Title: Navigating the Challenges of Crafting an Adolescent Depression Literature Review

Embarking on a literature review, especially concerning a complex and sensitive topic like adolescent
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these factors and their implications for prevention, intervention, and treatment adds another layer of
complexity to the review process.

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Teach the client deep breathing exercise and techniques to avoid anxiety provoking situation. 3. To
reduce the client’s fear of scrutiny, evaluation and negative thought. These are some of the questions
this lesson will help you to understand. She also described her relationship with her father as a
normal father- daughter relationship, but a distant one. The client was asked to develop a list of
depression evoking thoughts hierarchically (from low to high). The more severe forms of this
disorder are very similar to manic-depressive depression, melancholia, vital depression, and
endogenous depression. It is likely that no single theory can fully explain the genesis and persistence
of depression, although currently, negative interpersonal relations and relations with one's
environment and sociocultural changes (economic, political, and demographic) may explain the
observed increase in the prevalence of depression. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account
related email. According to Greenberg et al. (2015), this therapy combines elements of client-based
practices ( Rogers, 1961 ), Gestalt therapy ( Perls et al., 1951 ), the theory of emotions and a
dialectic-constructivist meta-theory. A t test was used to identify the significant levels. This was
done to make her feel at home with people around her. 5. To reduce the client low esteem and
augmentation her self-confidences. The principal biological and psychological theories were
therefore taken as the main references for this section. Evaluation of Treatment Interventions: The
interventions applied above were able to assist the client to fulfill each treatment objective
effectively. Instructions and awareness were given to them about cognitive, psychological and
behavioral components of adolescent depression. At the end, depression is a health mental disorder
and someone dealing with depression should get help. Axis I mood disorder, including major
depression and slight bipolar disorder. Problem Situation: The client reported feeling uneasy about
herself among her classmates and always felt self conscious and unworthy. Her speech was at a
normal rate and there was no evidence to show any signs of neither delusions nor hallucinations. This
section also includes cyclothymia and dysthymia. The onset may be either acute or insidious and can
last from a few weeks to many months. This relationship occurs as a result of how insufficient sleep
affects the hippocampus, heightening neural sensitivity to excitotoxic insult and vulnerability to
neurotoxic challenges, resulting in a net decrease in gray matter in the hippocampus in the left
orbitofrontal cortex ( Novati et al., 2012 ). DASS-42 (Depression 21) The multidimensional child
and adolescent depression scale: Psychometrical properties were used to assess her behavior. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. Semi- structured interview with the client’s teachers. Given that initial
manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is
required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may
explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression. The aim is to create a safe
environment in which the individual's anxiety is reduced, thereby enabling them to confront difficult
emotions, raising their awareness of said emotions, exploring their emotional experiences in more
depth and identifying maladaptive emotional responses. If you have a friend that may not seem the
usual, or if you notice them getting farther away, then get help by telling the counselor in your
school or telling your parents. There are probably many factors linked to prevention programs which,
in one way or another, influence their efficacy: who implements the program and what prior training
they receive; the characteristics of the target group; group dynamics; how sessions are run; how the
program is evaluated; and if the proposed goals are really attained (e.g., training in social skills may
be key, but perhaps we are not training students correctly). By continuing, you agree to our Terms
and Conditions. Some studies link increased suicide rates with economic recession ( Chang et al.,
2013; Reeves et al., 2014 ). Enculturation occurs when the older generation invites, induces or forces
the younger generation to adopt traditional mindsets and behaviors. The gap between boys with
depression and girls grows around the ages of 12 and 17.
She became quite depressed when asked about her siblings and her mother. For Later 0% 0% found
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document. The client depression and withdrawal from social life is perpetuated by her academic
failure, emotional withdrawal and avoidance behavior. These same authors conclude that programs
focused exclusively on children and adolescents themselves are less effective than those which aim
to “educate” subjects and bring about positive changes in their family and school environments. She
currently lives with her parents and her five siblings. With the constant key word being depression,
the search for information cross-referenced a series of other key words also, namely: childhood,
adolescence, explanatory theories, etiology, evaluation instruments, prevention programs, and
treatment. She also described her relationship with her father as a normal father- daughter
relationship, but a distant one. Retrieved Dec. 09, 2011 from Depression in Children and
Adolescents, (2011). There are probably many factors linked to prevention programs which, in one
way or another, influence their efficacy: who implements the program and what prior training they
receive; the characteristics of the target group; group dynamics; how sessions are run; how the
program is evaluated; and if the proposed goals are really attained (e.g., training in social skills may
be key, but perhaps we are not training students correctly). She helped her parents whenever she
could and she even helped her mother take care of her younger siblings. This section also includes
cyclothymia and dysthymia. The following disorders are analyzed below: single depressive episode,
recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood (affective) disorders. They further explained that
she would often cry by herself and would retaliate by being silent for the whole week when asked to
babysit her little brother and sisters. The therapy usually comprises around 12 sessions, although
substantial changes are generally observed from the fourth session onwards. Also, according to the
National Institute of Mental depression has been a problem since the beginning of time. During
therapy, the patient is provided with information about depression and taught skills they can use in
their everyday life. Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposes that consistency, nurturance, protectiveness, and
responsiveness in early interactions with caregivers contribute to the development of schemas or
mental representations about the relationships of oneself with others, and that these schemas serve as
models for later relationships. Total Sessions with Client: The client attended 60 minutes of weekly
counseling from 12th of June to 28th of August 2011. Using Ainsworth's strange situation
procedure, Main (1996) found that abused children engaged in more disorganized, disruptive,
aggressive, and dissociative behaviors during both childhood and adolescence. The aim is to create a
safe environment in which the individual's anxiety is reduced, thereby enabling them to confront
difficult emotions, raising their awareness of said emotions, exploring their emotional experiences in
more depth and identifying maladaptive emotional responses. Weersing et al. (2017), in this same
line, state that, although the efficacy of treatments in children is rather weak, cognitive-behavioral
therapy is probably the most effective therapy. For further modification, the Supervisee will explain
her ethical principal and the nature of her work at the beginning of the counseling session. After
conducting a review of both the theoretical assumptions of psychodynamic treatments of depression
and the evidence supporting the efficacy of these interventions, these authors concluded that brief
psychoanalytic therapy (BPT) is as effective in treating depression as other active psychotherapeutic
treatments or pharmacotherapy, and its effects tend to be maintained in the longer term. Next, we
present the main evaluation instruments used to measure child and adolescent depression and report
the results of a bibliographical review of prevention programs in school settings. The client reported
having trouble concentrating on things especially on her school work. However, until the final
version is published, this information cannot be fully verified. Unpublished manuscript, University of
Pennsylvania. It is accepted that depression during adolescence is a highly prevalent yet mostly an
under recognized mental health problem. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylbania Press.
Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact
editorial office Frontiers in Psychology. When questioned about her mother her voice became shaky
and she started crying. The client is reported to be extremely intelligent, mature for her age, creative
and talented. However, no distinctions of this kind are found in the ICD-10, an absence which may
lead to the faulty inference that the characteristics of child and adolescent depression are similar to
those of adult depression. Another sign of teen depression is eating disorder. When asked about her
parents and siblings, the client was uncomfortable and was quite depressed. She stated that life is not
worthwhile living and often romanticize about suicide. The client sated that she does not like
hanging out in a large group and she is feels uneasy with her classmates. Behavioral observation
conducted at home to assess the client’s relationship with her siblings. Limitations and Future
Modifications: Further sessions involving parents with treatment intervention is mandatory to
reinforce positive, supportive and cooperative strategies. Biological and psychological theories are
the ones which have mainly tried to explain the origin of this mental disorder. Furthermore, they
claimed that humanitarian emergencies and conflicts highlight a pressing need to broaden current
therapeutic options. The client also revealed that her mother often passed out in the middle of the
day and that she often had to take care of her siblings. Table 2 summarizes the main self-
administered tests that specifically measure child and adolescent depression, while Table 3 presents
tests that measure child and adolescent depression among other aspects (i.e., broader or more general
tests). Increase awareness on adolescent depression to the parents and teachers. 2. To reduce physical
anxiety symptoms. Teach the client relaxation exercise of progressive muscle relaxation. Axis I mood
disorder, including major depression and slight bipolar disorder. With the constant key word being
depression, the search for information cross-referenced a series of other key words also, namely:
childhood, adolescence, explanatory theories, etiology, evaluation instruments, prevention programs,
and treatment. What are some of the psychological characteristics of adolescents. Her father is
unemotionally unavailable and her mother is extremely busy with the other kids which often made
the client feel neglected. This section also includes recurrent depressive disorder currently in
remission, in which the patient may have had two or more depressive episodes in the past, but has
been free from depressive symptoms for several months. Depression prevention programs do exist,
but they are mainly targeted at adolescents and very few focus on children under the age of 10. This
may well be a basic error in our approach to depression among younger age groups. The client stated
that the reason she did not form any social relationship is because she felt that people are not
interested in her and that she is embarrassed to approach anyone. The Multidimensional Anxiety
Scale for Children (MASC) was also administered, which is a child self-report. In 2016, the WHO
and the World Bank announced that investing in the treatment of depression and anxiety leads to
four-fold returns, since these pathologies cost the global economy one trillion US dollars each year.
She was referred as the teachers were concerned about her increasing absence from school and her
falling grades. Although universal programs may be more appropriate due to their broad scope of
application, the results are inconclusive and fail to demonstrate any solid long-term efficacy. The
client was asked to develop a list of depression evoking thoughts hierarchically (from low to high).
They also confirm that, in depressed adolescents, cognitive behavioral therapy, and interpersonal
psychotherapy are appropriate interventions. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster
and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
Parenting style has been identified as a key factor in children's and adolescents' psychosocial
adjustment ( Lengua and Kovacs, 2005 ). The client’s father is a well do businessman and her mother
is a housewife who takes care of the kids. Discussion of Evidence Based Theories: “Adolescent
depression is a disorder that affects teenagers. Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposes that consistency,
nurturance, protectiveness, and responsiveness in early interactions with caregivers contribute to the
development of schemas or mental representations about the relationships of oneself with others, and
that these schemas serve as models for later relationships. Individuals suffering from depression are
taught cognitive and behavioral skills to help them develop more positive beliefs about themselves,
others, and the world. Internal attribution is related to the belief that the aversive situation occurs
due to individual conditions rather than to external circumstances. The findings clearly revealed that
there is significant gender difference on depression and social support. In this sense, the multiple
different explanatory theories of depression have given rise to a plethora of different treatments
(psychotherapeutic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, etc.) which are currently being
analyzed with a high degree of precision and scientific rigor. Usually, frequent crying has to do with
the way they feel or how pressured they are. This relationship occurs as a result of how insufficient
sleep affects the hippocampus, heightening neural sensitivity to excitotoxic insult and vulnerability
to neurotoxic challenges, resulting in a net decrease in gray matter in the hippocampus in the left
orbitofrontal cortex ( Novati et al., 2012 ). Consequently, both treatment and prevention should also
be multifactorial in nature. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply
with these terms. The results revealed that incorporating the family into the therapy resulted in a
significant improvement in depressive symptoms, global response, functioning, and social
adjustment. If you or someone is suffering with depression comfort them or just tell someone most
likely your parents. He explains that the differences between boys and girls is due to their teen years.
During therapy, patients review their situation, analyze their beliefs and, on the basis of the results,
alter their regulation style and move toward a new vision of themselves. It is the phase when very
rapid changes take place both physically as well as psychologically. It is usually combined with
pharmacological treatment to alleviate depressive episodes. The serotonin-linked polymorphic region
(5-HTTLPR) is a degenerate repeat in the gene which codes for the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4).
Adolescent Depression - Case Study Referral Information: The client is a 14 years old girl who as
referred to the student support center by her teachers. She is also very concerned about what others
think of her and her family. She was referred as the teachers were concerned about her increasing
absence from school and her falling grades. Patients undergoing this therapy generate more empathic
behaviors and identify, change and heal interpersonal patterns related to depression. The first episode
may occur at any age, from childhood to old age. Due to the importance of some seminal works in
relation to the development of psychological theories of depression, certain authors have remained
key references for decades. If you know someone dealing with depression you should comfort them
and make them not feel lonely. The fact that universal prevention programs specifically designed for
children are obtaining only modest results may indicate that we have perhaps failed to correctly
identify the key variables involved in the genesis and maintenance of child and adolescent
depression. Kaufman et al. (2018) support a potential role for genes related to the homeobox 2 gene
of Orthodenticle (OTX2) and to the OTX2-related gene in the physiopathology of stress-related
depressive disorders in children. One question arising from the review of the literature is: What are
the various predisposing factors responsible for Adolescent Depression. When the individual in
question is experiencing a depressive mood episode, they must also present at least two of the
following symptoms: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue,
low self-esteem, poor concentration, or difficulty making decisions and feelings of hopelessness.
Although scientific literature reports that targeted programs obtain better outcomes than universal
ones, the latter type nevertheless offer certain advantages, since they reach a larger number of people
without the social stigma attached to having been specially selected ( Roberts et al., 2003; Huggins
et al., 2008 ). Thus, the ideal context for instigating universal child depression prevention programs is
the school environment. She became quite depressed when asked about her siblings and her mother.
The inclusion criteria were that the study analyzed all the research subjects of the review study
(depression, childhood, or adolescence and prevention programs in school settings), that study
participants were aged between 6 and 18, that the study was published in a peer-reviewed journal
and that it was written in either English or Spanish. The therapy usually lasts between 20 and 24
sessions, with the brief version consisting of between 8 and 15 sessions. RELATED PAPERS Social
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Free PDF View PDF Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan Three Dimensional Bipedal Stepping
Motion using Neural Oscillators. The client father often worked long hours to support the family as
he is the bread winner. At the end, depression is a health mental disorder and someone dealing with
depression should get help. The fact that universal prevention programs specifically designed for
children are obtaining only modest results may indicate that we have perhaps failed to correctly
identify the key variables involved in the genesis and maintenance of child and adolescent
depression. The instruments that are currently available have produced very different results as
regards their correlation with students' self-reported symptoms, although in general, teachers tend to
underestimate their students' depressive symptoms ( Jaureguizar et al., 2017 ). Given that initial
manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is
required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may
explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression. McAllister-williams, C. Katona,
R. Peveler Download Free PDF View PDF CNS Spectrums Are antidepressants effective in quality
of life improvement among children and adolescents. When questioned about it she would just
withdraw herself to the room and would not talk with anyone in the house for one or two weeks.
Internal attribution is related to the belief that the aversive situation occurs due to individual
conditions rather than to external circumstances. In 1991, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA)
claimed that there was insufficient evidence to confirm a causal association between SSRIs and
suicide. Using Ainsworth's strange situation procedure, Main (1996) found that abused children
engaged in more disorganized, disruptive, aggressive, and dissociative behaviors during both
childhood and adolescence. The client was also taught how to comprehend between tense muscle
and relaxed muscles. For further modification, the Supervisee will explain her ethical principal and
the nature of her work at the beginning of the counseling session. The client described herself as shy,
efficient and reliable person. Depression is one of the most talked about health topics as well as
being one of the most researched ones. Furthermore, they claimed that humanitarian emergencies and
conflicts highlight a pressing need to broaden current therapeutic options. Similarly, major depressive
disorder specifies that in children the mood may be irritable rather than depressed. The client also
revealed that her mother often passed out in the middle of the day and that she often had to take care
of her siblings. She currently lives with her parents and her five siblings. All these aspects are
intrinsically linked: how the concept is defined depends on the explanatory variables upon which said
definition is based, and this in turn influences how we measure it and the variables we define as
being key elements for its prevention and treatment. The client was also taught deep breathing
exercise and techniques to avoid anxiety provoking situation. 3. To reduce the client’s fear of
scrutiny, evaluation and negative thought. With the constant key word being depression, the search
for information cross-referenced a series of other key words also, namely: childhood, adolescence,
explanatory theories, etiology, evaluation instruments, prevention programs, and treatment. However,
contrary to the findings in adults with depression, no deficits in cortical inhibition were found in
children and adolescents with major depressive disorder ( Croarkin et al., 2013 ). Finally, Table 4
summarizes the main hetero-administered psychometric tests for assessing this pathology. The client
was encouraged to take up a hobby to occupy her free time. Semi- structured interview with the
client’s father.
And depression is not only for teens but it can happen to adult people but it mostly involves teens.
Her parents are both Australian and were also born and brought up in Melbourne. The total sample
comprised of 150 (85 male and 65 female) adolescents in the age range of 17-20 years was randomly
selected from selected. Camberbell, VIC: Australian Council for Educational Research. It leads to
sadness, discouragement, and a loss of self-worth and interest in their usual activities” (Berger,
2011). Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposes that consistency, nurturance, protectiveness, and
responsiveness in early interactions with caregivers contribute to the development of schemas or
mental representations about the relationships of oneself with others, and that these schemas serve as
models for later relationships. This 10-session program can be delivered either in group or individual
formats, at any age. A t test was used to identify the significant levels. If you know someone dealing
with depression you should comfort them and make them not feel lonely. Signs of depression that
can lead to suicide may be difficulty concentrating or the teen losing interest in many things. This is
100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. To
browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to
upgrade your browser. The client father often worked long hours to support the family as he is the
bread winner. She currently lives with her parents and her five siblings. The databases used for
conducting the searches were PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and
Google Scholar, along with a range of different manuscripts. Unpublished manuscript, Washington
University, Division of Child Psychiatry. Parenting style has been identified as a key factor in
children's and adolescents' psychosocial adjustment ( Lengua and Kovacs, 2005 ). Also, according to
the National Institute of Mental depression has been a problem since the beginning of time. Thus, it
is based on Beck's cognitive theory of depression. In its mildest form, two or three of the symptoms
described above may be present, and the patient is able to continue with most of their daily
activities. Sokratous et al. (2013) argue that the onset of depression is not only triggered by major
stressful events, but rather, minor life events (dropping out of school, your father losing his job,
financial difficulties in the family, losing friends, or the illness of a family member) may also
influence the appearance of depressive symptoms. Others battle low self-esteem, thoughts of self-
harm or fall prey to sexual misadventures, drugs and alcohol abuse and indulge in antisocial behavior.
Low reinforcement rates can be explained by maternal rejection and lower parental support ( Simons
and Miller, 1987 ), by a lower rate of reinforcement offered to their children by mothers of depressed
children ( Cole and Rehm, 1986 ), or by low social competence ( Shah and Morgan, 1996 ). She also
stated that she always feels dispirited, gloomy, and blue. Upload Read for free FAQ and support
Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. Many
teenagers have parents like this, but one as a parent has to understand their children. The Psycho-
education helped the client and her family an in-depth understanding. 2. To reduce physical anxiety
symptoms. The client was taught how to relax different areas of her body through progressive muscle
relaxation, breathing technique and distractions. The literal meaning of adolescence is to 'grow up'.
She also had ongoing long absence from the class and avoids making any contributions or
presentations in the classroom. The client also revealed that her mother often passed out in the
middle of the day and that she often had to take care of her siblings.