hastily returned, pallid and frightened, and exclaiming, “There is a
bear close to my kayack!” The kayack lay within ten feet of the
entrance to the hut. Both Joe and Tyson’s rifles were outside; Joe’s
within the kayack, and Tyson’s lying close to it; but Joe had his pistol
in the hut. The captain put on his boots, and then both crept
cautiously out. Seal-skins and lumps of blubber were lying about in
all directions; and Bruin, having dragged some of these about thirty
feet from the kayack, was banqueting at his ease. Joe crept into the
sailors’ hut to alarm them. Meantime Tyson crawled stealthily to his
rifle, but in taking it knocked down a shot-gun standing by. The bear
heard it, but Tyson’s rifle already covered him; he growled; Tyson
pulled the trigger, but the gun would not go off; a second, and a third
time—it did not go; but Tyson did, for the bear now rushed full upon
him. Retiring to the hut, he put another cartridge in, and then again
crept out into the open, taking up a position where he could see the
animal, although the night was dark. The bear, too, saw his
assailant, and faced towards him; but this time the rifle-ball went
straight to its mark; the bear ran about two rods, and fell dead.
The victim was a “sea-bear,” Ursus maritimus, and supplied the
company on the ice-raft with a welcome change of diet.

ON BOARD THE BOAT.

BREAKING UP OF THE ICE.
 JOE CAPTURES A SEAL.
As the piece of ice was gradually wearing away, the adventurers
of the Polaris resolved on an effort to regain the main pack, which
would necessarily be safer. With their sleeping-gear, tent, and a
supply of shot and powder, they embarked on board the boat, and
stood to the westward; and on the 4th of April, after a succession of
rough experiences, reached the “pack.” Here they were not much
better off, for a violent gale blowing from the north-east, the ice
began to break off in huge fragments; and soon the area at the
command of the navigators was so small, that they were compelled
to reload the boat, and prepare for a hurried departure. The wind,
however, subsided, the pack closed up, and things returned to their
normal condition.
 A NIGHT OF FEAR (SEE PAGE 296).
On the 18th of April the castaways were somewhat reinvigorated
by the capture of a seal, which Joe brought ashore in his kayack,
and by the appearance of land to the south-west. But in this wild
Arctic region the weather in spring is subject to surprising changes,
and on the 20th another gale began to blow. Such was its fury that it
drove a heavy swell of sea across the ice-raft, which washed away
every article that was loose. Billow after billow followed with ever-
increasing violence; and tent, and skins, and nearly all the bed-gear,
were swept into the boiling waters. Only a few articles were saved,
which, along with the women and children, had been stowed in the
boat. To save the boat tasked the energies of all the party, who had
to hold on to it, with might and main, to prevent it from being carried
out to sea. All through the dreadful night the men were on the watch
against this crowning disaster; all through the dreary night, from 9
p.m. until 7 a.m., straining every nerve, calling into play every
resource of energy. Ever and anon, one of the tremendous billows
would plunge downward, and lift the boat bodily, and the men with it,
and carry it and them forward on the ice, almost to the opposite edge
of the floating raft; several times the boat heeled partly over, and was
hauled back only by the more than human strength which the crew
derived from a knowledge of their position. The boat gone, all was
lost! Terrible was the work; had the waters been smooth, the task
would not have been easy; but they were filled with loose ice, which
rolled about in blocks of all shapes and sizes, and with almost every
wave these came toppling and rolling and driving forward like an
avalanche, and fell about the heads and limbs of the men as they
clung desperately to the boat. But God mercifully supplied them with
the strength they needed; and so, labouring to the uttermost, they
waited and watched for the day. For twelve hours scarcely a sound
was uttered except the crying of the children, and Tyson’s stern
command to “Hold on,” or “Bear down,” with the responsive “Ay, ay,
sir” of the men.

A “HELL OF WATERS.”
 Day dawned at last, with a dull gray light over the restless sea,
and Tyson saw with indescribable thankfulness a large raft of ice
floating within reach. He determined to make for it, though the men
hesitated to launch the boat into such a “hell of waters.” But it was
done; the women and children were first got on board, and then all
the men embarked in safety. By dint of hard pulling, they gained the
ice, landed, refreshed themselves with a morsel of food, and then,
on this new ice-raft, laid down to rest. The following morning found
them “safe and sound,” after all their trials, with the exception of a
few bruises and contusions.
On the 22nd of April another bear was killed; and just in time, for
the whole party were without a morsel of food. This lasted them for
three or four days; and then, on the 25th, as starvation once more
stared them in the face, they resolved on a desperate effort to make
the land. What else were they to do? The rain fell in torrents; the
wind blew a hurricane; the ice-raft was constantly wasting away; they
had no provisions. True, the boat was frail and leaky, and the sea ran
high; but as the ice would not much longer afford them even a
footing, a decision was forced upon them.
 DRAGGING THE BOAT ON TO A FLOE.
So in their crippled, overloaded boat they set out, the wind
blowing a gale, and a tremendous sea running, full of small knife-like
blades of ice. After eight hours’ labour at the oars, they came to a
piece of floe, and encamped upon it for the night. At daylight on the
28th they again launched their boat; and after much weary work in
threading their way through a fleet of icebergs, they got into
comparatively open water.
At half-past four, a joyful sight!—a steamer right ahead, and
bearing north of them. The castaways hoisted their colours, and
pulled towards her. She was a sealer, going south-west, and making
her way through the floating ice. The hearts of the castaways beat
with joy at the prospect of speedy relief; but, alas, they were doomed
to disappointment! She did not see the miserable little company in
the overloaded boat; and it was impossible for them to overtake her.
Night gathered over the sea, and she disappeared.
 CLINGING TO THE BOAT (SEE PAGE 308).
Reaching a suitable piece of floe, they boarded it, and again
encamped for the night, under a sky which was clear and calm, and
shone with the glory of stars. The sea, too, was tranquil, and,
notwithstanding their disappointment, they felt more hopeful than
before; it was evident they had reached the borders of civilization,
and might rely upon obtaining help. With seals’ blubber they kindled
beacon-fires on the ice; and divided their men into two watches.
 The next day they sighted another steamer, launched their boat,
and pulled lustily towards her. In vain: she did not see them, and
after a couple of hours’ hard work they were hemmed in by the ice,
and could make no progress. They landed on a floe, and hoisted
their colours; collected and loaded all their rifles and pistols, and
filled the echoes with the ringing report of three simultaneous
volleys. They heard three shots in reply, and—glorious sight!—saw
the steamer directing her course towards them. They shouted with
all their might; but in the keen air their voices seemed to pass away
soundlessly. Presently the steamer changed her course, tacking
south, then north, then west, as if she were vainly endeavouring to
force a passage through the accumulated ice. Yet there seemed no
insuperable obstacle in her path. The fugitives fired again, and
again; but she came no nearer, and late in the afternoon steamed
away to the south west.
At sunset they descried land in the same direction, about thirty-
five miles distant.
On the following day, the 30th of April, Tyson was lying in the
boat, his watch having just ended, when the look-out raised a
sudden shout: “There’s a steamer! there’s a steamer!” As if fresh life
had been poured into his veins, Tyson sprang to his feet, ordered all
the guns to be fired, joined his companions in a loud simultaneous
cry, and raised their colours to the head of the boat’s mast. Hans
leaped into his kayack, and was despatched to intercept the ship, if
possible, as there was some danger of losing sight of her in the fog
which prevailed; but, happily, she bore down towards them. Hans
paddled on, and in his broken English shouted, “American steamer.”
He was not understood by those on board, but they kept their
course, and in a few minutes lay alongside of the ice-isle which
sheltered Tyson and his company. Oh, what three loud, hearty, joyful
cheers acknowledged their deliverance! These were immediately
returned by the crew of the steamer, which proved to be the sealer
Tigress, of Conception Bay, Newfoundland.
We quote from Captain Tyson’s simply-worded narrative:—
 “Two or three of their small seal-boats were instantly lowered.
We, however, now that relief was certain, threw everything from our
own boat, and in a minute’s time she was in the water; while the
boats of the Tigress came on, and the crews got on our bit of ice,
and peeped curiously into the dirty pans we had used over the oil-
fires. We had been making soup out of the blood and entrails of the
last little seal which Hans had shot. They soon saw enough to
convince them that we were in sore need. No words were required to
make that plain.
“Taking the women and children in their boats, we tumbled into
our own, and were soon alongside of the Tigress. We left all we had
behind, and our all was simply a few battered smoky tin pans and
the débris of our last seal. It had already become offal in our eyes,
though we had often been glad enough to get such fare.
“On stepping on board, I was at once surrounded by a curious lot
of people—I mean men filled with curiosity to know our story, and all
asking questions of me and the men. I told them who I was, and
where we were from. But when they asked me, ‘How long have you
been on the ice?’ and I answered, ‘Since the 15th of last October,’
they were so astonished that they fairly looked blank with wonder.
“One of the party, looking at me with open-eyed surprise,
exclaimed,—
“‘And was you on it night and day?’
“The peculiar expression of the tone, with the absurdity of the
question, was too much for my politeness. I laughed in spite of
myself, and my long unexercised risibles thrilled with an unwonted
sensation.”
Tyson and his party were picked up in lat. 53° 35’ N.; a fact which
will give the reader some idea of the wonderful voyage they had
accomplished on their various ice-rafts.
They were treated with thoughtful kindness on board the Tigress,
which on the 7th of May turned her head towards Newfoundland. On
the following day she put into Conception Bay, where the Americans
landed, and remained until the 12th. They then started for St. John’s;
and the news of their remarkable experiences having preceded
them, found themselves on their arrival the objects of a very general
and lively curiosity. After a short stay, they were conveyed to
Washington on board the United States steamship Frolic. And here
ends their strange, eventful history.
We must now return to the Polaris.
When she drifted away in the darkness of that stormy night, she
had on board fourteen persons: Captain Buddington, Dr. Emil
Bessel, Messrs. Bryan and Chester, and ten officers and seamen.
What had become of them and their vessel? Such was the natural
question which arose on the safe arrival at Washington of Tyson and
his companions; and the American Government quickly came to the
determination of organizing a relieving party to seek for and bring
back the survivors and remains, if any, of the Polaris expedition. The
steamship Juniata was immediately despatched to form a depôt of
supplies on the coast of Greenland in advance. She reached
Upernavik on the 31st of July, and there brought into use her steam-
launch, the Little Juniata; which, manned by a gallant crew, pushed
forward into the icy waters of Melville Bay, but without coming upon
any traces of the missing explorers. Meantime, the American
Government purchased the Tigress, and fitted her up for a thorough
cruise in the Arctic seas. With Captain Greer in command, and Mr.
Tyson as acting-lieutenant, and a crew of eleven officers and forty-
two men, “all told,” the Tigress set sail on the evening of July 14th,
and dropped anchor at St. John’s on the morning of the 23rd.
On the 11th of August we find her at Upernavik, where she took
on board a supply of coal from the Juniata. She then proceeded
northward, falling in with the heavy pack-ice near Cape York. The
14th saw her off the Eskimo settlement of Netlik. She was now
approaching Northumberland Island, in the neighbourhood of which,
or of Littleton Island, it was supposed the Polaris had parted from the
ice-floe. Captain Greer carefully examined Northumberland Island,
but without success. He then made for Littleton Island; and a boat
was lowered to go on shore, carrying Lieutenant White, Captain
Tyson, and other officers. What was their surprise, as they
approached, to discover some human figures and a couple of tents