MAPEH 8 REVIEWER 3RD QUARTER  Khyal – most common style of singing in

North India which means imagination

MUSIC
INDIA

 Largest country in South Asia

 Music is vast as its geographical location and its  Instrumental Music in India
demographic population o Hindustani Sangeet
 Their music has aspects of Asian culture  Instruments used in North Indian
 Melismatic Singing music
o An aspect of vocal music, with the use of nasal o Carnatic Sangeet
vocal quality  Instruments used in South Indian
o In the Philippines, this is used in chanting music
 Classification of Musical Instruments from India
epics and the pasyon
o Ghan
 Samagana
o Style of singing which developed into a strong  Non-membranous percussive
instrument with solid resonators
and diverse tradition, becoming an
 Oldest class of instrument
established part of a tradition in India
 May be a melodic instrument to
o Saman means melody
keep tal
o Veda means knowledge
 The instruments are:
 Vedas
- Ghatam
o Sacred texts of Hinduism
- Karta
 Sama Veda
- Manjira
o A sacred text
- Nout
o Sung as samagana, not chanted o Avanaddh
o Third of the four Vedas of Hinduism  Membranous percussive instrument
o Ranks next to Rig Veda (RigVeda) in terms of  Comprises the drums
sanctity and liturgical importance  The instruments are:
 Rig Veda - Daf (Duf, Daphu)
o Also sung in the samagana style - Dhol
o Counted as first of the Vedas because of its - Tabla
liturgical importance o Sushir
o Ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic  Also known as blown-air
Sanskrit hymns  Uses air to excite the resonators
o Some verses are still recited as Hindu prayers  The instruments are:
- Shankh
- Bansuri
 Characteristics of Traditional Music from India - Surpeti
1. Carnatic Music - Shehnai
 Music from South India o Tat
 Directed to a Hindu god  Referred to as vina during old
 “temple music” civilization
 It is unified  These are plucked / stringed
 Schools are based on the same ragas, the instruments
same solo instruments such as  The instruments are:
- Veena - Sitar
- Flute - Gotuvadyam
- Violin - Ektar
 The same rhythm instruments such as: - Gopichand
- Mridangam - Rabab
- Ghatam o Vitat
 Mainly set for the voice with lyrics  Described as bowed stringed
 Compositions called krti are devotional instruments
songs  One of the oldest classifications of
2. Hindustani Music instruments
 Music from North India  Occupied a place in classical Indian
 Goes back to Vedic period times music until the last few centuries.
 Has Persian influences
 Found in the Northern and Central
regions  The instruments are:
 Nasal singing is observed in their vocal - Banam
music - Esraj
- Chikara
 - Sarangi  Synagogue
 Tala  Church
o Means “clap” o Mystic Rituals
o Variously transliterated as “tal”, “taal”, or  Sufis
“taala”  Hassidic
o Regular, repeating rhythmic phase
o Rendered on a percussive instrument o Life passage events
o Indian system of rhythm  Weddings
 Theka  Bar mitzvahs
o A sequence of drum-syllables of rhythm or  Bat mitzvahs
“bol”  Anniversaries
o An Indian classical music o Entertainment
o Both Carnatic and Hindustani music use this  Belly dancing
 Tabla  Folk dancing
o Most common instrument for keeping rhythm  Vocal Music of Israel
in Hindustani music 1. Devotional
 Mridangam o Almost entirely vocal
o Most common instrument for keeping rhythm o Featured during Sabbath and other holy days
in Carnatic music o Hazan – leader of prayer
o “Mridang” o Shofar – special call to prayer and repentance
2. Secular
PAKISTAN o Instruments and voice are used
o Played during life passages events
 Known for its unique vocals o Context lies outside the religious domain
 Two Vocal Styles in Music o Very rhythmic and have popular / romantic
1. Ghazal
texts
o Traditional expressions of love, separation
 Instrumental Music of Israel
and loneliness
o Lute
o It is more strict
 Similar to the Philippines’ bandurria
o One of the principal poetic forms in Persian
o Hora
civilization
 A dance that uses accompaniment
o Can be sung by both men and women
 Has strong off beats and asymmetric
meters
o Israel Instruments
 Jewish Lyre
2. Qawwali
 Psalterion
o It is the devotional music of the Christi order
 Shofar
o A vibrant musical tradition o Arab Instruments
o It is originally performed mainly at Sufi shrines  Goblet
 Instrumental Music of Pakistan  Toft
o Punjabi o Middle Eastern Instruments
 Strengthens the importance of  Oud
instruments in Pakistan  Darbuk
o Punjab
 Region in South Asia, divided into:
- West Punjab, Pakistan
- East Punjab, India TERMS TO REMEMBER
o Bhangra
 Bar Mitzvah
 One of the most recognized forms of
o Jewish ceremony for a 13-year old boy
Punjab, based on the drum “dhol”
 Bat Mitzvah
o The instruments are:
o Jewish ceremony for a 12-year old boy
 Tabla
 Chautal
 Dholak
o Means “four claps”
 Harmonium
 Rubab  Guttural
o Grating speech sounds made in the throat
WEST ASIA – ISRAEL  Hassidic
o Jewish devotional tradition
 Their music is modal  High Holidays
 Harmony is not emphasized, but salient features are o Holiest days of the year in Judaism
used.  Hinduism
 The music is commonly used during: o Predominant religion of India
o Communal Worships
 Matra
 Mosque o Beat in Indian music
  Pasyon  Peacocks
o Sung during Holy Week in the Philippines
 Raga PAKISTAN
o Acoustic method of coloring the mind
 Has four recognized periods
 Sabbath o Pre-Islamic
o Jewish holiday for rest
o Islamic
 Sangeet o Colonial
o Music Hindu scriptures
o Post-Colonial
 Buildings build in the Pre-Islamic Period
o Mohenjo Daro
ARTS
o Harappa
INDIA o Kot Diji
 Truck Art of Pakistan
 Periods of Indian Art o These are brightly colored flamboyant trucks
o Ancient Period painted with flowers, trees, city streets etc.
 This period is where the Ajanta
Caves of Maharashtra, India are UZBEKISTAN
found
 Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra, India:  Known for making printed cloth:
- 30 rock-cut cave o Printed tablecloth
monuments o Printed curtains
o Printed bedspreads
o Classical Period o Printed shawls
 Shiva  Their ceramics hold a prominent place among the
- The destroyer applied arts.
- The cosmic-dancer  These are always decorated using nomadic patterns /
- One hand holds fire designs
(which he destroys), o Clothing
- one hand holds a o Utility tools
drum (heard when o Yurts
the world was o Horses’ saddles
created)
- One hand points up KAZAKHSTAN
- One hand points to
 Their visual arts are relatively young
the dwarf, which he
 Petroglyphs can be found throughout the country
dances to
 Their fine art varies in:
o Islamic Ascendancy / Transitional Period
o Style
 Where Mahabharata and Ramayana
o Direction
emerged this period
o Genre
 Evolution from Vedism to Hinduism
 Their captivating works are in museums around the
o Mogul Period
country
 Period where Taj Majal was built.
 It was built by Shah Jahan, in TAJIKISTAN
memory of his wife
 Diwali  They have been making:
o Celebrated by Hindus in India around October o Fabrics
or November o Utensils
o It is a 3-day or a 5-day holiday o Musical instruments
o Very exciting and a colorful holiday o Carpets
o Lakshmi – Hindu goddess of wealth o Furnitures
o Diyas – every household burns this special o Jewelries
Diwali clay lamp  Carving
 Rangoli o Very important to local residents
o One of the most beautiful and most pleasing o Mostly present in:
art forms of India  architectural monuments
o Art of making designs on walls / floors using  household structures
white powder along with diff. colors  objects
o Rang means color  musical instruments
o Aavalli means row of colors  souvenirs
o They are based on nature, such as: o When Islam came, they changed to Arabian
 Mangoes (using image of people / animals)
 Creepers o Vegetative
 Flowers
  Most carvers prefer this geometrical  It is originated in India in the 15th century
pattern  Kings and Members of the upper class were only the
 These are mostly flowers, tulips, ones to play this game
lotus, etc.  Staunton
o He designed the modern chess piece
TURKMENISTAN
o He was an English master in the mid-1800’s
 They produce the most unique and beautiful carpets in  London tourney
the world o First international chess tournament
 These carpets vary in shape and purpose o 1851
 Carpet Weaving o Adolf Aderssen
o An ancient art  He won the game
o Each tribe develop its own pattern  “Unofficial best chess player”
 Their carpets are woven out of wool, cotton, and silk by because he did not receive any
women award / title
 Keteni – a homespun silk that is used for the dresses  He was a German
worn by Turkmen women  Paul Morphy
o First great American-born chess player
KYRGYZTAN o He traveled to Europe to compete
 Steinitz
 They produce a wide range of textiles
o He was a Bohemian (Czechoslovakian)
 These textiles are mostly the felt from their sheep
o He won the first official championship chess
 Shirdaks – hand-made carpets or rugs
tournament in 1866 which was held at
 Tush kyiz – embroided wall hangings made by elder
London.
women, given to a married son / daughter
o He held the title up until 1894
 xxx – flat cushions that are made in shadow-pairs
 Russia has been the one recently topping the chess
games, with names such as:
PHYSICAL EDUCATION o Tal
o Alekhine
SCRABBLE o Petrosian
o Spassky
 Bingo o Smyslov
o Word played using the seven tiles, earning 50 o Anatoli Karpov
points o Gary Kasparov
 Blocking
o Stops the opponent from making a potentially
 The Chess Pieces:
large score
o King
 Challenge
 Most important; yet the weakest
o An opponent calls “challenge!” when s/he
chess piece
thinks a play is not acceptable  Only moves one square in any
o A word judge is called direction
 Count Tiles o Queen
o Players count tiles before the game, making  Most powerful piece
sure that there are 100 tiles  Moves in all the directions except in
o Players count tiles after the game, to know the L-shape
how many tiles remain o Rook
 Double-Double  Moves to any square as far as it
o When it covers two Double-Word Squares wants but only forward, backward
 End-Game and to the sides
o When there are less than seven tiles left o Bishop
 Hook Letter / Hook  May move as far as it wants, but
o A letter that will spell a new word only diagonally
 Pass o Knight
o A player may pass his or her turn by not  It moves just by doing the “L-shape”
exchanging tiles o Pawn
 Scrabble  Moves forward, but captures
o Which two to four players score points marked diagonally
with a 15 by 15 grid  Terms to Remember:
 Tiles o Castling
o Game equipment consisting flat thin piece  A move of the king and the rook of
marked with characters the same color
o Check
CHESS

 Game that has been played for centuries

  Result of a move that places the  The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28
opposing king under an immediate dominoes.
threat
o Checkmate
 One player’s king is threatened with Domino Set Number of Tiles Number of Dots
capture Double Six (6-6) 28 168
o Chess Double Nine (9-9) 55 495
Double Twelve 91 1092
 Board game for two players, each
(12-12)
beginning with 16 pieces
Double Fifteen 136 2040
o Draw
(15-15)
 Chess game where nobody ends as a  Terms to Remember:
winner o Bar
o En Passant
 The middle line dividing the two
 A special pawn capture squares of a tile
o Promotion o Blocked game
 Ability of a pawn wherein it reaches  occurs when neither player has tiles
the last row of the other side of the that they can’t play
board o Bones
 Benefits from playing Chess  Also known as the domino tiles
o Increases mathematical / scientific skills of the o Bone Yard
student  Stock of domino pieces
o Enhances problem solving skills, concentration o Dots
ability, and logical thinking ability  Spots of a bone
o Develops self-confidence / self-worth of a o Draw game
student  A player has no playable piece and is
o Improves communication skills forced to draw from the stock
o Gives a lesson on hard work / commitment
o Provides entertainment / relaxation
o Considered as a form of recreational therapy HEALTH
o Keeps the mind healthy
o Strengthens family relationships  Pathogens
o Tiny microorganisms that cause the most
DOMINOES common diseases
o Infect / invade the body
 Collective gaming pieces making up a domino set
o Attack its cells and tissues
 It mimics family situation wherein the pieces are
interconnected, and it needs to match together
 Types of Pathogens
 Any rectangle formed from joining two congruent
o Bacteria
squares edge to edge
 One-celled microscopic organisms
 It is derived from the Latin “dominus” which means
 Ranks among the most widespread
master of the house
of living things
 Domine for Scottish
 Saprophytes – they digest non-living
 Dominie for English (mean schoolmaster)
food (milk and meat)
 “Domino” in France means black and white hood worn
 Parasite – if it is a living plant /
by Christian priests in winter
animal
 Very popular in the countries like Italy, France, Britain  Host – the plant / animal that the
in the 18th century parasite feeds on
 They are also called as bones, because the earliest  Toxin Bacteria (1st Type of Bacteria)
domino tiles are made from animal bones / ivory - Produces food poison like
 Has many names, such as: botulism
o Tiles - They live in the soil
o Stones - Can cause tetanus, lockjaw
o Men or pneumonia
o Tickets  Resident Bacteria (2nd Type of
o Spinners Bacteria)
- Live in the human mouth,
 Pips intestines and skin
o Spots in a domino tile - Protects us from harmful
o It commonly means “spot” or “speck” bacteria
 Tile games have been found in China - Cause infections when
 Keung T’ai Kung – created the tiles games they move to another
 Chu Sz Yam – he said that domino was invented by a resident
statesman
 Domino Set – usually called as “packs” / “decks”
 - Lactobacilli: produces
lactic acid and is found in
gastro-intestinal tract
- Coliform bacilli: found in
the intestines, breaks
down carbohydrates
o Rickettsiae
 Organisms that are intermediate
 Between a virus and a bacterium
 Grow in intestinal tracts of insects
 Requires living cells in order to grow
 Lice, mites and ticks carry rickettsiae
to humans
o Viruses
 Small, simple life-like forms from
one-half to 100 the size of a bacteria
 Human body’s worst enemies
 All are parasites
 Types of Viruses and What it attacks
- Rabies Virus – attacks the
brain cells
- Polo virus – attacks the
nervous system
- Cold virus – enters the
respiratory system
- Viral hepatitis – affects the
liver
- Mumps and
mononucleosis – infect the
glandular tissues
- Smallpox, chicken pox,
shingles and warts –
attack the skin tissues
 When a virus enters a body, it
attaches to a cell and releases its
nucleic acid.
o Fungi
 Simple organisms that can’t make
their own food
 These are therefore saprophytes
 They live on dead animals, insects,
and leaves
 They prefer dark and damp
environments
 Most common fungi:
- Mushroom
- Yeast
 Disease-producing fungi invades:
- Deep tissues of hair
- Nails
- Skin
 They cause infections such on the:
- Scalp – ring worm
- Feet – athlete’s foot
 Pathogenic Fungi
- Causes brain inflammation
and lung infections
o Protozoa
 Single-celled organisms that are
larger than bacteria
 Have a more complex cellular
structure
 Most of these are harmless
 They are common in tropical areas
 Has poor sanitation
 They cause:
- Malaria
- African sleeping sickness
- Amoebic dysentery
- Severe intestinal infection
o Parasitic Worms
 A worm is classified as a parasite
 Disease-causing organism
 Lives in humans or other animals
 Derives its nourishment form its
host
 Examples
- Lice – live on humans
- Bacteria and viruses – live
in humans or animals
- Parasitic worms – live on
humans
 Parasitic worms are also called as
helminths
 These eggs enter a body through the
mouth, nose or anus
 Once inside the body, they lodge in
the intestines, hatch, grow and
multiply.
 The common helminths and the
problems that they cause are on the
next bullets.
 Roundworms:
- Hatches / lives on the
intestines
- Enters a body through any
contaminated substance
- Without treatment, it can
cause anemia and
malnutrition
 Pinworms
- a.k.a. seat worms /
threadworms
- Trichina Spiralis: causes
trichinosis
- Hatches / lives on the
intestines
- Enters a body through any
contaminated substance
 Tapeworms
- Live on the intestines
- Enters the body through
raw / uncooked beef
 Flukes
- Live on different locations
of the body
- Matures inside freshwater
snail
- Causes schistosomiasis
(bilharziasis)
 Chain of Infection o Mosquito bites
1. Pathogen o Insect bites
o An organism with the ability to case diseases o DISEASES
2. Reservoir  Dengue fever
o A place where microorganisms can thrive /  Malaria
reproduce  Japanese encephalitis
3. Portal of Exit
o A way for microorganisms to leave the
reservoir o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
4. Mode of Transmission  Maintain environmental hygiene
o A method where the organism moves from  Take protection from mosquitos
one host to another  Droplet Transmission (INDIRECT)
5. Portal of Entry o Coughing
o An opening, allowing the microorganism to o Sneezing
enter the host o DISEASES
6. Susceptible Host  Influenza
o A person who can’t resist a microorganism  Common cold
invading his/her body  Pneumonia infection
 Mode of Transmission, diseases and the preventive o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
measures  Good indoor ventilation
o There are two types of the Mode of  Keep both hands clean
Transmission:  Cover mouth when sneezing /
 Direct coughing
 Indirect  Wear surgical masks when in close
 DIRECT contacts with sick people
1. Contact Transmission  Keep distance from a sick person
2. Food-borne / water-borne transmission  Seek medical advice if unwell
3. Vector-borne  Isolation from the sick
 INDIRECT  Use protective equipment
1. Droplet Transmission  Air-borne Transmission (INDIRECT)
2. Air-borne Transmission o DISEASES
 Pulmonary
 Tuberculosis
 Measles
 Contact Transmission (DIRECT)  Chickenpox
o Kissing o PREVENTIVE MEASURES
o Handshaking with a sick person  Good indoor ventilation
o Sleeping with someone that has lice  Seek medical advice if unwell
o DISEASES:  Anyone with air-borne diseases
 Hand, foot mouth disease should not enter school
 Acute conjunctivitis  Stages of Infection
 Scabies o Incubation
 Head lice infestation  It is the first stage of infection
 Chickenpox  Starts from the entry of the
o PREVENTIVE MEASURES pathogen until the appearance of
 Isolation from the sick the first sign
 No human contact
 Keep hands clean
 Don’t share personal items o Prodromal stage
 Wear cloves when in contact  Second stage of infection
 Clean the items used by patients  Starts on the onset of non-specific
 Food-borne / water-borne (DIRECT) signs, such as fever
o DISEASES o Illness stage
 Viral gastroenteritis  It is the third stage of infection
 Cholera  When more specific signs /
 Bacillary dysentery symptoms appear
 Hepatitis A and E o Convalescence stage
o PREVENTIVE MEASURES  Last stage of infection
 All foods are cooked  An interval when acute symptoms of
 Perform hand hygiene infection disappear
 Handle vomitus properly  Diseases and its preventions
 Sick food-handlers should refrain o Ringworm of the body (Tinea corporis)
from work  Causes a very itchy rash that makes
 Vector-borne transmission (DIRECT) a ring pattern
  Preventions  Characterized by an itchy, red rash
- Keep skin clean / dry on the genital, inner thighs and
- Change socks / underwear buttocks
once a day  Occurs in warm, moist areas of the
- Wear loose-fitting clothes body
- Avoid tight underwear,  Prevention
pants, pantyhose - Wash the infected areas
- Dry yourself after showers daily
- Use hair dryer - Change underwear daily
- Don’t share your own
clothing
- Wear slippers / sandals in
locker rooms
- Shower and shampoo hair
thoroughly
o Acne
 Common skin problem that causes
stress / embarrassment
 Preventions
- Wash face daily
- Wash acne-prone areas
twice a day
- Avoid heavy make-up
- Remove make-up before
sleeping
- Wear loose-fitting clothes
- Shower after exercising
- Keep your hands / hair
away from face
- Don’t squeeze them and
reduce stress
o Athlete’s Foot
 Caused by a fungus that grows on
the top layer of the skin
 Preventions:
- Wear flip-flops
- Use anti-fungal sprays
- Dry the feet in-between
toes
- Avoid tight closed
footwear
- Change socks daily
- Use clean towels
o Warts
 Verruca vulgaris
 Most common of dermatological
complaints
 Slightly contagious
 Caused by papilloma virus (HPV)
 Prevention
- Avoid direct contact with
warts
- Keep feet clean and dry
- Change socks and shoes
daily
- Don’t go barefoot in public
- Wear sandals in public
pools
- Don’t prick at warts
- Don’t use the same nail
clipper on your warts
- Wash your hands after
touching your warts
o Jock Itch