re

a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
 r
i to
SSC GK

Ed
PARMAR'S GK BATCH

F
Chemistry
Atom and It’s Structure PD
te r
Lecture :- 2
as

For Notes Join Telegram :

nM

Click on the icon.

di

For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

a te
re

Click on the icon.

re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
 r
i to
SSC GK

Ed
PARMAR'S GK BATCH

F
Chemistry
Metal and Non-metal PD
te r
Lecture :- 3
as

For Notes Join Telegram :

nM

Click on the icon.

di

For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

a te
re

Click on the icon.

re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
at
ed
in
M
as
te
rP
ACID, BASES AND SALT

DF
Ed
i to
r
 r
i to
- What are Acids and Bases?

Ed
Acids: Sour substance, Corrosive in nature
Types:
-> Has source
1. Organic acids: from nature
2. Mineral acids: eg: HCl, H24
SO , HNO3

DF
↓
Corrosive
Bases: Bitter substances

rP
te
as

-
- -
6-8% acetic acid and
Used as Preservatives
M

,Banana remaining water

-
in

, Tomato

~
ed

Lacto term used for milk products

at
re
 r
Indicators: indicates if anything is an Acid/Base

i to
-

-> Algae + Fungus

Litmus Paper: Lichen
->

)
I

Ed
Purple dye
natural indicator ↓
Neutral
Belongs to Thallophyta
Blue to Red in Acid

DF
Red to Blue in Base

Phenolphthalein

rP
-

Acid: Colourless
! A
Base: Pink smell

Methyl Orange
te
- Acid: Red
Base: Yellow
as

Yellow stain curry

*
M

Red Brown stain

↓
when washed
in

however changes
to yellow again
Due to Soap when dried
ed

(Base)

-> How do acids and bases react with metals?

at

M A S H ↓
re

X few bases when react with metal IProduce H2 gas

↓ ↓ ↓
Metal Acid Salt Hydrogen
->How do metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates react with acids?

r
i to
↑ Metal carbonate + Acid -> Salt + H2O + CO2

Na CO23 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

Ed
· ->

Quick lime
-
Ca(OH)2 + CO2- CaCO3 + H2O - -

CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2

↓ ↓
↳ Limestone
Lime water
↓ White

DF
ppt Chalk
Turns lime water Marble
milky

rP
-> How do acids and bases react with each other?

A + B -> S + H2-
O Neutralisation reaction
te
↓
as

Exothermic (Heat evolved)

Antacids: to neutralise the acidity in our stomach

I
M

Milk of magnesia - Mg(OH)2

in

- Reaction of metallic oxide with acids

ed

I
Base + Acid -> Salt + Water
at

-> Reaction of non-metallic oxide with base

re

-
Acidic + Base ->Salt + Water
 r
-> What happens to an acid or base in a water solution?

i to
HCl H + Cl
+ -

/ - >

Ed
H2O -> H3
O Hydronium ion

NaOH Na + OH -Hydroxide
+

↑ ->

More H O -> Concentrated

I

DF
-

37
/ Less H3O -> Less acidic

Acid is added to water vice versa is not possible

- rP
Acid Why?
as Highly exothermic

I
HO
. . . . . .
te
as
Water

I
Those bases which dissolve in water are called as Alkali -> Corrosive
M

/ All alkali are based but not the vice versa

in
ed

1.6 H3O I
OH
-

Milk of Magnesia
↓ ↑ * -> Sodium
at

0 Hydroxide
re

pH Scale: Power of Hydrogen -> gives strength of Acid or Base

↓
pH in German means: Potenz
 Importance of pH in our daily life

r
i to
M Our body works in a pH of: 7-7.8
↑
pH in our digestive system: 1.6
pH change as a cause of Tooth Decay: 5.5 ↓

Ed
~

-
Use of pH by plants for self defence
Acid Rain: 5.6H
: Saliva pH: slightly acidic (6.4)
Uses it as self-defence
↑
Blood pH: slightly alkaline (7.4) -

DF
Nettle leaves (Herbaceous plant) -> Formic acid ->Methanoic acid
. Dock Plant neutralises Nettle leaves sting (basic in nature) ↓
Planets: thick clouds of H SO Venus Present in Ant sting
out
-

rP
Oil of Vitriol
te
Salts

pH of salts
as

Less than 7 -> Acidic salt

More than 7->Basic salt
Strong
M

M4 A + B ->Salt + Water (Acidic)

14
A + B - Salt + Water (Basic)
in

strong
ed

Common salt- raw material for chemicals

Rock salt -> NaCl
Table Salt -
at

Sodium Hydroxide
electrolysis
re

*
NaCl (aq) + H2O NaOH + Cl + H -> Chlor-alkali process
↓ 1
Brine cathode anode cathode
 r
Bleaching Powder

i to
- used for making Bleaching
-
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2-> CaOCl2 powder
↓ ↓ ↓ Oxidising agent

Ed
Lime water Calcium Hypochlorite to make drinking water germ
free
Uses:
-

Chlorine: water purification

DF
&
Cotton and linen: Textile industry and bleaching
Paper factories: wood pulp bleaching

rP
Baking Soda

-
NaCl + H22
O + CO + NH -> NH4Cl + NaHCO3
3

↓
te
- Baking Soda (common name)
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
as
-

Uses

--
1. Baking powder: Baking soda + edible acid (tartaric acid)
2. Soda Acid fire extinguisher
M

3. Antacids
Heat/Water
-
NaHCO3 + H+-> CO24
in

Washing Soda
ed

A
-
·
2 NaHCO3 -> Na23
CO + H2O + CO2

-
Na25
CO + 10 H 2O -> Na 23
CO . 10 H2O
at

↓
Water of crystallisation
re
Uses of Washing Soda

r
-

1. To remove permanent hardness of water

i to
2. Glass, soap and paper factories
3. To manufacture Sodium compounds ->Borax
->
4. As a Cleansing agent for domestic purpose Na2472
B O . 10 H O

Ed
↓
Used in Toothpaste/mouthwash

DF
Plaster of Paris
Gypsum: CaSO4. 2H O -> CaSO4. 1/2 H2O
2

.
↓
-

rP
Plaster of Paris
373-273 -> 100 C

Some more salts

te
when heated: colourless
↑
-

-
Blue vitriol: CuSO4. 5H O
It
2

Green “ : FeSO4 .7H O

as
-
2

-
White “ : ZnSO4. 7H O
2

·
Epsom salt: MgSO↳ .7H O 2

Potash Alum: KAl(SO42 ) .12H O

M

-
2

I Mohr’s salt: (NH42) Fe(SO) .6H O 2 2

↑ Sodium Benzoate: used as preservative in jam, tomato sauce

in

CH COOH
* 3
-
Ethanoic acid: Acetic acid
ed

W
Glauber salt: Na24
SO .10H O 2

-
Acid found in Spinach: Oxalic acid
at

-
Another folic acid: Pteroylglutamic acid
re

-
Citric acid: Oranges
 r
&
Muriatic acid another name for Hydrochloric acid
↓

i to
used in chlorides, fertilizers and dyes,
in electroplating and in the

Ed
photographic, textile and rubber
industries

Bases used in window cleaner: Ammonium hydroxide

DF
M

↑ moist baking soda should be applied when ant bites

rP
I
Litmus paper changes to blue color when put in soap water

I pH of water: 7 te
I
Double salt
-

Dolomite: formed from CaCO3+ MgCO3

I
as

Formula: CaMg(CO ) 32
M
in
ed
at
re
rPeA
aRt
d
eM
iAn
RMas
SS te
r
CARBON AND IT’S COMPOUND

C PD
F
Ed
i to
r
 Carbon

r
- -

Atmosphere: 0.036%

i to
↑

+
↑
Earth crust: 0.02% -> C
I Atomic no: 6 -> 2, 4

4
↳ C4

Ed
-

+1
- e sharing
.

L
Alkali metals: Li, Na, K
I Halogen: 7 1
+1 Covalent Bond

F
C PD
Bonding in Carbon: The Covalent Bond
e

H*1
-
*H =-
O O O O =

~
Strength: weak Nitrogen:
r N
: N
SS te
-
Low Melting Point/Boiling Point
RMas
Allotropes of Carbon
Graphite: 1C 3C> -Slippery
->

3Good conductor of electricity

I
Diamond: 1C -> 4C -Hardest substance known
iAn

-
Buckmister Fullerene: C 60
↓
eM

Arranged in football shape

d

Versatile Nature of Carbon

aRt

- Catenation: unique ability to form bonds with other carbon atom- Large molecule
rPeA

↓
- -

C-C-C-C-C
Due to small size of C atom
 ane: C-C single bond Saturated compounds

r
/

ene: C=C

i to
/

- yne: C=C
-
> Unsaturated compounds

Alkane: Cn H2n Hydrocarbon-> C-H

Ed
· +
2
I

I
Alkene: C Hzu
n

W
Alkyne: CnH2n -2

F
Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

C PD
H I -H
H- ~H
H C-C H -
C=C
H-H
-

H - H
↓ ↓
ane ene
↓ r
SS te
H-C=C-H
C H2n
n +
1
↳ yne
RMas

Nomenclature
1C: Meth

:
2C: Eth I 23

3C: Prop Root: CH-CH-CH

3 2 3
iAn

4C: But
↳ continuation of Parent chain
↑

/
5C: Pent
6C: Hexa
eM
d

7C: Hepta
/ 8C: Octa
aRt
rPeA
 r
Chains, Branches, and Rings

i to
Molecular formula same
-

-C
-
C-C-C-C C-C
- C
-

Ed
Structure - Different

-C-CI
C C -> cyclical -> C
n Hzu
↳ ~
C-C

DF
Isomers: compounds with identical molecular formula but different structural formula

rP
-

-Difference in CH atoms 2
Homogenous Series CH3OH, CH32
-
>
, CH OH, CH3CH CH OH
2 I

H -1H H ↓
H C-C-C H Same chemical properties
te
- , i
H H H
as
M
in
ed
at
re
 r
Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds
-

i to
Ed
W

v
CH4: Methane
-

v
CH Cl: Chloro Methane
~
: 3

CH3CH Cl: Chloro Propane

2
z
CH3OH: Methanol
I

F
W
CH3CH OH: Propanol
-

2
W
CH3COOH: Ethanoic acid

C PD
-

W
HCOOH: Methanoic acid
-

-
> - -

r -
-
SS te
~
RMas
↑
Primary: CH32
- -
CH OH, CH5CHiCH2CHIOH

·
Secondary: CH CH2CH CH2CH
;
-

OH

CH
iAn

-
- !?
Tertiary: CH3CH CH CH:CHs
OH
eM
d

Aromatic Compounds
-
I kI - Benzene
aRt

-
rPeA

Erich Huckel gave formula: 4n+2ne- C-C

->
↓ C=C
->

C=C 2π
-

For aromatic compounds

-
 Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

r
-

i to
1. Combustion:
-

CH32
CH OH + O2- CO2+ H O + Heat and light
2

Ed
Exothermic
-
Saturated: burns with clear blue flame
-
Unsaturated: burns with yellow sooty flame
LPG: Propane + Butane

F
I

-
CNG: Methane

C PD
2. Oxidation
-

Alkaline KMNO4
CH CH OH -> CH3COOH
K Cr O
31 22
H
Ethanol Ethanoic acid

r
SS te
3. Addition Reaction -> Hydrogenation
-

-
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: HI
H-H
RMas
R -- R H 11

C=C
2
- R-C-C-R
R- R Ni/Pd II

R-R
↓ -Unhealthy
↓
Vegetable oil saturated
healthier
↓ ↓Animal fats
unsaturated fatty acids
iAn

4. Substitution Reaction
eM

Saturated Hydrocarbons ->are unreactive and inert

d

CHn2
+ Cl - CH3Cl + HCl [sunlight]
aRt

H ↳ further continued, then forms CHCl Chloroform

-
rPeA

I 2

H-C-H
1 I
H Cl
 Some important Carbon Compounds- Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

r
i to
I
Ethanol ->Good solvent; used in Cough syrup
I Can be made from Sugarcane juice -> Molasses Fermentation
-> Ethanol
Tincture of Iodine

Ed
Conc. H SO4
CH CH OH -
32 CH2=CH2
2

443k
↓
H H Ethene
I I
H-C-C OH-

- W

F
H H

C PD
Properties of Ethanol

Reactions of Sodium
W 2CH32
-CH OH + 2Na - >
CH32
CH ONa + H2

r
SS te
Properties of Ethanoic Acid
in Vinegar: 5-8%
↓
↓ -
RMas
Commonly known as Acetic acid
Also known as Glacial Acetic Acid as Melting Point is 290 K
↓
Freezes during winters
iAn

Reactions of Ethanoic Acid

eM

1. Esterification Reaction
d

I
Acid + Alcohol reaction COOR group -> Ester
*
CH25-
aRt

COOH + OHCH CH CH>COOCH2CH

rPeA
 r
2. Reaction with a base

i to
W
CHs COOC H CH3COONa + C22
H OH
↓
Saponification rkn
↓

Ed
For making soaps
I
Sodium salts of long
chain of carboxylic acids

F
C PD
Detergent: Sodium
- salt of long chain Sulphonic acid

3. Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrocarbonates

2CH3COOH + Na23
CO -> 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
I

r
SS te
&
Alkylebenzene widely used in production of phenol: Cumene
RMas
-
Strong reducing agent used to reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acid chlorides,
carboxylic acids and even carboxylate salts to alcohols: Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)

-
Two double carbon- carbon bonds are known as dienes

-
Isopentane also called 2-methylbutane and is branched structure with formula C5H12
iAn

↓
CH
13
eM

CH-CH-CH-CH
d

3 2 23

Nitromethane formula: CH NO

!
H
O
aRt

H-C-N
E
rPeA

O
.

H
I
Sedimentation not used to purify organic compounds
 r
I
Alkanes were earlier known as Paraffin

i to
- Paradichlorobenzane is used as fumigant insecticide to contra cloth moths and chemical
formula is: C642
H Cl

Ed
I Root is used to represent the no. of carbon atoms in the parent chain

↑ Examples of monosaccharides: Fructose (fruit sugar) and Glucose

I

F
Simplest form of Sugar

C PD
-
Cereals: Maltose

-
Largest compound of natural gas: Methane (seen in Paddy field, they are Marsh gas)
↓
Also seen in where there are Termite

r
SS te
I Butane gas: C"10
H
! Alkane: C H
RMas
n 2n +
2

=2x4+2

-
Three carbon molecules broken down from six-carbon molecules of glucose during the first
step in the process of nutrition in all organisms is called: Pyruvate
Cytoplasm
Glucose ->Pyruvate
iAn

- Dicholorodifluromethane: CCl22
F
eM
d
aRt
rPeA
 r
i to
SSC GK

Ed
PARMAR'S GK BATCH

F
Chemistry
Periodic Table PD
te r
Lecture :- 6
as

For Notes Join Telegram :

nM

Click on the icon.

di

For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

a te
re

Click on the icon.

re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
re
a te
di
nM
as
te r
PD
F
Ed
i to
r
 r
i to
Ed
F
PD
te r
as

CLICK HERE FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM COURSE

nM
di
a te
re