Chemistry SL P2 Markscheme Chapter 1-6

–4– M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
SECTION A
1. (a) 0.675 (g) ± 0.002 (g);

Percentage uncertainty: 0.3 %; [2]
Accept answers correct to one, two or three significant figures for percentage uncertainty.
(b) In 25.0 cm3: nHA = 1.21×10−3 (mol) ;

In 100 cm3: nHA = 4.84 ×10−3 (mol) ;
 0.675 
M= −3 
= 139 (g mol –1 ) ; [3]
 4.84 × 10 
Award [3] for correct final answer.
Accept suitable alternative methods.
 70.56   23.50   5.94 

(c) nC:  =  5.88 and nO:  =  1.47 and nH:  =  5.88;
 12.01   16   1.01 
C4H4O; [2]
Accept answers using integer values of molar mass.
(d) weak acids partially dissociated/ionized and strong acids completely dissociated/
ionized (in solution/water) / OWTTE; [1]
(e) measuring electrical conductivity;

strong acids have greater electrical conductivity / weak acids have lower electrical
conductivity;
OR
adding a reactive metal / carbonate / hydrogen carbonate;
Accept correct example.
stronger effervescence with strong acids / weaker with weak acids / OWTTE;
OR
adding a strong base;
Accept correct example.
strong acid would increase more in temperature / weak acids increase less in
temperature; [2]
2. (a) decreases (from left to right/across period 3);

same number of shells/energy levels / shielding effect remains the same;
number of protons/nuclear charge increases so attraction of nucleus on outer electrons
increases / OWTTE; [3]
(b) hypothesis is wrong since ionic radius should be smaller than atomic
radius/ 110 × 10 –12 m ;
greater attraction of the nucleus on outer electrons / effective charge of nucleus
greater / repulsive forces between electrons smaller; [2]
3. (a) Sodium Sodium chloride
State of matter solid (and liquid) liquid / aqueous/solution ;
Particles that conduct the

electrons Ions / Na+ and Cl- ;
current
Reaction occurring no reaction occurs (redox) reaction occurs / electrolysis ;

[3]
Award [1] for each feature that is correct for both sodium and sodium chloride.
Accept equation or half-equations for the reaction of sodium chloride in “reaction
occurring”.
(b)
– +
negative electrode positive electrode
electrolyte
clear diagram containing all elements (power supply, connecting wires, electrodes,
container and electrolyte);
labelled positive electrode/anode and negative electrode/cathode;
Accept positive and negative by correct symbols near power supply.
Accept power supply if shown as conventional long/short lines (as in diagram above)
or clearly labelled DC power supply.
labelled electrolyte/NaCl(l); [3]

State of NaCl not needed.
(c) production of aluminium/chlorine/lithium/magnesium/hydrogen/sodium hydroxide/

sodium chlorate / electroplating / purification of metals; [1]
Do not allow production of sodium.
4. (a) loss of electrons; [1]
(b) Carbon:
III to IV / +3 to +4 / (+)1;
Manganese:
VII to II / +7 to +2 / –5; [2]
Penalize incorrect notation such as 3+ once only.
(c) Oxidizing agent: MnO4– and Reducing agent: (COOH)2; [1]

Accept correct names instead of formulas.
Do not accept Mn and C.
5. (a) butan-2-ol/2-butanol; [1]
(b) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH;
(CH3)2CHCH2OH;
(CH3)3COH; [2 max]
Accept condensed or full structural formulas.
Penalise missing H atoms or incorrect bonds (such as C–HO, C–H2C) only once in
the whole paper.
(c) C2 H 5CHOHCH 3 + [O] → C2 H 5COCH 3 + H 2O ; [1]

Accept condensed or full structural formulas.
Accept [O] on top of the arrow.
Do not accept equation without H2O.
Do not accept equation with H+/Cr2O72–.
SECTION B
6. (a) (i) atoms of the same element/with the same number of protons/with same atomic
number but different number of neutrons/mass number/mass; [1]
(ii) 10 x + 11(1 − x) = 10.81, x = 0.19 ;

Accept similar method.
10
B: 19% and 11B: 81%; [2]
(b) (i) R: acceleration and S: deflection; [1]
(ii) Protons: 5 and Neutrons: 6;

Electron arrangement: 2,2 / 1s2 2s2; [2]
Allow suitable diagram.
12
(iii) C/carbon-12; [1]
(c) (i) NH3 BF3
; ;
[2]
Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.
(ii) sharing of electrons between atoms; [1]
(iii) NH3: (trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;

BF3: trigonal/triangular planar;
NH3 has 4 negative centres of charge/three bonding pairs and one lone pair and
BF3 has 3 negative centres of charge/three bonding pairs / OWTTE;
(bond angles) 107 ° in NH3 and 120 ° in BF3; [4]
Accept 107.5 ° for NH3.
(iv) BF3 not polar as no net dipole moment / BF bond polarities cancel each other
out / symmetrical distribution of charge;
NH3 polar as net dipole moment present / NH bond polarities do not cancel
each other out / unsymmetrical distribution of charge; [2]
Accept suitable diagram showing dipole moments.
Do not accept electronegativities cancel out.
(d) (i) electron pair acceptor; [1]
(ii) NH3: Lewis base;

BF3: Lewis acid;
NH3 has non-bonding/lone pair of electrons and BF3 has only 3 pairs of
electrons around B/incomplete octet; [3]
Reference to outer electrons of N and B is needed for the mark.
7. (a) (i) (q = mcΔT =) 0.0500 × 4.18 × 21.3 = 4.45 (kJ);

Do not accept m = 0.05023 kg.
0.230
(n methanol =) = 7.18 × 10–3 (mol) ;
32.05
4.45
ΔH = ;
7.18 × 10 –3
ΔH = –6.20 ×102 kJ mol–1; [4]
Accept integer values of molar mass.
Final answer must have negative sign and correct units.
Award [4] for correct final answer with correct units.
(ii) less heat is liberated than theoretically/–726 kJ mol–1;

probably due to heat loss/incomplete combustion;
determine heat capacity of calorimeter and take heat absorbed by calorimeter
into account / any suitable insulation method / measure temperature with time
and extrapolation of graph to compensate heat loss / OWTTE; [3]
If the value calculated in (a) (i) is more exothermic than theoretically, allow
ECF for M1 and for improvement if consistent.
(b) ëH Ö = 12 II + III − 12 I / correct diagram/energy cycle;

–283 – 572 – (–726);
–129 (kJ mol–1); [3]
(c) (i) rate of forward reaction equals rate of backward reaction;

concentrations of reactants and products do not change / constant macroscopic
properties; [2]
[CH 3OH]
(ii) Kc = ; [1]
[CO][H 2 ]2
Do not award mark if incorrect brackets are used or brackets omitted.
(iii) Haber process/production of NH3 / contact process/production of H2SO4; [1]

Accept suitable equation.
(d) (i) shifts to left/reactants;

to endothermic side / (forward) reaction is exothermic; [2]
(ii) shifts to the right/products;

to the side with fewer gas molecules/moles of gas; [2]
(iii) no effect on equilibrium;

rate of forward and backward reaction increase equally / activation energy of
forward and backward reaction lowered equally; [2]
8. (a) (i) same functional group / same general formula;

difference between successive members is CH2;
similar chemical properties;
Do not accept “same” chemical properties.
gradually changing physical properties; [3 max]
(ii) adding bromine (water);

ethene: brown/orange to colourless / decolourizes bromine water and
ethane: does not change colour; [2]
OR
adding acidified potassium permanganate solution/KMnO4(aq);
ethene: purple to colourless/brown and
ethane: does not change colour;
OR
adding Baeyer’s reagent;
ethene: purple/pink to brown and
ethane: does not change colour;
Do not accept “clear” or “transparent” for “colourless”.
(iii) C2 H 4 + HBr → C2 H 5 Br ;
C2 H 6 + Br2 → C2 H 5 Br + HBr ; [2]
Accept structural formulas.
Penalise missing H atoms or incorrect bonds (such as C–HO, C–H2C) in
structural formulas only once in the paper.
(b) (i) C4 H 9 Br + OH – → C4 H 9OH + Br – ; [1]

Accept NaOH in the equation.
(ii) decreases; [1]
(c) (i) C4H9Br:

[C4H9Br] doubles and time halves/rate doubles / rate proportional to [C4H9Br];
Do not accept rate increases when [C4H9Br] increases.
NaOH:
[NaOH] doubles and time/rate does not change / rate independent of [NaOH]; [2]
(ii) increases rate; [1]

Accept increases number of collisions.
(iii) rate depends on [C4H9Br] only / rate does not depend on [OH–] / SN1 reaction /
first order reaction / if it was primary, reaction would be SN2;
tertiary; [2]
Accept ECF.
– 10 – M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M
(iv) (CH3)3CBr; [1]

Allow both condensed and full structural formula.
Accept ECF.
(v) C4 H9 Br + Br2 → C4 H8 Br2 + HBr ; [1]
(d)
curly arrow showing Br– leaving;

representation of tertiary carbocation;
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in –OH to C+;
Do not allow arrow originating on H in –OH.
formation of (CH3)3COH and Br–; [4]

Accept Br– anywhere on product side in the reaction scheme.
If primary halogenoalkane has been answered in (c)(iii) apply ECF for the
mechanism:
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in –OH to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in –OH.
curly arrow showing Br– leaving;

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromobutane
or in the transition state.
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial
bond;
Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180 ° to each other.
Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.
formation of organic product C4H9OH and Br–;

Accept Br– anywhere on product side in the reaction scheme.
SECTION A
1. (a) systematic (error); [1]

Do not accept parallax.
(b) closeness of agreement of a set of measurements to each other / OWTTE; [1]

Allow reproducibility/consistency of measurement / measurements with small
random errors/total amount of random errors/standard deviation / a more precise
value contains more significant figures / OWTTE.
(c) potassium permanganate has a very dark/deep (purple) colour so cannot read
bottom of meniscus / OWTTE; [1]
(d) (i) gain (of electrons); [1]
(ii) VII / +7; [1]

Do not accept 7 or 7+.
(e) (i) volume  16.80 (cm3 ) / 18.00  1.20 (cm3 ) ;

 16.80  5.00 103  5
amount     8.40 10 (mol) ; [2]
 1000 
(ii) (8.40  105  5  10)  4.20  103 (mol per 250 cm3 ) ; [1]
(iii) (55.85  4.20  103 )  0.235(g) ; [1]

Do not penalize if 56 g mol–1 is used for atomic mass of iron.
 0.235 100 
(iv)   14.2 % ; [1]
 1.65 
No ECF if answer >100 %.
(f) (i) MnO 2 ; [1]
(ii) due to insufficient acid (in flask) / OWTTE; [1]

2. (a) 4H2O(l)  3CO2 (g)  C3H8 (g)  5O2 (g) H  2219(kJ mol 1 ) ;
4H 2 (g)  2O 2 (g)  4H 2O (l) : H   ( 286)(4)    1144 (kJ mol 1 ) ;
3C (s)  3O 2 (g)  3CO 2 (g) : H   (394)(3)    1182 (kJ mol 1 ) ;
H   (286)(4)  (394)(3)  (2219)    107 (kJ mol1 ) ; [4]
(b) minimum energy needed (by reactants/colliding particles) to react/start/initiate

a reaction / for a successful collision; [1]
Allow energy difference between reactants and transition state.
(c) x-axis label: (kinetic) energy/(K)E and y-axis label: fraction of molecules/
particles / probability density;
Allow velocity/speed for x-axis.
Allow frequency / number of molecules/particles or (kinetic) energy distribution
for y-axis.
correct shape of a Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve;
Do not award mark if curve is symmetric, does not start at zero or if it crosses x-axis.
Probability density
T1
T2
(Kinetic) energy
two curves represented with second curve for T2  T1 to right of first curve, lower
peak than first curve and after the curves cross T2 curve needs to be above T1
curve; [3]
3. (a) (i) [H ] increased by factor of 10; [1]

Allow an increase of 1.426  10 3 mol dm-3.
(ii) ethanoic acid; [1]

Allow acetic acid.
(b) CaCO3 (s)  H2SO4 (aq)  CaSO4 (s)  H2O(l)  CO2 (g)
correct chemical equation;
correct state symbols; [2]
Allow CaSO4(aq) instead of CaSO4(s).
M2 can only be scored if M1 is correct.
Award [1max] if H2CO3(aq) is given instead of H2O(l) + CO2(g).
4. (a) van der Waals’/London/dispersion and dipole-dipole; [1]

Allow abbreviations for van der Waals’ as vdW or for London/dispersion as FDL.
(b) (i) (CH 3 )2 NH :
Lone pair not necessary.
CH 4 :
[2]
All bonds (including CH bonds of methyl groups) must be shown for both
structures.
Penalize missing hydrogens once only.
(ii) (CH 3 ) 2 NH ;
(intermolecular) attraction between hydrogen (atom) in O–H/N–H (polar)
bond and (lone pair on) electronegative N/O / hydrogen between two very
electronegative elements (nitrogen and oxygen) / OWTTE; [2]
Accept hydrogen bonded to nitrogen which is electronegative/has
lone pair.
Do not allow ECF if M1 incorrect.
(iii) representative drawing showing hydrogen bond between (CH 3 ) 2 NH and

H 2O ; [1]
Do not penalize if lone pair as part of hydrogen bond is not shown.

Allow any representation of hydrogen bond (for example, dashed lines, dots
etc.) which differs from full stick representation of the other covalent bonds
in amine and water molecules.
Allow full line if labelled as hydrogen bond.
Lone pairs on oxygen not necessary.
Award mark if two hydrogen bonds drawn between the molecules from the
lone pair and the H on the N.
SECTION B
5. (a) (i) (electrostatic) attraction between oppositely charged ions/cation and anion/
positive and negative ions; [1]
Do not allow electrostatic attraction between metals and non-metals.
(ii) Description:
a lattice is a giant, regular/repeating arrangement/array;
of (chloride) anions/negative ions/Cl– and (sodium) cations/positive
ions/Na+;
each sodium ion surrounded by six chloride ions / each chloride ion
surrounded by six sodium ions;
M2 may also be scored from a diagrammatical key or labels on each ion.
M3 may also be scored by a correctly represented cubic representation
showing the six-coordination around either the sodium ion or each
chloride ion.
Diagram:
cubic lattice type representation (showing a minimum of one sub-cube and
alternating Na+ and Cl– ions);
Cl– shown represented bigger than Na+ on diagram; [4 max]
Na+
Cl–
Award [4] for correctly drawn diagram (like above) with ions clearly
identified.
Award [3 max] for the following diagram below if no explanation in words
is given.
Na+
Cl–
(iii) (NH 4 )3 PO 4 ; [1]

Allow use of square brackets.
(b) (i) SF2 BF3 PCl3
F
P
; ;
Lewis B Cl Cl
Cl
(electron dot) F F
structure
Allow any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent
electron pairs.
Penalize missing lone pairs once only.
v-shaped/bent/ trigonal/triangular trigonal/triangular
angular; planar; pyramidal;
Do not allow mark Do not allow just Allow pyramidal
for stating planar. (since SL).
tetrahedral (as this Do not allow
is the electron- mark for stating
domain geometry tetrahedral (as
and not the this is the
Shape molecular electron-domain
geometry). geometry and not
Penalize the molecular
tetrahedral once geometry).
only. Penalize
tetrahedral once
only.
Do not allow ECF from Lewis structures with an incorrect
number of negative charge centres. [6]
(ii) allow any bond angle in the range 97 to less than 109.5 (experimental
value is 98 );
due to four negative charge centres/four electron pairs/four electron domains
(two of which are lone pairs)/tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs;
extra repulsion due to two lone pairs of electrons repelling each other / lone
pairs occupy more space (than bonding pairs) so F–S–F bond angle
decreases from 109.5 / OWTTE; [3]
Answers which refer to electronegativity consideration of F’s also are
correct, as long as LP/LP repulsion is also mentioned to score M3.
(iii) SF2 :
polar because net dipole moment present in molecule / SF bond polarities do
not cancel each other out / unsymmetrical distribution of charge / OWTTE;
BF3 :
non-polar because no net dipole moment present in molecule / BF bond
polarities do cancel each other out / symmetrical distribution of charge /
OWTTE;
PCl3 :
polar because net dipole moment present in molecule / PCl bond polarities
do not cancel each other out / unsymmetrical distribution of charge /
OWTTE; [3]
Award [1 max] for SF2 polar, BF3 non-polar, PCl3 polar even if
explanations are incorrect or are not given.
Polarity may also be explained using diagrams showing net dipole moments.
(c) IBr:
  (3.0  2.7)  0.3 , covalent
BaCl2:
  (3.2  0.9)  2.3 , ionic
CsI:
  (2.7  0.8)  1.9 , ionic
HBr:
  (3.0  2.2)  0.8 , covalent [2]
Award [2] for all four correct, [1] for two or three correct.
Award [1 max] for stating IBr, HBr covalent and BaCl2, CsI ionic.
Allow polar covalent instead of covalent.
Allow large electronegativity difference for ionic and small electronegativity
difference for covalent.
6. (a) (i) atoms of same element / atoms with same number of protons/atomic
number/Z;
Do not allow elements instead of atoms in second alternative.
(but) different numbers of neutrons/mass number/A; [2]
(ii) Number of Number of Number of

Isotope
protons neutrons electrons
35
Cl 17 18 17 ;
37
Cl 17 20 17 ; [2]
Allow [1 max] for 17 p, 17 e for both if n’s are omitted or incorrect.
Allow [1 max] for 35Cl: 18 n and 37Cl: 20 n if p’s and e’s are omitted.
(iii) (for 35Cl : x%) 35 x  3700  37 x  3545 ;

Allow other alternative mathematical arrangements.
Cl  77.5% and 37 Cl  22.5% ;

35
[2]
Award [1 max] for correct percentages if no correct working is shown.
(iv) 2,8,8; [1]

Allow 1s22s22p63s23p6 or [Ne]3s23p6 or [Ar].
(b) (i) ability of atom/nucleus to attract bonding/shared pair of electrons /

attraction of nucleus for bonding/shared pair of electrons / OWTTE; [1]
Do not allow element instead of atom/nucleus.
(ii) increasing atomic radii (down the group) / OWTTE;

so reduced attraction (for the bonding electrons) / OWTTE;
screening/shielding effect of inner electrons / OWTTE; [2 max]
Allow more energy levels/electron shells for M1.
Do not accept decrease in nuclear charge.
(iii) 2KBr (aq)  Cl2 (aq)  2KCl (aq)  Br2 (aq) ; [1]
Ignore state symbols.
Allow ionic equation.
(iv) colourless/pale yellow/green to yellow/orange/brown; [1]

Start and end colours must both be mentioned.
(c) (i) (sewage) pipes / (food) packaging / clothing / insulation (for electric
wires/cables) / ceiling tiles / guttering; [1]
Allow other suitable alternatives (there are many possible examples here –
these are some of the major ones).
Apply list principle.
(ii) Bonds breaking:

1 ( CC )  4  ( CH )  1 ( ClCl )
 (1)(612)  (4)(413)  (1)(243) /  () 2507(kJ mol1 ) ;
Bonds forming:
1 ( CC )  4  ( CH )  2  ( CCl )
 (1)(347)  (4)(413)  (2)(346) /  2691(kJ mol1 ) ;
Enthalpy change:
(2507  2691 ) 184(kJ mol1 ) ;
OR
Bonds breaking:
1 ( CC )  1 ( ClCl )
 (1)(612)  (1)(243) /  ()855(kJ mol1 ) ;
Bonds forming:
1 ( CC )  2  ( CCl )
 (1)(347)  (2)(346) /  1039(kJ mol1 ) ;
Enthalpy change:
(855 1039 ) 184(kJ mol1 ) ; [3]
(iii) exothermic; [1]

Do not award mark unless based on some value for part (ii).
(iv) representation of PVC showing two repeating units; [1]

For example,
Brackets not necessary but continuation bonds must be given.

No penalty if chlorines are not on same side.
No penalty if chlorines are on two middle C atoms or on two end C atoms.
(v) monomers are smaller molecules / monomers have smaller mass / smaller
surface area than polymers;
weaker/fewer intermolecular/London/dispersion/van der Waals’ forces
(of attraction); [2]
Allow reverse argument.
Allow abbreviation for London/dispersion as FDL or for van der Waals’ as
vdW.
Award zero if reference is made to breaking of bonds.
7. (a) (i) alkene;

alcohol;
Allow hydroxyl (group) but not hydroxide.
ketone; [2 max]
Accept carbonyl.
(ii) correctly drawn circle around each of the two functional groups and labelled
1 and 2; [1]
Mark can be scored for (ii) without labels (1 and 2) only if no answer is
given in (i).
Apply ECF from (incorrect) functional groups in (i).
(b) compounds with same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms; [1]
Allow compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
(c) (i) but-2-ene; [1]

Allow 2-butene.
(ii) H H
C C ;
H CH2CH3 [1]
(iii) Q: CH 3CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 ;
R: CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH3 ; [2]
Condensed or full structural formulas may be given.
(iv) platinum / palladium / nickel; [1]

Allow Pt / Pd / Ni.
(v) Since secondary bromoalkane could be either SN1 and SN2 so allow SN1 or
SN2 for M1 –M4.
SN1:
curly arrow showing Br leaving;

Do not allow arrow originating from C to C–Br bond.
representation of secondary carbocation;

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C+;
Do not allow arrow originating on H in OH–.
formation of CH 3CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 and Br  ;
Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br–.
OR
SN2:
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in OH–.
Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in
2-bromobutane or in the transition state.
Do not allow arrow originating from C to C – Br bond.
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets

and partial bonds;
Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180  to each other.
Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented.
formation of CH 3CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 and Br  ; [4]

Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br–.
(vi) H 3CCOCH 2CH 3 ; [1]

Condensed or full structural formula may be given.
Apply ECF from (c)(iii).
(vii) butan-2-one; [1]

Allow 2-butanone or butanone.
(viii) representation of polymer showing two repeating units; [1]
Brackets not necessary but continuation bonds must be given.

No penalty if methyl groups given on same side.
 76.84   12.92 
(d) (i) nC :    6.398 mol and nH :    12.79 mol and
 12.01   1.01 
 10.24 
nO :    0.6400 mol ;
 16.00 
Allow integer values for atomic masses.
dividing across by lowest number to give integer values;

C10 H 20 O ; [3]
(ii) ( M (C10 H 20 O)  156.30 (g mol1 ) , therefore empirical formula  molecular

formula =) C10 H 20O ; [1]
–4– N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
SECTION A
 0.0200 
1. (a)    0.000120 / 1.20  10 4 (mol) ; [1]
 166.00 
Accept 1.21  10 4 .
(b) (0.0050  2.00 ) 0.010 (mol) /1.0  102 ; [1]
(c) KI/I–/potassium iodide/iodide (ion) (rapidly) reformed (in second stage of

reaction); [1]
(d) amount (in mol) of H2O2/hydrogen peroxide >> amount (in mol) Na2S2O3/S2O32–
/sodium thiosulfate/ thiosulfate (ion);
Accept amount (in mol) of H2O2/hydrogen peroxide >> amount (in mol) KI/I–
/potassium iodide/iodide (ion).
Accept “[H2O2]/hydrogen peroxide is in (large) excess/high concentration”.
(at end of reaction) [H2O2] is only slightly decreased/virtually unchanged; [2]
(e) all Na2S2O3/sodium thiosulfate/S2O32–/thiosulfate consumed/used up;

Accept “iodine no longer converted to iodide”.
(free) iodine is formed / iodine reacts with starch / forms iodine-starch complex; [2]
(f) Random: synchronizing mixing and starting timing / (reaction) time / uncertainty
of concentrations of solutions / temperature of solutions/room temperature;;
OR
Systematic: liquid remaining in measuring cylinders / not all solid KI transferred /
precision uncertainty of stopwatch / ability of human eye to detect colour change /
parallax error;; [2]
Accept concentration of stock solution and human reaction time as systematic
error.
Award M1 for correctly identifying a source of error and M2 for classifying it.
Accept other valid sources of error.
Do not accept “student making mistakes” / OWTTE.
(g) (5  0.1)  () 0.5(cm3 ) ; [1]
(h) total volume  0.100 (dm3 ) /100 (cm3 ) ;

1.00 104
(change in concentration  )1.00 103 (mol dm 3 ) ;
0.100
 1.00 103 
 rate    2.2 105 ;
 45 
Award [3] for the correct final answer.
mol dm 3 s 1 ; [4]
(i) fewer particles (per unit volume);

lower collision rate/collision frequency / less frequent collisions; [2]
Do not accept “less collisions”.
(j) acting as a catalyst / black powder reacts with thiosulfate ions / solid dissolves to
give blue-black solution;
Accept any other valid suggestion which will make colour change more rapid.
For catalyst: amount/mass of black powder remains constant / no new/different

products formed / activation energy decreased;
For other suggestions: any appropriate way to test the hypothesis; [2 max]
Award [1] for valid hypothesis, [1] for appropriate method of testing the stated
hypothesis.
(k) particles have greater (average) kinetic energy;

Do not accept energy instead of kinetic energy.
more frequent collisions/collision frequency/number of collisions in a given time

increases;
Do not accept “more collisions” unless “less collisions” penalized in (i).
greater proportion of particles have energy ≥ activation energy; [2 max]

Accept “particles have sufficient energy for collisions to be successful”.
2. (a) C2H5Cl and HCl; [1]
(b) (free) radical substitution / SR; [1]

Accept homolytic fission / initiation and propagation (and termination).
(c) ethyl radicals/C2H5 produced;

Accept C2H5.
combine to form butane/C4H10; [2]

Award [2] for the terminating step equation C2 H 5   C2 H 5   C4 H 10 .
3. (a) (i) Ca2+ and NO3–;

electrostatic (attraction); [2]
Do not accept ionic.
(ii) nitrogen/N and oxygen/O; [1]

Do not accept nitrate/NO3–.
Accept atoms in nitrate/NO3–.
(b) (i) produced by high temperature combustion; [1]
Accept combustion/jet/car engines / car exhaust/emissions / lightning / action
of bacteria/microorganisms.
Do not accept combustion/burning, cars, planes, jets, factories, power
plants etc.
(ii) nitric acid/HNO3 / nitrous acid/nitric(III) acid/HNO2; [1]

Accept “forms acidic solutions / acid rain”.
(iii) acid deposition/rain / respiratory problems / corrosion problems /

decomposition of ozone layer / photochemical smog / acidification/pollution
of lakes / damage to plants/ trees; [1]
Accept “acid rain” in either part (ii) or part (iii) but not both.
Do not accept air pollution.
SECTION B
4. (a) (1) N (NO 2 )3 (g)  2 CH 3OH (l)  2 N 2 (g)  2 CO 2 (g)  4 H 2O (l) ; [1]
(b) products from the reaction are non-toxic/normal components of the atmosphere /
nitrogen is a product rather than oxides of nitrogen; [1]
Accept “no chlorine produced”.
Do not accept “non-polluting”.
(c) bonds broken: (6  305)  (3 158)  1830  474  2304 (kJ mol 1 ) ;
bonds made: (2  945)  (3  498)  1890  1494  3384 (kJ mol1 ) ;
enthalpy change: 2304  3384  1080 (kJ mol1 ) ; [3]
Award [2 max] for  1080(kJ mol 1) .
Accept –234 kJ mol–1 which arise from students assuming that 305 kJ mol–1 refers
to the strength of a single N–O bond. Students may then take N=O from the data
book value (587 kJ mol–1).
bonds broken: (3  305)  (3  587)  (3  158)  915  1761  474  3150( kJ mol –1)
bonds made: (2  945)  (3  498)  1890  1494  3384( kJ mol 1 )
enthalpy change: 3150  3384  234( kJ mol 1) .
Award [2 max] for correct calculation of the enthalpy change of reaction for the
equation in part (a), which gives –2160 (kJ mol–1).
Award [1] if the final answer is not –2160 but the candidate has correctly
calculated the bonds broken in trinitramide as 2304 (kJ mol–1).
(d) (N–N bond in) trinitramide is longer/nitrogen (gas) is shorter / 0.145 nm in

trinitramide versus 0.110 nm in nitrogen;
trinitramide has single (N–N) bond and nitrogen (gas) has triple bond; [2]
(e) 106  108 ;

Accept  109 .
Any two for [2 max].

4 (negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains around central
nitrogen;
central nitrogen has a lone/non-bonding pair;
lone/non-bonding pairs repel more than bonding pairs;
molecule will be (trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;
(negative) charge centres/electron pairs/electron domains will be tetrahedrally
arranged/orientated/ have tetrahedral geometry; [3 max]
Do not apply ECF.
(f) polar;
net dipole moment present in molecule / unsymmetrical distribution of charge /
polar bonds do not cancel out / centre of negatively charged oxygen atoms does
not coincide with positively charged nitrogen atom; [2]
Marks may also be awarded for a suitably presented diagram showing net dipole
moment.
Do not accept “unsymmetrical molecule”.
For polarity, apply ECF from part (e).
(g) (i) burn/combust a (known) mass/volume/quantity/amount of methanol (in a

spirit burner) / weigh methanol/spirit burner before and after combustion;
use flame to heat a (known) mass/volume/quantity/amount of water;
measure the increase/rise/change in temperature (of the water); [3]
(ii) calculate the heat gained by the water / calculate the heat evolved by the
burning methanol / substitute in q  mcT ;
calculate the amount/moles of methanol / divide the mass of methanol by its
molar mass;
divide the heat gained by the water by the amount/moles of methanol; [3]
(iii) result would be less exothermic/less negative;

Accept “less/smaller/lower”.
heat loss / incomplete combustion; [2]

Accept methanol is volatile/evaporates / beaker/material of calorimeter
absorbs heat.
5. (a) (i) Initial oxidation Final oxidation

Oxidized / reduced
number number
IV/+4 and III/+3; reduced;
[2]
+ sign must be present. Do not award mark for incorrect notation 4, 4+, 3,
3+ etc.
Do not award M2 if inconsistent with M1.
(ii) increases / makes it stronger;

(more H+ would) drive/shift equilibrium to the right/towards products
(accepting more electrons); [2]
(b) (i) Cd2+; [1]

Do not allow incorrect notation such as Cd, Cd(II), or Cd+2.
(ii) 2Ti (s)  3Cd 2 (aq)  2Ti3 (aq)  3Cd (s) ; [1]
Allow ECF from (b)(i) for a correct equation.
(iii) Cd2+; [1]

Charge must be given.
Do not allow incorrect notation such as Cd, Cd(II), or Cd+2 but penalize
only once in b(i) and b(iii) .
Allow ECF, if Eu2+ is written both in part (i) and part (iii).
(iv) salt bridge;

Accept specific examples of salt bridges, such as filter paper dipped in
aqueous KNO3.
allows the movement of ions (between the two solutions) / completes the
circuit / maintains electrical neutrality; [2]
Accept movement of charges/negative ions/positive ions.
(c) (i) donates H+/protons; [1]
(ii) strong acid completely/100%/fully dissociated/ionized and weak acid

partially/slightly dissociated/ionized; [1]
(iii) not a good choice / poor choice;

requires same volume of the base / the amount/volume to react/for
neutralization does not depend on the acid strength; [2]
(iv) sulfuric acid is diprotic/dibasic/liberates two protons/H+; [1]

Accept “reacts with 2 moles of alkali/base”.
– 10 – N13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M
(v) Strong acid: hydrochloric acid/HCl / nitric acid/HNO3;

Weak acid: ethanoic acid/CH3COOH; [2]
Allow acetic acid for weak acid.
Accept any other strong/weak monobasic acids as appropriate.
Do not accept non-monobasic acids, such as phosphoric acid and
carbonic acid.
(vi) weak;
strong 0.100 mol dm–3 acid has a pH of 1/lower than that observed; [2]
Accept “pH value of 3.7 means that it produces only 10–3.7/2.0×10−4 [H+]
in water”.
(vii) measure the rate of reaction with reactive metal/(metal) carbonate/metal

oxide;
strong acid would react faster/more vigorously / weak acid would react
slower/less vigorously;
Accept specific substances, such as Mg and CaCO3, which react with acids.
OR
measure conductivity;
higher for strong acid / lower for weak acid;
OR
measure heat/enthalpy of neutralization;
greater for strong acid / lower for weak acid; [2]
Do not accept pH/universal indicator paper.

6. (a)
;
[1]
Accept condensed formula such as (CH3)2CCHCH3.
(b) water/H2O;
Accept steam.
(concentrated) sulfuric acid/H2SO4 (catalyst); [2]

Accept phosphoric acid/H3PO4.
Award [2] for HBr and NaOH, (2 stage process via the halogenoalkane).
(c) not react;

tertiary alcohol (not easily oxidized); [2]
(d) 2-methylbutan-2-ol has hydroxyl/OH group;

Do not accept “hydroxide group”.
Allow 2-methylbutan-2-ol is an alcohol.
2-methylbutan-2-ol can form H-bonds (to water) / 2-methylbut-2-ene cannot form

H-bonds (to water); [2]
(e) (i) SN(1) / (unimolecular) nucleophillic substitution; [1]
(ii)
curly arrow showing Cl– leaving;

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C+;
Do not allow arrow originating on H in HO–.
formation of organic product CH3CH2C(CH3)2OH and Cl–/NaCl

(somewhere in mechanism); [4]
Award [3 max] if a candidate gives a fully correct SN2 mechanism.
(iii)
; [1]
Accept any other isomeric primary or secondary chloroalkane.
Accept condensed structural formula.
(f) (i) chlorine can be 35Cl/Cl–35 or 37Cl/Cl–37; [1]

Accept “chlorine can exist as two isotopes”.
Answer must refer to chlorine rather than isotopes in general.
(ii) same rate as (isotopes have) same chemical properties; [1]

Accept different rate if reference is made to molecules having different
speeds/collision rate.
(g) vaporization to convert sample to gaseous state;

(neutral) particles converted to ions / (neutral) particles ionized / ionization;
accelerated (ions) through an electric field/(oppositely) charged plates/potential
difference;
(ions) bent/deflected by a magnetic field;
light particles bent/deflected more than heavy ones / heavy particles
bent/deflected less than light ones / mass/charge ratio;
detection by ions hitting the counter/generating an electric signal / OWTTE; [5 max]
Any or all marks can be gained by a suitably labelled diagram.
Award [2 max] for just stating all five terms: vaporization, ionization,
acceleration, deflection and detection.
Award [1 max] if three or four of these just stated.
SECTION A
1. (a) (i) 0.10

Volume of hydrogen / dm3
I
0.05
II
0.0
0 21 3 4
Time / min
I: line which is steeper/increases faster and finishes at the same height;
II: line which is less steep/increases more slowly and finishes at the same
height; [2]
(ii) mass of hydrogen produced is very small (so not accurate) / decrease in
mass is very small (so not accurate); [1]
 3.01 
(b) (i) n(MgSO 4 )     0.0250 (mol) ; [1]
 120.37 
(ii) energy released  50.0  4.18  9.7  2027 (J) / 2.027 (kJ) ;
   H1  81(kJ mol1 ) ; [2]
Award [2] for correct answer.
Award [2] if 53.01 is used giving an answer of –86 (kJ mol–1).
Award [1 max] for +81/81/+86/86 (kJ mol−1).
Award [1 max] for –81000/–86000 if units are stated as J mol−1.
Allow answers to 3 significant figures.
(c) (i) H ( H1  H 2 )  99 (kJ mol1 )  [1]

Award [1] if –86 is used giving an answer of –104 (kJ mol−1).
(103  99)
(ii)  100  3.9 % ; [1]
103
Accept answer of 2.9 % if –100 used.
Award [1] if –104 is used giving an answer of 1.0% .
Accept correct answers which are not to 1 decimal place.
(d) MgSO4 not completely anhydrous / OWTTE;

MgSO4 is impure;
heat loss to the atmosphere/surroundings;
specific heat capacity of solution is taken as that of pure water;
experiment was done once only so it is not scientific;
density of solution is taken to be 1 g cm–3;
mass of 7H 2 O ignored in calculation;
uncertainty of thermometer is high so temperature change is unreliable;
literature values determined under standard conditions but this experiment is not;
all solid not dissolved; [2 max]
(e) (i) H 2SO4 (aq)  MgCO3 (s)  MgSO 4 (aq)  CO 2 (g)  H 2O (l) ; [1]
Do not accept H2CO3.
(ii)
Accept crosses, lines or dots as electron pairs.

Accept any correct resonance structure.
Award [0] if structure is drawn without brackets and charge.
Award [0] if lone pairs not shown on O atoms.
shape: trigonal/triangular planar;

bond angle: 120 ; [3]
Accept answers trigonal/triangular planar and 120  if M1 incorrect, but no
other answer should be given credit.
2. (a) Q: creates positive ions/cations / electron is knocked off atom / OWTTE;

by bombardment of electrons;
S: ions deflected by an (external) magnetic field;

deflection of ions depends on mass/m/z (and charge) / heavier ions are deflected
less than lighter ions / more highly charged ions are deflected more than less
highly charged ions; [4]
Award [1 max] for simply stating ionization and deflection.
1
(b) (i) ratio of average/mean mass of atom to of mass of C–12 (isotope) /
12
average/mean mass of atom on scale where one atom of C–12 has mass of
1
12 / weighted average/mean mass of isotopes of element compared to
12
of mass of C–12 / OWTTE; [1]
Award no mark if “element” is used instead of “atom” in first two alternatives.
1
Allow “mass of an atom relative to the mass of of C–12”.
12
(ii) ( Ar ) 0.7899  24  0.1000  25  0.1101 26 ;

24.32 ; [2]
Award [1 max] for 24.31 with correct working.
Award [0] for 24.31 (Data Booklet value) if working is incorrect or no
working is shown.
Final answer must be to 2 decimal places to score [2].
[N 2 O 4 (g)]
3. (a) ( K c ) ; [1]
[NO 2 (g)]2
(b) (i) equilibrium shifts to left as there are more moles (of gas) on reactant side;
no change to Kc as it is a constant at fixed temperature / OWTTE; [2]
Award [1 max] for correct equilibrium shift and Kc change if no
explanation given.
(ii) equilibrium shifts to left since reaction is exothermic/ΔH negative / reverse

reaction is endothermic/absorbs heat;
value of Kc decreases because less N 2 O 4 and more NO 2 / OWTTE; [2]
Award [1 max] for correct equilibrium shitft and Kc change if no
explanation given.
4. (a) butane < propanal < ethanoic acid / CH3CH 2 CH 2 CH3 < CH3CH 2 CHO < CH3COOH ; [1]
(b) all three compounds have similar molar masses;

butane non-polar so no attraction to water molecules/insoluble;
propanal polar so can form some interactions with water molecules;
ethanoic acid can form (more) hydrogen bonds with water molecules / OWTTE; [3 max]
Award [1 max] for butane is non-polar and propanal and ethanoic acid are
both polar.
SECTION B
5. (a) (i) 2Na (s)  2H 2O (l)  H 2 (g)  2NaOH (aq) / Na (s)  H 2O (l)  12 H 2 (g)  NaOH (aq) ; [1]
(ii) bubbles/gas produced / crackling / fizzing / OWTTE;

temperature (of water) increases;
sodium floats on water / melts into a ball / disappears / OWTTE;
sharp smell;
small yellow sparks; [2 max]
(iii) K > Na > Li; [1]
(b) (i) Br2 (aq) : no change;

KBr (aq): colour change / from colourless to red/yellow/orange/brown; [2]
(ii) 2Br  (aq)  Br2 (aq)  2e  ;

Cl 2 (g)  2e   2Cl (aq) ; [2]
Accept e instead of e–.
(c) (i) HF has hydrogen bonds (between molecules); [1]
(ii) strength of van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces increases;

as mass/size/number of electrons of halogen atom/molecule increases; [2]
(d) Cl– has an extra electron so extra repulsions push electrons farther apart / Cl– and
Cl have same number of occupied electron shells and Cl– has one more electron
than protons / Cl has 17 electrons and 17 protons and Cl– has 18 electrons and 17
protons so electrons are held less tightly / Cl 2, 8, 7 and Cl– 2, 8, 8 so electrons
are held less tightly; [1]
(e) (i) Na 2O ionic and SO3 covalent;

Na 2O has ions which are free to move in the liquid state;
SO3 has no free charged particles; [3]
Accept “no free moving ions” / “no delocalized electrons”.
(ii) Na2O basic and SO3 acidic; [1]
(iii) Na 2 O (s)  H 2 O (l)  2NaOH (aq) ;

SO3 (g)  H 2O (l)  H 2SO4 (aq) ; [2]
(iv) oxidation of SO 2 by atmospheric oxygen / combustion of sulfur-containing

fossil fuel/heavy industry/power plants/combustion engine;
acid rain / pollution of lakes and rivers / localized pollution in cities; [2]
Accept specific examples of environmental effects such as corrosion of
marble / limestone statues.
6. (a) loss of electrons; [1]
(b) (i) 6/VI ; [1]

Do not award mark if incorrect notation used, ie, 6 , 6+ or –6.
(ii) C 4 H 9 OH (l)  C 4 H 8O (l)  2H  (aq)  2e  ; [1]

(iii) 3C 4 H 9 OH (l)  Cr2 O 7 2 (aq)  8H  (aq)  3C 4 H 8O (l)  2Cr 3 (aq)  7H 2O (l) ; [1]
(iv) CH3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2OH ;

(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2OH ; [2]
Accept full or condensed structural formulas.
(v) (CH 3 )3COH ;

2-methylpropan-2-ol;
Allow 2-methyl-2-propanol , methylpropan-2-ol, methyl-2-propanol.
tertiary; [3]
(vi) C4 H9OH  6O2  4CO2  5H2O / (CH3 )3COH  6O2  4CO2  5H2O
correct reactants and products;
correct balancing; [2]
(c) (i) (DC) power supply

– +
e– e–
– +
KBr (l)
reduction oxidation
(DC) power supply / battery;
electrodes labelled as +/anode or –/cathode and electron flow;
reduction at negative electrode (cathode) / oxidation at positive electrode
(anode);
electrolyte / molten KBr/KBr(l) / K  (l) and Br  (l) ; [4]
(ii) Positive electrode (anode):

2Br  (l)  Br2 (l)  2e  ;
Negative electrode (cathode):

K  (l)  e   K (l) ; [2]
Award [1 max] if correct half-equations are given at the wrong electrodes.
Allow e instead of e–.
Penalize equilibrium sign once only.
(iii) positive ions move towards negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions
move towards positive electrode (anode) / ions move to oppositely charged
electrode / negative ions give up electrons at positive electrode and positive
ions gain electrons at negative electrode; [1]
(d) (i) Z < W < X < Y; [1]

Accept Y > X > W > Z.
(ii) X (s)  Z2 (aq)  X 2 (aq)  Z(s) ; [1]

Accept X(s) + ZCl2(aq)  XCl2(aq) + Z(s).
7. (a) HCl is a strong acid and CH3COOH is a weak acid so HCl has higher
conductivity / HCl dissociates completely in water and CH3COOH does not, so
HCl has higher conductivity / HCl is stronger acid (than CH3COOH) so has
higher [H+] and higher conductivity; [1]
(b) (i) CH 3COOH (aq)  HCO3 (aq)  CH 3COO  (aq)  H 2 O (l)  CO 2 (g) ; [1]
Accept NaHCO3(aq) and CH3COONa (aq) instead of ions.
(ii) n (CH3COOH)  0.00500 (mol) and n (NaHCO3 )  0.00450 (mol) ;

NaHCO3 is limiting; [2]
(iii) n(CO 2 )  n (NaHCO3 )  0.00450 (mol) ;

m (CO 2 )  0.00450  44.01  0.198(g) ; [2]
(c) (i) T  363K and V  9.50 105 m3 ;

Accept V  9.5  10 2 dm 3 if P is used as 101 kPa in calculation.
PV 1.01105  9.50 105
n  ;
RT 8.31 363
 3.18 103 (mol) ; [3]
m 0.348 
(ii) M   3
 109 (g mol 1 ) ; [1]
 n 3.18  10 
(d) (i) (dilute aqueous) NaOH/sodium hydroxide / KOH/potassium hydroxide; [1]

Do not accept hydroxide/OH–.
(ii)
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO–.

bromoethane or in the transition state.
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets

and partial bonds;
Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented. [3]
(e) (i) HBr;

room temperature / anhydrous/dry; [2]
Allow heat/warm.
(ii) bonds broken:

1(C=C)  1(H–Br) / (612  366 )978 (kJ) ;
Accept 2630 (kJ).
bonds formed:
1(C–C)  1(C–H)  1(C–Br) / (1 347  1 413  1 290 )1050 (kJ) ;
Accept 2702 (kJ).

   H  72 (kJ mol1 ) ; [3]
Award [2 max] for +72 (kJ mol−1).
(f)
[1]
Extension bonds required.
Ignore brackets and n.
SECTION A
1. (a) M(CH 3COOH)   (4 1.01)  (2 12.01)  (2 16.00)   60.06 (g mol 1 ) ;

Accept 60 (g mol–1).
mass (CH3COOH) ( 5.00 1.05)  5.25(g) ;
5.25
 0.0874 (mol) ; [3]
60.06
Accept 0.0875 (comes from using Mr = 60 g mol–1).
(b) catalyst / OWTTE; [1]
(c) hydrochloric acid/HCl; [1]
(d) (i) 0.1/ 0.10(cm3 ) ; [1]

Do not accept without .
(ii) 26.00(cm3 ) ; [1]
23.00
(iii) 0.200   0.0046 ;
1000
50.0
0.0046   0.0460 (mol) ; [2]
5.00
0.0874  0.0460
(e)  100  47.4 % ; [1]
0.0874
[CH 3COOC 2 H 3 ][H 2O]

(f) ( K c ) ; [1]
[C 2 H 5OH][CH 3COOH]
Do not penalize minor errors in formulas.
[ester ][ water ]
Accept ( Kc ) .
[ethanol / alcohol ][(ethanoic) acid ]
(g) repeat the titration a day/week later (and result should be the same) / OWTTE; [1]
Accept “concentrations/physical properties/macroscopic properties of the system
do not change”.
(h) enthalpy change/∆H for the reaction is (very) small / OWTTE; [1]
(i) decreases (the amount of ethanoic acid converted);

Accept “increases amount of ethanoic acid present at equilibrium” / OWTTE.
(adding product) shifts position of equilibrium towards reactants/LHS / increases
the rate of the reverse reaction / OWTTE; [2]
(j) ethyl ethanoate/CH3COOC2H5;

forms only weak hydrogen bonds (to water); [2]
Allow “does not hydrogen bond to water” / “hydrocarbon sections too long” /
OWTTE.
M2 can only be given only if M1 correct.
(k) (large excess of) water will shift the position of equilibrium (far to the left) /
OWTTE; [1]
Accept any other chemically sound response, such as “dissociation of ethanoic
acid would affect equilibrium”.
2. (a) Protons Neutrons Electrons

11
5 B 5 6 5 ; [1]
(b) 10 x  11(100  x)  10.8 100 ;

( x ) 20% ; [2]
Do not allow ECF.
(c) radioactive/radioisotope(s)/give out radiation; [1]

Accept answers that outline the effects of radioactive pollution of the environment.
Do not accept “unstable”.
(d) (i) BF3 ; [1]
(ii) incomplete valence shell / electron deficient / OWTTE;

capable of accepting an electron pair; [2]
3. (a) C9 H20 (l)  14O2 (g)  9CO2 (g)  10H2O(l)

Do not penalize if heat given on RHS of eqn.
correct coefficients; [2]

No ECF if reactants and products incorrect.
(b) insufficient oxygen present / OWTTE; [1]

Allow “air” instead of “oxygen”.
Do not accept “incomplete combustion”.
(c) (i) addition (polymerization); [1]
(ii) CH3 CH3

; [1]
CH2 CH CH2 CH
Methyl groups must be on alternate carbons but accept other orientations.
Extension bonds required for the mark.
Allow mark if three repeating units (6 C–atoms in chain) given.
SECTION B
4. (a) (i) from (pale) green/colourless to yellow/orange/brown; [1]

Initial colour must be stated.
Do not accept “clear/transparent” instead of “colourless”.
(ii) chlorine more reactive/more powerful oxidizing agent (than bromine);

Accept opposite statements for bromine.
Accept “chloride ion a weaker reducing agent” / “bromide ion a stronger
reducing agent”.
Accept “chlorine more electronegative than bromine”.
Cl2 (aq)  2NaBr (aq)  Br2 (aq)  2NaCl(aq) /

Cl 2 (aq)  2Br  (aq)  Br2 (aq)  2Cl  (aq) ; [2]
Do not accept with equilibrium sign.
(b) solid (in a colourless solution); [1]

Accept “dark brown solution”.
(c) (i) chloric(I) acid (shown as) a molecule/molecular, but hydrochloric acid
(shown as being) split into ions / OWTTE; [1]
Accept “chloric(I) acid is partially dissociated and hydrochloric acid is
fully dissociated”.
Reference needed to both acids for mark.
(ii) HOCl (aq)  H  (aq)  ClO  (aq) / HOCl (aq)  H 2 O (l)  H 3O  (aq)  ClO  (aq) ; [1]
Equilibrium sign required for the mark.
(iii) acid displaces the equilibrium to the left (to form chlorine);
chlorine is toxic/poisonous/harmful/lung irritant; [2]
Accept answers that refer to the (c) (ii) equilibrium.
(iv) chloric(I) acid has –OH group / hydrogen attached to a very electronegative
atom;
Accept polar molecule.
can form hydrogen bonds to water;

hydrogen bonding to water increases its solubility;
(as a weak acid it is) in equilibrium with ions; [2 max]
(v) ; [1]
Accept lines, dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.
(vi)  104 ;
Accept values between 102 and 106  .
four electron pairs/regions of high electron density around O atom / electron

pairs/regions of high electron density tetrahedrally arranged and two
lone/non-bonding electron pairs on O atom;
Accept Lewis structure with two lone pairs on O and two angular bond
pairs if given here as equivalent to M2.
lone pair–bonding pair repulsion greater than bonding pair–bonding pair

repulsion; [3]
(d) (i) (1) ClO   2 H   2 e   (1) H 2 O  (1) Cl ;

(1) SO 4 2   4 H   2 e   (1) SO 2  2 H 2 O ; [2]
(ii) Award [2] for all correct, [1] for 2 or 3 correct.

Element Initial oxidation number Final oxidation number
Chlorine +I / +1; –I / –1;
Sulfur +VI / +6; +IV / +4; [2]
Remember to apply ECF from previous equations.
Penalise incorrect notation (eg, 4 or 4+ rather than +4) once only, so
award [1] for a fully correct answer in an incorrect format.
(iii) ClO  (aq)  SO 2 (aq)  H 2 O (l)  SO 4 2  (aq)  2H  (aq)  Cl (aq)

balancing and cancelling e–, H+ and H2O; [2]
Do not penalize equilibrium sign.
5. (a) mol Na 2S2O3 ( 2.50  0.0200)  0.0500 ;

M r Na 2S2O3 5H 2 O   (2  22.99)  (2  32.06)  (3 16.00)  (5 18.02)   248.20 ;
Allow 248.
mass Na 2S2O3 5H2O  (0.0500  248.20)  12.4g ; [3]

Award [2] for 7.91g (water of crystallization omitted in Mr calculation).
(b) (i) Liquid 0.500 mol dm–3 HCl 0.0200 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3 Water
Volume / cm3 10.0 20.0 20.0 ; [1]
Accept other volumes in a 1:2:2 ratio.
(ii) depth of liquid in the beaker must remain constant / OWTTE; [1]
Accept “same thickness of glass” and any other valid point, such as
answers framed around minimizing uncontrolled variables / making it a
“fair test”.
(iii) increases the time;

decrease in collision frequency/number of collisions per unit time; [2]
Do not award mark for decrease in number of collisions.
(c) (i)
T1
Number of particles
T2
Ea
Kinetic energy
labelled y-axis: number of particles / probability of particles (with that
kinetic energy) and labelled x-axis: (kinetic) energy;
Allow fraction/proportion/amount of particles (with kinetic energy) for
y-axis label.
Allow speed/velocity for x-axis label.
T2 curve broader and with maximum lower and to right of T1 curve;
Do not award this mark if both curves not asymmetric.
Curves must pass through the origin and be asymptotic to x axis.
Do not award this mark if curves not labelled.
Ea marked on graph; [3]

(ii) kinetic energy of molecules increases;

This may be answered implicitly in the final marking point.
frequency of collision/number of collisions per unit time increases;

Only penalize use of “number of collisions” if not penalized in (b)(iii).
greater proportion of molecules have energy greater than/equal to activation

energy / rate related to temperature by the Arrhenius equation; [3]
Award [1 max] for statements such as “there will be more successful
collisions” if neither of last two marking points awarded.
10
(d) (i) [H  ]  0.5   0.1(mol dm 3 ) ;
50
pH (   log[H  ]   log (0.10))  1 ; [2]
(ii) 90 %; [1]
(e) (i) mol Na 2S2O3  mol SO2  0.0400  0.0200  0.000800 ;

n  R  T 0.000800  8.31 300
V / ;
P 105
(1.99 105 m3 )  19.9(cm3 ) ;
Accept 20.0 cm3 if R =8.314 is used.
Award [2] for 17.9 cm3 or 19.2 cm3 (result from using molar volume at
standard temperature and pressure or at room temperature and pressure).
OR
mol Na 2S2O3  mol SO2  0.0400  0.0200  0.000800 ;

1.00 105  300
V  0.00080  2.24 102   5 
 ;
 1.0110  273
(1.95 105 m3 )  19.5(cm3 ) ; [3]
Deduct [1] for answers based on amount of HCl, so correct calculation
would score [2 max].
(ii) sulfur dioxide is soluble in water; [1]

Accept other reasonable responses based on sound chemistry.
Accept “syringe more accurate/precise” or “less gas escapes”.
6. (a) 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene; [1]

Ignore punctuation.
(b) hydrogen bromide / hydrobromic acid / HBr; [1]
(c) (i) ultraviolet light/sunlight; [1]

Accept “very high temperature”.
(ii) random/further/multiple substitution (so low probability of desired product)

/ would give a mixture of many different products / OWTTE; [1]
(d) (i) (aqueous) sodium hydroxide/NaOH / potassium hydroxide/KOH; [1]

Accept hydroxide ion/OH–.
(ii)
SN1:
curly arrow from C – Br bond showing Br leaving;
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C+; [3]
Do not allow arrow originating on H in HO–.
Award [2] for perfect SN2 mechanism.
Award [1] for SN2 mechanism with minor mistakes.
(e) water / steam; [2]

heat and acid catalyst /(concentrated) H2SO4/H3PO4;
(f) (i) (it is a) tertiary/3o alcohol / carbon of C–OH is not bonded to a hydrogen; [1]
Accept “it is not a primary or secondary alcohol”.
(ii) any C6 H14O primary alcohol / C5H11CH2OH ; [1]
(g) (i) Ni/Pt/Pd catalyst; [1]
(ii) alkanes; [1]

(iii) bonds broken:  E(C=C)  E(H–H)  612  436  1048(kJ mol1 ) ;

Accept (6956 + 436 =) 7392 if all bonds in alkene broken.
bonds formed: E(C–C)  2  E(C–H)  347  (2  413)  1173(kJ mol1 ) ;

Accept 7517 if all the bonds in the product are summed.
H  1048  1173 / 7392  7517  125(kJ mol1 ) ;

Award [2] for +125.
exothermic; [4]
Apply ECF if sign of H incorrect.
Do not award a mark for “exothermic” if H given as positive.
(iv) energy required to heat water   m  s  T  1 4.18  (100  20)   334.4 (kJ) ;
Ignore sign of energy change.
334.4
amount required   0.0836 (mol) ; [2]
4000
SECTION A
1. (a) river (water); [1]
 0.1 
(b)   100   2 % ; [1]
 5.1 
(c) recognition that values differ by 2 Ph units / calculation of both [H+] values;
1
(ratio)  1:100/102 /0.01 / ; [2]
100
Award [1 max] for 100:1/100/102.
(d) CO 2  H 2 O  HCO 3  H  / CO 2  2H 2 O  HCO3   H 3O  / CO 2  H 2 O  H 2 CO3 ; [1]

Do not penalize missing reversible arrow.
Do not accept equations with the carbonate ion as a product.
2. (a) smooth curve through the data; [1]

Do not accept a curve that passes through all of the points or an answer that joins
the points using lines.
1 1
(b) inversely proportional / Vα / P α ; [1]
p V
Accept inverse/negative correlation/relationship.
1 1
Do not accept V  / P= or descriptions like “one goes up as other goes
p V
down” / OWTTE.
(c) p  21 105 /2.1 10 6 (Pa) / 2.1 103 (kPa) and

V  50  10 6 /5.0  10 5 (m 3 ) / 5.0  102 (dm 3 ) ;
 pV  2.1106  5.0  105
 n   ;
 RT  8.31 330
n  0.038(mol) ; [3]
For M3 apply ECF for correct computation of the equation the student has
written, unless more than one mistake is made prior this point.
3. (a) (attraction within layer/between carbons) covalent bonding / sharing of electrons;

(attraction between layers) van der Waals’/vdW/London/dispersion/LDF (forces) /
temporary/instantaneous/induced dipoles;
bond/attraction within the layer stronger than bond/attraction between layers; [3]
(b) Two of the following pairs:
used as pencil (lead);

layers can flake off/slide off/break off/stick to paper / OWTTE;
M2 must contain concept of separation of layers, so do not award mark for
phrases like "layers can slide over each other" on their own.
OR
used as carbon fibre / OWTTE;
bonding within layer is strong / layers are extensive / layers are strong;
OR
used as electrodes/conductor/in batteries;
has mobile/free/delocalized electrons (between layers) / electricity flows parallel
to layers;
OR
used for thermal insulation;
vibrations are not easily passed between layers; [4 max]
Accept other valid uses of graphite along with a suitable explanation.
4. (a) hydroxyl and carbonyl; [1]

Accept alcohol as an alternative to hydroxyl and/or ketone as an alternative to carbonyl.
Allow hydroxy, but not hydroxide as an alternative to hydroxyl.
(b) CH 2 O ; [1]
 12.01 
(c) C:  100   39.99/40.0 %
 30.03 
 2.02 
H:   100   6.73/6.7 %
 30.03 
 16.00 
O:  100   53.28/53.3% ;; [2]
 30.03 
Award [2] if all three are correct, and [1] if two are correct.
Accept if the third value is obtained by subtracting the other two percentages from 100%.
Do not penalize if integer values of relative atomic masses are used.
(d) C 6 H12 O 6  6O 2  6CO 2  6H 2 O

correct formulas of reactants and products;
correct balancing; [2]
M2 can only be scored if M1 correct.
5. (a) concentration of products is much higher than the concentration of reactants /

reaction nearly/almost goes to completion / position of equilibrium lies very far to
the right / OWTTE; [1]
Response must indicate the position of equilibrium is far to the right, but not
complete conversion.
(b) Temperature: [2 max]

rate of reaction/production is slow at low temperature/fast at high temperature /
OWTTE;
forward reaction is exothermic/backward reaction is endothermic

and
high temperature shifts equilibrium to left/reactants/favours reverse reaction / low
temperature shifts equilibrium to right/products/favours forward reaction /
OWTTE;
450 C is a compromise temperature / produces a relatively good equilibrium

yield at a reasonably fast rate;
Pressure: [2 max]
rate of reaction/production is slow at low pressure/fast at high pressure / OWTTE;
more moles of gaseous reactants/less moles of gaseous products

and
high pressure shifts equilibrium to right/products/favours forward reaction / low
pressure shifts equilibrium to left/reactants/favours reverse reaction / OWTTE;
a high yield/good reaction rate is obtained even at low pressure;

high pressure is expensive/dangerous; [4 max]
(c) (hypothesis is not valid as) equilibrium already nearly goes to completion /
OWTTE;
(hypothesis is not valid as increase in yield may not be worth) expense of using
pure oxygen / OWTTE;
(hypothesis is valid as pure oxygen) increases the rate of (the forward) reaction /
more SO3 produced per hour/day;
(hypothesis is valid as pure oxygen) shifts equilibrium to the right/products/SO3 /
increases the equilibrium concentration of SO3; [2 max]
Award [1 max] if no reference to “hypothesis”.

SECTION B
 (77.44  24)  (10.00  25)  (12.56  26) 

6. (a) (i)  ;
 100 
24.35; [2]
Two decimal places are required for M2.
Do not award any marks for 24.31 without showing method (as the value
can be copied from the Data Booklet).
(ii) amount of deflection depends on mass/m/z of isotope / magnetic field

required to deflect isotope onto detector depends on mass/ m/z of isotope;
(detector) current/voltage/signal is proportional to/depends on abundance of
isotope/number of atoms/ions / detector produces a graph of (percent) abundance
against mass/m/z; [2]
Do not award M2 if no reference to output/signal from detector.
Award [1 max] if answer relates mass to deflection and abundance to
detection without satisfying requirements of M1 and M2.
(iii) same atomic radii / 160 pm;

isotopes only differ by number of neutrons/size of nucleus / radius
determined by electron shells and number of protons / OWTTE; [2]
Accept neutrons do not affect distance of electrons / OWTTE.
(b) (lattice of) positive ions/cations and mobile/free/delocalized electrons;

Accept “sea of electrons” instead of “delocalized electrons”.
Award M1 for a suitable diagram.
electrostatic attraction (between ions and delocalized electrons); [2]
(c) MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2 / Mg2+ + 2 OH- ; [1]

Accept reversible arrow.
 5.00   1.50 
(d) (i) P4 O10 :    0.0176 (mol) and H 2 O :    0.0832 (mol) ;
 283.88   18.02 
H 2 O is the limiting reactant and reason related to stoichiometry; [2]
0.0832  4
(ii) / 0.0555(mol) ;
6
(0.0555  98.00 ) 5.44 g ; [2]
The unit is needed for M2.
Do not penalize slight numerical variations due to premature rounding.
(iii) H 3 PO 4 (aq)  3NaOH (aq)  Na 3 PO 4 (aq)  3H 2 O (l)

correct products and balancing;
correct state symbols; [2]
Accept valid ionic equations.
(iv) H 2 PO 4  ; [1]
(e) (i)
[1]
Accept dots, crosses or lines for pairs of electrons.
No need to distinguish the dative covalent bond from the other bonds.
Charge is required for the mark.
Do not penalize missing square brackets.
(ii) 109 27 '/ 109.5 / 109 ;

4 electron domains/pairs/(negative) charge centres (around central atom/P); [2]
Accept ion is tetrahedral / electron pairs/domains repel each other.
(iii) non-polar and P and H have the same electronegativity / OWTTE; [1]
Accept slightly polar as precise electronegativities of P and H are not identical
/ OWTTE.
7. (a) butan-2-ol/2-butanol; [1]
(b) (i) same molecular formula but differ in arrangement of their atoms; [1]
Allow “different structures/structural formulas” instead of “different
arrangement of atoms”.
(ii) (compounds) 2 and 4 / butanone and butanal; [1]
(c) Compound Organic Product

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 butanone/CH3CH2COCH3;
CH3CH2COCH3 no reaction;
CH3CH2CH2OH propanoic acid/CH3CH2COOH;
CH3CH2CH2CHO butanoic acid/CH3CH2CH2COOH; [4]
(d)
curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO  .

bromoethane or in the transition state.
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and

partial bonds;
Do not award M3 if OH—C bond is represented, but penalise wrong bonding
once only.
formation of organic product CH 3CH 2 OH and Br  ; [4]

Accept “NaBr / Na+ and Br-” as product.
If candidate writes an SN1 mechanism then deduct 1 mark for this, so that it is
marked out of [3 max].
(e) (i) heat transferred/absorbed/released/enthalpy/potential energy change when 1

mol/molar amounts of reactant(s) react (to form products) / OWTTE;
under standard conditions / at a pressure 100 kPa/101.3 kPa/1 atm and
temperature 298 K/25 C ; [2]
Award [2] for difference between standard enthalpies of products and
standard enthalpies of reactants / H Ö (products) – H Ö (reactants).
Award [2] for difference between standard enthalpies of formation of
products and standard enthalpies of formation of reactants /
 H Öf (products) –  H Öf (reactants).
(ii) (1.00  0.0500 ) 0.0500 (mol) ;

(0.0500  57.9 ) 2.90 (kJ) ; [2]
Ignore any negative sign.
Award [1 max] for 2900 J.
 2.50 
(iii)    0.0625(mol NaOH) ;
 40.00 
0.0500  4.18 13.3  2.78(kJ) / 50.0  4.18  13.3  2780 (J) ;
 2.78  1
   44.5 (kJ mol ) ; [3]
 0.0625 
Negative sign is necessary for M3.
Award M2 and M3 if 52.5 g is used to obtain an enthalpy change of –46.7.
(iv) 44.5  57.9 / correct Hess’s Law cycle (as below) / correct manipulation of
equations;
NaOH (s)  HCl(aq)  NaCl (aq)  H 2 O (l)
–44.5 kJ –57.9 kJ
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)
102.4 (kJ) ; [2]

8. (a) (i) oxidation and (iron/Fe) loses electrons/increases in oxidation number/state; [1]
(ii) O2 (aq)  4e   2H 2O (l)  4OH  (aq)

0 I –II –II I ;
[2]
Award [2] for five correct.
Award [1] for four correct.
Accept use of oxidation states (0, +1, –2, –2, +1) for oxidation numbers.
Penalize once for incorrect notation (eg, 2, 2–).
(iii) O 2 (aq)  2H 2 O (l)  2Fe (s)  2Fe 2  (aq)  4 OH  (aq) ; [1]

(iv) Fe/iron; [1]
(b) oxygen is non-polar;

needs to break strong hydrogen bonds/H–bonds between water molecules (to
dissolve) / oxygen cannot form hydrogen bonds/H–bonds with water;
oxygen can only form (weak) van der Waals’/vdW/LDF/London/dispersion forces
with water; [2 max]
(c) (i) Negative electrode (anode):

Mg (s)  Mg 2  (aq)  2e  / 12 Mg (s)  12 Mg 2  (aq)  e  /
Mg (s)  2e   Mg 2  (aq) / 12 Mg (s)  e   12 Mg 2  (aq) ;
Accept equations for the oxidation of water/hydroxide ions.
Positive electrode (cathode):

Ag  (aq)  e   Ag (s) ; [2]
Accept Ag equation doubled so that both electrodes involve 2 electrons.
Accept e instead of e–.

Award [1 max] if both equations are correct but the state symbols are
missing/incorrect.
Award [1 max] if both equations are reversed but state symbols correct.
(ii) provides ions that flow into electrolytes/half-cells / maintains electrical

neutrality of solutions/electrolytes / provides electrical continuity by
providing path for migrating ions; [1]
Accept completes the (electrical) circuit / allows current to flow / OWTTE.
(d) (i) atomic number / number of protons; [1]

Accept number of electrons in a (neutral) atom.
(ii) groups indicate the number of electrons in the highest energy

level/outer/valence shell;
periods indicate the number of (occupied) energy levels/shells (in the atom); [2]
(e) (i) steeper curve with a similar shape that reaches same maximum volume of O2; [1]
(ii) (draw a) tangent to the curve at origin/time = 0/start of reaction;

(calculate) the gradient/slope (of the tangent); [2]
(iii) measure/monitor mass/pressure/[H2O2]; [1]

Accept measure/monitor temperature of system.
(iv) y-axis: probability / fraction of molecules/particles / probability density

Allow “number of particles/molecules” on y-axis.
and
x-axis: (kinetic) energy;
Accept “speed/velocity” on x-axis.
Probability
of
molecules
Ea catalysed Ea uncatalysed
(Kinetic) Energy
correct relative position of Ea catalysed and Ea uncatalysed;

more/greater proportion of molecules/collisions have the lower/required/catalysed
Ea (and can react upon collision); [3]
M3 can be scored by shading and annotating the graph.
Accept a greater number/proportion of successful collisions as catalyst
reduces Ea.

Chemistry SL P2 Markscheme Chapter 1-6

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Chemistry SL P2 Markscheme Chapter 1-6

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–4– M13/4/CHEMI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX/M

1. (a) 0.675 (g) ± 0.002 (g);

(b) In 25.0 cm3: nHA = 1.21×10−3 (mol) ;

 70.56   23.50   5.94 

(e) measuring electrical conductivity;

2. (a) decreases (from left to right/across period 3);

3. (a) Sodium Sodium chloride

State of matter solid (and liquid) liquid / aqueous/solution ;

Particles that conduct the

Reaction occurring no reaction occurs (redox) reaction occurs / electrolysis ;

negative electrode positive electrode

labelled electrolyte/NaCl(l); [3]

(c) production of aluminium/chlorine/lithium/magnesium/hydrogen/sodium hydroxide/

4. (a) loss of electrons; [1]

(c) Oxidizing agent: MnO4– and Reducing agent: (COOH)2; [1]

5. (a) butan-2-ol/2-butanol; [1]

(c) C2 H 5CHOHCH 3 + [O] → C2 H 5COCH 3 + H 2O ; [1]

(ii) 10 x + 11(1 − x) = 10.81, x = 0.19 ;

(b) (i) R: acceleration and S: deflection; [1]

(ii) Protons: 5 and Neutrons: 6;

(c) (i) NH3 BF3

(ii) sharing of electrons between atoms; [1]

(iii) NH3: (trigonal/triangular) pyramidal;

(d) (i) electron pair acceptor; [1]

(ii) NH3: Lewis base;

7. (a) (i) (q = mcΔT =) 0.0500 × 4.18 × 21.3 = 4.45 (kJ);

(ii) less heat is liberated than theoretically/–726 kJ mol–1;

(b) ëH Ö = 12 II + III − 12 I / correct diagram/energy cycle;

(c) (i) rate of forward reaction equals rate of backward reaction;

(iii) Haber process/production of NH3 / contact process/production of H2SO4; [1]

(d) (i) shifts to left/reactants;

(ii) shifts to the right/products;

(iii) no effect on equilibrium;

8. (a) (i) same functional group / same general formula;

gradually changing physical properties; [3 max]

(ii) adding bromine (water);

Do not accept “clear” or “transparent” for “colourless”.

(b) (i) C4 H 9 Br + OH – → C4 H 9OH + Br – ; [1]

(ii) decreases; [1]

(c) (i) C4H9Br:

(ii) increases rate; [1]

(iv) (CH3)3CBr; [1]

(v) C4 H9 Br + Br2 → C4 H8 Br2 + HBr ; [1]

curly arrow showing Br– leaving;

formation of (CH3)3COH and Br–; [4]

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in –OH to C;

curly arrow showing Br– leaving;

formation of organic product C4H9OH and Br–;

1. (a) systematic (error); [1]

(b) closeness of agreement of a set of measurements to each other / OWTTE; [1]

(d) (i) gain (of electrons); [1]

(ii) VII / +7; [1]

(e) (i) volume  16.80 (cm3 ) / 18.00  1.20 (cm3 ) ;

(iii) (55.85  4.20  103 )  0.235(g) ; [1]

(f) (i) MnO 2 ; [1]

(ii) due to insufficient acid (in flask) / OWTTE; [1]

(b) minimum energy needed (by reactants/colliding particles) to react/start/initiate

correct shape of a Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curve;

3. (a) (i) [H ] increased by factor of 10; [1]

(ii) ethanoic acid; [1]

4. (a) van der Waals’/London/dispersion and dipole-dipole; [1]

(b) (i) (CH 3 )2 NH :

Lone pair not necessary.

(iii) representative drawing showing hydrogen bond between (CH 3 ) 2 NH and