募格学术

第二讲 英文科技论文阅读与解析

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大纲 募格学术

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1. 科技论文介绍

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2. 文献阅读

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2.1 文献阅读概述

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文献选择的原则
文献阅读的顺序
注意事项
阅读笔记
2.2 文献阅读实例解析

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 募格学术

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1. 科技论文介绍

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1.1 科技论文的类型 募格学术

• Research

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• Review
• Theoretical

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• Methodological
• Case study

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1.2 研究型论文的结构 Abstract 募格学术

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Introduction

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Methods

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• 传统AIMRaD结构
Results

Discussion

Conclusion
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• AIMRaD结构变体 募格学术

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1.2 科技论文基本结构 募格学术

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• What experiments were
done to answer the
• IMRD structure： questions stated in the • How the results support the

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Introduction? conclusion?

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion

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•
•
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Why they did it？
How they did it？
What did they find？
What does it mean？
• What is known about the
topic？
• What is not known？
• What questions the authors
asked and answered ？
• What has been found? • What did they find？
• Better explain them?

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 募格学术

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2. 文献阅读

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2.1.1 文献选择的原则 募格学术

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• 高质量文献：期刊影响因子、研究领域内代表性学者、试验室的文章

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• 发表时间：新旧结合

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• 选择文献由浅入深，逐步深入。
• 选择文献先多后少，由杂到精。

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• 选择文献先综述后论文，先中文后外文。（适用于入门者）

中文综述/专业图书 中文期刊文献 英文综述文献 英文期刊文献

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2.1.2 阅读顺序（推荐） 募格学术

标题 摘要

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如果文章对你很重要，继

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续下面几步

方法 讨论 结果 引言 对于自己很熟悉
的领域可以跳过
这一步

试验设计
阶段

不要总是去翻字典！ 10
2.1.3 阅读注意事项 募格学术

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有助于回
• 由点到面，边看边查 忆与理解
 寻找课题阶段：重点读讨论和结

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论以及展望
 课题设计阶段：主要是材料和方
• 集中时间看文献，做好记录和总结，定期复习

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法。若只需了解一下该研究的思
路：可选取摘要及引文与结论进

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行泛读。
• 多数文章（约80%），依据情况泛读
 自己熟悉的领域：细看摘要，略
读前言，再看结果中的图表，最
• 重要的文献（约20%） ，全文精读 后读一下自己感兴趣的讨论部分。

1. 作者想告诉你什么？
• 批判性阅读 2. 作者采取了怎样的实验方法来获得他们的结果？
3. 你觉得他的结果可靠吗？你有什么进一步的想法？
哪一部分细节是你最感兴趣的？
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2.1.4 阅读笔记（建议） 募格学术

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• 重要的文献一定要打印出来；

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• 好记性不如烂笔头！

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记些什么？

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 在文章题目的空白处写一段总结（研究主题、亮点、个人感受等）；
 文献中的任何不足都应该记下来；
 文献中好的词汇，句型；

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如何通过阅读提高写作水平？ 募格学术

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1. 阅读10篇文献，总结100个常用句型和常用短语，经常复习。

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2. 找3-5篇技术路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章，精读。

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3. 针对论文的每一部分，尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具
体方面，各找5-8篇文献阅读，充实完善。

这里讨论的只涉及英文表达，也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。

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2.2 实例解析

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2.2.1 标题与摘要 募格学术

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a. 标题-组成

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Hook

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标题 Topic key-words what
Focus key-words where/when/whose/how

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2.2.1 标题与摘要 募格学术

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b. 摘要-内容 募格学术

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① 研究或实验的目的(objective或aim): 说明你为何进行此项研究；

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② 基本的实验步骤(methods) : 如研究对象或实验动物的选择，观

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察和分析的方法；

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③ 主要的结果（results）: 如有可能，应提供具体数据及其统计学
意义

④ 结论(conclusion): 结论应是明确的、总结性的表述，而非含糊
的、模棱两可的推论。

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b. 摘要-类型 募格学术

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• 非结构式摘要（unstructured abstract, 不超过150字)

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• 结构式摘要 (structured abstract，不超过250字)

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非结构式摘要 募格学术

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Abstract
Ultrashort pulsed lasers, operating through the phenomenon of mode-

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locking, have had a significant role in many facets of our society for 50
years, for example, in the way we exchange information, measure and

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diagnose diseases, process materials, and in many other applications.
Recently, high-quality resonators have been exploited to demonstrate
背景信息 optical combs. The ability to phase-lock their modes would allow mode-

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locked lasers to benefit from their high optical spectral quality, helping to
realize novel sources such as precision optical clocks for applications in
metrology, telecommunication, microchip-computing, and many other
areas. Here we demonstrate the first mode-locked laser based on a
材料/方法 microcavity resonator. It operates via a new mode-locking method, which
we term filter-driven four-wave mixing, and is based on a CMOS-
主要结果 compatible high quality factor mirroring resonator. It achieves stable self-
starting oscillation with negligible amplitude noise at ultrahigh repetition
结论
rates, and spectral linewidths well below 130 kHz.
REF：DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1762
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结构式摘要 募格学术

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ABSTRACT

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目的

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方法

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结果

结论
REF：doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000354

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实例解析

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摘要结构剖析-实例#1 Synthetic Metals
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Alkyd coatings containing polyanilines for corrosion protection of mild steel
G.S. Gonçalves, A.F. Baldissera, L.F. Rodrigues Jr., E.M.A. Martini, C.A. Ferreira

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A study was carried out to investigate the performance of anti-corrosion coatings obtained from alkyd
paints containing polyaniline and polyaniline derivatives applied on carbon steel. The polyaniline, the

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polyaniline derivatives and the paints were characterized through FTIR and Raman spectroscopies and
thermogravimetric analysis. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that polyaniline and its derivates gave

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electroactive properties to the paints. Accelerated corrosion experiments (salt spray and humidity
chamber) revealed a significant improvement in the performance of the coatings which contained the
electroactive polymer compared to conventional coatings. These results were verified by evaluation of
the electrical resistance and capacitance measurements of the films using electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy. For some of the samples, the Raman spectra demonstrated the presence of an oxide layer at
the coating/substrate interface composed basically of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. The results of this study reinforce
the possibility of protecting carbon steel against corrosion through the formation of a protective layer of
oxides using coatings which contain electroactive polymers.

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摘要结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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背景 ① A study was carried out to ….

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方法 ② … were characterized ....

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③ …studies showed that ….

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④ … revealed a significant improvement in ….
结果
⑤ These results were verified by ….

⑥ … demonstrated the presence ….

结论 ⑦ The results of this study reinforce the possibility of ….

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 摘要结构剖析-实例#2 募格学术

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The Landscape of Mouse Meiotic Double-Strand Break Formation, Processing, and
Repair

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Julian Lange, Shintaro Yamada, Sam E. Tischfield, Jing Pan, Seoyoung Kim, Xuan Zhu, Nicholas D. Socci, Maria Jasin and Scott Keeney

Heritability and genome stability are shaped by meiotic recombination, which is initiated via hundreds

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of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The distribution of DSBs throughout the genome is not random,
but mechanisms molding this landscape remain poorly understood. Here, we exploit genome-wide

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maps of mouse DSBs at unprecedented nucleotide resolution to uncover previously invisible spatial
features of recombination. At fine scale, we reveal a stereotyped hotspot structure— DSBs occur
within narrow zones between methylated nucleosomes—and identify relationships between SPO11,
chromatin, and the histone methyltransferase PRDM9. At large scale, DSB formation is suppressed on
non-homologous portions of the sex chromosomes via the DSB-responsive kinase ATM, which also
shapes the autosomal DSB landscape at multiple size scales. We also provide a genome-wide analysis
of exonucleolytic DSB resection lengths and elucidate spatial relationships between DSBs and
recombination products. Our results paint a comprehensive picture of features governing successive
steps in mammalian meiotic recombination.
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摘要结构剖析-实例#2 募格学术

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① Heritability and genome stability are …, which… via….

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背景 ② … is not random, but mechanisms … remain poorly

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understood.

方法

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③ Here, we exploit … to uncover ….

④ At fine scale, we reveal….

结果 ⑤ At large scale, ….

⑥ We also provide ….

结论 ⑦ Our results paint a comprehensive picture of features ….

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摘要结构剖析-实例#3 募格学术

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The Power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in
Observed Social Interactions

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Sanda Dolcos, Keen Sung, Jennifer J. Argo, Sophie Flor-Henry, and Florin Dolcos

Effective social interactions require the ability to evaluate other peopleʼs actions and intentions, sometimes only on

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the basis of such subtle factors as body language, and these evaluative judgments may lead to powerful impressions.
However, little is known about the impact of affective body language on evaluative responses in social settings and
the associated neural correlates. This study investigated the neural correlates of observing social interactions in a

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business setting, in which whole-body dynamic stimuli displayed approach and avoidance behaviors that were
preceded or not by a handshake and were followed by participantsʼ ratings of these behaviors. First, approach was
associated with more positive evaluations than avoidance behaviors, and a handshake preceding social interaction
enhanced the positive impact of approach and diminished the negative impact of avoidance behavior on the
evaluation of social interaction. Second, increased sensitivity to approach than to avoidance behavior in the
amygdala and STS was linked to a positive evaluation of approach behavior and a positive impact of handshake.
Third, linked to the positive effect of handshake on social evaluation, nucleus accumbens showed greater activity
for Handshake than for No-handshake conditions. These findings shed light on the neural correlates of observing
and evaluating nonverbal social interactions and on the role of handshake as a way of formal greeting.

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摘要结构剖析-实例#3 募格学术

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① …, sometimes only on the basis of …, and these evaluative judgments may

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背景 lead to ….

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② However, little is known about ….

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方法 ③ This study investigated … in ….

④ First, approach ….

结果 ⑤ Second, increased sensitivity to approach ….

⑥ Third, … showed greater ….

结论 ⑦ These findings shed light on ….

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摘要结构剖析-实例#4 募格学术

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Demonstration of a stable ultrafast laser based on a nonlinear

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microcavity
M. Peccianti, A. Pasquazi1, Y. Park, B.E. Little, S.T. Chu, D.J. Moss & R. Morandotti

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Ultrashort pulsed lasers, operating through the phenomenon of mode-locking, have had a significant
role in many facets of our society for 50 years, for example, in the way we exchange information,

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measure and diagnose diseases, process materials, and in many other applications. Recently, high-
quality resonators have been exploited to demonstrate optical combs. The ability to phase-lock their
modes would allow mode-locked lasers to benefit from their high optical spectral quality, helping to
realize novel sources such as precision optical clocks for applications in metrology, telecommunication,
microchip-computing, and many other areas. Here we demonstrate the first mode-locked laser based on
a microcavity resonator. It operates via a new mode-locking method, which we term filter-driven four-
wave mixing, and is based on a CMOS-compatible high quality factor mirroring resonator. It achieves
stable self-starting oscillation with negligible amplitude noise at ultrahigh repetition rates, and spectral
linewidths well below 130 kHz.
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摘要结构剖析-实例#4 募格学术

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① …lasers, … for 50 years, for example, in the way ….

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② Recently, … resonators have been ….
背景
③ The ability to … would allow … lasers to benefit from …, helping to

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realize ….

方法 ④ Here we demonstrate … laser based on a … resonator.

结果 ⑤ It operates via ….

结论 ⑥ It achieves ….

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 摘要结构剖析-实例#5 募格学术

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Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity
A. L. Westerling,1,2* H. G. Hidalgo,1 D. R. Cayan,1,3 T. W. Swetnam4

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Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades,

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yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional
changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific

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discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th and
20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in
western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data.
Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with
higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest
increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have
relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer
temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.

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摘要结构剖析-实例#5 募格学术

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① … is widely thought to … in recent decades, yet neither … nor … has

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背景 been systematically documented.

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② Much of the public and scientific discussion … has focused instead

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on ….

方法 ③ We compiled … and compared it with ….

④ Here, we show that ….

结果
⑤ The greatest increases occurred in … and are strongly associated

with ….
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2.2.2 结论

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2.2.2 结论 募格学术

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• 通常用由1-2段组成，使用简洁的语言陈述研究项目的重要结果

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及其意义/前景进行总结；

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• 有些杂志并无独立的Conclusion，通常位于Discussion的最后一
段；有些指示性词语，标志着Conclusion的位置，

如：in summary，taken together，in conclusion，finally等。

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实例解析

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 结论结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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The Power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in
Observed Social Interactions

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Sanda Dolcos, Keen Sung, Jennifer J. Argo, Sophie Flor-Henry, and Florin Dolcos

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Overall, converging evidence provided by our joint assessments of behavioral, brain imaging, and skin conductance data
shed light on the role of the social cognition network in evaluating social interaction partners displaying approach and
avoidance behaviors. First, approach behavior was associated with more positive evaluations than avoidance behavior,

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which was reflected in greater ratings for approach than for avoidance and positive covariation of the AMY activity with
the behavioral ratings for approach and in negative covariation with skin conductance responses. Second, a handshake
preceding social interactions positively influenced the way individuals evaluated the social interaction partners and their
interest in further interactions, while reversing the impact of negative impressions. Third, this study provided initial
evidence concerning the behavioral and neural basis underlying the positive impact of handshake as a way of formal
greeting in social interactions. Collectively, these findings shed light on the neural correlates of evaluating nonverbal
social interactions, clarify the role of AMY and STS in evaluating approach and avoidance behaviors, highlight the
importance of handshake in creating a favorable impression on social interaction partners, and grant neuroscientific
support for the binding power of “[hand]shaking on agreements.”

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结论结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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① Overall, converging evidence provided by our joint assessments…shed light

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on the role of….

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② First, approach behavior was….

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③ Second, ….

④ Third, ….

⑤ Collectively, these findings shed light on…, clarify the role of…, highlight
the importance of …, and grant neuroscientific support….

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实例 #2

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 结论结构剖析-实例#2 募格学术

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Enhanced Local Texture Feature Sets for Face Recognition Under Difficult
Lighting Conditions Xiaoyang Tan and Bill Triggs

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We have presented new methods for face recognition under uncontrolled lighting based on robust preprocessing and an
extension of the LBP local texture descriptor. The main contributions are as follows: 1) a simple, efficient image
preprocessing chain whose practical recognition performance is comparable to or better than current (often much more

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complex) illumination normalization methods; 2) a rich descriptor for local texture called LTP that generalizes LBP while
fragmenting less under noise in uniform regions: 3) a distance transform based similarity metric that captures the local

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structure and geometric variations of LBP/LTP face images better than the simple grids of histograms that are currently
used; and 4) a heterogeneous feature fusion-based recognition framework that combines two popular feature sets—Gabor
wavelets and LBP—with robust illumination normalization and a kernelized discriminative feature extraction method. The
combination of these enhancements gives the state-of-the-art performance on three well-known large-scale face datasets
that contain widely varying lighting conditions.

Moreover, we empirically make a comprehensive analysis and comparison with several state-of-the-art illumination
normalization methods on the large-scale FRGC-204 dataset, and investigate their connections with robust descriptors,
recognition methods, and image quality. This provides new insights into the role of robust preprocessing methods played in
dealing with difficult lighting conditions and thus being useful in the designation of new methods for robust face
recognition.
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结论结构剖析-实例#2 募格学术

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① We have presented new methods for ….

② The main contributions are as follows: 1) …; 2) …; 3) …; and 4)….

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③ …gives the state-of-the-art performance on….

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④ Moreover, …a comprehensive analysis and comparison … on …, and investigate
their connections with ….

⑤ This provides new insights into the role of … and thus being useful in the
designation of new methods for ….

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2.2.3 引言

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引言-内容 募格学术

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引言一般需要回答的几个问题：

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① 存在什么问题？
② 目前已有的解决方法有哪些（i.e. 引用参考文献）？

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③ 哪个方法为最佳？

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④ 它的局限性是什么？即哪一个空白是作者想填补的？
⑤ 作者期望获得什么样的结果？
⑥ 你是否获得了最初设想的结果？

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引言-结构 募格学术

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第一层：
由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某

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General 一研究领域的文献综述
（较为宽泛）；

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第二层：

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提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自
己的研究动机与意义，即“creating a gap”（研究背景
具体化）；
Specific

第三层：
说明自己研究的具体目的与内容（引言核心）
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实例解析

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 引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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Obesity in older adults and life expectancy with and without
cardiovascular disease

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K Dhana1, MA Berghout1, A Peeters2, MA Ikram1,3,4, H Tiemeier1,5, A Hofman1,6, W Nusselder7, M Kavousi1 and OH
Franco1

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第一段：

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Obesity is increasing globally and the association between body weight, morbidity and mortality has
received widespread attention.1 There is consensus on the association of overweight and obesity with
mortality in young adults and middle aged,2 but there is no clear consensus for the elderly.3–5 Several
studies have reported that among older individuals the longest survival is observed in the overweight and
obese range.5–7 However, older individuals with obesity are still at higher risk to develop cardiovascular
disease (CVD) in their remaining lifespan.8 Therefore, the contribution of obesity to life expectancy and in
particular life expectancy with and without CVD among older individuals is still of relevance.

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引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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第二段：

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Previous studies investigating the impact of overweight and obesity with total life
expectancy have reported that obesity in adulthood is associated with a decrease in

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total life expectancy of 6–7 years, and severe obesity in men aged 20–30 will shorten
life expectancy by 13 years, compared with normal weight individuals.9,10 Another

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study evaluating the association of obesity at the age of 45 years with total life
expectancy and life expectancy with and without CVD has shown that obesity not only
reduces total life expectancy, but also reduces the number of years lived free-of CVD
by 6.0 years in men and 8.4 in women.11 However, most of studies described have
evaluated the effect among young adults, whereas the effect of obesity on survival in
the elderly remains controversial.3,5 Furthermore, these studies have used data from the
Framingham Heart Study using information collected during the second half of the
20th century. In recent decades, an increase of obesity prevalence12 has been observed
along with improvements in prevention and treatment of CVD.13
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引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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第三段（最后一段）：
Therefore, in a population-based study of subjects 55 years and older, we aimed to

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evaluate the impact of overweight and obesity in the average years lived with and
without CVD. We constructed multistate life tables using data collected from 1997

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and with over 12 years of follow-up from the Rotterdam Study.

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 引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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第一段：
① …is increasing globally and … has received widespread attention.

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Gap ② There is consensus on …,1 but there is no clear consensus for ….3–5

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③ Several studies have reported that ….5–7
Gap ④ However, older individuals with obesity are still at higher risk to ….8
⑤ Therefore, the contribution of obesity to … is still of relevance.

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引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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第二段：

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① Previous studies … have reported that obesity in adulthood is ….9,10
② Another study … has shown that obesity not only reduces total life expectancy,

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but also reduces the number of years lived free-of CVD ….11
③ However, most of studies described … the effect among young adults, whereas

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the … in the elderly remains controversial.3,5
Gap
④ Furthermore, these studies have used data … collected during the second half of
the 20th century.
⑤ In recent decades, an increase of obesity prevalence12 has been observed along
with improvements in prevention and treatment of CVD.13

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引言结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

第三段：

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① Therefore, …we aimed to evaluate the impact of ….

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② We constructed …using ….

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实例 #2

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Suicide Risk and Precipitating Circumstances Among Young, Middle-
Aged, and OlderMale Veterans

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Mark S. Kaplan, DrPH, Bentson H. McFarland, MD, PhD, Nathalie Huguet, PhD, and Marcia Valenstein, MD, MS

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As the 11th leading cause of death among Americans of all ages, suicide remains a serious public health
1 problem, and reducing suicide is a national imperative.1,2 The suicide of veterans has become a topic of

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intense public policy scrutiny in recent years. Until recently, most US studies indicated that both active-
duty military personnel3-5 and veterans6 were at a lower risk for suicide than their demographically
matched peers.

2 The increased risk of suicide recently observed among veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and
Iraqi Freedom has generated nationwide concern.7,8 The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has drawn
attention to the rising suicide rate among young veterans and declared the prevention of suicide to be a
major priority.9

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Lawmakers have also expressed concern about the heightened rate of veterans’ suicides across the age spectrum.10 For

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example, … In his testimony before the House Committee in May 2008, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs13 presented data
3 showing that male veterans in the community had higher rates of suicide than did other men and that veterans aged 30 to 64

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years had the highest rates.

According to the VA Office of the Inspector General, 1000 veterans who receive VA care and as many as 5000 of all veterans
die by suicide every year.9 In an analysis of suicide rates …. McCarthy et al. 16 found that male (43/100 000) and female

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(10/100 000) VA patients had higher suicide rates than did nonveteran men (23/100 000) and women (5/100 000) in the

4 general population, although these increases were likely due, in part, to health problems leading to VA use in addition to

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veteran status.

In a prospective follow-up study of 320 890 men who participated in the 1986 to 1994 National
Health Interview Surveys, Kaplan et al.17 showed that veterans were twice as likely (hazard ratio
[HR] = 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.14, 3.99) to die of suicide as were male nonveterans
in the general population. However, not all studies found that veterans were at increased risk for
5 suicide. On the basis of a review of 13 studies of suicide risk among current and former military
personnel, Kang and Bullman6 noted that veterans historically had a lower risk of suicide than did
the general population. Similarly, Miller et al.18 found no connection between military service and
suicide in a large (but not nationally representative) longitudinal study of middle-aged and elderly
Men. 52
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….In the United Kingdom, Kapur et al.21 found age differences in the rates of suicide and in the prevalence of
6 contact with mental health professionals before death among veterans. They showed that British veterans younger

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than 24 years were at greater risk for suicide (vs nonveterans) but that fewer had been in contact with mental
health professionals.21According to a recent analysis of data from Oregon, the rates of suicide for younger

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veterans have increased since 2005, whereas the rates for older veterans have declined.15 The foregoing studies
might offer conflicting evidence regarding the role of age in suicide among veterans because of different sampling
methodologies and study designs as well as possible misclassification. An understanding of the precipitating

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circumstances associated with suicide can help clarify the situation and could lead to more efficacious clinical and
community-based veteran suicide prevention interventions.

Our study was the first to examine suicide risk and precipitating circumstances among male veterans across
7 different age groups in the general population. To address these aims, we used population-based data (1) to
calculate the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of dying by suicide among male veterans by age group, and (2)
to assess and compare suicide means as well as health status and stressful life events preceding suicide deaths
among young, middle-aged, and older veterans. Our goal was to examine the precipitating suicide circumstances
across age groups to determine variations across the life span. Information about age-associated precipitating
circumstances might have important implications for developing national suicide prevention strategies.
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第一段：

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① As the 11th …, suicide remains a serious public health problem, and

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reducing suicide is a national imperative.1,2
② The suicide of veterans has become a topic of intense public policy

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scrutiny in recent years.
③ Until recently, most US studies indicated that both active-duty
military personnel3-5 and veterans6 were at a lower risk for suicide
than ….

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第二段：

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① The increased risk of suicide observed among… has generated

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nationwide concern.7,8

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② ... has drawn attention to the rising suicide rate among … and declared
the prevention of suicide to be a major priority.9

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第三段：…

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第四段：…

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第五段：

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① …Kaplan et al.17 showed that ….
Gap ② However, not all studies found that ….
③ On the basis of a review of 13 studies of …noted that….
Gap ④ Similarly, Miller et al.18 found no connection between ….

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第六段：
① …Work Group on Suicide …19 mentioned ….

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② Some evidence suggested that younger veterans20 were ….

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③ …, Kapur et al.21 found ….

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④ They showed that … but that fewer had been in contact with

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mental health professionals.21
⑤ According to a recent analysis …, whereas the rates for older
veterans have declined.15
⑥ The foregoing studies might offer … because of ….
⑦ An understanding of … can help clarify the situation and could
lead to ….

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第七段（最后一段）：
① Our study was the first to examine ….

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创新点

方法 ② To address these aims, we used …(1) …, and (2) ….

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研究的目标 ③ Our goal was to ….

研究的意义 ④ Information about … might have important implications for….

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2.2.4 结果

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结果-内容 募格学术

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• 展示研究的重要的发现

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注意：并不是所有的结果都要写进结果部分，而是写那些重要的发现。

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• 图、表出现的地方

Measurements of root length density (Figure 3) revealed that the majority of roots of
both cultivars were found in the upper substrate layers.

The response of lucerne root growth to manganese rate and depth treatments was
similar to that of shoots (Figure 2).

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实例解析

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结果剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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The Influence of La Doping on the Oxidation Mechanism and Stresses in the Thermally
Grown Oxide on CMSX-4 with Pt-Aluminide Bond Coat

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Xin Wang, Thian Gnan Ooi, Alan Atkinson,Barbara Shollock, Gary Lee

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Residual Stress
Stress Maps

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Figure 1 shows coarse maps for the samples after 12 h oxidation in ordinary oxygen and 12 h in 18O2
(denoted as 1212), obtained by using a large laser spot size (~ 6 μm delivered by a 5× objective lens). For
all stress maps, the X and Y coordinates are in μm and the grey-scale is the negative peak shift in cm-1.
Both CMSX-4 and CMSX-4(La) samples showed ‘spotty’ images, indicating that a certain degree of stress
variation existed in the TGO on the samples. The CMSX-4 sample had an average peak shift of 20 cm-1,
varying from 17 to 24 cm-1 (Fig. 1a) , whereas The CMSX-4(La) had an average peak shift of 15 cm-1,
varying from 11 to 18 cm-1 (Fig. 1b).

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When a small spot size was used in the luminescence measurements, a larger stress variation

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was seen and it was noticed that some areas of the TGO gave much lower stress than the
majority of the area. In order to reveal the details of these low stress areas, fine mapping was

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conducted using a small spot size (~ 0.6 μm, delivered by a 100× objective lens). As shown in
Fig. 2, in the fine maps more detailed stress variations and distinct features can be seen. The area
mapped by the small spot size (40×30 μm) is smaller than that mapped by the larger spot

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size(1×1 mm). For the CMSX-4 sample, the stress variation range (15-24 cm-1 shown in Fig. 2a)
was similar to that in its corresponding coarse map (17–24 cm-1, shown in Fig. 1a). Although
there are distinct patterns in the shift map in Fig. 2a, these could not be correlated with any
obvious microstructural features on the specimen surface. In contrast, for the CMSX-4(La)
sample, distinct low stress zones with peak shift <5 cm-1 were revealed (Fig. 2b) and these low
stress zones were found to correspond to ‘humps’ on the top surface of the sample which will be
described later.

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The Effect of Spot Size on Stress Measurement

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Stress mapping indicated that the measured stress distribution
might be dependent on the spot size used for luminescence

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measurements. To examine the effects of spot size on the measured
stress distribution, the peak shift distributions obtained by using

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different spot sizes are summarised in Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 3a,
the peak shift distributions measured on the CMSX-4 sample was
mono-modal and did not show any significant dependence on the
laser spot size.

Fig. 3 The dependence of peak shift distributions on spot size for a CMSX-4 and b CMSX-
4(La) after 1212 two stage oxidation treatment

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Conversely, Fig. 3b clearly shows the measured stress distribution

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was dependent on laser spot size for the CMSX-4(La) sample. The
peak shift distribution in this case was quite narrow and mono-
modal if a large laser spot was used, but it was bi-modal and much

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broader if a smaller spot size was used. When a 20× lens, which
delivers a spot ~1.6 μm in diameter, was used for luminescence

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measurements, the distribution profile (the dark line in Fig. 3b)
shows a small peak to the left of the main peak, which indicates a
low stress of ~9.5 cm-1 co-existed with a high stress (~15 cm-1).
When a 100× lens (spot size: ~0.6 μm) was used, the peak shift
became even more widely distributed and the low stress
contribution became even more prominent and exhibited an even
lower shift of ~2.5 cm-1

Fig. 3 The dependence of peak shift distributions on spot size for a CMSX-4 and b CMSX-
4(La) after 1212 two stage oxidation treatment

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Stress Changes with Oxidation Time

Figure 4a compares the peak shift distribution after a short time (1212) and a long time (9624) oxidation for

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the CMSX-4 sample by using an intermediate spot size (1.6 μm) for luminescence mapping (120×80 μm
grid, and 5 μm pitch size). The short time oxidation led to a mono-modal stress distribution, whereas the

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long time oxidation resulted in the appearance of a second (low stress) peak (as arrowed) in Fig. 4a.
Meanwhile the main distribution (high stress) peak remained at almost the same value as that for the short
oxidation time, but was significantly broadened. Figure 4b compares the peak shift distribution for the
CMSX-4(La) sample. Both short time and long time oxidation led to bi-modal distributions with a high
stress peak and low stress peak. With the longer time of oxidation, the high stress peak exhibited a slightly
lower mean stress and became more broadened, while the low stress contribution (arrowed) became more
prominent and had a very low mean stress level.

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Oxygen Diffusion

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Figure 5 shows the 18O maps obtained on cross sections of the TGO for both the CMSX-4 and CMSX-4(La)
substrates after the two different oxidation schemes (1212 and 9624). For both CMSX-4 and CMSX-4(La),
the new oxide containing 18O (bright areas in Fig. 5) was mainly formed at the outer surface of the TGO

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and near the TGO/bond coat interface. The new oxide formed near the TGO/bond coat interface was a well
defined layer with a uniform thickness. The new oxide formed near this interface was much thicker for the
CMSX-4 specimen than that for CMSX-4(La). This was the case for both 1212 and 9624 oxidation
schemes, indicating the formation of new oxide at the TGO/bond coat interface was suppressed in the
CMSX-4(La) specimen. It is interesting to note that the 18O inside the TGO layer on CMSX-4 (Fig. 5c)
appears to reveal the oxide grain boundaries, whereas for CMSX-4(La) it does not show any identifiable
microstructure features.

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Microstructure

The surface morphology of the TGO formed after different oxidation schemes was examined using SEM. As

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shown in Fig. 6a and c, the CMSX-4 sample appears to have formed an oxide layer with a relatively flat
surface, while the TGO on the CMSX-4(La) sample (Fig. 6b and d) tends to have humps (round protrusions
as arrowed) at the top surface. Furthermore, from the cross-sectional images in Fig. 7, the TGO formed on
CMSX-4 (Fig. 7a and c) appears to be dense throughout, while that on CMSX-4(La) has voids formed inside
the TGO layer (as arrowed).

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实例 #2

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结果剖析-实例#2 募格学术

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Demonstration of a stable ultrafast laser based on a nonlinear microcavity
M. Peccianti, A. Pasquazi1, Y. Park, B.E. Little, S.T. Chu, D.J. Moss & R. Morandotti

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Results

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General features of filter-driven four-wave mixing laser. Our method has two immediate advantages. First, it is
intrinsically more efficient; in the alternate approach, the nonlinear mixing is usually performed right afer the
amplification stage, in the point of the loop where the pulse energy is maximum. The linear filtering follows

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the nonlinear step, cutting part of the spectral broadening. In our design, the filtering cannot be considered to be separated
from the nonlinear process. As some frequency components simply do not survive in the filter owing to destructive
interference, they are not able to seed the energy transfer process towards forbidden bands in the spectrum, consequently
reducing the general power loss. Second, it drastically reduces the main cavity length, which substantially increases the
main cavity mode frequency spacing, thus dramatically increasing the laser stability, as, ideally, only one cavity mode is
now allowed to oscillate within the ring resonance. The combination of these factors enables our scheme to achieve stable
operation at high repetition rates over a large range of operating conditions, without any extra stabilization system. In
addition, our FD-FWM scheme can intrinsically produce much narrower linewidths than ultrashort cavity mode-locked
lasers (that oscillate at similar repetition rates), because the long main cavity results in a much smaller SchawlowTownes
phase noise limit23,24.
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Termal stability of filter-driven four-wave mixing scheme. A further key advantage of our approach lies in
the fact that the stable lasing regime is highly robust to external (for example, thermal) perturbations, that are

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a well-known problem in resonator-based optical parametric oscillators (OPOs)17,22. In OPOs, temperature
variations due to the circulating power naturally detune filter resonances with respect to an external pumping

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source. Although stabilization mechanisms such as thermal locking have been exploited to solve this problem,
they are ineffective against slow temperature drifts, a fact which ofen leads to the situation where the OPO
shuts down25.Our approach does not suffer from this problem as all the oscillating lines are actually modes of

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the main cavity that lase within the resonator resonances. As the nonlinear resonator is part of the main cavity,
the changes in the resonator optical path induced by heating also contribute to a change in the main cavity
length, which in turn moderates the frequency misalignment between ring and main cavity modes. Moreover,
the stable oscillation is sustained primarily by external gain and it is obtained at resonator input power levels
in the 10 mW range, about an order of magnitude lower than the values normally used to pump OPOs. The
ring resonator heating issues are therefore reduced. However, we found that the central lasing frequency was
dependent on the energy coupled in the ring, which yielded a variation of the central frequency over the
power at the input of the ring of approximately 0.67 pm mW − 1.

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Laser set-up and operation. The key component of the laser, the ring resonator, shown in Fig. 1a–d,
is an integrated microring resonator with a Q factor of 1.2 million (refs 21, 26) (estimated from a

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measured linewidth of 160 MHz), fabricated in a CMOS-compatible chip platform27,28 based on a
high-index, doped-silica glass waveguide. The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1b (see Methods

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for details). The microring resonator is simply embedded in a standard erbium doped-fibre loop
cavity (acting as the gain medium) containing a passband filter with a bandwidth large enough to pass
all of the oscillating lines, with the main purpose of controlling the central wavelength λ0. A delay

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line is employed to control the phase of the main cavity modes with respect to the ring modes. To
investigate the dependence of the laser performance on the main cavity length, we conducted
experiments with two lasers, one based on a short-length erbium-doped fibre amplifer (EDFA) and
the other based on a long high-power erbium–ytterbium fibre amplifer (EYDFA), the latter having a
similar operating regime to dissipative FWM lasers, where long fibre-based cavities are necessary to
assure the Kerr nonlinearity required for mode-locked laser operation. The two configurations
therefore had signifcantly different main cavity lengths (3 and 33 m), that is, different FSRs (68.5and
6 MHz, respectively) as well as different saturation powers.

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Figure 2 shows the experimental optical spectra of the pulsed output (Fig. 2a,c) along with the temporal traces
obtained by a second-order noncollinear autocorrelator (Fig. 2b,d) for the two systems (EYDFA in Fig. 2a,b and

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EDFA in Fig. 2c,d) at four input powers to the ring resonator. The pulses visible in the autocorrelation trains have a
temporal duration that decreases noticeably as the input power increases, as expected for a typical passive
modelocking scheme.

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From these plots, it would appear that the laser based on the high-power EYDFA had superior overall performance
because its pulsewidth was considerably shorter. However, this ignores the fact that the autocorrelation

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measurements average over any long-time scale fluctuations of the laser, without requiring a stable pulsed output.
The key issue of laser stability or line coherence is better illustrated by a comparison between the experimental
autocorrelation traces with the calculated traces (Fig. 2b,d, green plots) for a fully stable and coherent system
possessing the optical spectra in Fig. 2a,c.Whereas a perfect match is found for the short-length EDFA case, the long
cavity design shows a considerably higher background, thus clearly distinguishing unstable from stable laser
operation22.
By changing the amplifer driving current, we observed a minimum lasing threshold of 500 and 650 mA for the
unstable and stable designs, respectively (Fig. 2e,f) that corresponded to a gain of~20 dB for both the cases. For the
stable case, the input power in the ring versus the driving current is plotted in Fig. 2f. To preserve the stable
operation, the delay line was adapted at the mode-locking threshold. This yielded a slight change in total losses that
induced a kink in the plot around a current of 850 mA. The maximum input power in the ring was 15.4 mW for the
stable case, limited by theperformance of the EDFA. 73
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2.2.5 讨论

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① 对结果进行说明和解释；

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② 指出研究的局限性，并建议进一步的研究方向；

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③ 指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现
有理论进行修正)或实际应用价值。

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1. 回顾本文的重要结果;

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2. 解释该结果的意义；

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3. 结论。

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实例解析

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讨论结构剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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Obesity in older adults and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease
K Dhana1, MA Berghout1, A Peeters2, MA Ikram1,3,4, H Tiemeier1,5, A Hofman1,6, W Nusselder7, M Kavousi1 and OH Franco1

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DISCUSSION
Overall we found that compared with normal weight, overweight and obesity

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in middle age and elderly have a considerable effect on years lived with and
without CVD, although they had no effect on total life expectancy. Total life

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expectancy for obese men and women at age 55 years was not significantly
different from the normal weight individuals. However, obesity was
associated with 2.6 fewer years lived without CVD for men and 1.9 years for
women. Moreover, men and women with obesity spent an extra of 2.9 and 1.7
years living with CVD, respectively.

…
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第三段：

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Our analysis indicated that obesity increased the risk of CVD in men and women, and
the HR were comparable with other studies.29,30 The relation between obesity and

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mortality is well documented among younger and middle-aged populations.31 However,
among the late middle aged as well as elderly, higher BMI has not been consistently

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associated with higher mortality risk.3,5 In addition, a previous meta-analysis by Flegal
et al.4 reported that overweight individuals are at lower risk of mortality, compared with
normal weight individuals. Our study do not report a protective associations of an
increased BMI in individuals without CVD. However, among overweight and obese men
with CVD at baseline, after adjusting for possible confounders, we found that the risk of
mortality decreased by 33% in obese individuals, compared with normal weight
individuals. Although, the role of obesity among the older adults is still a topic of debate,
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Some studies have suggested that being overweight and obese could serve as a
nutritional deposit in hardship conditions such as inflammation and disease. 32,33 In

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contrast, some studies have rejected this paradigm, attributing the lower risk of mortality
to the fact that BMI becomes less sensitive to fat mass and body fat distribution in older

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individuals.34 To reduce the potential effect of underlying disease, we performed a series
of sensitivity analysis in individuals without hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes; in
non-smokers and without comorbidities at baseline. Restricting the analyses to these
subgroups did not generally modify the life expectancies associated with obesity.

…….

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…….

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最后一段：
Our study showed that among late middle age and elderly individuals

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overweight and obesity do not seem to have an impact on total life expectancy,
but are associated with earlier and extended periods lived with CVD. The

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impact of obesity on life expectancy with and without CVD was larger in men
than in women. Owing to the increasing prevalence of obesity and the improved
treatment of CVD, we might expect more individuals living with CVD and for
a longer period of time. This will result in increasing costs of healthcare and
poorer levels of quality of life.

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DISCUSSION

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① Overall we found that … have a considerable effect on …, although

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they had no effect on ….
② … was not significantly different from ….

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③ However, obesity was associated with 2.6 fewer years lived without
CVD for men and 1.9 years for women.
④ Moreover, men and women with obesity spent an extra of 2.9 and 1.7
years living with CVD, respectively.

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第三段：

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① Our analysis indicated that … were comparable with other studies.29,30
② …is well documented ….31

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③ However, … has not been consistently associated with ….3,5
④ In addition, a previous …4 reported that ….
⑤ Our study do not report a protective associations of ….

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⑥ However, …we found that ….
⑦ Although, the role of … is still a topic of debate, some studies have
suggested that ….32,33
⑧ In contrast, some studies ….34
⑨ To reduce the potential effect of …, we performed ….
⑩ Restricting the analyses to these subgroups did not generally modify the
life expectancies associated with obesity.

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…….

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最后一段：

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① Our study showed that …, but ….
② The impact of ….

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③ Owing to …, we might expect ….
④ This will result in ….

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实例 #2

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Demonstration of a stable ultrafast laser based on a nonlinear
microcavity

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M. Peccianti, A. Pasquazi1, Y. Park, B.E. Little, S.T. Chu, D.J. Moss & R. Morandotti

To better quantify the pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability of the two lasers we recorded the electrical radio-

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frequency (RF) spectrum of the envelope signal, collected at the output, using a fast photo-detector. Unstable
oscillation (in the pulse amplitude) was always observed for the long cavity design for the EYDFA (Fig. 3a,b)

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for both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed regimes, owing to the presence of a large number of cavity modes
oscillating in the ring resonance. In complete contrast to this, the short-cavity configuration for the EDFA
(Fig. 3c–f) could easily be stabilized to give the very clean result of Fig. 3e,f, by simply adjusting the main
cavity length to centre an, ideally, single cavity mode with respect to the ring resonance, thereby completely
eliminating any main cavity low-frequency beating. Several stable oscillation conditions were found through
tuning the delay by over 2 cm. For the same gain, the optical bandwidth (insets in Fig. 3c,d) for unstable laser
operation was wider (that is, leading to shorter output pulses) because the instability resulted in a strong
amplitude modulation of the optical pulse train in the main cavity, thus increasing the statistical peak power
and enhancing the nonlinear interactions. This is a common occurrence in mode-locked lasers29.
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Although we expect that significant external temperature changes would eventually detune the
external cavity length, once the thermal stability was reached, standard environmental

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conditioning (21℃) was sufficient to maintain perfectly stable operation within the time-
framework of our experimental sessions (several hours), highlighting the robustness of the

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stability condition.

We confirmed, by numerical simulations (Methods), the dependence of the stability on the

relative phase between the main cavity modes and the ring resonator modes (Fig. 4). We found
that instability could indeed be either induced or suppressed simply by optimizing the phase of
the main cavity modes, that is, the spectral position of the main cavity modes relative to the
ring resonances.

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We concluded our experiments by characterizing the phase noise7,24,30–32. We found that all of

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the emitted lines had a bandwidth well below 130 kHz (full-width at half-maximum
(FWHM)). This bandwidth has been found to be dramatically increased by the contribution of

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the environmental acoustic noise that we could minimize but not fully eliminate. Following
the approach of ref. 24, we discriminated the linewidth associated with the inherent

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bandwidth-quantum-limit, estimated to be below 13 kHz, which suggests that, ultimately,
proper packaging and acoustic isolation would reduce the optical spectral linewidth even
further. We also investigated the source timing jitter, that is, the stochastic deviation of the
temporal pulse position in the train. Following refs. 7,30–32, we estimated from the phase
noise that the jitter contribution to the RF spectral lines is < 10 KHz. This is a remarkable
result for a 200 GHz mode-locked source that does not use any auxiliary stabilization
mechanisms.

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Our ultimate objective is a versatile, fully monolithically integrated laser source. Because

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waveguide amplifiers have been demonstrated in silica glass platforms, we do not
envisage any fundamental issues preventing the full integration of our scheme. This

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proof-of-concept device represents a key step in realizing a fully integrated, stable, high–
performance, laser source operating at flexible and very high repetition rates.

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In summary, we propose and demonstrate a novel mode-locked laser based on a
monolithic high-Q resonator, capable of generating both picosecond and sub-picosecond
transform-limited pulses at a repetition rate of 200.8 GHz and beyond. Our device
operates via a new mechanism that enables stable mode-locked lasing with negligible
amplitude noise, and extrinsically limited phase noise, not constrained by the repetition
rate. We believe this work represents a key milestone in the generation of ultra-stable,
high repetition rate, optical pulse sources, particularly because of its CMOS-compatible
monolithic platform. 89
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实例 #3

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 讨论结构剖析-实例#3 募格学术

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The Influence of La Doping on the Oxidation Mechanism and Stresses in the Thermally Grown Oxide
on CMSX-4 with Pt-Aluminide Bond Coat
Xin Wang, Thian Gnan Ooi, Alan Atkinson,Barbara Shollock, Gary Lee

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Low Stress Zones and Local Damage
The low stress zones had extremely low compressive stress or even tensile stress, as shown in Fig. 2b. Since the thermal mismatch

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stress between substrate and TGO could generate 3–4 GPa compressive stress in the TGO, near zero stresses in the low stress zones
imply that the thermal mismatch stress must have been relieved locally. It was found that the low stress zones as shown in Fig. 2b
were often associated with some of the humps shown in Fig. 6b and d, and therefore we now examine whether TGO buckling is

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responsible for this local stress relaxation. The residual stress in the buckled film is related to the film thickness (h) and buckling
width (b) [28] by:

if there is no crack in the film, or

if the film is cracked through its thickness at the centre of the buckle); where E and m are Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the
film. In the current case, the thickness of the TGO ~ 2 lm and the width of low stress zones~20 lm. If E = 380 GPa and v = 0.27,
then 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 are calculated to be 3.36 and 0.84 GPa, respectively, which correspond to 17.1 and 4.26 cm-1 in peak shift. As shown in
Fig. 2b, the average residual stress in the low stress zones was about 2.5 cm-1 which is even lower than the estimated value of 𝜎2 . This
simple calculation indicates that the stress could be relieved, to a value consistent with the measured one, by local buckling only if
through thickness cracking occurred. Since no through thickness cracking was obvious in our SEM observation, stress relaxation by
buckling probably cannot account for the stress relaxation in the low stress zones.
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2.2.6 材料与方法

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• 试剂或材料（Reagents or Materials）

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• 仪器或设备（Instruments，apparatus or equipment）

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• 实验方法及数据处理

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subtitles

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Note：
① 一般情况“材料与方法”是位
于“引言”的后面；
② 另一种情况“材料与方法”则
位于“讨论”的后面；
http://genomemedicine.com/content/4/10/76
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• 重点看的部分也是审稿人关心的部分；

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• 在查找方法的阶段哪些细节是需要仔细研读的地方？

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• 如何高效的解读文献的试验设计？

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实例解析

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材料方法剖析-实例#1 募格学术

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The Influence of La Doping on the Oxidation Mechanism and Stresses in the Thermally
Grown Oxide on CMSX-4 with Pt-Aluminide Bond Coat

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Xin Wang, Thian Gnan Ooi, Alan Atkinson,Barbara Shollock, Gary Lee

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Sample Preparation

The materials investigated in this study were CMSX-4 Ni superalloy single crystal substrates with

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Pt-aluminised bond coats. One type of sample (referred to as CMSX-4 hereafter) was with the normal
CMSX-4 alloy and the other was with a CMSX-4 substrate doped with 30–60 ppm La (referred to as
CMSX-4(La) hereafter). Both substrates were coated with a β-structure Pt-aluminide bond coat at
Sermatech UK. For bond coat processing, the as-received substrates were subjected to thermal degreasing
at a temperature of 350℃ for 30 min and then the surfaces were gritblasted using high purity alumina
particles. Then the substrates were electroplated with platinum in a platinum salt bath at 58℃ to achieve a
thickness of 5 μm. Aluminisation was carried out by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) by a low activity
aluminium source, followed by another 2h of vacuum heat treatment at 1080℃. A post-aging treatment at
870 ℃ for 20h was carried out to restore the intrinsic strength of the base superalloy.
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Isotopic Tracer Oxidation

Prior to isotopic oxidation, (001) oriented substrates of CMSX-4 and CMSX-4 La with Pt-aluminide bond

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coats were cut into cylindrical discs and cleaned ultrasonically in acetone for 20 min. Samples were then
placed in the exchange furnace for two-stage oxidation at a fixed temperature of 1423 K (1150℃). They

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were first oxidized in a natural isotopic oxygen (mainly16O2) atmosphere, forming an initial oxide layer and
then oxidized in an oxygen atmosphere enriched in tracer18O2 isotope, forming new isotopically distinct
oxide. 16O2 (99.76% isotopically) was introduced into the furnace chamber at a partial pressure of 20 kPa
(200 mbar) for a given period of time. This was followed by the introduction of 18O2 (enriched to 18%
isotopically) at a partial pressure of 200 mbar in the second stage oxidation. The experimental matrix for the
two-stage oxidation experiments is given in Table 1.

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Luminescence Measurements and Data Processing
Luminescence measurements and data processing have been described previously[18, 19] and here only a brief

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summary is given. Cr3+ luminescence spectra were acquired using a Renishaw Raman optical microprobe (model
2000) fitted with a motorised mapping stage. The laser source was a green Ar+ laser with a wavelength of 514.5 nm.
The spot size was varied by using different objective lenses. The collected backscattered luminescence light was

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dispersed by a grating (1800 lines/mm) and collected by a CCD array. Before and after each experiment, the
spectrometer was calibrated by taking a spectrum from a strain-free single crystal sapphire sample. An acquisition

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time of one-second per spectrum was used for all mapping. Measurements were taken on a square grid with
different pitch sizes. Each spectrum from a particular location on the map grid was assigned to a pair of x- and y-
coordinates from the computer-controlled motorised stage. Each spectrum corresponds to one pixel in the final
images. All the peak shift data in this contribution are of the R2 line. In luminescence measurements, the probing
volume depends on the spot size of the incident laser beam and the mapping resolution depends on both spot size
and the pitch size. A large spot size is suitable for coarse pitch mapping, while a small spot size is more suitable for
fine pitch mapping. The peak shift (∆𝑣 in cm-1) is related to the in-plane equi-biaxial stress ( in GPa) by: ∆𝑣= 5.07
[13] for a flat random polycrystalline TGO. However, the stress dependence of peak shift is changed if there is a

preferential crystallographic orientation of 𝛼-Al2O3 in the TGO[18]. For this reason, all maps will be presented in
cm-1 instead of in GPa. In addition, under most circumstances the TGO at room temperature has a large
compressive stress (a negative peak shift). For convenience, all the peak shift data in this paper are of negative
peak shift (i.e., the sign is reversed). 99
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FIB-SIMS Analysis and Microstructure Characterisation

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Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis was carried out using an (FEI)-FIB 200 TEM Focused
Ion Beam instrument equipped with a SIMS detector. Samples for the FIB-SIMS characterisation were

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vacuum cold mounted to maintain the integrity of the coatings as well as the thermally grown oxide. After
the vacuum impregnation process, samples were ground by silicon carbide grinding papers with increasing
mesh-size (ranging from #200 to #4000) followed by final polishing using micro-cloth with Struers OP-S

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colloidal silica suspension. The polished epoxy mounted stub was then coated with gold before the FIB-
SIMS examination. A gallium liquid metal ion source (Ga+) was used as a primary ion beam with energy
of 30 ke V. A beam current of 100 pA and a beam width of 20 nm was used for both the acquisition of mass
spectra as well as SIMS mapping. In the acquisition of 18 O2 maps, a beam dwell time of 4 ×10-3 s per pixel
and a resolution of 512×512 pixels were selected. A 20,000 times magnification with a horizontal frame
width of 15 μm ensured no overlapping of the beam spot from adjacent pixels [20].A field emission gun
scanning electron microscope Leo 1525 was used to study the microstructure and composition of the TGO.
XRD analysis was performed on Philips, PW 1710 instrument with a scanning rate of 0.040 degree/second
covering 2𝜃angles from 10° to 100°.
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实例 #2

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Leader Integrity and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in China
Gang Zhang, Yuntao Bai, Arran Caza, and Lu Wang

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Method

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Sample and procedure
Participants in the sample used for hypothesis testing were employees

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from …

Measures
Leader integrity.
Leader effectiveness.
Traditionality.
Organizational citizenship behaviour.
Control variables.
Analyses

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Method

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Sample and Procedure
Participants in the sample used for hypothesis testing were employees from three entertainment and service companies in northwest
China. The employees worked in teams as tea, food, and beverage servers, and thus were engaged in customer-driven activities that

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would benefit from high levels of OCB. For example, service quality could be improved if co-workers were willing to help when
needed in areas outside their formal duties. Moreover, none of these companies had a formal training program for newcomers, and

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thus voluntary assistance from experienced workers was important to the development of new employees.

We distributed a consent form introducing our study and ensuring confidentiality to all participants: team managers and their

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subordinates. After receiving consent, we distributed two questionnaires: one asking subordinates to rate their team managers’
integrity and effectiveness as well as their own traditionality, and one asking team managers to evaluate their subordinates’ OCB.
Using these two sources of data provided the best assessment of each variable, and reduced the threat from same-source and self-
report biases. We used the subordinate’s employee identification number to match the manager and subordinate data. To protect
confidentiality, the researchers collected all questionnaires on-site immediately after they were completed.

In total, 47 manager questionnaires and 233 subordinate questionnaires were distributed. After excluding incomplete questionnaires,
211 sets of manager–subordinate dyads remained, constituting the final sample (overall response rate 90.6 percent), with an average
of 4.5 subordinates per manager. The average age of subordinates was 24.11 years (SD = 4.05), with an average job tenure of 1.63
years (SD = 1.83). Most subordinates were female (76.3 percent). The average age of team managers was 26.51 years (SD = 4.87),
most were male (61.7 percent), and their average job tenure was 3.98 years (SD = 2.79). Table 1 presents the profiles of the samples
in the three companies separately. The samples represented a relatively wide range of working experience in the company, from
three to 11 years. 103
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Measures

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The surveys were written using standard back translation: a native speaker translated the materials from
English to Chinese, and then another native speaker translated them back to English to ensure clarity and
consistency. We used seven-point Likert-type scales to measure all variables (1 = strongly disagree, 7 =

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strongly agree).

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Leader integrity. The eight-item perceived leadership integrity scale was used to measure leader integrity
(Craig & Gustafson, 1998; Kottke & Pelletier, 2013). Sample items include: ‘My manager would lie to me’
(reverse scored) and ‘My manager would falsify records’ (reverse scored). The reliability (Cronbach’s alpha)
for the scale was 0.94.

Leader effectiveness.
Traditionality.
Organizational citizenship behaviour.
Control variables.
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Analyses

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A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the properties of our measures. For
hypothesis testing, we used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002)

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because our data were clustered rather than independent (each manager evaluated multiple
subordinates). HLM controls for non-independence in the data by partitioning the total

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variance into within-group and between-group components. Since our hypotheses were
concerned with within-group relationships, we report the results associated with these
individual-level relationships. Grand-mean-centered linear terms were used as predictors and
constituents of interaction terms to model employee (level 1) outcomes (Hofmann & Gavin,
1998). Since our hypotheses had no group-level linear or interaction relationships, the only
group level (level 2) predictors entered were those controlling for the organization and for
manager demographics.

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实例 #3

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材料方法剖析-实例#3
Gene expression profiling predicts clinical
outcome of breast cancer 募格学术
Laura J. van’t Veer et. al.

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Breast tumour selection criteria
The criteria for the sporadic patients (n=97) were: primary invasive breast carcinoma less than 5 cm (T1 or T2),

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no axillary metastases (No). age at diagnosis less than 55 years, calendar year of diagnosis 1983~1996, no
previous malignancies; all patients were treated by modified radical mastectomy (n=35) or breast conserving

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treatment (n=62),including axillary lymph node dissection followed by radiotherapy. Five patients of the
metastases group received adjuvant systemic therapy consisting of chemotherapy (n=3) or hormonal therapy
(n=2), All other patient did not receive additional treatment. all patient were followed at least annually for a

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period of receive additional treatment. all patient were followed at least annually for a period of were: carriers
of a germline mutation in BBCA1 or BBCA2,and primary invasive breast carcinoma ; no other selection
criterion was applied . This study was approved by the Medial Ethical Committee of the Netherlands Cancer
Institute. For complete patient data, see Table S1 in Supplementary Information.

RNA isolation
We used 30 sections of 30-μm thickness for total RNA isolation. Total RNA was isolated with
RNAzolB, and finally dissolved in a RNase-free H2O. Twenty-five micrograms of total RNA was
treated with RNase using the Qiagen RNase-free DNase kit and RNeasy spin columns. Total RNA
treated with DNase was dissolved in RNase-free H2O to a final concentration of 0.2 μg μl-1. 107
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参考文献

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内容 募格学术

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看什么？

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• 引用文章的水准
• 引用文章作者出现频次，所在研究组的情况

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• 引用文章发表时间
• 参考文献格式

怎么看？

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• 从本文出发
• 一篇接一篇的连锁反应

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实例 #2

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3.466

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1.945

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