WEEK 1: Phonetic & Phonology

Phonentics: deal with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of
the language being spoken.

Phonology:

Trachea/ winpipe: khis quanr

The pharynx: space behind the tounge, above the tounge, up towards the nasal cavity

Palate: soft/velum & hard palate: ngacj cung& mem

Uvula:
Những nguyên âm: /ʌ/, /ɑ:/, /æ/, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /ɪ/, /i:/, /ɒ/, /ɔ:/, /ʊ/, /u:/, /aɪ/,
/aʊ/, /eɪ/, /oʊ/, /ɔɪ/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ʊə/ Những phụ âm: /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/,
/l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /ʃ/, /t/, /tʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /v/, /w/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ 
WEEK 2: DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS

I.Consonant: 24 cons , 20 vowel sounds

- Defi:
- Classification:
The place of articulation: vị trí cấu âm (theo thứ tự dần dần từ vị trí 2 môi -> môi, răng -> chỉ có
răng -> ko cần răng -> ……)
 The location of the obstruction of the air-stream
a. Bilabial (vi tri 2 moi): /p/ /m/ /b/ /w/
b. Labio-dental: the lower lip brought up against the upper front teeth. Tounge in rest
position /f/ /v/
c. Dental: tip of the tounge protrudes bwt the teeth/θ/ /ð/
d. Alveolar: tip of the tongue /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /n/
e. Palato-alveolar: bwt the alveilar ridge and the palate /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/
f. Palatal: front of the tongue is brought up against the hard palate /j/
g. Velar: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/
 h. Glottal: /h/

bilabial Labio- dental alveolar Palato- palatal velar glottal

dental alveolar
Stop b
p
Nasal m

Fricative

Affricate

Approximan
t
Lateral
Retroflex
Glide

The manner of articulation: cách thức cấu âm

 The way the air stream os obstructed or altered in the production of sounds
 Describes the types of obstruction caused by the narrowing or closure of the articulators.
a. Stop (oral stop): 2 articulars comes apart quickly => air escapes through the oral tract.
/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/
b. Nasal: (nasal stop) air-stream stopped in the oral cavity => velum raised => air-s go out
through the nose
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/
 Note: For every stop position in E, there is a nasal articulated in the same position.

c. Fricative: articulators come close together but there’s still a small opening => AS is
partially obstructed => an audible friction nose is produced
/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/
d. Affricate: /tʃ/, /dʒ /
e. Approximant: /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/

VOICING:
1. Voiced consonants: /b/, /v/, /d/, /z/
2. Voiceless consonants: /p/, /f/, /t/, /s/

II.VOWEL => none of the articulators come very close together => air-stream is relatively
unobstructed and the air can get out freely.

Classification: classified according to three variables:

a. Tongue height

b. Part of the tongue which is raised

c. Degree of lip rounding

Describing diphthongs

Describe the glide from the first vowel to thesecond.

• /aɪ/: low central to high front diphthong

• /eɪ/

• /ɔɪ/

• /eə/

• /ɪə/

• /ʊə/

• /əʊ/

• /aʊ/

Describing: vowels phonetic notation

– long/short

– high/low

– front/back

– rounded/unrounded.
PHONEMES & ALLOPHONES

I. PHONEMES : âm vị
Minimal pairs => differ by only 1 phoneme, in identical environment (ở đúng vị ví đó)
Pit => p /1/ i /2/ t/3/
1. Bit, sit
2. Pet, pat, put
3. Pick/k/, pig

Problems:

– A letter can be represented by different sounds. (ex: trong alphabet chữ a đọc là/ei/,
nhưng trong chữ “cat” đọc là /cat/)
– A phoneme can be represented by different letters or combinations of letters.
(ex: /i:/ được biểu hiện bằng combination of letters: ee, ea, …; /k/ => ck, c, k )

II. ALLOPHONES: biến thể âm vị

The nature of syllables

• A minimum syllable is a single vowel in isolation.

Eg. Are, or, err

• Some syllables have an onset (âm đầu)

Eg. My /mai/

• Some syllables may have no onset but have a

coda (termination) (âm cuối)

Eg. On

• Some syllabes have both an onset and a coda.

Eg.meat
LECTURE 5: MORPHOLOGY

1. Definition of Morphemes

• A morpheme is the SMALLEST MEANINGFUL unit in a language.

• Like the phoneme, the morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an ABSTRACTION from the

concrete forms of language.

E.g.:

• Grammatical morphemes (HÌNH VỊ): a, in, can, plural morpheme, present tense morpheme.

• Lexical morpheme: book, eat, “-er”, “re-”

Characteristics

Internally indivisible: it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful units.

Internally stable: nothing can be interposed in amorpheme

Externally transportable: it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context

2.Types of morphemes:
 SMALL,
PART OF WORDS N, V, ADJ , ADV PART OF WORDS
INDEPENDENT

AFFIX: PHỤ TỐ

This classification is based primarily on MEANING.

LIMITED NUMBER

PREDICTABLE

ADDED
1. Definition of Morphs

concrete

FORM

MORPHEMES => MEANING !!!

Ex:

2. Types of MORPHS
 FORM

ATTACHED

MEANING CORE

ATTACH TO
 SUXFIX
PREFIX SUFFIX

ONE ONE

LIMITED

CLASS CHANGING: THAY ĐỔI TỪ LOẠI N, V..

CLASS MAINTAINING
PRECEDE LAST

CONTRACTION
INDEPENDENT
 Meaning of the root

Meaning of the root Ex: duck – duckling

The part of speech of the root

a-

Be-

En-

Semantic classes

More than 1

More than one

Exact

Ablaut

Rhyme

zero
 Run, drive, walk

Head, shoulder, contact

Better, empty

Blue-collar (worker) , head (book keeper)

Poor, rich

Down, up, offf

Tiểu từ

Down, up, offf

Down, up, off

 No phonological

Derivational suffix

Derivaton: them hau to, phu to

Duplication: gaaps doi len (initial vowels)
 More than 1

opaque

A single word Single syntactic unit

Ex: a good looking pop singer => 1 noun phrase

externally Internally

Mobility

One
5. Blending
• Blending is accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the

End of the other word.

• E.g.
- gasso(line) + (alco)hol → gasohol
- Sm(oke) + (f)og → smog
- Mo(tor) + (ho)tel → motel

• Sometimes one or other morphemes is left intact.

E.g.
sky + (hi)jacker → skyjacker
docu(mentary) + drama → docudrama

6. Back formation

• A word of one type is reduced to form a word

of another type is called back formation.
 • Back formation is the opposite of derivation
• E.g.
- Emotion → emote
- Peddler → peddle
- Connotation → connote

7. Shortening

• Shortening is the segment of sound

segments without respect to morphological
boundaries.
• 3 types:
- Clipped forms
- Acronyms
- Initialism

7. Shortening

• Clipping: the result of deliberately dropping

part of a word, usually either the ................. or
the ................., while retaining the same
meaning and same word class.
• E.g.
- Fanatic → fan - Microphone → mike
- Mitten → ............. - Hamburger → .............
- Refrigerator → .................

7. Shortening

• Clipping:
• A word or part of a word in a phrase is
clipped
narcotics agent → narc
moving picture → movie (a diminutive affix may be
attached to the clipped form)
• A clipping may leave behind a prefic or suffix
................ rather than (part of) the root

ex-husband → ex

7. Shortening

• Acronyms: The initial letters of words in a

phrase are pronounced as a word.
• E.g.
- WASP: White Anglo Saxon Protestant.
- NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Radar: radio detecting and ranging.

7. Shortening

• Initialism: The letters of words in a phrase are

pronounced as ................. .
• E.g. - a.m
- p.m
- B.C
- A.D

8. Root Creation

• Root creation is the invention of an entirely new

root morpheme.
• E.g: brand names
– Onomatopoeic words: their pronunciation are
imitative of animal sounds or natural sounds.
– Literary coinages (trong các tác phẩm văn học => tạo ra 1 từu mới hoàn toàn)

Note:
1. Hậu tố
2. 3 loại: …..
3. Thay đổi về từ loại, stress location
4. Combinding 2 or more group, di chuyển cả cụm với nhau, thường rơi vào trọng âm đầu tiên
5. Mix giữa , bỏ phần cuối từ 1, phân đầu từ 2 , chú ý morphology
6. Original form và converted form => xem là derivation or back formation