Important case studies

Case 1:
A regional airline company sought to investigate the influence of automated
check-in kiosks on the punctuality of outbound flights from various airports within
their network. They collected data from 15 airports equipped with automated
kiosks and 14 airports without such facilities, measuring the average delay (in
minutes) of outbound flights. The purpose was to determine if the presence of
automated kiosks had any significant effect on flight punctuality.
Airports with Automated Kiosks:
[18, 15, 20, 17, 22, 19, 16, 21, 18, 23, 20, 17, 16, 19, 24]
Airports without Automated Kiosks:
[22, 25, 20, 23, 18, 21, 24, 19, 26, 17, 20, 23, 25, 22]
a) Compare the mean and median delay times of outbound flights between
airports with automated kiosks and those without.
b) Determine which group of airports demonstrates more consistency in terms
of flight punctuality.
c) Create a box and whisker plot illustrating the distribution of flight delay
times for airports without automated kiosks and comment on the shape of
the distribution.
d) Calculate a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average delay time of
outbound flights.
e) Propose appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to investigate whether
airports without automated kiosks experience longer flight delays
compared to those with automated kiosks.
Hint:
Note: Although the words with/without are included in the question but the sample sizes are
different and if you read the question carefully you will understand that airports are
independent, some are using automated kiosks and some are not using. Hence, it is not the case
of paired t-test. It’s type 4 hypothesis. Now solve.
Case 2:
A workforce development agency aimed to assess the efficacy of two distinct
training programs, Program A and Program B, in facilitating job placement for
unemployed individuals. Program A prioritizes technical skills development, while
Program B focuses on enhancing soft skills. The agency conducted a study to
determine if one program yields significantly higher job placement rates
compared to the other.
The agency randomly assigned 200 participants to Program A and 180 participants
to Program B. Following the completion of their respective training programs,
participants were monitored for six months to track their job placement status.
Data collected included the number of participants from each program who
successfully secured employment within the six-month period.
Results:
Program A: 120 out of 200 participants obtained employment.
Program B: 90 out of 180 participants obtained employment.
Questions:
a) What is the objective of the workforce development agency's study?
b) How were participants assigned to Program A and Program B?
c) What were the job placement rates for Program A and Program B,
respectively?
d) What statistical test would be appropriate for comparing the proportions of
job placements between the two programs? Why?
e) Is there a significant difference in job placement rates between Program A
and Program B? Test at 5% level of significance.
f) Perform another hypothesis test to determine whether the placement rate
of Program A is higher than that of program B. Use alpha = 1%.
Case 3:
A health and wellness center implemented a new weight loss program aimed at
helping individuals achieve their fitness goals. The program combines
personalized diet plans and exercise routines tailored to each participant's needs.
The center conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of the program by
comparing participants' weight before and after completing the program.
Study Design:
The health and wellness center enrolled 15 participants who were looking to lose
weight and improve their overall health. Before starting the weight loss program,
each participant's weight was recorded. After completing the program, which
lasted for 12 weeks, their weight was measured again to assess any changes.
Results:
The following table summarizes the weight measurements (in kilograms) for each
participant before and after completing the weight loss program:

Participant Before (kg) After (kg)

1 85 78

2 72 68

3 95 88

4 80 75

5 90 82

6 78 72

7 83 77

8 88 81

9 75 70
 Participant Before (kg) After (kg)

10 70 65

11 79 74

12 87 80

13 92 85

14 73 68

15 84 78

a) What is the objective of the health and wellness center's study?

b) Describe the study design and methodology used to evaluate the
effectiveness of the weight loss program.
c) Explain the concept of paired t-test and its relevance to this study.
d) Test the effectiveness of weight loss program at 5% level of significance.
Case 4:
A transportation company operates two different routes for commuters in a
metropolitan area. Route A is known for its directness but tends to encounter
heavy traffic congestion during peak hours. Route B, on the other hand, offers a
more scenic route with less traffic but involves additional distance. The company
wants to compare the daily commute times of passengers using both routes to
assess which route provides a more consistent and efficient travel experience.
Over the course of two weeks, the transportation company collected daily
commute time data from a random sample of passengers using Route A and Route
B. The commute times were recorded in minutes for each passenger. The dataset
consists of the following information:

Commute Time (minutes) No. of passengers (Route A) No. of passengers (Route B)

20-25 10 7

25-30 8 6

30-35 6 8

35-40 4 5

40-45 1 3

45-50 1 1

Analytical Questions:
1. Calculate the mean and median commute times for passengers using Route
A and Route B based on the grouped frequency distribution. Which route
has a higher mean commute time? Which route has a higher median
commute time?
2. Compute the standard deviation of commute times for passengers using
Route A and Route B. Which route shows greater variability in commute
times based on standard deviation?
3. Analyze the consistency of commute times for each route. Which route
demonstrates more consistency in terms of commute times?
4. Plot histograms for Route A and Route B to visualize the grouped frequency
distribution of commute times. Do the histograms provide any additional
insights into the comparative analysis of commute times?