Mathematical Ideas 13th Edition

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Chapter 5
5.1 Exercises 1.

1. True; if a number is divisible by 9, it must 9. Remember that all natural number (factors are
also be divisible by 3 since 9 is divisible by those that divide the given number with remainder
3. 0: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

2. False; if n = 5 it is true that 5|5 (i.e., 5 10. 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

divides 5), but it is not true that 10|5 (i.e., 10
divides 5).
3. True; remember that the natural numbers are
also called the counting numbers:
1, 2, 3, 4, ....
4. False; the even number 2 is a prime number.
5. False; the smallest prime number is 2. The
number 1 is neither prime nor composite.
6. True; consider an example such as 7. It is a
factor of itself because 7  7 = 1. It is also a
multiple of itself because 7  1 = 7.
7. True because 2, 4, and 8 all divide 16
evenly.
8. True; the natural number factors are 53 and
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11. 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
12. 1, 2, 4, 43, 86, 172
13. (a) It is not divisible by 2 because it is anodd
number.
(b) It is divisible by 3 because the sum of the
digits is 6, a number divisible by 3.
(c) It is not divisible by 4 because 21, the number
formed by the last two digits, isnot divisible
by 4.
(d) It is not divisible by 5 because the lastdigit is
not 0 or 5.
(e) It is not divisible by 6 because althoughit is
divisible by 3, it is not divisible by
2. It must be divisible by both.
 (f) It is not divisible by 8 because (d) It is divisible by 5 because the last digit
the threedigits form a number is 0.
that is not divisible by 8.

(g) It is not divisible by 9 because

the sumof the digits is not
divisible by 9.

(h) It is not divisible by 10 because

the lastdigit is not 0.

(i) It is not divisible by 12

because, although it is
divisible by 3, it is not
divisible by 4. It must be
divisible byboth.

14. (a) It is divisible by 2 because it is

an evennumber.

(b) It is divisible by 3 because the

sum of the digits is 9, a number
divisible by 3.

(c) It is divisible by 4 because 40,

the number formed by the last
two digits, isdivisible by 4.

(d) It is divisible by 5 because the

last digitis 0.

(e) It is divisible by 6 because it is

divisibleby both 3 and 2.

(f) It is not divisible by 8 because

the threedigits form a number
that is not divisible by 8.

(g) It is divisible by 9 because the

sum ofthe digits is 9.

(h) It is divisible by 10 because

the lastdigit is 0.

(i) It is divisible by 12 because it

is divisible by 3 and it is
divisible by 4.

15. (a) It is divisible by 2 because it is

an evennumber.

(b) It is divisible by 3 because the

sum of the digits is 18, which is
divisible by 3.

(c) It is divisible by 4 because 60,

the number formed by the last
two digits, isdivisible by 4.

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 5.1: PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS 119

(e) It is divisible by 6 because it is divisible by 3 and 2.

(f) It is divisible by 8 because the last three digits form a number that is divisible by 8.
(g) It is divisible by 9 because the sum of the digits is 18, which is divisible by 9.
(h) It is divisible by 10 because the last digit is 0.
(i) It is divisible by 12 because it is divisible by 3 and 4.
16. (a) It is not divisible by 2 because it is odd.
(b) It is divisible by 3 because the sum of the digits is 45, a number divisible by 3.
(c) It is not divisible by 4 because 89, the number formed by the last two digits, is not divisible by 4.
(d) It is not divisible by 5 because it does not end in 5 or 0.
(e) It is not divisible by 6 because, although it is divisible by 3, it is not divisible by 2. It must be
divisible by both.
(f) It is not divisible by 8 because the last three digits form a number that is not divisible by 8.
(g) It is divisible by 9 because the sum of the digits is 45, a number divisible by 9.
(h) It is not divisible by 10 because it does not end in 0.
(i) It is not divisible by 12 because, although it is divisible by 3, it is not divisible by 4. It must be
divisible by both.
17. (a) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
(b) The largest prime number whose multiples would have to be considered is 13; the square of 13 is
169, which is less than 200. The next prime number after 13 is 17, but the square of 17 is 289, a
number greater than 200.
(c) square root; square root; square root
(d) prime

18. (a) 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140

141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190

191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200

There are 21 prime numbers in this table.

(b) 197 and 199 are both prime since they are in the list.
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120 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY

19. The six largest primes less than 200 are 179, 28. 3 825
181, 191, 193, 197, and 199. In order for the
product to end in 7, the units digits of the 5 275
factors must be either 1 and 7, or 3 and 9. 5 55
Therefore, the pairs with products ending in 11
the digit 7 are 179 and 193, 181 and 197,
191 and 197, and 193 and 199.
The prime factorization of 825 is 3 52 11.
20. Checking the pairs from Exercise 19, we see
that 181197 = 35, 657. We know from 29. 7 1183
Exercise 18 that 181 and 197 are prime, so 13 169
the prime factorization of 35,657 is
181197. 13

21. Two primes that are consecutive natural The prime factorization of 1183 is 132.
numbers are 2 and 3; there are no others
because one of them would be an even
30. 2 340
number, which is divisible by 2.
2 170
22. No; Writing exercise; answers will vary. 5 85
23. The last digit must be zero, because the 17
number must be divisible by 10.
The prime factorization of 340 is 22  5 17.
24. The divisibility test for 2 requires that the

last single digit be divisible by 2. The 31. 22623 2261 224 21

divisibility test for 4 requires that the two
− 6 − 14 − 14 − 0
digits form a number divisible by 4. The

divisibility test for 8 requires that the last 22617 2247 210 21

three digits form a number divisible by 8. 21 is divisible by 7, so 226,233 is divisible

By induction, a divisibility test for 16 might by 7.
be that the last four digits form a number
that is divisible by 16. Test the given 32. 54818 5481 548 54
number: The last four digits − 8 − 0 − 2 − 12

2320  16 = 145. The number should be 54810 5481 546 42

divisible by 16. 42 is divisible by 7, so 548,184 is divisible

by 7.
25.

33. 49631 4962 494 47

− 4 − 14 − 16 − 16

49627 4948 478 31

31 is not divisible by 7, so 496,312 is not

divisible by 7.
1320 = 3 23  511 = 23  3 511

34. 36859 3684 367 35

26. Writing exercise; answers will vary. − 14 − 10 − 8 − 18

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 5.1: PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS 121

126
27. 2 36845 3674 359 17

17 is not divisible by 7, so 368,597 is not

3 63 divisible by 7.
3 21
35. 6 + 2 + 8 + 6 = 22
7 5 + 4 + 4 = 13
The prime factorization of 126 is 2  32  7. 22 − 13 = 9
9 is not divisible by 11, so 6,524,846 is not
divisible by 11.

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122 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY
36. 1 + 8 + 1 + 3 + 3 = 16
0+4+0+1=5
16 − 5 = 11
11 is divisible by 11, so 108,410,313 is
divisible by 11.
37. 6 + 1 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 8 = 31
0 + 2 + 4 + 9 + 5 = 20
31 − 20 = 11
11 is divisible by 11, so 60,128,459,358 is
divisible by 11.
38. 2 + 6 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 8 = 17
9 + 3 + 4 + 9 + 8 = 33
33 − 17 = 16
16 is not divisible by 11, so 29,630,419,088
is not divisible by 11.
39. Based on the divisibility test for 6, which
says that the number must be divisible by
both 2 and 3, the divisibility test for 15 is
that the number must be divisible by both 3
and 5. That is, the sum of the digits must be
divisible by 3 and the last digit must be 5 or
0.
40. 75 = 3  25, 75 = 5  15
41. 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 because they are all the even
single digit numbers.
42. The sum of the digits must be a number that
is divisible by 3. Because
2 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 29, the remaining
digit must be either 1, 4, or 7.
43. The last two digits must form a number that
is divisible by 4. The possible values for x
are 0, 4, and 8.
44. For this number to be divisible by 5, x must
be 0 or 5.
45. The number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible
by both 2 and 3. Both 985,230 and 985,236
are divisible by 2 and 3. Then x = 0 or 6.
46. To be divisible by 10, a number must end in
0. This number ends in 0 if any digit
replaces x.
47. 105 = 31  51  71
222=8
105 has 8 divisors.
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48. 156 = 22  31 131
3  2  2 = 12
156 has 12 divisors.
49. 9  3 = 27
58  292 has 27 divisors.
50. 5  3  4 = 60
24  72 133 has 60 divisors.
51. 1556 is divisible by 4 and does not end in
two zeros, so it is a leap year.
52. 1990 is not divisible by 4, so it is not a leap
year.
53. 2200 is not a leap year because it ends in
two zeros and is not divisible by 400.
54. 2400 is a leap year because it ends in two
zeros and is divisible by 400.
55. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
56. Three consecutive natural numbers: 1, 2, 3
Multiply: 1  2  3 = 6
Divide by 6: 6  6 = 1
Three consecutive natural numbers: 2, 3, 4
Multiply: 2  3  4 = 24
Divide by 6: 24  6 = 4
Three consecutive natural numbers: 3, 4, 5
Multiply: 3  4  5 = 60.
Divide by 6: 60  6 = 10
Three consecutive natural numbers:
20, 21, 22
Multiply: 20  21  22 = 9240
Divide by 6: 9240  6 = 1540
Conjecture: The product of any three
consecutive natural numbers is divisible by
6.
57. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
58. Choose 921,921.
Divide: 921,921  13 = 70,917
Divide: 921,921  11 = 83,811
Divide: 921,921  7 = 131,703
The number is divisible by 13, 11, and 7.
Thus, the number must be divisible by the
product of these numbers:
13  11  7 = 1001.
Note that 921,921  1001 = 921, the number
formed by the first three digits. Any 3-digit
number multiplied by 1001 produces a 6-
digit number consisting of three digits
 5.1: PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS 123

followed by the same three digits. 5. True

Therefore, the 6-digit number must be
divisible by 13, 11, and 7. 6. True

59. It is reasonable to assume that the author’s 7. The next three primes of the form 4k + 1 are
three sons are each less than 100 years old. 4(9) + 1 = 37, 4(10) + 1 = 41, and
44 days separate August 31 and October 14, 4(13) + 1 = 53.

so this is the part of the year when the three 37 = 12 + 62 ; 41 = 42 + 52 ; 53 = 22 + 72.

sons had consecutive prime-number ages.
During this stretch, the oldest son is two 8. cannot
years older than the middle son, and the

middle son is four years older than the 9. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
youngest son. Consulting the Sieve of
Eratosthenes, we see that there are four sets 10. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
of three consecutive prime numbers with the
largest being 2 more than the middle, and 11. (a) 412 − 41+ 41 = 412 = 1681, which is
the middle being 4 more than the smallest.
These sets are composite (41 41).
7, 11, and 13,
13, 17 and 19, (b) 422 − 42 + 41 = 1764 − 42 + 41 = 1763,
37, 41 and 43, and which is composite ( 41 43 ).
67, 71 and 73.
Since there are “two previous years” that
meet the given conditions, 2011 must have (c) 432 − 43 + 41 = 1849 − 43 + 41 = 1847,
been the third, which corresponds to ages of which is prime.
37, 41 and 43 for the three sons. The two
previous years would have been 30 years 12. B
earlier (in 1981) and 24 years earlier (in
1987). 13. (a) 802 − 79 (80) +1601 = 1681, which is

60. In 2011 (between August 31 and October composite (41 41) .

14), the ages of the sons were 37, 41 and 43.
After October 14, the youngest was 38. So
the birth years are found as follows:
Oldest: 2011 - 43 = 1968
Middle: 2011 - 41 = 1970
Youngest: 2011 - 38 = 1973
61. The situation will next occur when the
oldest is 73, in the year 2041.
62. The ages of the three sons will be 73, 71,
and 67 at that time.
5.2 Exercises
1. True
2. False: Euclid first proved the infinitude of
(b) 81 − 79 (81) +1601 = 1763, which is
2
composite (41 43).
(c) 822 − 79 (82) +1601 = 1847, which is
prime.
14. B
4
15. (a) 22 + 1 = 216 + 1 = 65, 536 + 1 = 65, 537
(b) The square root of 65,537 is
approximately 256. All primes less than
256 must be checked as possible factors
of this number; 251 is then the largest
potential prime factor.

primes. 5
16. (a) 22 + 1 = 232 + 1
3. False: Consider 211 −1 = 2047 = 2389 . = 4, 294, 967, 296 + 1
n
= 4, 294, 967, 297
4. True: 22 +1 is a whole number for any
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124 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY

(b) 4,294,967,297  641 = 6,700,417, so

whole number n.
4, 294, 967, 297 = 641 6, 700, 417.

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 5.3: SELECTED TOPICS FROM NUMBER THEORY
17. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
18. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
19. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
20. M = 2  3  5  7  11  13 + 1 = 30,031
21. This number M is composite;
30, 031 = 59  509
22. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
23. M 6 = 26 −1 = 64 −1 = 63
24. 2 −1 = 8 −1 = 7
3
From exercise 23, see that M 6 = 63; 7 is a
factor of 63.
25. 2 p − 1
26. M10 = 210 −1 = 1024 −1 = 1023
27. The two prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5.
22 −1 = 4 −1 = 3
25 −1 = 32 −1 = 31
Two distinct factors of M10 are 3 and 31.
28. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
29. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
30. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
5.3 Exercises
1. True
2. False: 2 and 3 do not differ by 2.
3. True
4. True; Euclid showed that if the number
2n −1 is prime then the number
2n−1(2n −1) is a perfect number.
5. True; by definition, the only factors of a
prime number are the number itself and 1.
The proper divisors of a number are all the
divisors except the number itself. For a
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123
6. False; Goldbach’s conjecture states that
every even number greater than 2 can be
written as the sum of two primes; however,
51 is not a prime number because it can be
factored into 3  17.
7. False; By Euclid, there is a one-to-one
correspondence between the perfect
numbers and the Mersenne primes, so
perfect numbers and Mersenne primes are
equally plentiful.
8. False
9. False; Since (26 −1) = 64 −1 = 63 is not a
( )
prime number, then 25 26 −1 = 2016 is
not a perfect number by Euclid.
10. False; Consider 6, for example. It is neither
prime, nor abundant, nor deficient. (The
same holds for any perfect number.)
11. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248
= 496
12. 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 127 + 254
+ 508 + 1016 + 2032 + 4064 = 8128
13. 213 −1 = 8191, which is prime.
213−1(213 −1) = 4096(8192 −1)
= 33, 550, 336
14. 257,885,160 (257,885,161 −1)
15. The divisors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28.
The sum of the reciprocals of these numbers
is
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
1 2 4 7 14 28
14 7 4 2 1
= 1+ + + + +
prime number, then, the only proper divisor is 1.
That means that any prime number must be
deficient.
124 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY

28 28 28 28 28
28
= 1+ = 1 +1 = 2
28

16. 496 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 +
9 + 10
+ 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 +
16 + 17
+ 18 +19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24
+ 25 + 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 +
30 + 31

17. The proper divisors of 32 are 1, 2, 4, 8,

and
16. The sum of these numbers is 31.
Because the sum is less than 32, the
numberis deficient.

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 5.3: SELECTED TOPICS FROM NUMBER THEORY 125

18. The proper divisors of 60 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, (b) When n = 4,

10, 12, 15, 20, and 30. The sum of these
number is 108. Because the sum is greater
than 60, the number is abundant.
19. The proper divisors of 84 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,
12, 14, 21, 28 and 42. The sum of these
numbers is 140. Because the sum is greater
than 84, the number is abundant.
x = 3 24−1 −1 = 38 −1 = 23
y = 3 24 −1 = 316 −1 = 47
z = 9  224−1 −1 = 9 128 −1 = 1151.
Then
2n xy = 24  23 47 = 16  23 47 = 17, 296
2n z = 24 1151 = 16 1151 = 18, 416.

20. The proper divisors of 75 are 1, 3, 5, 15 and 27. 12 = 5 + 7

25. The sum of these numbers is 49.
Because the sum is less than 75, the number 28. 24 = 7 + 17
is deficient.
29. 40 = 11 + 29
21. Examine the Sieve of Eratosthenes in Table
5.1 to see that the prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 30. 54 = 7 + 47
11, 13, 17, 19, and 23 can be deleted from
the search. Examine the remaining numbers: 31. (a) If a = 5 and b = 3, then 5 + 2  3 = 11.
4 is deficient because 1 + 2 = 3; 6 is perfect
because 1 + 2 + 3 = 6; 8 is deficient because (b) 17 = 3 + 2  7
1 + 2 + 4 = 7; 9 is deficient because = 7 + 25
1 + 3 = 4; 10 is deficient because = 11+ 2  3
1 + 2 + 5 = 8. The number 12 is abundant = 13 + 2  2
because the sum of its proper divisors is
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16. The numbers 14, 15, 32. 12 = 17 − 5; 24 = 31− 7
and 16 are deficient. Verify this by adding
their proper divisors. The number 18 is the 33. 59 and 61
next abundant number; the sum of its proper
divisors is 21. Then 20 is the third abundant 34. 71 and 73
number; the sum of its proper divisors is 22.

The numbers 21 and 22 are both deficient. 35. (a) a p−1 −1 = 35−1 −1 = 34 −1 = 81 −1 = 80
Verify this. Finally the fourth abundant
Then, 80  5 = 16.
number is 24; the sum of its proper divisors
is 36.
(b) a p−1 −1 = 27−1 −1 = 26 −1 = 64 −1 = 63
22. Writing exercise; answers will vary. Then, 63  7 = 9.

23. The sum of the proper divisors of 945 is 36. (a) 5 = 9 − 4 or 32 − 22.
975 > 945, so 945 is abundant.

24. Writing exercise; answers will vary. (b) 11 = 36 − 25 or 62 − 52.

25. The sum of the proper divisors of 1184 is 37. 52 + 2 = 33; 25 + 2 = 27

1210. The sum of the proper divisors of

1210 is 1184. Thus, by definition, they are 2n xy = 22  511 = 4  511 = 220

amicable.
2n z = 22  71 = 4  71 = 284.
26. (a) When n = 2,
x = 3 22−1 −1 = 3 2 −1 = 5
y = 3 22 −1 = 3 4 −1 = 11
z = 9  222−1 −1 = 9 8 −1 = 71.
Then
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 126 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY

38. For a = 2 and b = 2, a2

+ 4 = b3
22 + 4 = 23
4 + 4 = 8.
For a = 11 and b = 5, a2 + 4 =
b3
112 + 4 = 53
121+ 4 = 125.

39. Examine the numbers.

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 5.3: SELECTED TOPICS FROM NUMBER THEORY 127

40. False; the fifth contains 8 digits and the (b) The only prime number is 211;
sixth contains 10 digits. 209 = 11  19.

41. False; for the first six, the sequence is 6, 8, 49. B; sometimes
6, 8, 6, 6.
Reference table for Exercises 50−53.
2 2 2
42. 2 + 2 + 0 = 8 (220 is not happy)
22 + 82 + 42 = 84, 82 + 42 = 80, p 2p + 1 Sophie Germaine prime?

82 + 02 = 64, 62 + 42 = 52, 52 + 22 = 29, 50. 2 5 yes

22 + 92 = 85, 82 + 52 = 89, 82 + 92 = 145, 51. 3 7 yes

52. 5 11 yes
2 2 2 2 2
1 + 4 + 5 = 42, 4 + 2 = 20, 53. 7 15 no
22 + 02 = 4 (284 is not happy.)
Neither are happy and we do not have a
happy amicable pair. 50. For p = 2, 2p + 1 = 5, a Sophie Germaine
prime.
43. 12 + 12 + 82 + 42 = 82, 82 + 22 = 68,

51. For p = 3, 2p + 1 = 7, a Sophie Germaine

62 + 82 = 100, 12 + 02 + 02 = 1 (1184 is prime.
happy.)

12 + 22 + 12 + 02 = 6 (1210 is not happy.) 52. For p = 5, 2p + 1 = 11, a Sophie Germaine

Only one is happy and we do not have a prime.
happy amicable pair.
53. For p = 7, 2p + 1 = 15, not a Sophie
Germaine prime.
44. 12 + 02 + 52 + 72 + 22 + 52 + 52 + 02 = 129

12 + 22 + 92 = 86, 82 + 62 = 100, 54−56. n n! n! + 1 n! − 1 n! + 1

n! − 1 prime
12 + 02 + 02 = 1 (10,572,550 is happy.) prime
? ?
12 + 02 + 82 + 52 + 42 + 62 + 52 + 02 = 167,
2 2 1 3 no yes
12 + 62 + 72 = 86, 82 + 62 = 100,
54. 3 6 5 7 yes yes
12 + 02 + 02 = 1 (10,854,650 is happy.)
Since both are happy, we have a happy 55. 4 24 23 25 yes no
amicable pair. 56. 5 120 119 121 no no

45. 32 + 52 + 32 + 62 + 12 + 32 + 22 + 62 = 129 To calculate the underlined numerical

12 + 22 + 92 = 86, 82 + 62 = 100,
12 + 02 + 02 = 1 (35,361,326 is happy.)
42 + 02 + 12 + 12 + 72 + 72 + 12 + 42 = 133,
values in the table, recall the meaning of n-
factorial:
n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2)···(3)(2)(1).

12 + 32 + 32 = 19, 12 + 92 = 82, n n! n! − 1 n! + 1
2 2 2 2
8 + 2 = 68, 6 + 8 = 100, 3 321=6 5 7
2 2 2
1 + 0 + 0 = 1 (40,117,714 is happy.) 4  3 exercise;
4 Writing
47.  2  1 = 24 23 vary. 25
answers will
Since both are happy, we have a happy
amicable pair. 5 5  4  3  2  1 = 120 119 121
48. (a) For p = 7, 2  3  5  7  1 = 209 or 211.
46. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
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128 CHAPTER 5 NUMBER THEORY

The numbers 5 and 7 are both prime.

Although 23 is prime, the number 25 is not
as it can be written as 5  5. The number
119can be written as 7  17, and 121 can be
written as 11  11.

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