Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

REPORT NUMBER 1
Report of 12_山口県の社会資本整備（安村・藏重）

The first presentation is about asset management in Yamaguchi Prefecture with the
content of overview of Yamaguchi Prefecture, system of technical standards in maintenance,
effort of Yamaguchi Prefecture,Yamaguchi Prefecture bridge longevity plan, Yamaguchi
Prefecture bridge inspection guideline and current status and issues.
In the overview of Yamaguchi Prefecture mainly talk about the the area and condition of
Yamaguchi Prefecture. Yamaguchi Prefecture especially has problem about the time travel to
some public infrastructure like airport and to the some emergency facility when the disaster
happening.
In the system of technical standards in maintenace, it talk about the measurement against
the deterioration of infrastructure in Yamaguchi Prefecture and to do visual inspection in every
5 years. And then resulted in diagnosis of healthy, preventive main stage, early action stage or
in the emergency measure stage according to the condition of the infrastructure.
In the effort of Yamaguchi Prefecture section, it talk about the basic policy regarding
management of urban infrastructure like promotion of longer life, ensuring the safety and
security and securing technological capabilities. And the direction of effort is in the inspection,
repair or reinforcing and formulation and promotion of individual facility plan.
And then it continued by the talk bridge longevity plan its PDCA cycle. Then continued
by the type of bridge inspection from the daily check, normal inspection, detailed inspection
and emergency inspection based from what the structure needed. In the normal inspection,
there is classification of the inspection from the staff inspection, consignment A and
consignment B with the different in the people who did the inspection. In the last of
presentation, it presented the current status of Yamaguchi Prefecture to conduct longevity plan,
which are lack of budget and personel, lack of information and technology, and uncertain data
management.
The second presentation talk about Yamaguchi Prefecture longevity repair plan. The
main purpose of the plan is to ensure the safety and security of the citizen and reducing the
total cost of maintenance over medium and long term. With the scope of plan of this longevity
plan is in the tunnel body like lining and pit gates and accessories of tunel like lighting facilities
and information board.
Then it continued with the talk of the current status of Yamaguchi Prefecture tunnel with
around 52% of the tunnel built using conventional method and around 58% of tunnel extension
is built using NATM method. And most tunnel is built in the 1980’s and 1970’s. Then the
presentation continue in the inspection of tunnel in the Yamaguchi Prefecture with the type of
periodic inspection, daily check inspection, in case of abnormality inspection and temporary
inspection and then it will be judged based on the result of inspection. And then continued by
the talk of management flow of tunnel longevity repair plan. The management flow started
from periodic inspection, survey if it is necessary, diagnosis, LCC calculation, project cost
calculation, formulation of longevity repair plan, implementation of measure, evaluation of
longevity repair plan and the last is review of longevity repair plan
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 13_道路舗装の維持管理（加藤）

In this presentation, it talked about the maintenance and repair of road pavement. The
outline of the presentation is overview of pavement, various pavement, pavement maintenance,
pavement survey, evaluation of pavement and selection and design of repair method.
In the japan there is 2 type of road pavement with the mostly used is asphalt type and the
other is concrete type. In the asphalt type of pavement there is some different kind of asphalt
pavement divided by the feature of asphalt pavement. The kind of asphalt of pavement are
heating asphalt pavement which is the mostly used because it is the easiest to be constructed
and porous asphalt pavement which can be drainage pavement. In the concrete pavement there
is some different kind of concrete pavement too divided by the feature. In the construction
method for concrete pavement there are some method from set foam method, slip foam method
and 1 day pavement which can be used for traffic 1 days after casting.

In the maintenance of pavement, there are 2 term of maintenancing. There are repair (修
繕) and repair (補修). Repair (修繕) is restoring the pavement to its original function at the
first service life and repair ( 補 修 ) is to maintain the current pavement function. In the
measurement of pavement, it measure cracking, rutting, flatness, road surface property by
vehicle, slip resistance, tire and road nose, water permeability, surface deflection, and core
collection and cutting of the pavement sample.
The basic way of thinking in the road inspection are first, in the asphalt pavement,
because it hase different type of layer in the surface and subbase. It will have large variation in
the rate of deterioration. Second, in the concrete pavement,the joint is the structural weakness
but it can be used for a long time.
In the handling of national road for asphalt pavement, method of inspection used are
understanding the basic spesification, setting the number of years of use, inspection of
frequency and inspection of construction method. And then classified it by healthy or surface
function retention stage or repair stage I or repair stage II. And measurement taken by the
classification. For the concrete pavement, method of inspection used are understanding basic
spesification, inspection frequency and inspection of construction method. And the diagnosis
the state of being and classified it by healthy or repair ( 修 繕 ) or repair ( 補 修 ). And
measurement taken by the classification.Concept of repair pavement is taken by minimizing
the life cycle cost and by using the evaluation index MCI (Maintenance Control Index) and PSI
(Present Serviceability Index).
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 14_橋梁概論（和多田）

In this presentation, the outline for the presentation is bridge type, member that make up
bridge, and the overview of steel bridge and the overview concrete bridge.
Bridge is classified by the material, purpose of use, construction site, support method,
movable state, road surface position, planar shape and the structural form. Material used for
making bridge is from ishibashi, timber bridge, steel bridge, concrete bridge, etc. In the member
that make up bridge there is floor slab that is made from concrete floor slab from RC plate and
PC floor, composite floor slab and steel plate.
There is some kind of different iron usually used in the life from cast iron, wrought iron
and steel that have different characteristic. For the bridge usually steel is used. And it has
feature of lightweight and highload bearing capacity, high reliability of material, high degree
of freedom in structur, it is possible to shorten the construction period on site, it is easy to
reinforce and modify and it is possible to reuse resources.
Concrete has characteristic of semi brittle material with high compressice strength and
low tensile strength and reinforcing bars is relatively high stregth ductile material but easily
buckle and corrode. So, they are perfect collaborating each other. In the concrete structure,
concrete have the advantage like cheap material, easy to collect and transport, fire resist and
durable but concrete also have a lot disadvantage like heavy material, the qualities is varies,
prone to cracking and it is difficult to modify and destroy after casted.
PC concrete has 2 type of variation. There are pretension concrete which is not suitable
for large parts but can be mass produced and post tension concrete which is compatible to large
parts. It also have variation of full prestress which usually applicable to floor slan and partial
prestress which usually used for designing road bridges. Some of the bridges that using pc are
PC girder bridge, arch bridge, PC cable stayed bridge, extra dosed bridge, etc.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Reports of 15_橋梁の設計施工技術の変遷

Outline of presentation are history of bridge, history of bridge damage, transition of

bridge standard, and standard of material construction method used.
History of the bridge in the human history is very long until reached today’s bridge. First
it came from the folk tale of rabbit and shark and then the very first bridge used by ancient
human ( log bridge) and then to the oldest bridge on record of japan called miki no sakobashi
then to nipponbashi from the wood and then shifted to stone arch bridge brought from china
then shifted again to the iron bridge with the industrial evolution then to RC bridge and PC
bridge and the last to the the beautiful suspension and cable stayed bridge.
In the japan, because a lot of major eathquake that happened from the 1923 – 2018 it
make the transition of the bridge standard. Mainly in the mainbook and then to the live load
and 3 times for technical standards with the last time in 1972 because of new introduction of
new material and method and response to the kumamoto earthquake. The transition of method
is mainly driven by total amount of salt in concrete, suppresion of alkaline aggregate reaction,
changing perspective from surface coating work to surface impregnating work and hazardous
component founf in the coating of steel bridge.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 21_トンネルの設計法（進士）

The definition of tunnel is the structure that has a space in the ground created for certain
purpose. Tunnel has a lot of type. By purpose, there are road and railway tunnel, humanitarian
tunnel such as waterway tunnel, communication tunnel and radio active waste tunnel. By
construction method, there are mountain tunnel and shield tunnel, excavation tunnel and
immersion tunnel.
When designing tunnel, design the member to reinforce the ground as needed to meet the
required performance and it must have the abilty to comfortably maintain the required
underground space and maintaining safety, usability, landscape beauty, durability and
workability. In the member of tunnel there is tunnel lining and the support that has function to
the tunnel. Tunnel lining have some function related to the serviceability like holding the
interior cross section and water proofing, related to uncertainties like it has the holding function
and related to mechanical like giving external support function. When designing support
structure, it is necessary to consider the effect of each member constituting the support
structure.Some of tunnel damage are deformation in the covering, deformation of the ground
caused by subsidence in the ground surface, damage caused by difference in lining joint, poor
deterioration of joint material caused by elution of lime component, leakage/freezing caused
by icicle, surface deposit caused by mold, etc.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 22_トンネルの点検診断（鷲尾）

Outline for this presentation are background of tunnel survey, keypoints of tunnel
periodic inspection, difference in NATM and sheet pile, perspective and point to keep in mind
in diagnosis, and point to keep in maintenance.
Based on some accident from the 4 february 1990 to 3 january 2013, road tunnel
inspection is conducted and changed. Some keypoint from the previous road tunnel periodic
inspection is the number of frequency of periodic inspection is changed to once in every 5 year,
the content of periodic inspection should include tapping sound and palpation of accessories,
the procedure, the method used in tunnel body and accessories must be observed in close visual
and hit if necessary, the system, judgement of classification that classified of healthy,
preventive maintenance stage IIB, preventive maintenance stage IIA, early action measure
stage, emergency measure stage, state of being diagnosis, measurement and recording.
The difference in NATM construction method and sheet pile method is, in the NATM
method, constituting support structure is sprayed concrete and rock bolt steel however in the
sheet pile method, steel arch with sheet pile is used as support structure .
Some perspectibe and point in the diagnosising tunnel are crack in the lining, seedwork
crack and concrete lump surrounded by crack that may fall, joint crack in the arch (top),
longitudinal crack in the sidewallm peeling of lining, peeling of repair material in liningm cold
joint part of lining, leakage and crack in the mine gate. And a point to keep in maintenacing
sheet pile tunnel is check the type of deformation ( make a contact at least once ) and a point
to keep in maintenacing NATM is analyze the deformation and clarify what cause it.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 23_トンネルの補修補強（中田）

The outline for this presentation are the mountain construction method, tunnel surveying,
tunnel designing.
The history of tunnel constructing in japan started from the meiji to the 30th showa using
sheet pile method with the wooden support. And then continuing from 30th showa until 58th
showa, sheet pile method with steel support is used. And the last from 58th showa until now,
NATM is used for constructing tunnel.
When surveying the tunnel, issue that need to be considered are bad section of the ground,
crossing with railroad and road, entry and exit for construction plan.Type of survey conducted
for tunnel ranged from data collection, geological road inspection, elastic wave collection,
boring survey to check the soil and geological rock survey. When designing the tunnel,
something that need to be considered are design plan cross section, ground classification,
shaking method, excavation method, excavation direction, place of water. In the construction
time something that need to be considered are wellhead, excavation method, support work,
initial design and its correction,trouble and auxialary method in installation, sprayed concrete,
backfill injection.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 41_RCPC 橋の劣化現象と点検（三原）

The outline for this presentation is :

1. Introduction
2. Degradation of concrete
3. Inspection/ investigation of concrete surevey
4. Diagnosis of concrete structure by salt damage
5. Diagnosis of deterioration by alkali sillica reaction
For the introduction, there is many concrete structure that deteriorates from salt and alkali
sillica reaction from the 80’s era where not enough knowledge about salt damage and alkali
sillica reaction. And this maintenance aim is to aim the best maintenance under severe social
condition.
Type of transformation are initial defect that occurred during construction, damage that
occurred on site but not progressing with time and deterioration which is some kind of damage
that progressing by time. Main deterioration of concrete is salt damage, neutralization by CO
and alkali sillica reaction. In the salt case, chloride penetrate concrete and will reach
reinforcement and can reduce the adhesion of reinforcement and concrete. In neutralization,
CO penetrate concrete and will reach reinforcement and corroding reinforcement due to
additional water supply. In alkali sillica reaction happened because when casting happened in
the high alkaline environment and will make crack in the conrete. It can reduce the properties
of concrete like compressive strength.
Maintenance procedure conclude from survey and inspection, state of being diagnosis,
evaluation and countermeasure of engineering in selection and the counter measure work. In
diagnosising concrete structure that got salt damage, there is some point to keep in mind. First,
is the deterioration mechanism salt damage? Then how much deterioration at the moment ?
Then prediction of salt damage in the future. In diagnosising concrete structure that deteriorate
by alkali sillica reaction, there is some point to keep in mind. First, is the deterioration
mechanism alkali sillica reaction? Then how much deterioration at the moment ? Then
prediction of alkali sillica reaction in the future.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 42_RCPC 橋の補修補強（石田）

The outline of this presentation is :

1. Generalization case
2. Deterioration of PC
3. Repair and reinforcement
Type of transformation are initial defect, aged deterioration and structural deformation.
Some example of initial defect are internal defect which is cavity in the back of concrete, sans
streak which occurs when the moisture in the concrete separate and flow out outside concrete
and surface bubble when entrapped air in the surface of concrete in entrapped and hardened.
Some deterioration of PC are crack on the underside of girder and side of girder dueto
excessive stress, intermediate fulcrum, crack in the end of girder leakage in the gerber hinge,
alkali sillica reaction, freezing damage, cold joint, etc
The difference between repair and reinforce is repair is to bring back the performance to
initial phase, but reinforce is to improve the performance better than initial phase. In the
classification of repair method, there are crack repair work, cross section restoration, surface
coating, surface combination, anti piercing method, electro chemical method. In the
reinforcement method, there are replacement of concrere parts, increase in concrete cross
section, addiiton of parts, addition of support points, add reinforcement, and the introduction
to prestress. Something to be noted that PC cannot allow crack in time it is in service time.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 43_RCPC 橋の診断（海野）

The outline of this presentation is :

1. Deteriotation phenomenon of concrete
2. Concrete bridge inspection overview
3. Inspection method
4. Inspection flow chart
5. Damage type and assesment
6. State of being evaluation
7. Judgement class
Main deterioration for concrete are ASR and freezing damage and to reinforcement bar
are neutralization and salt.
Some precautions for inspection are repeated pavement patch repair, trace of muddy
water stagnation from crack, trace of muddy water stagnation from repaired part, retention is
seen in the dent with mesh like crack. Type of inspection are daily, normal, detailed and
emergency according to what it need.
Some of inspection method are lift vehicle inspection method, bucket type bridge
inspection vehicle inspection, corridor type bridge inspection vehicle inspection, onboard
method,rope access inspection method, etc
The flowchart inspection are plan preparation, field reconnaissance, inspection plan,
bridge inspection and then create inspection record table. Some point to keep in making plan
preparation are bridge type, year of construction, applicable spesification, traffic volume,
environmental condition, damage condition and repair history. Some point to keep in field
reconnaissance are collation with existing bridge, confirmation of major deterioration,
confirmation of intersection condition.And the point when making inspection is to see some
problem from a large point of view.
Type of damage on steel usually corrosion , crack, deterioration of anti corrosion
function, etc. And type of damage in concrete usually crack, reinforcement exposure,
leakage, etc. To determine the countermeasure needed for damage, it should be based on
matter related structure, matter related production and construction, matter related each
condition of design, matter related usage condition, matter related various history.
In the state of being evaluation, it will be evaluated from I – IV based on the condition
of the inspection. Where it represent healthy, preventive maintenance stage, early measure
stage and emergency measure stage respectively.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 61_鋼橋の劣化現象と点検（高）

The outline of this presentation is :

1. Deterioration phenomenon
1.1 Deterioration of anti corrosion function
1.2 Corrosion
1.3 Fatigue
1.4 Deformation
1.5 Looseness/dropout
2. Inspection
Deterioration of anti corrosion usually caused by water leakage and leakage due to
damage in drainage . It can be countermeasured by providing a drainage gradien on the bridge
seat, providing a pedestal on bearing, and replacement of drain pipe.
The mechanism of corrosion is like cathode and anode principle and for corrosion to
happen, water and oxygen are needed. The concept of corrosion paint job as the
countermeasure is to prevent heavy corrosion occurred. In the measurement of corrosion, there
is 6 measurement from from RCI – RCII – RCIII – RaIII – RdIII based on the visual judgement.
The biggest factor for corrosion happening is O2 and salt.
Fatigue happening when some structure is applied by load frequently and then the
strength of structure will be decreased. It frequently happening because in the 1980’s when
most of structure is built, fatigue damage is not considered in the design. Main type of fatigue
in road are fatigue of steel part, steel deck fatigue, and fatigue of RC slab. To discover the
fatigue crack since it is not usuall visible are first, you need to understand where crack likely
to occur, you need to understand where fatigue crack likely to occur, and check for crack like
damage in the welding. Some countermeasure for fatigue damage are stop hole, weld repair,
etc.
Deformation usually caused by buckling deformation of the board, vehicle collising, etc.
The survey method to check deformation is to check based on what caused deformation
happening. Looseness is when high strength bold is loosened up or falling or brokened. Survey
method used to check is by tanpping inspection for loosened bolt and visually judged for fallen
bolt.
In the inspection, mostly done using by visual inspection method and the combined with
the nondestructive method. After inspection conducted, then classified it by health, preventive
maintenance, early measure stage and the last is emergency measure stage.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 62_鋼橋の診断（徳原）

The outline of this presentation is :

1. Diagnosis
2. Non destructive method
3. Measurement for diagnosis
4. Yamaguchi prefecture bridge inspection guideline
5. Evaluation of steel bridge
The purpose of diagnosis is to promote systematic maintenance and the main purpose is
to ensure the safety and security. Diagnosis can be resulted in recording of damage diagram,
evaluation of the type and degree of damage of each member and damage photograph. And
then it will be classified by healthy, prevention maintenance, early measure and emergency
measure stage based on the diagnosis.
Some nondestructive method used when diagnosis are dye penetration test which to find
crack that are difficult to see with naked eyes, magnetic particle inspection which best method
for detecting defect like crack, eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, etc. Some measurement
for diagnosis is based on the deterioration factor. Some measurement of adhered salt content
are by using gauze method, bressel method, etc.
In the Yamaguchi prefecture bridge inspection guideline, mainly talk about the type of
inspection like dailym normal inspection, detailed inspection and emergency check. And
overviewing of normal inspection like staff inspection, consignment B and consignment A.
And then followed by the evaluation based o the degree of damage based on inspection.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Report of 63_鋼橋の補修補強（野村）

The outline of this presentation is :

1. Basic of repair / reinforcement
2. Repair / reinforcement of corrosion, fatigue and deformation
3. Repair / reinforcement after earthquake
4. Anti corrosion
The definition of repair is to bring back the structure to the initial performance. And
reinforcement is to improve the structure to the better struture from the initial performance.
Some point to take are damage has the high possibility to occur again, it is preferable to use
same method for the similar damage in the past, and you need to consider the constructio
environment. In the corrosion, it reducing the cross section of steel and mainly caused by
saltwater and oxygen. Some point needed to be taken are corroded part used as defective part,
avoid wielding as much as possible, it is important to adopt structure that eliminate cause of
corrotion. In the fatigue, when generated stress is applied, the material will be yielding and
unlikely the steel will be broken. Fatigue damage will only recognized after the crack has
surfaced. As preventive measurement a stop hole can be applied. Basic method to restore the
deformation damage are heat straightening and can be also attaching the reinforce plate to make
deformation not progressed much further.The measurement of repair after eathquake
conducted 3 stage, there are emergency measure, emergency restoration and main restoration.
In the emergency measure, investigate the structure in the periods of short time, in the
emergency restoration, it will be focused on transportation until the main restoration conducted.
After the transportation is controlled, the main restoration will be conducted. The anticorrosion
method used in the steel bridges are paint job, hot dip galvanizing, metal spraying, coating,
electrocorrosion protection and the repair and reinforcement of concrete.
 Muhammad Taufik

20-8804-028-4

Current Status and issues of Maintenance of infrastructure structure

The main issues of the infrastrucutre in Japan is likely to be most of the infrastructure is
built in the 1970’s to 1980’s. So, most of infrastructure in Japan is very old. At that time, there
is a lot of design not considering the deterioration of concrete. So, for now a lot of infrastructure
can’t be used anymore. The main problem in the maintenance is likely to be the money and the
technology to keep supporting this infrastructure will be very huge.