DẪN NHẬP NGỮ ÂM- ÂM VỊ HỌC TIẾNG ANH

 Phonetics:
- The study of human speech sounds
- A branch of linguistics studying the production, the physical nature, the perception, and other
aspects of human speech sound
 Areas of phonetics: 3
 Articulatory (physiological) phonetics:
- The study of how speech sounds are produced by organs of speech
- The organs of speech: parts of the body, used to modify the stream of air, to produce different
sounds
- Articulation: the production of different speech sounds through the use of the organs of speech

 Active articulators ( can move under the control of the speaker): pharynx, velum, lips, tongue
 Passive articulators ( can’t move): upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate
 Acoustic phonetics:
- Studies the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted in the forms of the sound
waves through the air
 Auditory phonetics:
- Deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener
 Phonology: the study of the more abstract, the more psychological aspect of speech
 3 speech chains: psychological, articulatory, physical/ acoustic, (auditory)

 Difference
between
vowels and
consonants

Vowels (Nguyen am) Consonants (phu am)

- No air obstruction in the vocal tract - With a narrow or complete closure
- More sonorous (louder than in the vocal tract
consonants) - Less sonorous
- Voiced - Either voiced or voiceless
- Syllabic - Generally not syllabic
- Pure vowels /monophthongs
Diphthongs
** All the consonants are produced with an obstruction of the airstream

 Description of English consonants

 How many consonants? 24
 How many are voiced? 15 are voiced
 How many are voiceless? 9 are voiceless

Place of articulation (8 types): where the constriction of airflow takes place, used to produce speech
sounds

Palato-alveolar just behind the alveolar ridge

Phonology studies the ways phonemes function in language

Manner of articulation (6 types): means what kind of obstruction is made

Voicing ( 2 types): -> Voiced

 Voiceless

Stops/ Plosives/ Explosives: /p/;/t/;/k/;/b/;/d/;/g/

 Fricatives:
- The articulators close but are not complete
- Air is released through the gap
- Unlike plosives

Force of articulation
 Fortis (voiceless) Lenis (voiced)
- Strong - Weak
- Voiceless consonants - Voiced consonants
- Longer - Shorter
- Eg: [p] - Eg: [b]

- Bilabial: âm môi
- Alveolar: âm lợi
- Velar:

Vowel length

 Open syllables >> closed syllables

/bi:/ >> /bi:d/>> /bi:t/
Syllables closed with voiced consonants >> syllables closed with voiceless consonants
/wi:d/ >> /wi:t/
 Strong division: will have as its center one of the vowel phonemes or possibly a triphthong
 Weak syllable: can have only 4 types of center
+ the vowel: schwa /ə/
+a close unrounded /i:/, /i/
+ a close back rounded vowel : /u:/, /u/
+ a syllabic consonant /bl/, /pl/, /tl/, /dn/

Voice of articulation
1. Full voicing
Medial position: [b] [d] [g]
Rabbit, cider, margin, daisy, favor
Initial position: [l] [r]
Lead, rain
2. Devoiced:
Initial position: [b] [d] [g]
Ban, die, jar, vet
Preceded by voiceless stops: [l] [r]
Train, clean, clear
3. Voiceless/ totally devoiced
Final position:
 Cab, side, barge,
- The syllabic consonant is a combination of a vowel and a consonant in 1 sound
Flapping/ flap /t/ sound
- Aspiration= unvoiced air that comes out of the mouth at the end of /p,t,k/

 Vowels
- A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract
- Vowels are voiced
- Louder than consonants

Parameters

1. Tongue part
The raised part of the tongue: front, central, back
- Front: the tongue raised in direction of the hard palate: [i],[i:],[e],[ae]
- Central: center raised toward the palate
- Back: toward velum
2. Tongue height
The height of the raised part of the tongue: high, mid, low
- High/close: [i],[i:],[u]
- Mid/ half-close
- Low/ open
3. Shape of lips
Lips rounding: rounded, unrounded
- Rounded: lip drawn together -> opening between them are more or less round
- Neutral
4. Length
Duration: long, short
5. Tenseness
The effort with tongue and jaw: tense, lax
- Long vowels: tense
- Short vowels: lax
  Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging.
The English monophthongs are: [ı], [e], [æ], [a:], [Ŋ], [ :], [ ], [з:], [ә]
 Diphthongs (nguyên âm kép)
- A diphthong is a long vowel sound made by gliding from one position of the mouth to another
within the same syllable
- Be characterized by movement
A speech sound involving 2 vowels
- Centring
- Rising/ closing
Ex: /ei/,/ai/
 Triphthongs (nguyên âm ba)
- A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and
without interruption.
Ex: flowers

 3 types of assimilation
1. Progressive
- Preceding sound
- Devoiced ( preceding voiceless stop)
- Ex: [z] is devoiced the preceding voiceless [k] -> [s] Books
2. Regressive
- Following sound
+ Labialization ( môi hóa) [p,b,m]
+ Velarization [k,g]
Dark [l~] : velarise
 Clear [l]: Non- velarise
+ Nasalization [n/m]
3. Mutual
- Coalescence
+ [t] + [j] make [t∫] want you [want+ju]
+[ d ] + [ j ] makes [dZ] need you
+ [ s ] + [ j ] makes [∫] miss you
+ [z] + [j] makes [Z ] lose you

“My grandfather has a dog” -> [g] may be devoiced at the end of the word [dog]

[ankle] -> [l] becomes syllabic after voiced stop [k]

[that year] -> [t] is palatalized before palatal [j]

[fat girl] -> [t] maybe velarized before the velar [g]

[factual] -> mutual assimilation

greenhouse” [ gri:n haʊs ] -> [ 'gri:n haʊs ]

Progressive assimilation is a process by which a sound copies one or more phonetic features from the
following sound

Nasal sounds are produced with the velum being lowered

Differ manner of articulation [p,b,z,d]

Differ place of articulation [k,w,n,g]