EEEN 201

Electrical and Electronics Circuits I

Overview of Electrical Engineering

 A profession concerned with systems

that produce,transmit and measure electric signals

 Deals with applications of physicist’s models of natural phenomena combined with the
mathematician’s tools
 Found in homes,schools,workplaces,and transportation vehicles

Subdivisions of electrical systems

 We have 7 major classifications;

1) Communication Systems : Electrical systems that generate ,transmit and distribute

information.

e.g. television equipment(cameras,transmitters,receivers),radio,telescopes,satellite

systems,radar systems,telephone systems.

Figure 1.a

1.1
2) Computer Systems : Systems that use electric signals to process information such as
word processing or mathematical computations.
e.g pocket calculaters,personal computers or supercomputers that process weather
data and model chemical interactions of organic molecules.

3) Control Systems : Systems that use electric signals to regulate process.

e.g. Temperature,pressure and flow rate in an oil rafinery OR,

 control mechanisms such as motors, doors, lights in elevators

 autopilot and autolanding systems that fly and land airplane

4) Power Systems : Systems that generate and distribute electrical power

e.g. thermal,nuclear and hydroelectric generators

5) Signal Processing : A wide range of systems that do not have communication,control

or power as their primary function.

 systems that act on electric signals e.g. A stereo sound systemi

representing information computer-assisted tomography
they transform the signals (CAT) scan system
and the information contained in them in medical diagnosis
into a more suitable form.

6) Electromagnetics

7) Electronics :

Note that ;
 A considerable interaction takes place among these systems:
e.g. Communication engineers use digital computers to control the flow of
information.
 Computer systems contain control systems and vice versa

1.2
The Concept of Circuits

 Historically,progress in electrical engineering can be described as;

Physical Mathematical
insight techniques

Circuit Circuit Good Useful

models analysis Measurement designs

Not good

 Physical phenomeno is used to construct methematical models

called “circuits”

 Elements that make up the circuit

called “components”

Ideal Circuit Elements : The challenge is to develop models

that will predict the physical behavior of real components
accurately.

How to achieve this ?

 The element and circuit models are combined with mathematical techniques
to analyze circuits of interest

 This analysis is compared quantitatively

with measurements on actual circuits involving real components

 If the results are good

used to make practical designs

 If NOT good
circuit models and mathematical analysis methods are adjusted.

1.3
Electric charge

 The basis for describing all electrical phenomena

 The carge is bipolar

electrical effects are described in positive and negative charges

 Exist in discrete quantities

integral multiples of the electronic charge,

1.6022 x 10−19 C (Coulomb)

Note that ;

 The separation of charge generates an

electric force (voltage)

 The motion of charge generates an

electric fluid (current)

Voltage

 The energy per unit charge given in differential form

𝑑𝑤
Ѵ=
𝑑𝑞

where

Ѵ : voltage in volts

W : energy in joules

q : charge in coulombs

1.4
Current

 The rate of charge flow described as

𝑑𝑞
ί=
𝑑𝑡
where
ί : current in amperes

q : charge in coulombs

t : time in seconds

Ideal basic circuit element

 Let us define an ideal basic circuit element

 An ideal basic circuit element has 3 basic attributes :

1. It has only 2 terminals

2. It is mathematically described in terms of current and/or voltage
3. It can not be subdivided into other elements

i
+ 1
V
- 2

 The voltage across the terminals of the box is denoted by Ѵ

 The current in the circuit element is denoted by ί

Reference directions

 The referance direction for the current

shown by the arrow alongside the current

 If the numerical value of Ѵ is a positive number

there is a drop in voltage from terminal 1 to terminal 2

1.5
  if the numerical value of Ѵ is a negative number

there is a rise in voltage from terminal 1 to terminal 2

 If the numerical value of ί is positive

then positive charge carriers flowing from terminal 1 to terminal 2

 if the numerical value of ί is negative

then negative charge carriers flowing from terminal 1 to terminal 2

Passive sign convention

 Note that the assignments of reference polarity for voltage and the reference direction
for current
are arbitrary

 Once you assign the refences

write all subsequent equations in accordance with the chosen reference

 The most widely used one is called passive sign convention

 Whenever the reference direction fort he current in an element is the direction of the
reference voltage drop across the element
use a positive sign in the expression that relates the voltage to the current

Power and Energy

 The useful output of the system often is nonelectrical and

this is expressed in terms of power and energy

Power : The time rate of expending or absorbing energy,or

energy per unit time

𝑑𝑤
P=
𝑑𝑡
where

p : power in watts
w : energy in joules
t : time in seconds

1.6
  We can associate power with the flow of charge as follows

𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
P= = 𝑑𝑞 =Ѵί
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

 Therefore,power of a circuit element is

the product of the current in the element and voltage across the element

Polarity reference for power

 If the reference direction for current is in the direction of voltage drop across the
element
the sign of power is positive , P = Ѵ ί
 Otherwise,the sign is negative , P = -Ѵί
i i
+ 1 + 1
V
- 2 - 2

P=Ѵί P=-Ѵί

i i
- 1 - 1

+ 2 + 2

P=-Ѵί P=Ѵί

 if the power is positive , P > 0

the energy is being delivered to the circuit
 if the power is negative , P < 0
the energy is being dissipated from the circuit

e.g. Consider the following polarity reference with

i ί = 4A , Ѵ = -10V
+ 1

2
-

1.7
  then the power is calculated as

P = -(-10) 4 = 40W the circuit is absorbing energy

Voltage and Current Sources

 Source is a device that is
capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric energy and vice versa
 for example,

mechanical to electrical “generator”

electrical to mechanical “motor”

 these sources deliver or absorb electric power

 since they tend to maintain either voltage or current
ideal voltage source and ideal current source appear as basic circuit elements

Independent Dependent

Ideal independent voltage source

 A circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals regardless of
the current in the device

W +
- -The reference polarity is given by plus and minus signs
s

Ideal independent current source

 A circuit element that maintainsa prescribed current within its terminals regardless of
the voltage across them

is -The reference direction is given by the arrow

Ideal dependent or controlled voltage source

 A source in which either a voltage or current at some other location in the circuit
determines the voltage across its terminals

1.8
  Symbolically shown as

+ Vs  V x OR Vs  pix
Vs
--

where
 , p : multiplying constants
V x , i x : controlling variables

Ideal dependent or controlled current source

 A source in which either a voltage or current at some other location in the circuit
determines the terminal current

is
i s  V x OR is   i x

where
 ,  : multiplying constants

Remark : If you know voltage (current) in a dependent or independent voltage (current) source
you can not determine current (voltage) of the source.

Remark : Dependent or controlled sources are especially useful in building circuit models of
electronic devices.

Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

 A thermal energy arises whenever charge carriers flow through a metal like copper.

 This characteristic behavior of metals is referred to as

“resistance” of the material to the flow of electric charge.

 The circuit element used to model this behavior is “resistor”

where
R : the resistance value of the resistor in Ohms(Ω)

 Two ways to reference the current in the resistor to the terminal voltage 1.9
 + +

İ V R OR i V R

- -
(a) (b)

 The relationship between the voltage and current is referred to as “Ohm’s Law” and given by
Ѵ=ίR (applies for the 1st reference)

 For the second reference, we have

Ѵ =- ί R

Conductance

 The reciprocal of the resistance is referred to as conductance

1
G= (in Siemens, S)
R

Power at the terminals of a resistor

 For the reference system (a)

+ Ѵ=ίR
2
V R
p= Ѵ ί= ί R
ί - the power at the terminals of

a positive resistor is always

positive

 for the reference system (b)

+ Ѵ=-ίR
2
V R
p= -(- ί R). ί = ί R
ί -

1.10
  Alternatively , power can be calculated as
V2 i2
p= OR p=
R G

=V 2 G

Ex. Given the circuit, calculate i and p

i
50
İ=  10 A
5
50V + 5
- 50 2
P=  500 W
5

Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Let us consider the following circuit
d
 the relationship between terminal voltages
+
and currents
Vs + is il Vl Rl referred to as Kirchhoff’s laws
- i1 ic ─
─ V1 + + Vc ─
a R1 b Rc c

 We first define a node

Node : A node is simply a point in a circuit at which two or more circuit elements joint

e.g.

 The nodes in the above circuit is denoted as a, b, c, d

Kirchhoff current law : The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero

Note that ;

 An algebraic sign must be assigned to every current at the node

e.g. (+) for a current leaving a node

OR vice versa
(-) for a current entering a node

Node a : i s  i1 = 0 Node c :  i c  il = 0
“3 independent eqn.”
Node b : i1  ic = 0 Node d :  i s  il = 0

Remark : In any circuit with n nodes, (n-1) independent current equations can be derived from KCL.

1.11
Loop(closed path) : Starting at any arbitrarily selected node, we trace a closed path in a circuit
without passing through an intermediate node more than once.

Kirchhoffs’s voltage law : The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit
equals zero.

 Choose node d as the starting point and trace clockwise

Vl  Vc  V1  Vs = 0 “1 independent equation.”
Note that ;

 using Ohm’s Law gives

V1 = i1 R1
Vc = i c Rc “3 independent equations.”

Vl = il Rl
Therefore,

 We obtained 3+1+3=7 independent equations.

to solve for the unknown variables

i s , i1 , ic , il , V1 , Vc , Vl

Ex.
10 Ω b
+ V0 ─
+
Node b : i0  6  i1  0 KCL
i0 i1 V0  10 i 0
50 Ω
120V + 6A Ohms’s
-
V1 i0= ? V1  50 i1 law
─

a c a ─b ─c ─a : ─120 + V0 + V1 = 0
 we get
i1  i0  6 i1  3 A
6 i1 =18
10 i 0 + 50 i1 = 120 i 0  3 A

b. Verify that the total power generated equals total power dissipated

P50  i12 50 = 32 50  450 W

P10  i0210  (3) 210  90 W ∑ Pabsorbing  450  90  360  900 W Absorbing
P120  120 i0  120 .(3)  360 w

P6  6V1  6.(50.3)  900 W Delivering

Hence, Pdelivered  Pabsorbed

1.12