Title: Navigating the Challenges of Crafting a Literature Review on Parenting Interventions for

ADHD: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction:

Embarking on a literature review can be a daunting task, especially when delving into a complex
topic like "Parenting Interventions for ADHD." This intricate field demands meticulous research,
critical analysis, and an in-depth understanding of the existing body of literature. As researchers and
academicians strive to compile a comprehensive review, they encounter a myriad of challenges that
require careful navigation.

The Complexity of ADHD Research:

ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a multifaceted condition that significantly

impacts the lives of both children and their families. The abundance of research on parenting
interventions for ADHD reflects the ongoing efforts to understand and address the challenges
associated with this neurodevelopmental disorder. The literature is vast, encompassing various
perspectives, methodologies, and outcomes.

Challenges Faced in Crafting a Literature Review:

1. Diverse Research Approaches: The literature on parenting interventions for ADHD spans
various disciplines, including psychology, education, and healthcare. Collating information
from these diverse sources while ensuring coherence in the review poses a significant
challenge.
2. Evolution of Research Findings: With ongoing advancements in ADHD research, staying
abreast of the latest studies and incorporating evolving perspectives adds another layer of
complexity. Synthesizing information from studies with differing methodologies and
conclusions requires a nuanced approach.
3. Data Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: Conducting a systematic literature review often
involves the integration of multiple studies through meta-analysis. This demands advanced
statistical skills and a profound understanding of research methodologies to ensure the
accuracy and reliability of the synthesized data.

Why Seek Professional Assistance?

Considering the intricacies involved in crafting a literature review on parenting interventions for
ADHD, many researchers turn to specialized writing services for support. Among these, ⇒
StudyHub.vip ⇔ stands out as a trusted platform that offers expert assistance in navigating the
challenges associated with literature reviews.

⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔: Your Partner in Literature Review Excellence

1. Expert Writers: ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ boasts a team of seasoned writers with expertise in
diverse academic fields. Their proficiency in crafting literature reviews ensures a
comprehensive and well-researched output.
2. Thorough Research: The platform's writers delve deep into the literature, ensuring that the
review is not only extensive but also up-to-date with the latest research findings.
3. Statistical Analysis:For reviews requiring meta-analysis, ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ offers
specialized support, employing advanced statistical tools to synthesize data accurately.

Conclusion:
Crafting a literature review on parenting interventions for ADHD is undoubtedly challenging, given
the intricate nature of the subject. Seeking professional assistance from platforms like ⇒
StudyHub.vip ⇔ can alleviate the burden, allowing researchers to focus on the analysis and synthesis
of valuable insights. As the demand for meticulous and comprehensive literature reviews continues
to grow, relying on expert services becomes an invaluable asset in the pursuit of academic excellence.
Bias is a topic we will come to in a later chapter, but for now you can think of bias as anything that
systematically takes us away from the “truth”. Few studies, however, have examined the long-term
effects of medication use in children at such a young age. The most commonly used method for
random-effects meta-analysis was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. Heterogeneity means
diversity (and is the opposite of homogeneity). However this would not be appropriate, because
larger studies contribute more information than smaller studies, and this should be accounted for in
the weighting scheme. If different studies measured outcomes in different ways (for example, using
different scales for measuring depression in primary care) it is necessary to standardise the
measurements on a common scale to allow their inclusion in meta-analysis. Example: We will use a
review by Lawlor and Hopker () on the effectiveness of exercise as an intervention for depression to
illustrate the steps in a systematic review. Ideally, the results of the quality assessment should be
incorporated into the review for example by stratifying analyses according to summary risk of bias
or restricting inclusion in the review or primary analysis to studies judged to be at low risk of bias for
all or specified criteria. However, it could also point to a real need for more studies in low-income
countries which face greater financial and human resources constraints in the allocation of their
health and social protection resources. Afterwards, we used the metaSEM packages to calculate the
pooled indirect effects and used restricted maximum likelihood (REML) to estimate parameters in
random-effect models (Cheung, Reference Cheung 2015 ). They follow a defined structure to
identify, evaluate and summarise all available evidence addressing a particular research question.
First, the search results, which generally include titles and abstracts, are screened to identify
potentially relevant studies. Reference lists of included articles were searched and reviewed.
Keywords Psychoeducation in children Adolescent ADHD. BMC Public Health, 13 ( 1 ), 154..
CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed. Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-
analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. For
example, in primary health settings, physicians should be mindful of the broader implications of
maternal depressive symptoms and respond with prompt assessment and further referral for symptom
management, particularly in those mothers who also have a personal history of childhood adversity.
One inclusion criteria might be that assignment to study arms had to be random; an exclusion criteria
might be all studies without a control arm that used a placebo. These moderators were suggested to
interact with MCA, further affecting both infant and child emotional-behavioural dysregulation,
such as negative emotionality, behavioural dysregulation and mother-infant disorganised attachment.
Simply put, studies with weaker research designs, such as this one, have less weight in the pooled
analysis. Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the
aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. II. Two-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and
adjustment. Literature reviews can usually be conducted by a single person rather than a team. A
qualitative systematic review of comparative studies of psychoeducation in ADHD was performed.
The steps involved in a systematic review are similar to any other research undertaking ( Figure 12.1
). Figure 12.1 Steps in a systematic review. Heterogeneity in a forest plot refers to the diversity in
effect size estimates across studies. For instance, the absence of maternal sensitive parenting could
mediate the effect of intimate partner violence on child conduct problems (Zvara et al., Reference
Zvara, Mills-Koonce, Carmody and Cox 2017 ). Clinical research, brain imaging and neuroscience
tell us a few important things: ADHD is not a behavior disorder or a mental illness.
Methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) in children and adolescents. Additionally, for adolescent antisocial behaviour, one study
found maternal antenatal depression could strengthen the association between MCA and child
antisocial behaviours (Plant et al., Reference Plant, Barker, Waters, Pawlby and Pariante 2013 ).
Evaluating the possible pathways linking maternal adversity and child outcomes with a systematic
and quantitative approach would also help delineate the key processes involved, and help identifying
the most vulnerable individuals who could benefit from interventions that break the transmission
from MCA to adverse outcomes in children.
Both children and adults can be diagnosed with ADHD. Extract relevant data Data should be
extracted using a standardised form designed specifically for the review, in order to ensure that data
are extracted consistently across different studies. This registration informs other researchers that a
group is working on a certain area of study, which can discourage duplicate research efforts that may,
therefore, fail to be published. When this interval crosses the line of no effect, the effect could be
null or could even run in the opposite direction. During the past decade, epidemiological studies have
documented high rates of comorbid conditions among individuals with ADHD. One of these found
that postpartum exposure to intimate partner violence mediated 16% of the total effect between
MCA and child emotional-behavioural problems (Giallo et al., Reference Giallo, Gartland, Seymour,
Conway, Mensah, Skinner and Brown 2020 ), while one study only found it mediated 24% of the
total effect between maternal childhood sexual trauma and sensitive parenting (Zvara et al.,
Reference Zvara, Mills-Koonce, Carmody and Cox 2017 ). This material may not otherwise be
downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known
or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. The effect of a particular source of
bias may vary in direction between trials: for example lack of blinding may lead to underestimation
of the intervention effect in one study but overestimation in another study. More research would help
establish the potential benefit of promoting positive parenting in breaking the intergenerational
transmission of childhood adversity on child mental health. This is done by calculating a weighted
average of the effect estimates from the individual studies (for example, estimates of the effect of
the intervention from randomised clinical trials, or estimates of the magnitude of association from
epidemiological studies). We searched EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, Cochrane Library, grey
literature and reference lists. Moderators and mediators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a
parenting intervention. Three reviewers independently reviewed titles and available abstracts to
retrieve potentially relevant studies; studies needed to be identified by only one person to be
retrieved. Therefore, physicians should generally be cautious about prescribing medication; start with
low-dose, immediate-release methylphenidate, and increase the dosage only in small increments. 9.
Most systematic reviews preregister the research plan, meaning that the authors submit their planned
methods to a registry like PROSPERO prior to conducting the study. We don’t know if it prevents
maternal deaths, as this would require very large studies to detect an effect. This points to the
importance of parental roles beyond the maternal one for child mental health, particularly within the
family rearing environment. This article has been cited by the following publications. Of these 141
people, 1 person experienced the adverse outcome that the forest plot summarizes. When multiple
studies are addressing the same problem or question, it’s to be expected that there will be some
potential for error. There is a trade-off between maximising the number of relevant studies identified
by the searches whilst limiting the number of ineligible studies in order that the search retrieves a
manageable number of references to screen. Evaluating the possible pathways linking maternal
adversity and child outcomes with a systematic and quantitative approach would also help delineate
the key processes involved, and help identifying the most vulnerable individuals who could benefit
from interventions that break the transmission from MCA to adverse outcomes in children. Effect
sizes were indirect standardised effect ( ? ) and variance (square of the standard error of ? ) in all
mediation models in each study. Like any other aspect of research, however, systematic reviews must
define and follow a method that can be replicated. Electronic data collection forms and web-based
forms have a number of advantages, including the combination of data extraction and data entry in
one step, more structured data extraction and increased speed, and the automatic detection of
inconsistencies between data recorded by different observers. Upon completion of the initial search,
studies were exported to Excel and screened independently by XM and AB to establish reliability
and to ensure that no relevant studies were missed. For example, Radeva-Petrova et al. ( 2014 )
include the following passage in their plain language summary. Afterwards, we used the metaSEM
packages to calculate the pooled indirect effects and used restricted maximum likelihood (REML) to
estimate parameters in random-effect models (Cheung, Reference Cheung 2015 ). Clinical diagnosis
and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children. This modification
makes the weights (a) smaller and (b) relatively more similar to each other.
However, it could also point to a real need for more studies in low-income countries which face
greater financial and human resources constraints in the allocation of their health and social
protection resources. This highlights the need for a more in-depth evaluation of the role of social
support, especially among those mothers living in a complex intimate relationship and in socio-
economically deprived environments, as they represent a particularly vulnerable population. Finally,
the paper ended with conclusion and recommendations. Studies reporting only anxiety or other
disorders were excluded. Systematic searches of grey literature (Adams et al., Reference Adams,
Hillier-Brown, Moore, Lake, Araujo-Soares, White and Summerbell 2016 ) were also conducted to
identify unpublished articles and documents using search engines, including OpenGrey and
WorldCat. A small cross-sectional study found that the mediating effect of maternal postpartum
depression was stronger among mothers with high levels of maternal hostility compared to mothers
with low levels of maternal hostility (Meller et al., Reference Meller, Kuperman, McCullough and
Shaffer 2016 ). This is usually done by calculating the standardised mean difference for each study
(the mean difference divided by the pooled standard deviation of the measurements). Basically, if a
study is repeated 100 times, the effect size is expected to be within this interval 95% of the time. The
name lagged behind, appearing first in 1996, apparently referring to the tree-line optics typical of
most forest plots. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored,
transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as
authorized in writing by the AAFP. Thus, random-effects meta-analyses give relatively more weight
to smaller studies. The present counseling guideline provide recommendations for experts like;
development of consistent cultural instruments to assess the level of social impairment with ADHD
children, studies on culturally based therapies and school-based treatments' effectiveness. Simply
put, studies with weaker research designs, such as this one, have less weight in the pooled analysis.
Adults with ADHD may have trouble coping with time, being prepared, setting dreams, and
protecting down a task. The effect of a particular source of bias may vary in direction between trials:
for example lack of blinding may lead to underestimation of the intervention effect in one study but
overestimation in another study. A qualitative systematic review of comparative studies of
psychoeducation in ADHD was performed. The choice of weight depends on the choice of meta-
analysis model. Psychosocial treatments for preschool-aged children with attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder. All point estimates fall to the left of the line of no effect ( 1 would mean the
risk was higher among the intervention group, thus favoring the control group (with no treatment).
We searched EMBASE, PsycINFO, Medline, Cochrane Library, grey literature and reference lists.
Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane
reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. Finding a good review can save you hours of
searching and will give you a ready-made search strategy to update or modify. In this example, 141
were people assigned to the intervention group in Study A. ADHD is a developmental impairment of
the brain's executive functions. Those behaviours intrude with school and domestic existence with
most of the parents remaining ignorant of this condition in their children. Furthermore, maternal
adolescent childbearing, their children's preterm birth or low birth weight were not significant
mediators in the relationship between MCA and children's emotional-behavioural difficulties (Giallo
et al., Reference Giallo, Gartland, Seymour, Conway, Mensah, Skinner and Brown 2020; Russotti et
al., Reference Russotti, Warmingham, Handley, Rogosch and Cicchetti 2021 ). Electronic databases
such as MEDLINE and EMBASE form the main source of published studies. Methylphenidate,
atomoxetine and dexamfetamine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and
adolescents. To minimise bias and errors in the review process, the reference screening, inclusion
assessment, data extraction and quality assessment should involve at least two independent
reviewers. For a review of an intervention the inclusion criteria should be defined in terms of p
atients, i ntervention, c omparator interventions, o utcomes (PICO) and study design.
Methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) in children and adolescents. The Cochrane CENTRAL register of controlled trials, which
includes over 640,000 records, is the best single source for identifying reports of controlled trials
(both published and unpublished). The full text of these studies is then obtained (downloaded online,
ordered from a library, or copy requested from the authors) and assessed for inclusion against the
pre-specified criteria. A significant body of research has investigated the potential mediators
underlying the pathway between mothers' experiences of childhood adversity and adverse emotional
and behavioural development in their children. At community level, only few studies investigated the
mediating effects of maternal social support and socio-economic status, with inconsistent results. CS
supervised the meta-analysis, extracted data for the meta-analysis and revised the manuscript. More
research would help establish whether other mediators co-occur with maternal attachment in this
pathway. Other methods for fixed-effect meta-analysis, such as the Mantel-Haenszel method or the
Peto method are based on different formulae but give similar results in most circumstances.
Furthermore, maternal adolescent childbearing, their children's preterm birth or low birth weight
were not significant mediators in the relationship between MCA and children's emotional-
behavioural difficulties (Giallo et al., Reference Giallo, Gartland, Seymour, Conway, Mensah,
Skinner and Brown 2020; Russotti et al., Reference Russotti, Warmingham, Handley, Rogosch and
Cicchetti 2021 ). We used parameter-based meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM) to
synthesise the mediation analysis after extracting the indirect effects reported, or computing the
indirect effects from the correlation matrices of the primary studies, as well as estimating sampling
variances (Cheung, Reference Cheung 2022 ). ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders.
However, it could also point to a real need for more studies in low-income countries which face
greater financial and human resources constraints in the allocation of their health and social
protection resources. Study design: Randomised controlled trials Identify relevant studies A
comprehensive search should be undertaken to locate all relevant published and unpublished studies.
Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. In the absence of adequate identification
of its comorbidities and secondary symptoms, it has an impact on the behavioural and academic
outcomes in the long run. They provide reliable information that has a real impact on society. Results
Seven studies were identified (four randomized-controlled trials, three uncontrolled pre-post
treatment designs). Literature reviews don’t have to follow such rigid methods or make the methods
explicit. Example: We will use a review by Lawlor and Hopker () on the effectiveness of exercise as
an intervention for depression to illustrate the steps in a systematic review. Example: Figure 12.2
shows a forest plot, based on results from the Lawler and Hopker () review, of the effect of exercise
compared to no treatment on change in depressive symptoms, measured using standardised mean
differences. Some systematic reviews include a meta-analysis, which is quantitative technique for
combining the results of multiple studies to estimate a pooled effect size that takes variations in study
size and quality into consideration. Such variability is known as heterogeneity, and is discussed in
more detail below. The rows represent each study included in the review, and the columns indicate
the review authors’ determination about potential bias in each study. Such plots display a square
centred on the effect estimate from each individual study and a horizontal line showing the
corresponding 95% confidence intervals. For example, here we were able to show specificity for the
mediating effects of maternal depression and negative parenting practices with a meta-analytic
approach, highlighting the role of maternal mental health as a key factor. Team members screen the
search results and sort them according to these criteria, beginning with titles and abstract reviews
and moving to full-text reviews later. Our meta-analysis also confirms two significant mediating
pathways: maternal depression and maternal insecure attachment. Of these 141 people, 1 person
experienced the adverse outcome that the forest plot summarizes. For a review of an intervention the
inclusion criteria should be defined in terms of p atients, i ntervention, c omparator interventions, o
utcomes (PICO) and study design. After review and discussion of discrepancies, 41 studies were
selected for the final review and five for the meta-analysis ( Fig. 3 ).
If the outcome is continuous and measurements are made on the same scale (for example, blood
pressure measured in mm Hg) then the intervention effect is quantified as the mean difference
between the intervention and control groups. Screening for a literature review is typically less
intensive. Not every study is designed or implemented equally, however, so review authors must
also evaluate the potential for bias in each study to help the reader make sense of the findings. Here’s
Three Tips to Steer Clear of Potential Issues. If so, you might consider proposing a collaboration or
modifying your aims. Your second move should be to consult a clinical librarian or someone with
experience conducting a systematic review for tips on setting up your project. Reference lists of
included articles were searched and reviewed. But sometimes, it pays to let someone else do the
work for you. AB conceptualised the review, screened the abstracts and full texts, and revised the
manuscript. Here’s Three Tips to Steer Clear of Potential Issues. This points to the importance of
parental roles beyond the maternal one for child mental health, particularly within the family rearing
environment. Mediator: A variable on the causal pathway between the exposure and outcome, which
is influenced by the exposure and in turn influences the outcome. Systematic reviews are an essential
tool to allow individuals and policy makers to make evidence-based decisions and to inform the
development of clinical guidelines. This evidence suggests that childhood adversity can lock
successive generations of families into poorer health outcomes and a vulnerability to behavioural and
mental health problems. Online trial registers are of increasing importance in helping identify studies
that have not, or not yet, been published. However, whether these mediators or moderators
consistently play a significant role in the association between MCA and children's emotional and
behavioural development remains to be established. A significant body of research has investigated
the potential mediators underlying the pathway between mothers' experiences of childhood adversity
and adverse emotional and behavioural development in their children. Parent-Child Interaction
Therapy with behavior problem children: one and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the
family. Radeva-Petrova et al. ( 2014 ) wrap up on page 120. The choice of weight depends on the
choice of meta-analysis model. Finding a good review can save you hours of searching and will give
you a ready-made search strategy to update or modify. Of these 141 people, 1 person experienced the
adverse outcome that the forest plot summarizes. First, we could not include all studies in the meta-
analysis due to differences in outcomes and lack of estimates for some of the mediators. Five studies
investigated the potential mediating effect of maternal hostility as a negative parenting mediator. A
tentative explanation is that high war trauma could blur the maternal perception of their infants'
characteristics, as the results of this study were based on maternal ratings of infants' behaviours.
Clinical diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children.
Like any other aspect of research, however, systematic reviews must define and follow a method that
can be replicated. Moderators and mediators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a parenting
intervention. On the other hand, potential moderators affecting the strength of the relationship
between MCA and children's emotional and behavioural development have also been identified. I’m
talking about systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
In addition, both maternal and paternal hostility and parenting discipline were found to be inter-
correlated and both acted as significant mediators between MCA and child externalising behaviours
(Rijlaarsdam et al., Reference Rijlaarsdam, Stevens, Jansen, Ringoot, Jaddoe, Hofman and Tiemeier
2014 ). First, we could not include all studies in the meta-analysis due to differences in outcomes and
lack of estimates for some of the mediators. This process is more ad hoc for literature reviews.
Here’s Three Tips to Steer Clear of Potential Issues. A small cross-sectional study found that the
mediating effect of maternal postpartum depression was stronger among mothers with high levels of
maternal hostility compared to mothers with low levels of maternal hostility (Meller et al., Reference
Meller, Kuperman, McCullough and Shaffer 2016 ). Elsevier offers a number of services that aim to
help researchers achieve excellence in written text, suggesting the necessary amendments to fit them
into a targeted format. Studies published up to February 2021 were included if they explored
mediators or moderators between maternal childhood adversity and their children's emotional and
behavioural development. Search results should be stored in a single place, ideally using
bibliographic software (such as Reference Manager or EndNote). For example, denoting the odds
ratio in study i by OR i and the weight in study i by w i, the weighted average log odds ratio is
Setting all study weights equal to 1 would correspond to calculating an arithmetic mean of the
effects in the different studies. Example: The Lawlor and Hopker () review conducted a
comprehensive search including Medline, Embase, Sports Discus, PsycLIT, Cochrane CENTRAL,
and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Furthermore, all results were reported based on
the categories in an ecological framework ( Fig. 1 ). Download Free PDF View PDF A Complete
overview of ADHD and How it can be Treated Hadar Swersky ADHD stands for attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder, a complicated brain disorder that impacts 11% of children approximately and
almost 5% of adults in the United States. Bias is a topic we will come to in a later chapter, but for
now you can think of bias as anything that systematically takes us away from the “truth”. An effect
size is a measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship, such as the relationship between
taking a medicine and experiencing a bad outcome. However, empirical evidence and theoretical
considerations suggest that summary quality scores should not be used to assess the quality of trials
in systematic reviews. Journal of Pediatrics, 187, 282.. CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed. Other
methods for fixed-effect meta-analysis, such as the Mantel-Haenszel method or the Peto method are
based on different formulae but give similar results in most circumstances. Retrieved papers are then
assessed for eligibility against pre-specified criteria. CN and PD contributed to the conceptualisation,
supervised the work and revised the multiple versions of the manuscript. The summary effect
estimate from a random-effects meta-analysis corresponds to the mean effect, about which the
effects in different studies are assumed to vary. These multilevel interventions informed by
established mediators could help minimise the impact of MCA on children's mental wellbeing in the
most vulnerable children and their families, helping them pursue a more positive life trajectory.
Therefore, the chapter intends to throw light on the classification of ADHD, its assessment, and
psychological management for better outcomes in children. For example, the effect of a disease on
several populations across the world, by comparing other modest research studies completed in
specific countries or continents. However, the evidence for community-level mediators was limited.
There is a trade-off between maximising the number of relevant studies identified by the searches
whilst limiting the number of ineligible studies in order that the search retrieves a manageable number
of references to screen. At a societal level, it would be important to increase public awareness on the
importance of good mental health and positive parenting. Studies are not created equal, and the
weight parameter lets researchers account for these differences in the analysis. In the Conclusion, the
authors frame the overall results in terms of their implications for practice and research. The name
lagged behind, appearing first in 1996, apparently referring to the tree-line optics typical of most
forest plots. Of note, one study reported that both maternal antenatal and postnatal depression
independently mediated the relationship between MCA and children's emotional-behavioural
problems, with 20 and 6% of the total effects on child internalising behaviours, and 14 and 37% on
child externalising behaviours being explained by antenatal and postnatal depression respectively
(Plant et al., Reference Plant, Jones, Pariante and Pawlby 2017 ).
Effect sizes were indirect standardised effect ( ? ) and variance (square of the standard error of ? ) in
all mediation models in each study. On the other hand, potential moderators affecting the strength of
the relationship between MCA and children's emotional and behavioural development have also been
identified. Example: The Lawlor and Hopker review used a fixed effect inverse variance weighted
meta-analysis when heterogeneity could be ruled out, otherwise a DerSimonian and Laird random
effects model was used. Random-effects meta-analysis models allow for variability between the true
effects in the different studies. Furthermore, maternal adolescent childbearing, their children's
preterm birth or low birth weight were not significant mediators in the relationship between MCA
and children's emotional-behavioural difficulties (Giallo et al., Reference Giallo, Gartland, Seymour,
Conway, Mensah, Skinner and Brown 2020; Russotti et al., Reference Russotti, Warmingham,
Handley, Rogosch and Cicchetti 2021 ). You can either pursue the idea of comparing such different
material, at the risk of findings that don’t really answer the review question. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology, 72, 101216.. CrossRef Google Scholar. Pediatrics, 132 (Supplement 2),
S90.. CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed. However, empirical evidence and theoretical considerations
suggest that summary quality scores should not be used to assess the quality of trials in systematic
reviews. An annotated bibliography might suffice for a literature review. You will be able to get a
quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways. For example, these
could include searching relevant conference proceedings, grey literature databases, internet websites,
hand-searching journals, contacting experts in the field, screening the bibliographies of review
articles and included studies, and searches for citations to key papers in the field. In the absence of
adequate identification of its comorbidities and secondary symptoms, it has an impact on the
behavioural and academic outcomes in the long run. Example: In the Lawlor and Hopker () review,
the primary outcome of interest, depression score, was a continuous measure assessed using different
scales. Other types of review (for example, reviews of diagnostic test accuracy studies) will use
different criteria. PJC, RP, MM (Ms Matter), NM, KH, CM, SH, AS, GS, CP, MM (Dr Mehta), GM
and ARM all contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript. Electronic data collection forms
and web-based forms have a number of advantages, including the combination of data extraction and
data entry in one step, more structured data extraction and increased speed, and the automatic
detection of inconsistencies between data recorded by different observers. Biology of Sex
Differences, 8 ( 1 ), 23.. CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed. The fixed effect model assumes the true
effect to be the same in each study, so that the differences between effect estimates in the different
studies are exclusively due to random (sampling) variation. Each study’s point estimate of the
relative risk is plotted around a line of “no effect.” A risk of 1 means that there is no difference
between the intervention and control groups. The full text of these studies is then obtained
(downloaded online, ordered from a library, or copy requested from the authors) and assessed for
inclusion against the pre-specified criteria. A dashed vertical line corresponding to the summary
effect estimate is included to allow visual assessment of the variability of the individual study effect
estimates around the summary estimate. These bibliographic databases index articles published in a
wide range of journals and can be searched online. This information is often presented graphically in
a flow diagram like this one from Radeva-Petrova et al. ( 2014 ). Environmental-Personal Indicators
in the Course of Schizophrenia (EPICS) Research Group. Note: 1 Mediator: avoidant maternal
attachment; 2 Mediator: anxious maternal attachment. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes were
extracted by XM, with 10% extracted by CS independently, to ensure accuracy. First, we could not
include all studies in the meta-analysis due to differences in outcomes and lack of estimates for some
of the mediators. A qualitative systematic review of comparative studies of psychoeducation in
ADHD was performed. No language or publication restrictions were applied.