Title: Navigating the Complexity: Crafting a Body Area Network Literature Review

Crafting a comprehensive literature review on Body Area Networks (BANs) can be a daunting task.
The sheer volume of research, coupled with the intricate technical details and evolving trends,
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A literature review serves as the backbone of any academic research, providing a critical analysis of
existing literature and identifying gaps for further exploration. In the realm of Body Area Networks,
where interdisciplinary perspectives converge, the task becomes even more demanding. Researchers
must navigate through a myriad of journals, conferences, and scholarly articles spanning various
disciplines such as biomedical engineering, wireless communication, signal processing, and healthcare.

Moreover, as technology continues to advance, the landscape of BANs undergoes constant

evolution. Keeping abreast of the latest developments and integrating them into a cohesive narrative
requires a blend of technical proficiency and analytical prowess. Each study contributes a piece to
the puzzle, and synthesizing these fragments into a coherent whole demands both skill and
perseverance.

Given the complexity of the task, many researchers find themselves overwhelmed by the sheer
magnitude of information to sift through and analyze. Time constraints, along with other academic
obligations, further exacerbate the challenge, leaving individuals grappling with the monumental task
of producing a high-quality literature review.

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There are three “room-to-box” scenarios which are explained in more detail as follows. Key
Generation Based on Acceleration Data of Shaking Processes. In actuality, you can also approach us
at a convenient time. The detailed results are demonstrated in Table 13. These requirements can be
categorized into four main subjects: low power consumption, transmission reliability and latency,
data rates, security and privacy. 1.2.1. Low-Power Consumption Low-power consumption is
considered to be one of the most important and challenging requirements in WBAN systems.
Devices in WBAN systems mainly consume energy during sensing vital information, wireless
communication and data processing. This is significantly valuable for resource-limited and latency-
critical devices such as those used in health-monitoring applications. Secret Key Agreement Schemes
in IOT Based Wireless Body Area Network. However, BAN technology also introduces a number of
challenges seldom seen before due to the scarcity of hardware and radio communications resources
under which they operate. One is due to the existence of lower path loss which does not include the
otherwise detrimental effects of body shadowing in RF communications. Previous Article in Journal
Piezoelectric Active Humidity Sensors Based on Lead-Free NaNbO 3 Piezoelectric Nanofibers.
Reconciliation Cost Using Wireless Channel Characteristics in Body Area Networks. Because their
approaches are fundamentally based on simple computation through weighted factor for each metric,
it is rarely feasible to obtain reasonable weight value through experiments. We also hope that you
will make a well-informed decision on choosing Area Network Project based on this. The role of the
DMU is to collect, filter and analyze the information. Developing sensor nodes for biological
monitoring is based on the need for “invisibility” that relies on all available technology options, from
microelectronics to emerging technologies. This enables physicians and emergency centers to monitor
the condition of patients in real time or with a slight delay, as well as respond to their treatment
needs accurately and in a timely manner. With the widespread application of WBANs in health
monitoring, technical requirements need to be made specific to the types of disease and different
application scenarios. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE). Editor’s Choice
articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the
world. Lastly, protocols, mathematical models, mechanisms, and intelligence methods are discussed.
In such cases, the patient needs to be quickly treated, and the patient may have to spend huge money
on the treatment. This protocol uses multistage technology to lower energy consumption and
maximize network life. In: 2012 9th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor,
Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). (pp. 326-334) 2012. In this paper, the
following two criteria or parameters are used for phase construction: The average distance between
live nodes and the main station; Residual energy (in living nodes). However, existing temperature-
aware routing protocols tend to choose the next hop according to the temperature metric without.
Spread spectrum techniques are employed for a range of reasons including increasing resistance to
unwanted interference and noise. This protocol is used in personal area networks (PANs) (small and
low power), and its technology is fixed on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In body sensor networks, the
ZigBee protocol is encrypted with 128 bit passwords. Data authenticity: Authenticity provides a
method for guaranteeing that the information is sent by the individual who is thought to be sending
it. Insteon communication range can be extended by means of a multi-hop approach.
Link layer comparison of Bluetooth, Ant, RuBee, Sensium, Zarlink and Insteon. Environment factors
mainly affect the multipath propagation caused by the surrounding complex environment. The
control point would serve as the interface between. A number of small wireless sensors are installed
in or on the body, creating a wireless body network that can sample, process, and transmit various
vital signals or environmental parameters. Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before
submitting a manuscript. A review of security protocols in m health wireless body area networks
(wban). It is a bidirectional active wireless protocol that employs long wave magnetic signals (not RF
signals) to transmit and receive 128 byte packets of data within a local network. Simon Sherratt,
William Harwin, Robert Piechockic, and Cinna Soltanpur. Introducing cutting-edge theoretical and
practical techniques and taking into account the unique environment-coupled characteristics of
BANs, the book examines how we can re-imagine the design of safe, secure and sustainable BANs.
In the future, the proposed ASIC can be improved by considering the cooperation between the PHY
and MAC layers and the security issues. 7. Conclusions As a new, rapidly spreading technology,
WBANs play a significant role in health monitoring. Section 3 and Section 4 detail the architecture
and tasks of WBANs. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). For
more comprehensive comparison of ZigBee and BLE, see Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5. The
IoT paradigm combines the benefits of different sections such as cloud computing, WBANs, edge
computing, fog computing, and automated computing in communication technologies to create new
ways and opportunities in various fields. Ferreira, V.; Muchaluat-Saade, D.; Albuquerque, C. B-
Move: A Transmission Scheduler Based on Human Body Movements for WBANs. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. Due to this factor area network is a highly in demand and advanced area that is ideal
for any research. It can be concluded that, if wireless sensor networks are implemented without
considering issues such as reliability, security, and energy consumption, adverse results, such as
increased network implementation costs and the reduced service life of the network, can be
expected. Tier-2 is inter-WBAN communication, which uses smartphones, personal computers or
other intelligent electronic devices. Although this software achievement is less costly, it does not
provide significant protection. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. 2007;2008(1).
Available from. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. 2021. Available from.
Working mechanism of biosensors and their data rates in WBANs. The role of the DMU is to collect,
filter and analyze the information. These smart objects have embedded software to control the
various parts and events generated in those objects. Communication service between two physically
connected devices: host-router, router-router, host-host. From our results,acknowledgement schemes
for BANs operating in closed room environments are more viable in closed room environments
compared to BANs that need to operate in open spaces. In: IEEE International Conference on
Parallel Processing Workshops Proceedings. (pp. 432-439) 2003. Mitigation of packet loss with end-
to-end delay in wireless body area network. A continuous stream of information may help physicians
with making well-informed decisions about a patient’s treatment.
Secure Authentication for Mobile Devices Based on Acoustic Background Fingerprint. This project
is an application of three wireless technologies to machine to machine M2M home networking
coexisting with other devices in the 2.4 GHz ISM. The networking technologies used and evaluated
in the project are ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Wi Fi, where the risk of interference in the networks is
identified and evaluated. A DMU is an automatic computing system which performs all major
computing operations and is connected to the Internet. A new biometrics-based key establishment
protocol in WBAN: energy efficiency and security robustness analysis. To increase this small
amount, the energy from a number of harvesters has to be combined. A review of security protocols
in m health wireless body area networks (wban). Editors select a small number of articles recently
published in the journal that they believe will be particularly. The protocol uses a cost function to
select a parent node or data carrier. An enemy examines traffic to detect the activities of a wireless
sensor network and a number of sensor nodes that are critical to the wireless sensor network.
Download Free PDF View PDF Wireless technologies for Body Area Networks: characteristics and
challenges Samaneh Movassaghi Download Free PDF View PDF Body Area Networks: A Survey
nisha nehra Download Free PDF View PDF WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS PRINCIPLES
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES haris farazuddin farooqui A Body Area
Network (BAN) aka a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) or a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
is a system of wearable computing devices. NB and UWB PHY are based on radio frequency (RF)
propagation, and HBC is based on a new non-RF technique. Note that from the first issue of 2016,
this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. These public healthcare problems are
exacerbated by the rapid growth of the elderly population, as elderly people are more prone to suffer
from chronic diseases. In November 2007, an IEEE research team began examining body sensor
networks and developed UWB wireless technology. Paper should be a substantial original Article
that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. The results and conclusions
of this research showed that techniques such as clustering and selection of effective router protocols
increase throughput and network lifetime in a safe and secure environment. We provide Teamviewer
support and other online channels for project explanation. As a sub-field of WSN, Wireless Body
Area Networks (WBAN) offer seamless wireless wearable and implantable sensor technology and
platforms that are also revolutionizing health care, quality of life and the interaction between
physician and patients through new and innovative healthcare applications that are radically
improving quality of life, disease prevention, early risk detection, emergency services, cost reduction,
rescue, chronic conditions, freedom and mobility. For example, the 4 bottom-most rows and the 4
left-most columns indicate the experiments conducted by volunteer 1. Standardization is one of the
aids that harmonizes and coordinates the WBANs. In this article, we reviewed several methods
proposed in recent years to route the wireless body sensor networks with regard to the issue of
energy consumption, and we provided a good overview of these methods. Bio-inspired devices will
become a reality in the near future thanks to molecular engineering and nanotechnology. Maintaining
the real-world medical electronic records in deployed health applications. This algorithm is irrelevant
to the contents of this pack, and only the ants move the packet forward (GACA-F) and backward
(GACA-B). A technology for low-power high data-rate digital capsule endoscopy with human body
communication (CEHBC) is presented in this paper. WBAN involves human body information;
therefore, security and privacy are very important, which must be considered when designing a
WBAN. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a particular type of sensor network using
wireless sensor nodes on a person’s body to measure physiological parameters such as blood pressure,
body temperature, heart rate, and blood sugar level, enabling a patient’s health to be monitored
remotely. Wireless networks are vulnerable to physical assaults due to their scattered and unsecured
nature. The papers are shortlisted around long stretches of 2003-2021 with a focus on recent work
from IEEE Xplore, Springer, Science Direct, ACM, MDPI and Google Scholar databases.
Lightweight Fine-Grained Access Control for Wireless Body Area Networks. Sensors. 2020;20(4).
Available from.
Circulatory shock Cardiogenic Shock Hypovolemic Shock Sepsis, Septic Shock an. Any one WBAN
and other WBANs, personal area networks, LAN, mobile communication networks and the Internet
connect together, which is affecting WBAN technology and the development of important technical
factors. The most difficult aspect of cryptography in the real world is key management. The victim
nodes try to convey the data to the base station through the attackers because they see the attacker as
a neighbor. The rest of this section is categorized into three parts. Using physiological signals for
authentication in a group key agreement protocol. Please let us know what you think of our products
and services. Denial-of-service attacks affect routing protocols. Due to the limited range
requirements of a residential environment eHealthcare system, full meshing capability of any wireless
communication platform may not be necessary, however if no meshing is supported, the
infrastructure must be extended so that the premises is fully covered. Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Wavenis Technology. Available online: (accessed on 1 May 2016). In
this research article, attempts are made to investigate solutions that, while increasing security and
safety in the WBAN, can reduce the energy consumption of nodes and increase the network
lifespan. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open
access license. No special. This application includes wearable sensors connected to the human body
to monitor and track body movements and measure physiological parameters such as body
temperature and heart rate. Objectives: This paper first defines the concept of commercial
environment design consulting and examines spatial des. Crude oil price dynamics determines the
order of the world oil market in which OPEC and Non OPEC countries plays majo. Objective: The
objective is to design PSO based I-PD Controller and PID Controller for a nonlinear system. The
nonlin. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as
ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. Communication
service between two physically connected devices: host-router, router-router, host-host. In the
absorption method, the Markov chain is used to model each of the sensor nodes. Wavenis operates
worldwide in the 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 915 MHz ISM bands. Among the issues raised in the
construction of body sensor nodes are their weight and dimensions, as well as energy consumption
limitations. These if-then phase rules are provided in Table 6. 12. Limitation No comprehensive
systematic review in the literature concurrently addresses security challenges and energy usage. A
dedicated simulator has been developed using results of measurements in the real environment. The
hardware implementations of these security schemes have the advantages of lower power
consumption and low latency. At level 1, secured authentication is provided during the data
transmission. Unlike other sensor networks, WBAN sensor nodes collect physiological parameters.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 14(24):2005-2033. In addition, ZigBee fully supports the
low duty cycle operation of nodes (sensor nodes turn off their radios most of the time to reduce
energy expenditure). As a consequence, no new information will be transmitted and the system
throughput will decrease, and ultimately approach zero (This drawback affects many latency-
sensitive applications such as health monitoring systems).
Considering the limited number of publications there is a need to develop an off-body channel
model, which will facilitate the design of radio links, both from the multimedia services provider and
the security point of view, for body area networks in this atypical environment. Further, if you want
to more about our delivery services in the PhD study then communicate with us. International Journal
of Translational Medicine (IJTM). As a consequence, no new information will be transmitted and the
system throughput will decrease, and ultimately approach zero (This drawback affects many latency-
sensitive applications such as health monitoring systems). Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
(TropicalMed). The node with the most residual energy and the shortest distance to the sinkhole is
selected as the forward node. Security and Privacy Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks for
Healthcare Applications. In addition, Bluetooth, RuBee, Dash7 and EnOcean provide alternative
security engines within the same chip which may be beneficial in particular applications. Approach us
and also get complete help for your research work. A Novel Key Management Protocol in Body Area
Networks. Considering the limited number of publications there is a need to develop an off-body
channel model, which will facilitate the design of. In recent years, entertainment uses, such as
gesture and motion detection for games and virtual experiences, have also emerged. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Efficient end-to-end authentication protocol for
wearable health monitoring systems. This is important because in many WBAN applications such as
pacemakers, wearable devices must be able to operate for very long duration of time without being
recharged or replaced. UWB PHY included 11 frequency bands ranging from 3494.4 to 9984.0
MHz. Due to the high signal attenuation and severe shadow effect through the human body, these
radio frequency bands are not suitable for HBC. Previous Article in Journal A Lightweight Hybrid
Scheme for Hiding Text Messages in Colour Images Using LSB, Lah Transform and Chaotic
Techniques. This section highlights some of the important features of possible low-power
communication technologies that must be taken into account when choosing a particular technology
choice. Subscribe to continue reading Start your free days Page 1 of 1 Home Ebooks Systems
Architecture Footer menu Back to top About About Everand Press Our blog Join our team. In: IEEE
International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops Proceedings. (pp. 432-439) 2003. Some
of them offer the flexibility of variable data rate and hence power consumption, and can operate at a
number of radio frequencies. In the article an off-body narrowband and ultra-wide band channel
model for body area networks in a ferryboat environment is described. The network topology
consists of multiple healthcare sensors and relay nodes. More than 80 hours of experiment data was
collected, Environments The experiments were carried out in three different environments. Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). It may be advantageous if a link
can be made and broken at any point without severely affecting latency and power budget. 4. Future
Prospects Nowadays, smartphone devices are more pervasive, user-accepted and powerful than ever.
As shown in Table 1, different sensors are located on the body to collect data on the patient’s
symptoms. For example, body temperature is a key factor that should be measured to determine the
patient’s health status. Due to the restricted resources of medical sensors, security techniques should
be chosen on the basis of several factors. In order to reduce the dela in critical information sending, it
is recommended to use quality control services that can prioritize essential and sensitive information
and send it with the least delay. These devices, communicating through wireless technologies,
transmit data from the.
Design of a mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for WBANs. It further divides the
key agreement schemes into four classes and provides an extensive review of the schemes on the
basis of distinct parameters viz. The collected data then may either initially be relayed to a central
coordinator on the body or may be transmitted directly to the upper layers for further processing.
Designing a suitable IC for WBANs requires not only optimizing the power consumption. Thus,
these physiological signals, such as EEG, naturally act as individual keys in WBANs. Smartphones
can also be independently used for sleep monitoring. This is because an inefficient communication
protocol spends the majority of its time transferring overhead information rather than transmitting
the actual payload data. SN Applied Sciences. 2021;3(2):155. Available from. In almost all WBAN
devices, batteries are the main source of power supply, but they are also the largest component in
terms of weight and volume compared to other electronic components. Tier-3 is the beyond-WBAN
communication, in which the terminal center is mainly composed of remote servers. Multiple requests
from the same IP address are counted as one view. A major advantage is that all smartphones, tablets,
and laptops have built-in Wi-Fi. This protocol is used in personal area networks (PANs) (small and
low power), and its technology is fixed on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. In body sensor networks, the
ZigBee protocol is encrypted with 128 bit passwords. However, these results cannot be applied
directly to get the best network performance because WBAN has many different characteristics. A
novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and m-
health. Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present. To
address this problem, multiple research efforts exploit different metrics such as temperature, hop
count and link quality. First, in the storage process, the patient’s data must be kept private and
protected against malicious user nodes and collusion. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and
Disease (JCDD). Previous Article in Journal Visual Servoed Autonomous Landing of an UAV on a
Catamaran in a Marine Environment. A cluster-based key agreement scheme using keyed hashing for
Body Area Networks. A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in
Residential Environments. Sensors. 2016; 16(6):831. Next, the importance and characteristics of
energy consumption and reducing the amount of energy in the WBAN were briefly mentioned. A
comparison of various energy-efficient and reliable wireless communication protocols are provided.
Yaghoubi, Mohammad, Khandakar Ahmed, and Yuan Miao. This happens due to the great need for
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION in the medical field. This system is supported through the tree,
star, and mesh networks. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). It can be life-saving
in many situations and in a worst-case event; it can be disastrous when a life threatening incident has
not been observed or detected. Reliable symmetric key generation for body area networks using
wireless physical layer security in the presence of an on-body eavesdropper.
This is significantly valuable for resource-limited and latency-critical devices such as those used in
health-monitoring applications. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing. 2007;2008(1).
Available from. In a typical health monitoring system, there are scenarios in which collected data is
required to be transferred to an access point within a room distance. WBANs consist of intelligent
micro- or nano-sensors capable of processing and sending information to the base station (BS). It is a
purely data-intensive service with two major essentials are Data Sensing and Learning. Comparison
of other properties of Z-Wave, Wavenis, BodyLan, Dash7, One-net and Enocean. This wireless
technology uses a single radio channel, short burst duration and extremely low duty cycle. Finally,
the throughput, working frequency and energy consumption of this scheme were verified. In terms
of identity authentication, the WBAN system first needs to authenticate nodes trying to join the
network and check whether they have the right to access the network to prevent illegal users from
intruding. Although WBANs are attractive for many applications, they are still in their infancy, and
this new wireless technology combines multiple disciplines, such as communication, bio-engineering
and microelectronics, making it difficult to solve the key issues. These sensors collect data on the
patient’s temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, the electrical activity of the brain, respiratory rate,
oxygen saturation percentage, etc. Another issue arising in wireless body sensor networks is the
coordination of different parts in terms of technology. Editor’s Choice articles are based on
recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. An intruder
snoops the data, and by snooping the data, they easily comprehend the message’s contents. Section 3
lists out some different types of sensors used in WBANs followed by the types of BAN in section 4
and system architecture in section 5. In: IEEE 2019 International Conference on Automation,
Computational and Technology Management (ICACTM). (pp. 58-62) 2019. Traffic Analysis
Another passive covert attack on a wireless sensor network is called traffic analysis. Safe positioning:
Since the WBAN has a dynamic environment and the location of the patient is constantly changing,
there is always a need to update all applications that are responsible for registering the physical
location of the patient. With the development of Internet of Things technology, WBANs contain an
increasing number of nodes, resulting in more and more critical data transmission in the networks.
Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. In particular, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)-based WBAN scheme is
presented to improve its security and privacy and achieve ultra-low energy consumption. Journal of
Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Robust anonymous authentication protocol for
health-care applications using wireless medical sensor networks. Feature papers represent the most
advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. If the application
and choice of communication technology allow, energy harvesting based operation has the potential
to power the devices indefinitely. Table 4 reviews related works for securing WBAN. 10. Security
Attacks on Wireless Sensor Network Because of the diffusing nature of the transmission medium,
the wireless sensor network is subject to several assaults. In this topology, an approaching spot
(sinkhole) is located in the body to gather information from nodes. Given that there are few articles
on the conscious energy management of the wireless body sensor networks, the purpose of this
article was to introduce a number of these articles to create a proper mindset for researchers who are
interested in working in this field. The experiment is conducted on the dataset collected over ten
hours by a wearable accelerometer placed on the person’s wrist. Wearable Wireless Body Area
Networks for Medical Applications.