Reduplication is a morphological process of repeating the basic form totally, partially or the

exchange of sound Based on.

Types of Reduplication

Full Reduplication – entire words duplicated.

This type of reduplication applies doubling of the entire word. The word is simply repeated,
often to yield plurals or to give various levels of intensity to a thought.
e.g. Original: "nice"
Reduplicated: "nice-nice" (really nice)

original: nuff
reduplication:nuff nuff 9 (a lot, very many, enough)

Partial Reduplication – parts of words (element, root, stem) duplicated This type of reduplication
uses a part of the words, typically a syllable that is repeated, and not the entire word.
e.g. tiny winy (very small)

Internal change- is a process that substitutes one non-morphemic segment for another to mark
a grammatical contrast-
Examples a. sing, sang, sung, song ( marks difference in tense or aspect/ part of speech)
b. bind, band ( marks difference in lexical category)
c. rise, raise (internal change1 marks difference in transitivity)
d. goose, geese ( marks contrast in number; so-called irregular plurals)
(Sana, 2023)

Clipping is the process of shortening a word without changing its meaning or part of speech.
Original Word: them
Clipped Form: dem
Original Word: never
Clipped Form: neva

Three main patterns can be found, with another border-line pattern which can be added:

 Clipping of the final part, of the end of the word, back-clipping (apocopation
or apocope): bi (<< bisexual); bins (<< binoculars); mike (<< microphone). It
is by far the most frequent case, accounting for 3 cases out of 4 (Tournier).
Even discontinuous pieces can be clipped, as with sci-fi (<< science fiction
 Clipping of the initial part, of the beginning of the word, fore-
clipping (apheresis): fro (<< Afro); loid (<< celluloid); Yard (<<
montagnard), accounting for 1 case out of 5.
 Clipping of both the initial and the final parts of the word (syncope): jam (<<
pajamas); shrink (<< head-shrinker); van (<< advantage); flu (<< influenza);
fridge (<< refrigerator).

Acronyms

An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial letters in a phrase or a multi
syllable word (as in Benelux). The initials are pronounced as new single words. Commonly derived word
are written in upper case e.g. NATO.

Some common examples of acronyms are:

GECOM - Guyana Elections Commission

Meaning: Refers to the organization responsible for conducting elections in Guyana.

Usage: "GECOM announced the date for the upcoming elections."

· CD is acronym of compact disk

· VCR is acronym of video cassette recorder

· NATO is acronym of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

· NASA is acronym of National Aeronautics and Space Administration

· PIN is acronym of Personal Identification Number

Some time the word is written in lower case (Initial letter capital when at start of sentence)

· Laser is acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

· Scuba is acronym of Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

· Radar is acronym of Radio Detecting And Ranging

(Sana, 2023)

Sana. (2023, June 27). Word formation Processes in Morphology. Literary English.
https://literaryenglish.com/word-formation-processes-in-morphology/

(Sana, 2023)

Eponyms

In word formation process, sometimes new words are derived based on the name of a person or a
place. Sometimes these words have attribution to a place and sometimes the words are attributed
to the things/terms who discovered/invented them. For example, the word volt is an electric term
that is after the name of Italian scientist Alessandro Volta.
Some common examples of eponyms are:

 Berbician: refers to someone who lives in the Berbice region in Guyana

 Spangle: after the person who invented it
 Watt: after the name of scientist James Watt
 Fahrenheit: after the name of German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit

(Sana, 2023)