Institute Code: 1606

MICRO PROJECT ON
VARIOUS TOPOLOGIES WITH THEIR ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES

Course: DCC

Course Code: 22414

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Semester: 4I

Submitted by:

Roll Name of Students Branch Enrollment No.

No.
52 Samrat Dattatray Sathe. SYCO 23213290249
53 Poonam Santosh Awdhut. SYCO 23213290250
54 Vinay Vikas Thengal. SYCO 23213290250

Name of Micro Project Guide: Prof. Sartape N.B.

 Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. roll no.

semester of diploma in computer engineering of institute, TSSM’s BSCOER
POLYTECHNIC [CODE:1606] has completed the microproject satisfactorily in
subject: - Microprocessor [22415] for the academic year 2023-24 as prescribed in
the Curriculum.

Place:- Narhe, Pune Enrollment No:-

Exam Seat No:

Subject Teacher Head Of The Department Principal

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 TSSM’S BHIVRABAI SAWAT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH INSTITUDE,PUNE

CERTIFICATE

Micro project title:- “Implementing The Linear Search Using ALP”

Submitted by Roll No :- 52, 53, 54

Roll No Name of student

52 Samrat Dattatray Sathe.
53 Poonam Santosh Awdhut.
54 Vinay Vikas Thengal

Under The Guidance Of

Miss. Sartape N.B.

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 Acknowledgement

I am grateful to Almighty God for giving me the strength, knowledge and

understanding to complete this project. His love has been more than
sufficient to keep and sustain me.
My profound gratitude goes to my wonderful supervisor, Miss N,B. Sartape
mam for him invaluable support, patience, time and guidance in seeing me
to the completion of this research work. Also, my gratitude goes to my head
of department Mr. S.S. Shete sir who patiently saw me to the completion of
this micro project.
I extend gratitude and appreciation to my lecturers Miss N.B. Sartape mam
in department who have taught me at one point or the other. May God
continue to bless, protect and guide you all.
I also wish to acknowledge the great support of my parents, siblings who
have been a source of inspiration towards my academic pursuit. God bless
you all.
I will not cease to acknowledge the support of my friends: Samrat , Poonam
God bless you both of you..!

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 Index

SR NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Rationale & CO’S 6

2. Aim & PO’S 7

3. Abstraction 8

4. Introduction 9

5. System Requirement 10

6. Topologies & Their Types 11

7. Types With Advantages & Disadvantages 12

8. Conclusion 24

9. Reference 25

10. Weekly Progress Report 26

11. Evaluation Sheet 27

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 RATIONALE

A data communication and computer networks has been growing with

rapid technological progress. Computer communication through
networking becomes essential part of our life. By considering
importance of networking in day today life. it is essential for students
to know the basic concept of networks like network classification.
network topologies. network devices.
This course deal with the important concepts and techniques related to
data communication and enable students to have an insight in to
technology involved to make the network communication
possible.

COURSES OUTCOMES

This course have following outcomes

1. Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer

network.
2. Select relevant transmission media and switching techniques as per
need.
3. Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.
4. Configure various networking devices.
5. Configure different TCP/IP services.

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 AIM

The aim of this microproject is to compare various network

topologies, including Star, Ring, Bus, Mesh, and Hybrid topologies,
highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.

PROJECT OUTCOMES

This project will equip participants with the skills, knowledge, and
resources needed to navigate the complexities of network topology
selection and implementation in the context of microprojects

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

We implement this project because of getting more information about

the Topologies and their advantages. I collect the information of
Topologies and their Advantages & Disadvantages from Books , web
pages and more. From books I know more about the Topologies &
from websites I get whole information about the Topologies.

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 Abstraction

Data communications and computer networks represent the

infrastructure and protocols that enable the exchange of digital
information between devices. At its essence, this field abstracts the
complexities of physical transmission mediums and network
infrastructure to provide a framework for seamless communication.

Abstraction layers are key to understanding the architecture of data

communications and computer networks. These layers provide a
hierarchicalstructure that separates the functionality of the system into
manageable modules, each responsible for specific tasks. The
abstraction layers typically include:

1. Physical Layer: Handles the physical transmission of data.

2. Data Link Layer: Ensures reliable transmission between adjacent
nodes.
3. Network Layer: Routes data packets across interconnected
networks.
4. Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end communication and error
recovery.
5. Session Layer: Manages session establishment and
synchronization.
6. Presentation Layer: Abstracts data format and syntax.
7. Application Layer: Interfaces with user applications.

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 INTRODUCTION

Data communications and computer networks play a fundamental role

in the way information is exchanged and shared in today's
interconnected world. These technologies enable computers and other
devices to communicate with each other, allowing the transmission of
data, voice, and multimedia over short and long distances.

At its core, data communication involves the exchange of digital

information between two or more devices through a transmission
medium such as wires, cables, optical fibers, or wireless connections.
This exchange of data can occur within a small area, such as a home or
office network, or across vast distances, spanning continents and oceans.

Computer networks are the infrastructure that facilitates this

communication, allowing devices to connect and interact with each
other.Networks can range from simple setups like a home Wi-Fi network
to complex systems like the internet, which connects billions of devices
worldwide.

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 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

1. Operating System: Windows 7 or later.

2. Processor: Any modern Intel processor with at least 1 GHz
processing speed or more.
3. Memory (RAM): At least 2 GB of RAM or more.
4. Storage: At least 100 MB of available storage space for
programinstallation or more.

The Specifications used:

1. Operating System: Windows 10.

2. Processor: Intel Core i5-7300U processor.
3. Memory (RAM): 16 GB RAM.
4. Storage: 512 GB Storage.

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 Topologies and their types

Topology, in the context of computer networks, refers to the arrangement or

layout of devices and connections within a network. It defines how devices
such as computers, printers, routers, and switches are interconnected and
how data flows between them.
Essentially, topology describes the physical or logical structure of a network.
Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, hybrid, and tree
topologies, each with its own characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
The choice of topology depends on factors such as the size of the network,
the level of redundancy required, cost considerations, and ease of
management. Overall, topology plays a crucial role in determining the
efficiency, reliability, and scalability of a computer network.
Types of
Topologies: 1.Bus
Topology 2.Star
Topology 3.Ring
Topology 4.Mesh
Topology 5.Hybrid
Topology 6.Tree

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 Types of Topologies
1. Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a singlecommunication
line, often referred to as a bus. Data is transmitted along this bus, and
each device receives all transmissions. However, if the main cable
fails, the entire network can be affected.

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  Advantages :

1. It is the easiest network topology for linearly connecting peripherals

or computers.
2. It works very efficiently well when there is a small network.
3. The length of cable required is less than a star topology.
4. It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without
affecting any other device.
5. Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh
and star
6. It is easy to understand topology.
7. Easy to expand by joining the two cables together.

 Disadvantages :

1. Bus topology is not good for large networks.

2. Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network
goes down.
3. Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard.
4. Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable.
5. Additional devices slow the network down.
6. If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into
two.
7. Packet loss is high.
8. This network topology is very slow as compared to other topologies.

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 2. Star Topology:

Star topology is a type of network configuration in which all network

devices are connected to a central hub or switch. In this setup, the
central hub acts as a focal point for communication, with each device
having its own dedicated connection to the hub. This topology
resembles the shape of a star, with the central hub at the center and
the peripheral devices radiating outward like the points of a star.

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  Advantages :

1. The setup, modification, and troubleshooting procedures are easy.

2. The failure in one node does not affect the whole network.
3. The Star topology requires fewer nodes with low network traffic and
fast performance.
4. The add or move of devices is easy to do.

 Disadvantages :
1. A failure in the hub or concentrator results in disabling of all nodes.
2. The installation of the Star topology is expensive.
3. Heavy network traffic can slow the bus.
4. The capacity of the hub affects the performance.
5. The network can be brought down by a damaged cable or lack of
proper termination.

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 3. Ring Topology:

Devices in a ring topology are connected in a closed loop, where each

device is connected to two neighboring devices, forming a ring-like
structure. Data travels around the ring until it reaches its destination.
While this topology offers equal access to all devices, a single point of
failure can disrupt the entire network.

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  Advantages :

1. In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of

packet collisions.
2. In this topology additional workstations can be added after without
impacting performance of the network.
3. Equal access to the resources.
4. There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the
nodes in the topology.
5. It is cheap to install and expand.
6. Minimum collision.
7. Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology.
8. Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring
topology becomes better than bus topology under heavy traffic.
Easy to manage.
9. Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has
access to the token and therefore the opportunity to transmit.

 Disadvantages :

1. Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to

pass through all the nodes.
2. If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node
goes down entire network goes down.
3. It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology
4. It is Expensive.
5. Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and
may cause issue in network activity.
6. Difficult to troubleshoot the ring.
7. In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all
computer must be turned on.
8. Total dependence in on one cable.
9. They were not Scalable.

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 4. Mesh Topology:

In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device in

the network. This redundancy ensures that if one connection fails, data
can still travel through alternate paths. Mesh topologies are highly
reliable but can be complex and expensive to set up.

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  Advantages :

1. Failure during a single device won’t break the network.

2. There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links
for every computer.
3. Fault identification is straightforward.
4. This topology provides multiple paths to succeed in the destination
and tons of redundancy.
5. It provides high privacy and security.
6. Data transmission is more consistent because failure doesn’t disrupt
its processes.
7. Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.
8. This topology has robust features to beat any situation.
9. A mesh doesn’t have a centralized authority.

 Disadvantages :

1. It’s costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star,

bus, point to point topology.
2. Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.
3. Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain
active all the time and share the load.
4. Complex process.
5. The cost to implement mesh is above other selections.
6. There is a high risk of redundant connections.
7. Each node requires a further utility cost to think about.
8. Maintenance needs are challenging with a mesh.

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 5. Hybrid Topology:

Hybrid Topology is the first before going into the topic, we saw that
topology may be a connection of varied links and nodes,
communicating with one another for the transfer of knowledge.
During this process sort of topology, we combine two or more
different topologies to make a resultant topology that has good
points(as well as weaknesses) of all constituent basic topologies
instead of having characteristics of only one specific topology. This
mix of topologies is completed and consistent with the wants of the
organization.
Example for instance if in an office one of the department’s ring
topologies is employed and another star, topology is employed,
connecting these topologies will end in Hybrid Topology (ring
topology and star topology).

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  Advantages :

1. This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of

topologies in one topology.
2. Can be modified as per requirement.
3. It is extremely flexible.
4. It is very reliable.
5. It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which
enables easy integration of new hardware components.
6. Error detecting and troubleshooting are easy.
7. Handles a large volume of traffic.
8. It is used to create large networks.
9. The speed of the topology becomes fast when two topologies are put
together.

 Disadvantages :

1. It is a type of network expensive.

2. The design of a hybrid network is very complex.
3. There is a change in the hardware to connect one topology with
another topology.
4. Usually, hybrid architectures are larger in scale so they require a lot
of cables in the installation process.
5. Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks are very
costly. And hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be
intelligent enough to work with different architectures.
6. Installation is a difficult process.

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 6. Tree Topology:

In a tree topology, devices are arranged hierarchicallyin a tree-like

structure, with multiple levels of interconnected hubs orswitches. This
topology is commonly used in large-scale networks where devices are
organized into smaller sub-networks, providing scalability and ease of
management.

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  Advantages :

1. This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.

2. This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data
arrangement of the nodes.
3. As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain,
this topology provides high scalability.
4. The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets
damaged or does not work.
5. Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification
can be done.
6. A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes.
7. Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
8. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
9. Tree Topology is highly secure.
10. It is used in WAN.
11. Tree Topology is reliable.

 DisAdvantages :

1. This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other

network topologies.
2. The length of a segment is limited & the limit of the segment depends
on the type of cabling used.
3. Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network
performance of tree topology becomes a bit slow.
4. If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer
will also go under problems.
5. Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology.
6. As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense
network traffic.
7. The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the
network.
8. Treatment of the topology is pretty complex.
9. The establishment cost increases as well.

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 Conclusion

various network topologies offer a range of advantages and disadvantages.

Bus topology is straightforward and economical but prone to single point of
failure. Star topology provides centralized control and fault isolation, yet
relies heavily on the central hub.
Ring topology offers equal access and fewer collisions, but is vulnerable to a
single point of failure. Mesh topology ensures redundancy and fault
tolerance, yet is complex and costly to implement. Hybrid topology
combines different topologies' benefits but may introduce complexity and
cost variations.
Tree topology enables scalability and hierarchical organization but relies on
the stability of the root node. The choice of topology hinges on factors such
as network size, redundancy needs, scalability, budget, and ease of
management, ultimately determining the efficiency, resilience, and cost-
effectiveness of the network infrastructure.

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 Reference

Sites :
1. https://chat.openai.com/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
3. www.computerknowledge.com
4. www.Wikipedia.org

Books :
 Introduction to Data Communication and Computer Network
- Randall Hyde

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 WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
SR WEEK ACITVITY PERFORM DATE SIGN
NO. OF
TEACHER

1. 1st Discussion and

finalisation of topic
2. 2nd Preparation and
submission of abstract
3. 3rd Literature review
4. 4th Collection of data
5. 5th Collection of data
6. Discussion and outlineof
6th
content
7. Formulation of
7th
content
8. Editing and proof
8th
reading of content
9. Compilation of reportand
9th
presentation
10. 10th Seminar
11. 11th Viva voce
12. Final submission of
12th
micro-project

Signature of student Signature of faculty

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 EVALUATION SHEET OF MICRO-PROJECT

Academic year : 2023-24 Name of faculty : prof. Sartape N.B

Course : Data Communication Computer Network Code : 22414

Semester IV
Title of project:- ‘Various Topologies with their Advantages and Disadvantages.’

Cos addressed by micro-project

a. Solve the given simple problems based on laws of logarithm
MAJOR LEARNING OUTCOMES ACHIEVED BY STUDENTS BY DOING THE PROJECT
[A] practical outcome:-

 PO1 BASIC KNOWLEDGE.

 PO2 DISPLINE KNOWLEDGE.
 PO7 ETHICS.
 PO8 INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM WORK.
 PO9 COMMUNICATION.
 PO10 LIFE-LONG LEARNING.

Exam seat no. Name of Marks out of 5 Marks out of 5 Total out of 10
student or for performance
performance in in
group activity oral/presentation
(D5 (D5 col.9)
col.8)
Samrat
Dattatray
Sathe.
Poonam
Santosh
Awdhut.
Vinay Vikas
Thengal.

Guided by:- prof. Sartape N.B signature of faculty

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