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1) Scarcity
stems from the incompatibility between limited resources and unlimited wants.
can be overcome by discovering new resources.
can be eliminated by rationing products.
is a bigger problem in market economies than in socialist economies.
Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 36
Topic: Scarcity
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
Toyota recently built an assembly plant in Woodstock, Ontario. At this plant, Toyota is able to
take advantage of paying lower transportation costs on cars to be sold in Canada than it would
from its Japanese assembly plants, but it also sacrifices the ease of supervising its Japanese
workers, who generally have high skills levels and few labour disputes. In deciding to open the
Woodstock plant, Toyota
A) faced no trade-offs because employing lower-wage workers increased
efficiency. B) faced a trade-off between cost and precision.
C) adopted a negative technological change because it replaced high-skilled workers with
low-skilled workers.
D) eroded some of its competitiveness in the luxury car market because of its decreased cost of
production.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 35
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Managers Making Choices at BMW
2-1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
3) The principle of opportunity cost is that
in a market economy, taking advantage of profitable opportunities involves some money cost.
the economic cost of using a factor of production is the alternative use of that factor that
is given up.
taking advantage of investment opportunities involves costs.
the cost of production varies depending on the opportunity for technological application.
Answer: B
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 36
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of two products that
may be produced in a particular time period with available resources.
A) minimum attainable
B) maximum
attainable C) only
D) equitable Answer:
B Comment:
Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 36
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
2-2
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
The production possibilities frontier model assumes which of the following?
A) Labour, capital, land and natural resources are unlimited in quantity.
B) The economy produces only two products.
C) Any level of the two products that the economy produces is currently possible.
D) The level of technology is variable.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 36
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
2-3
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Figure 2.1
2-4
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Refer to Figure 2.1. Point C is
A) technically efficient.
B) unattainable with current resources.
C) inefficient in that not all resources are being used.
D) is the equilibrium output combination.
Answer: B
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 37
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
Bella can produce either a combination of 60 silk roses and 80 silk leaves or a
combination of 70 silk roses and 55 silk leaves. If she now produces 60 silk roses and 80 silk
leaves, what is the opportunity cost of producing an additional 10 silk roses?
A) 2.5 silk leaves B)
10 silk leaves C) 25
silk leaves D) 55 silk
leaves Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
2-5
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
If the production possibilities frontier is , then opportunity costs are constant
as more of one good is produced.
A) bowed out B)
bowed in C)
nonlinear D) linear
Answer: D
Comment: Recurring
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2 above shows the production possibilities frontier for Atikamekw Cree (ca. 1600) with
a historical tradition of fishing and farming. Assume they produce two goods: fish and grains.
15) Refer to Figure 2.2. What is the opportunity cost of one kilogram of grain?
kilograms of fish
1.2 kilograms of fish
kilograms of fish
12 kilograms of fish
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: Solved Problem: Drawing a Production Possibilities Frontier for Pat's Pizza Pit
2-6
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
16) Refer to Figure 2.2. What is the opportunity cost of one kilogram of meat?
kilogram of grain
kilograms of grain
Refer to Figure 2.2. Suppose Atikamekw Cree are currently producing 60 kilograms of
grain per period. How much fish is it also producing, assuming that resources are fully utilized?
A) 45 kilograms of fish
B) 75 kilograms of fish
C) 80 kilograms of fish
D) 100 kilograms of fish
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: Solved Problem: Drawing a Production Possibilities Frontier for Pat's Pizza Pit
Refer to Figure 2.2. The linear production possibilities frontier in the figure indicates
that A) Atikamekw Cree have a comparative advantage in the production of vegetables.
B) Atikamekw Cree have a comparative disadvantage in the production of meat.
C) the trade-off between producing fish and grain is constant.
D) it is progressively more expensive to produce fish.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: Solved Problem: Drawing a Production Possibilities Frontier for Pat's Pizza Pit
2-7
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
A production possibilities frontier with a bowed outward shape indicates
A) the possibility of inefficient production.
B) constant opportunity costs as more and more of one good is produced.
C) increasing opportunity costs as more and more of one good is produced.
D) decreasing opportunity costs as more and more of one good is produced.
Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
Increasing opportunity cost is represented by a production possibilities
frontier. A) linear
B) convex C)
concave D) vertical
Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
2-8
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
opportunity cost implies that as more resources are applied to producing one good,
that production increases by smaller and smaller amounts.
A) Increasing B)
Decreasing C)
Constant D) Negative
Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
If opportunity costs are constant, the production possibilities frontier would be graphed
as A) a ray from the origin.
B) a positively sloped straight line.
C) a negatively sloped curve bowed in toward the
origin. D) a negatively sloped straight line.
Answer: D
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
2-9
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Figure 2.3
Refer to Figure 2.3. Sergio Vignetto raises cattle and llamas on his land. His land is
equally suitable for raising either animal. Which of the graphs in Figure 2.3 represent his
production possibilities frontier?
A) Graph A
B) Graph B
C) Graph C
D) either Graph A or Graph C
E) either Graph B or Graph C
Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
Refer to Figure 2.3. Sergio Vignetto raises cattle and llamas on his land. Half the land is
more suitable for raising cattle and half the land is better suited for raising llamas. Which of
the graphs in Figure 2.3 represent his production possibilities frontier?
A) Graph A
B) Graph B
C) Graph C
D) either Graph A or Graph C
E) either Graph B or Graph C
Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Opportunity Cost
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
2-10
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Table 2.1
Refer to Table 2.1. Assume Tomaso's Trattoria only produces pizzas and calzones. A
combination of 24 pizzas and 30 calzones would appear
A) along Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. B)
inside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. C)
outside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier.
D) at the horizontal intercept of Tomaso's production possibilities
frontier. Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 37
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: None
Refer to Table 2.1. Assume Tomaso's Trattoria only produces pizzas and calzones. A
combination of 36 pizzas and 30 calzones would appear
A) along Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. B)
inside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. C)
outside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier.
D) at the horizontal intercept of Tomaso's production possibilities
frontier. Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 37
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: None
2-11
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Refer to Table 2.1. Assume Tomaso's Trattoria only produces pizzas and calzones. A
combination of 24 pizzas and 15 calzones would appear
A) along Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. B)
inside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier. C)
outside Tomaso's production possibilities frontier.
D) at the horizontal intercept of Tomaso's production possibilities
frontier. Answer: B
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 37
Topic: Production Possibilities Frontiers
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: None
Refer to Table 2.1. Assume Tomaso's Trattoria only produces pizzas and calzones. Tomaso
faces opportunity costs in the production of pizzas and calzones.
A) increasing B)
decreasing C)
constant D) negative
Answer: C
Comment: Recurring
2-12
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
An outward shift of a nation's production possibilities frontier represents
A) economic growth.
B) rising prices of the two goods on the production possibilities frontier
model. C) an impossible situation.
D) a situation in which a country produces more of one good and less of another.
Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 41-42
Topic: Economic Growth
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Special Feature: None
2-13
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following would shift a nation's production possibilities frontier outward?
A) discovering a cheap way to convert sunshine into electricity
B) an increase in demand for the nation's products
C) a decrease in the unemployment rate
D) a law requiring workers to retire at age 50
Answer: A
Comment: Recurring
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41-42
Topic: Economic Growth
Learning Outcome: 2.1 Use a production possibilities frontier to analyze opportunity costs and
trade-offs
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Special Feature: None
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 shows various points on three different production possibilities frontiers for a nation.
2-14
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
BELIEF, WHETHER VOLUNTARY?
we laugh in reading this, but the triumph is less over the wretched
precisian than it is the triumph of common sense. So Swift exclaims:
—
‘The house of brother Van I spy,
In shape resembling a goose-pie.’
Mark Supple’s calling out from the Gallery of the House of Commons
—‘A song from Mr. Speaker!’ when Addington was in the chair and
there was a pause in the debate, was undoubtedly wit, though the
relation of any such absurd circumstance actually taking place,
would only have been humour. A gallant calling on a courtesan (for it
is fair to illustrate these intricacies how we can) observed, ‘he should
only make her a present every other time.’ She answered, ‘Then come
only every other time.’ This appears to me to offer a sort of
touchstone to the question. The sense here is, ‘Don’t come unless you
pay.’ There is no wit in this: the wit then consists in the mode of
conveying the hint: let us see into what this resolves itself. The object
is to point out as strongly as can be, the absurdity of not paying; and
in order to do this, an impossibility is assumed by running a parallel
on the phrases, ‘paying every other time,’ and ‘coming every other
time,’ as if the coming went for nothing without paying, and thus, by
the very contrast and contradiction in the terms, showing the most
perfect contempt for the literal coming, of which the essence, viz.
paying, was left out. It is, in short, throwing the most killing scorn
upon, and fairly annihilating the coming without paying, as if it were
possible to come and not to come at the same time, by virtue of an
identical proposition or form of speech applied to contrary things.
The wit so far, then, consists in suggesting, or insinuating indirectly,
an apparent coincidence between two things, to make the real
incongruity, by the recoil of the imagination, more palpable than it
could have been without this feigned and artificial approximation to
an union between them. This makes the difference between jest and
earnest, which is essential to all wit. It is only make-believe. It is a
false pretence set up, or the making one thing pass in supposition for
another, as a foil to the truth when the mask is removed. There need
not be laughter, but there must be deception and surprise: otherwise,
there can be no wit. When Archer, in order to bind the robbers,
suddenly makes an excuse to call out to Dorinda, ‘Pray lend me your
garter, Madam,’ this is both witty and laughable. Had there been any
propriety in the proposal or chance of compliance with it, it would no
longer have been a joke: had the question been quite absurd and
uncalled-for, it would have been mere impudence and folly; but it is
the mixture of sense and nonsense, that is, the pretext for the request
in the fitness of a garter to answer the purpose in question, and the
totally opposite train of associations between a lady’s garter
(particularly in the circumstances which had just happened in the
play) and tying a rascally robber’s hands behind his back, that
produces the delightful equivoque and unction of the passage in
Farquhar. It is laughable, because the train of inquiry it sets in
motion is at once on pleasant and on forbidden ground. We did not
laugh in the former case—‘Then only come every other time’—
because it was a mere ill-natured exposure of an absurdity, and there
was an end of it: but here, the imagination courses up and down
along a train of ideas, by which it is alternately repelled and
attracted, and this produces the natural drollery or inherent
ludicrousness. It is the difference between the wit of humour and the
wit of sense. Once more, suppose you take a stupid, unmeaning
likeness of a face, and throwing a wig over it, stick it on a peg, to
make it look like a barber’s block—this is wit without words. You give
that which is stupid in itself the additional accompaniments of what
is still more stupid, to enhance and verify the idea by a falsehood. We
know the head so placed is not a barber’s block; but it might, we see,
very well pass for one. This is caricature or the grotesque. The face
itself might be made infinitely laughable, and great humour be
shown in the delineation of character: it is in combining this with
other artificial and aggravating circumstances, or in the setting of
this piece of lead that the wit appears.[62] Recapitulation. It is time
to stop short in this list of digressions, and try to join the scattered
threads together. We are too apt, both from the nature of language
and the turn of modern philosophy, which reduces every thing to
simple sensations, to consider whatever bears one name as one thing
in itself, which prevents our ever properly understanding those
mixed modes and various clusters of ideas, to which almost all
language has a reference. Thus if we regard wit as something
resembling a drop of quicksilver, or a spangle from off a cloak, a little
nimble substance, that is pointed and glitters (we do not know how)
we shall make no progress in analysing its varieties or its essence; it
is a mere word or an atom: but if we suppose it to consist in, or be
the result of, several sets and sorts of ideas combined together or
acting upon each other (like the tunes and machinery of a barrel-
organ) we may stand some chance of explaining and getting an
insight into the process. Wit is not, then, a single idea or object, but it
is one mode of viewing and representing nature, or the differences
and similitudes, harmonies and discords in the links and chains of
our ideas of things at large. If all our ideas were literal, physical,
confined to a single impression of the object, there could be no
faculty for, or possibility of, the existence of wit, for its first principle
is mocking or making a jest of anything, and its first condition or
postulate, therefore, is the distinction between jest and earnest. First
of all, wit implies a jest, that is, the bringing forward a pretended or
counterfeit illustration of a thing; which, being presently withdrawn,
makes the naked truth more apparent by contrast. It is lessening and
undermining our faith in any thing (in which the serious consists) by
heightening or exaggerating the vividness of our idea of it, so as by
carrying it to extremes to show the error in the first concoction, and
from a received practical truth and object of grave assent, to turn it
into a laughing stock to the fancy. This will apply to Archer and the
lady’s garter, which is ironical: but how does it connect with the
comparison of Hudibras’s beard to a tile, which is only an
exaggeration; or the Compagnons d’Ulysse, which is meant for a
literal and severe truth, as well as a play upon words? More generally
then, wit is the conjuring up in the fancy any illustration of an idea
by likeness, combination of other images, or by a form of words, that
being intended to point out the eccentricity or departure of the
original idea from the class to which it belongs does so by referring it
contingently and obliquely to a totally opposite class, where the
surprise and mere possibility of finding it, proves the inherent want
of congruity. Hudibras’s beard is transformed (by wit) into a tile: a
strong man is transformed (by imagination) into a tower. The
objects, you will say, are unlike in both cases; yet the comparison in
one case is meant seriously, in the other it is merely to tantalize. The
imagination is serious, even to passion, and exceeds truth by laying a
greater stress on the object; wit has no feeling but contempt, and
exceeds truth to make light of it. In a poetical comparison there
cannot be a sense of incongruity or surprise; in a witty one there
must. The reason is this: It is granted stone is not flesh, a tile is not
hair, but the associated feelings are alike, and naturally coalesce in
one instance, and are discordant and only forced together by a trick
of style in the other. But how can that be, if the objects occasioning
these feelings are equally dissimilar?—Because the qualities of
stiffness or squareness and colour, objected to in Hudibras’s beard,
are themselves peculiarities and oddities in a beard, or contrary to
the nature or to our habitual notion of that class of objects; and
consequently (not being natural or rightful properties of a beard)
must be found in the highest degree in, and admit of, a grotesque
and irregular comparison with a class of objects, of which squareness
and redness[63] are the essential characteristics (as of a tile), and
which can have, accordingly, no common point of union in general
qualities or feeling with the first class, but where the ridicule must be
just and pointed from this very circumstance, that is, from the
coincidence in that one particular only, which is the flaw and
singularity of the first object. On the other hand, size and strength,
which are the qualities on which the comparison of a man to a tower
hinges, are not repugnant to the general constitution of man, but
familiarly associated with our ideas of him: so that there is here no
sense of impropriety in the object, nor of incongruity or surprise in
the comparison: all is grave and decorous, and instead of burlesque,
bears the aspect of a loftier truth. But if strength and magnitude fall
within our ordinary contemplations of man as things not out of the
course of nature, whereby he is enabled, with the help of
imagination, to rival a tower of brass or stone, are not littleness and
weakness the counterpart of these, and subject to the same rule?
What shall we say, then, to the comparison of a dwarf to a pigmy, or
to Falstaff’s comparison of Silence to ‘a forked radish, or a man made
after supper of a cheese-paring?’ Once more then, strength and
magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful
and substantive manner; if they are an excess above the ordinary or
average standard, it is an excess to which we lend a ready and
admiring belief, that is, we will them to be if they are not, because
they ought to be—whereas, in the other case of peculiarity and defect,
the mind is constantly at war with the impression before it; our
affections do not tend that way; we will it not to be; reject, detach,
and discard it from the object as much and as far as possible; and
therefore it is, that there being no voluntary coherence but a constant
repugnance between the peculiarity (as of squareness) and the object
(as a beard), the idea of a beard as being both naturally and properly
of a certain form and texture remains as remote as ever from that of
a tile; and hence the double problem is solved, why the mind is at
once surprised and not shocked by the allusion; for first, the mind
being made to see a beard so unlike a beard, is glad to have the
discordance increased and put beyond controversy, by comparing it
to something still more unlike one, viz., a tile; and secondly,
squareness never having been admitted as a desirable and accredited
property of a beard as it is of a tile, by which the two classes of ideas
might have been reconciled and compromised (like those of a man
and a tower) through a feeling or quality common (in will) to both,
the transition from one to the other continues as new and startling,
that is, as witty as ever;—which was to be demonstrated. I think I see
my way clearly so far. Wit consists in two things, the perceiving the
incongruity between an object and the class to which it generally
belongs, and secondly, the pointing out or making this incongruity
more manifest, by transposing it to a totally different class of objects
in which it is prescriptively found in perfection. The medium or link
of connexion between the opposite classes of ideas is in the
unlikeness of one of the things in question to itself, i.e. the class it
belongs to: this peculiarity is the narrow bridge or line along which
the fancy runs to link it to a set of objects in all other respects
different from the first, and having no sort of communication, either
in fact or inclination, with it, and in which the pointedness and
brilliancy, or the surprise and contrast of wit consists. The faculty by
which this is done is the rapid, careless decomposition and
recomposition of our ideas, by means of which we easily and clearly
detach certain links in the chain of our associations from the place
where they stand, and where they have an infirm footing, and join
them on to others, to show how little intimacy they had with the
former set.
The motto of wit seems to be, Light come, light go. A touch is
sufficient to dissever what already hangs so loose as folly, like froth
on the surface of the wave; and an hyperbole, an impossibility, a pun
or a nickname will push an absurdity, which is close upon the verge
of it, over the precipice. It is astonishing how much wit or laughter
there is in the world—it is one of the staple commodities of daily life
—and yet, being excited by what is out of the way and singular, it
ought to be rare, and gravity should be the order of the day. Its
constant recurrence from the most trifling and trivial causes, shows
that the contradiction is less to what we find things than to what we
wish them to be. A circle of milliner’s-girls laugh all day long at
nothing, or day after day at the same things—the same cant phrase
supplies the wags of the town with wit for a month—the same set of
nicknames has served the John Bull and Blackwood’s Magazine ever
since they started. It would appear by this that its essence consisted
in monotony, rather than variety. Some kind of incongruity however
seems inseparable from it, either in the object or language. For
instance, admiration and flattery become wit by being expressed in a
quaint and abrupt way. Thus, when the dustman complimented the
Duchess of Devonshire by saying, as she passed, ‘I wish that lady
would let me light my pipe at her eyes,’ nothing was meant less than
to ridicule or throw contempt, yet the speech was wit and not serious
flattery. The putting a wig on a stupid face and setting it on a barber’s
pole is wit or humour:—the fixing a pair of wings on a beautiful
figure to make it look more like an angel is poetry; so that the
grotesque is either serious or ludicrous, as it professes to exalt or
degrade. Whenever any thing is proposed to be done in the way of
wit, it must be in mockery or jest; since if it were a probable or
becoming action, there would be no drollery in suggesting it; but this
does not apply to illustrations by comparison, there is here no line
drawn between what is to take place and what is not to take place—
they must only be extreme and unexpected. Mere nonsense,
however, is not wit. For however slight the connexion, it will never
do to have none at all; and the more fine and fragile it is in some
respects, the more close and deceitful it should be in the particular
one insisted on. Farther, mere sense is not wit. Logical subtilty or
ingenuity does not amount to wit (although it may mimic it) without
an immediate play of fancy, which is a totally different thing. The
comparing the phrenologist’s division of the same portion of the
brain into the organs of form and colour to the cutting a Yorkshire
pudding into two parts, and calling the one custard and the other
plum-cake may pass for wit with some, but not with me. I protest (if
required) against having a grain of wit.[64]