NON-REACTING MIXTURE

MS3220 Thermal Engineering

Semester II 2022/2023

Nathanael P. Tandian
FTMD - ITB
 Lecture Objectives
(Learning Outcomes)
After finishing this section, students can:
• Explain the meaning of ideal mixture
• Calculate composition of ideal mixtures
• Calculate thermodynamic properties of ideal
mixture
• Analyze thermodynamic processes involving
ideal mixtures
 Ideal Gas Model (a Review)
• This is an approximation equation/model
• Basic assumptions
o Gas consists of elastic particles
o Mean free path of particles >> particle sizes
o Interaction forces among particles are negligible
• Good for: high temperature and/or low pressure
• relationships
Basis Extensive Intensive
Universal gas constant
Mass
Individual gas constant
Mole
 Ideal Gas Model (a Review)
• Other properties
o Internal energy: – depends on temperature only
o Enthalpy: – depends on temperature only
o Entropy: or or – depends on two other
properties

• Heat capacities
o Isochoric heat capacity: ,

o Isobaric heat capacity: ,

o Heat capacity ratio:

o Heat capacity difference: ,
 Ideal Gas Model (a Review)
• Internal Energy & Enthalpy
o Air (ideal gas) and values: Table A-22
o Other gases (ideal) CO2, CO, H2O, O2, and N2:
Table A-23
• Energy changes
 Ideal Gas Model (a Review)
• Entropy Data (Tables)
o Air (ideal gas)  values: Table A-22
o Other gases (ideal) CO2, CO, H2O, O2, and N2:
Table A-23
• Entropy changes
o For -dependent heat capacities:

 Eq. 6-17

 Eq. 6-18
 Ideal Gas Model (a Review)
o In terms of , then Eqn 6-18 becomes

or

o For constant heat capacities:

 Mixture Composition
• Important formulae
Quantity Equation
Mole of -component

Total mass of mixture

Mass fraction of -component

Total mole of mixture

Mole fraction of -component

Molecular weight of mixture

 Mixture Composition
• Problem Example 1
An ideal gas mixture has a mass composition of 65%
nitrogen, 20% oxygen, 10% hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
What is its composition in a molar basis?
• Answer:
o Molecular weights: N2 28 g/mole, O2 32 g/mole,
H2 2 g/mole, and CO2 44 g/mole
o Composition = intensive property  take 100 g of
mixture
o The amount of ‘sample’ mixture is arbitrarily taken
o The calculation is shown in the following table
 Mixture Composition
• Calculation of Problem Example 1
Mass of the sample = 100 g
mi = ni = yi =
i mf i Mi
mf i m m i /M i n i /n
N2 0.65 65.0 28 2.32 0.29
O2 0.20 20.0 32 0.63 0.08
H2 0.10 10.0 2 5.00 0.62
CO2 0.05 5.0 44 0.11 0.01
S 1.00 100.0 -- 8.06 1.00

Given in the problem Table A-1

 Intensive Properties of Mixture
• Intensive properties in mass basis
o Consider any mass base intensive properties,
(could be or )
o By using their definition, of the mixture is

o Therefore:
o Meaning: is weighted average of all with
as the weight factor
 Intensive Properties of Mixture
• Intensive properties in mole basis
• Similar to the properties in mass basis, a
similar equation for calculating can be
derived, i.e.
• Notice that the weight factor for the intensive
properties in molar basis is the mole faction
 Intensive Properties of Mixture
• Problem Example 2
For the Problem Example 1, find heat capacity ratio of the
mixture at 300 K
• Answer:
o Isobaric heat capacities: N2 1.039 kJ/kg.K, O2 0.918 kJ/kg.K,
H2 14.307 kJ/kg.K, and CO2 0.846 kJ/kg.K
o Isochoric heat capacities: N2 0.743 kJ/kg.K, O2 0.658
kJ/kg.K, H2 10.183 kJ/kg.K, and CO2 0.657 kJ/kg.K
o Heat capacity of the mixture can be calculated by using
this equation:
o The calculation is shown in the following table
 Intensive Properties of Mixture
• Calculation of Example Problem 2
yi =
i mf i c p,i mf i .c p,i c v,i mf i .c v,i
n i /n
N2 0.65 0.29 1.039 0.675 0.743 0.483
O2 0.20 0.08 0.918 0.184 0.658 0.132
H2 0.10 0.62 14.307 1.431 10.183 1.018
CO2 0.05 0.01 0.846 0.042 0.657 0.033
S 1.00 1.00 -- 2.332 -- 1.666

• Calculation results: =2.332 and = 1.666 kJ/kg.K

• Therefore 1.40
 Thermodynamic Process Analysis
• Example Problem 3
The ideal gas mixture in the previous example problems is
compressed in an isentropic compressor from 1 bar, 300 K to
a final pressure of 10 bar. Find the compressor work .
• Answer:
o Assumptions:
o (a) Steady state,
o (b) Isentropic process,
o (c) Negligible and
o (d) Ideal gas mixture,
o (e) Composition does not change,
o (f) Constant heat capacities (evaluated at the inlet)
 Thermodynamic Process Analysis
o Calculate outlet temperature

579.2 K
o Calculate the compressor work
2.332(579.2-300)
= 651.10 kJ/kg air
• Note: the process analysis of a mixture is
similar to that of a pure ideal gas; the only
difference is it uses mixture properties
 Engineering Applications
There are two important areas related to ideal gas
mixtures, i.e.:
1. Systems involving chemical reactions (mainly:
combustion). Typically uses molar basis
analysis. These are covered in Chapter 13.
2. Systems involving psychrometrics (dry air and
water vapor mixtures). Typically uses mass basis
analyis. These are covered in the second part of
Chapter 12.