UNIT III cont.

…
PREPARED BY:
MILBERT R. GEROY
A. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
B. PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
C. TARGET POPULATION
D. SAMPLING
E. GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY.
 What is qualitative Research?
•Focuses on understanding the
intervention, phenomenon, exploring
questions like why was effective or not
and how is this helpful for learning.
•The intent of qualitative research is to
contribute to understanding.
•Use open ended questions.
A. QUALITIVATIVE RESEARCH
•Deals with words and meanings.
•The primary focus is on
exploring ideas and formulating
theories.
•Requires few respondents.
QUALITATIVE cont…
•Data collection methods
includes interviews, groups,
case studies, and literature
reviews.
Qualitative cont…
Example:
Qualitative data collection
methods include: focus groups
(group discussions), individual
interviews, and
participation/observation.
Qualitative cont….
• Narrative: explores the life of an
individual, tells their story;
• Phenomenology: attempts to
understand or explain life
experiences or phenomena;
Qualitative cont…
• Grounded theory: investigates the process, action, or
interaction with the goal of developing a theory
“grounded” in observations;
• Ethnography: describes and interprets an ethnic,
cultural, or social group;
• Case study: examines episodic events in a definable
framework, develops in-depth analyses of single or
multiple cases, generally explains “how”.
 B. PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

A research participants is also called a

human subject or an experiment, trial, study
participants or subject. A person who
participates in human subject research by
being the target of observation of the
researchers.
 CONT…
•PURPOSIVE TO ENSURE THE
REPRESENTATION OF IMPORTANT
ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH
QUESTION WHICH INCLUDES OUTLIERS.
❑participants are selected who can best inform the research
questions and enhance understanding of the phenomenon
under study. Hence, one of the most important tasks in the
study design phase is to identify appropriate participants.
Decisions regarding selection are based on the research
questions, theoretical perspectives, and evidence informing the
study.
❑ In qualitative research, however, the sample size is not
generally predetermined. The number of participants depends
upon the number required to inform fully all important
elements of the phenomenon being studied. That is, the sample
size is sufficient when additional interviews or focus groups do
not result in identification of new concepts, an end point
called data saturation.
 C. TARGET POPULATION
❖This is the complete collection of all
individuals to be studied.

❖This a set of elements larger than or

different from the population sampled
and to which the researchers would like
to generalize the study findings.
Cont…
• These are the participants that will answer your question .
The target population is the collection of elements or
objects that possess the information sought by the
researcher and about which inferences are to be made.
The target population should be defined in terms of
elements, sampling units, extent, and time.
• Examples: all Single Mom of P-3A Ampayon Butuan City.
• All Single mom of College of Education graduated 2019.
Cont…
• An element - is the object about which or from
which the information is desired, e.g., the
respondent.
• A sampling unit - is an element, or a unit
containing the element, that is available for
selection at some stage of the sampling process.
• Extent - refers to the geographical boundaries.
• Time - is the time period under consideration.
D. SAMPLING

➢This refers to selection of individuals ,

units or settings to be studied.
➢Qualitative research usually use
purposeful and criterion based sampling,
a sample that has the characteristics
relevant to research questions.
 E. GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY.
➢Questionnaire is a tool to gather information
about a respondent. Before writing questionnaire
researcher needs to have clear understanding of the
purpose of survey, the list of research variables
involved, and a plan of analysis, all of which in turn
are derived from the research problem.
❖You need to ask permission to the person involved.
Cont…
❖Questions are worked out based on the idea of the structure of
the problem (what the problem involves, what relationships
might occur.
✓Questions provide stimuli for the respondent to express their
thoughts, experiences, ideas that are relevant to the idea of the
structure, quite possibly adding new insights into the problem,
➢Researcher continuously analyze the responses and display the
findings, and improve on the questions.
Cont…
❖Clear variables should guide the researcher in
writing questions posed to respondents to meet
following standards: Write exactly what is to be
said to or read by the respondent. The question
should mean the same thing to every respondent.
The question should be answerable. The question
should be one that all respondents would be
willing to answer.
Cont…
• Questionnaire should be designed for simplicity and clarity:
interviewers should have clear instructions on what to say to
respondents; respondents should have clear instructions on how to
answer questions. Not too small type, not too small spacings, not too
much clutter.
• Must clearly state the purpose of the questionnaire, its importance to
some theoretical or policy issues. Very politely ask for the
respondents time and effort to fill in the questionnaire or to be
interviewed, stating that the respondents’ participation would greatly
enhance the achievement of the said purpose. Must give assurance
of confidentiality of respondents’ identities and information given
Thank you!!!