Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 5
Goods and Financial Markets: The IS-LM Model
1. True/False/Uncertain
a. True.
b. True.
c. False.
d. False. The balanced budget multiplier is positive (it equals one), so the IS curve
shifts right.
e. False.
g. True.
h. True
i. False
Firms deciding how to use their own funds will compare the return on bonds to the return
on the physical investment, the new piece of capital. When the interest rate on bonds
increases, they become more attractive, and firms are more likely to use their funds to
purchase bonds, rather than to finance physical investment projects.
a. Y=[1/(1-c1)]*[c0-c1T+I+G]
The multiplier is 1/(1-c1).
d. The multiplier is greater (less) than the multiplier in part (a) if (b 1- b2d1/d2) is
greater (less) than zero. The multiplier is big if b1 is big, b2 is small, d1 is small,
and/or d2 is big, i.e., if investment is very sensitive to Y, investment is not very
sensitive to i, money demand is not very sensitive to Y, money demand is very
sensitive to i.
a. The IS curve shifts left. Output and the interest rate fall. The effect on investment
is ambiguous because the output and interest rate effects work in opposite
directions: the fall in output tends to reduce investment, but the fall in the interest
rate tends to increase it.
e. From parts b and d, holding M/P constant, I increases by (b1- b2d1/d2)/ (1-c1-b1+
b2d1/d2), in response to a one-unit increase in G. So, if G decreases by one unit,
investment will increase when b1<b2 d1/d2.
f. A fall in G leads to a fall in output (which tends to reduce investment) and to a fall
in the interest rate (which tends to increase investment). Thus, for investment to
increase, the output effect (b1) must be smaller than the interest rate effect (b2
d1/d2). Note that the interest rate effect contains two terms: (i) d 1/d2, the slope of
the LM curve, which gives the effect of a one unit change in equilibrium output on
the interest rate, and (ii) b2, which gives the effect of a one unit change in the
equilibrium interest rate on investment.
a. Y=C+I+G=200+.25*(Y-200)+150+.25Y-1000i+250
Y=1100-2000i
b. M/P=1600=2Y-8000i
i=Y/4000-1/5
f. Y=1040; i=3%; C=410; I=380. A monetary expansion reduces the interest rate and
increases output. The increase in output increases consumption. The increase in
output and the fall in the interest rate increase investment.
g. Y=1200; i=10%; C=450; I=350. A fiscal expansion increases output and the
interest rate. The increase in output increases consumption.
h. The condition was b1 must be less that b2 d1/d2 for a contraction in G to increase I.
For the model above 0.25 is equal to (1000)x( 2/8000). The condition is not
satisfied and the reduction in G will not increase I. In fact, this particular set of
parameters, where
b1 =b2 d1/d2 is the set where the change in G leaves I unchanged.
7. Policy Recommendations
b. A contractionary fiscal policy (IS left) would decrease the deficit either by
reducing G or increasing T. If there was an expansionary monetary policy at the
same time (LM down ) then output could remain the same at a lower interest rate.
Thus investment would increase.
SIDE-LEVER ENGINE.
From the Model in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
The contract was for ten years, and to take effect from
December 1st, 1841. The fourteen ships were all named after British
rivers, and many readers will be aware that this custom of the
company has continued ever since, although in some cases the
names of foreign rivers have also been thus employed. Some of
these vessels were built at Northfleet on the Thames, others
(including the Teviot and Clyde) were built at Greenock, others at
Dumbarton, Leith, and Cowes. The Lords of the Admiralty stipulated
that the vessels should be built under their supervision, and a naval
officer was put in charge of the mails on each steamer, and carried
out a sort of supervision of the ship’s affairs, a boat’s crew being
always at his service when the mails were being taken aboard or
disembarked. The illustration facing page 112 shows the launch of
the Forth at Leith in 1841. This picture, which is taken from a
contemporary painting, is worthy of perusal, as showing the close
resemblance between the mercantile marine and naval architecture
of the period. Strength rather than slim beauty, massiveness rather
than fineness, formed the keynote both in the steam and sailing
ships of that time. In the same year had already been launched the
Thames from Northfleet, and in the following year that vessel
inaugurated this new service, setting forth, like the older packets,
from Falmouth. The voyage from there to the West Indies took about
eighteen days, but exceptional runs were done in seventeen days.
This new steamship departure was an undoubted success, and
the Admiralty admitted that even the Government, with all its naval
resources, could not have succeeded so well as this private
company in getting together and ready for sea in so short a time so
many large and well-equipped new steamers. Financially this meant
a very large outlay, and there was not much less than a million of
money expended on this first fleet. It should be stated, however, that
the Government subsidised the concern by a grant of £240,000 per
annum. Presently Falmouth gave way to Southampton as the
headquarters of the Royal Mail fleet. To-day there are so many big
liners calling at the Hampshire port, and there is at all times of the
day so continuous a procession of all kinds of large steamships, that
it is difficult to realise that in those days this was comparatively a
small port.
It was only natural that, as soon as ever the West Indian service
should have proved itself successful, a branch should be extended
to the South American Continent. In 1846, therefore, the company
organised a means of transit by mules and canoes across the
Isthmus of Panama, which were in 1855 superseded by the Panama
Railroad. Although we are departing from our historical sequence in
the development of the steamship, it is convenient here to sketch
very rapidly the progress of the Royal Mail Line farther still, for the
evolution of a steamship company is not necessarily that of the
steamship. A small company may be famous for having one or two
ships that are always the last word in modern ship-building and
marine engineering; a large company may possess a considerable
aggregate of tonnage, but its ships may be behind the lead of others
in improvements. For the moment we are considering the enterprise
which enabled the early steamships to penetrate to distant, over-sea
territories where the Elizabethan sailors had gone in their slow-going
ships scarcely three centuries before.
B
The Royal Mail Co. has now absorbed the
Pacific Steam Navigation Co.
But there was now another force coming in, which was to entirely
alter the character of the liner. Let us trace the evolution of the screw
propeller, which has completely banished the old-fashioned paddle-
wheel from its place in the ocean-going ship, and is rapidly having
the same effect in cross-Channel steamers. We saw that away back
in 1804 John Stevens had crossed the Hudson in a little ship that
was driven along by a screw propeller, but it was not until the year
1836 that the screw was re-introduced. In this year John Ericsson, a
Swedish engineer, obtained a patent for his invention which
consisted of two drums, on whose exteriors were seven helical
blades, the interior of each drum having the three blades which
formed the radii of the circle. Both these drums worked on one axis,
and were placed behind the rudder, and not in front of it as is the
modern propeller. If the reader will turn to the plate facing page 118,
he will see this at the beginning of the second line to the left. The
drums were made to work in opposite directions, the object being to
avoid loss due to the rotary motion already remaining in the water
discharged by a single screw.
Ericsson applied this invention to the Francis B. Ogden, which
was built in 1837. She was 45 feet long, and was driven by a two-
cylinder steam engine with a boiler pressure of 50 lb. The result of
the experiment showed that she could tow a vessel of 630 tons
burthen at 4½ knots against the tide. The following year a larger
vessel, the Robert F. Stockton, was built by Laird Brothers, and
attained a speed of thirteen knots on the Thames, with the tide in her
favour. Afterwards she crossed the Atlantic, but under canvas, and
was turned into a tug as the New Jersey, for work in New York
waters. The illustration facing page 120, which has been lent by
Messrs. Cammell, Laird and Company, Limited, of Birkenhead,
shows her rigged as a topsail schooner under sail and steam. Her
measurements were 63.4 feet long, 10 feet beam, 7 feet deep, with a
register of 33 tons, and engines of 30 horsepower. Although she was
the first screw steamer to cross the Atlantic, yet her voyage is
interesting rather as a fairly daring trip of a small sailing ship than as
proving the reliability of the screw propeller.
But at the same time that Ericsson was working at his idea,
Francis Smith, an Englishman, who was afterwards knighted, was
also engaged at the same problem, though his method of solution
was of a different nature, as will be seen by a reference to the last
illustration on the first line of the plate facing page 118. His patent
was granted in the same year as Ericsson’s, and was tried with
success the year after on the Paddington Canal. Smith was a farmer
at Hendon, and had already experimented with a model driven by
clockwork on a farm pond, just as Fulton had carried out his early
experiments with a clockwork model in a tank. The next step was to
repeat the experiment on a six-ton boat which was driven by a steam
engine, the propeller being, like those of the modern aeroplanes, of
wood. It was while thus experimenting that an interesting accident
happened, for about one-half of the screw thus shown in the
illustration was broken off, and to everyone’s surprise the boat
instantly began to leap forward at a quicker speed. Later the boat
was fitted with a screw having one turn instead of two, and made of
metal instead of wood, and in this small craft Smith cruised as far as
Folkestone. Her speed was 5½ knots.