Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 1

INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters, you have learned
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
about the different issues our country has been
experiencing. As citizens of the Philippines,
Thomasians, and members of the global
community, we have a responsibility to respond In this chapter, you will be able to:
to these social issues. For us to be able to
contribute, we must first learn the basic
Analyze different community contexts
concepts in community development and
and complexities of social issues that a
organizing. You will find out more about it community may be experiencing.
further in the chapter.
Identify the concepts and principles of
community development and community
organizing.
Think about it!
Recognize the importance of community
What communities are you a part of? organizing towards the development of
communities.
As you go further in the chapter, do not
forget to think back and identify all the
communities that you belong to! Examine the role of participatory
development in empowering communities.

Have you ever wondered what communities

you belong to? Are you able to specify what Distinguish the values and attitudes of
these communities are? Many people today being a community development worker
know that they are part of a community.
However, when asked to specify, it will
inevitably cause the person to stop and think if
he or she is part of more than one community.

The community is a central concept in community development and organizing. The word is so common
that its meaning is often oversimplified. In this chapter, you will be taught concepts and skills that will
develop your understanding of what a community is and how you, as a student and future professional, can
contribute to the task of developing your community.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 1

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZING IN THE
PHILIPPINES

Community
The community is an essential part of daily life. Our daily activities revolve around the communities we are
part of. A community can be described in so many ways, that some researchers have agreed that it can
never have a universal definition. We, therefore, define a community according to its characteristics. Some
examples are:
 A group of people found in the same geographical location.
 A group of people with similar interests, such as sports or games.
 A group of people with the same religious beliefs.
 A group of people with the same occupation, such as teachers working in the same institution,
and engineers or architects working in the same firm.
 A group of people with the same cultural identity, such as Thomasians, the Lumad, urban or
rural settlers, among others.
 A group of people working towards the same goals.

The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand in their video entitled:

What is Community? categorizes communities into three:
communities of place, communities of identity, and communities
of interest. Communities of place are groups of people in the
same area, communities of identity are people who share the
same attributes, and communities of interest are people who
work to resolve a community issue.

Why is this important? Click the picture to open or play the video

Identifying the ties that exist in the community

is vital in community work. It can give you an
idea of what the community’s strengths and
priorities are.

Communities exist because of the relationships that people nurture over time. Directly or indirectly, people
existing together have dependencies that affect their way of life. For example, communities of place must
share local resources with everyone. Otherwise, conflicts of interest may arise. Communities of identity may
have different concepts of identity, such as how different groups of people see differently-abled people
(Person with Disability [PWD]), while communities of interest may have different approaches to solving a
community issue.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 2

The relationship dynamics of a community vary from one to another; being able to define the characteristics
of the community will allow you to gain an idea of why some of the social relationships in the community
exist in that manner. It will allow you to enter the community in a non-intrusive way that will open
opportunities for dialogue, development, and organization.

Community Development & Organizing in the country

As early as 1956, various organizations and

Think about it! institutions have already been working with
How have you as an individual involved community members using community
yourself in the development of the development and organizing strategies and
Philippines in the local, national, and principles (Polson, 1956). At the time, the
international level? Philippines was one of the leaders in community
development practices. This was attributed to
having multiple agencies approaching
community members regarding opportunities for
community development. From one of the best, the Philippines now ranks 113 classified under medium
human development in the Human Development Index (HDI) of 2017. Considering that at a point in time, the
Philippines was ahead of countries like Singapore and Thailand who currently rank 9 and 83 respectively,
the question “what happened to Philippine development?” begs to be asked.
Locally, the National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA) has developed the Philippine
GOOD TO KNOW!
Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 (NEDA, 2017a)
which is the first of four medium-term plans set to The HDI is a tool used by the development
achieve the AmBisyon Natin 2040 that envisions the community to holistically assess the quality of
Philippines and its people living firmly-rooted life of a person in a country.
(resilient), comfortable, and secure lives (NEDA,
2017b; NEDA, 2017c). The plans are also anchored It measures three dimensions of human
on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) development which are (1) a long and healthy
developed by the United Nations (2015) and are part life, (2) being knowledgeable, and (3) having a
of the Philippines’ contribution to sustainable decent standard of living. These are three things
development. The country also employs PPPs or that holistic community development should
public-private partnerships to further development. In aim for!
this strategy, the government hires or funds
external organizations as consultants for
project implementation, policy
recommendations, and project evaluation. Did you know?

Build, Build, Build is a component of AmBisyon

Natin 2040?

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 3

In the international scene, the Philippines is a frequent recipient of aids and grants from developed countries.
These funds are used by the government (Navarro & Llanto, 2014), non-government organizations and
institutions to resolve specific social issues and community needs through projects. Implementation of
projects that resolve these issues utilizes various strategies that are effective in the context of the
community. One of the more known government-led community development and organizing grant in the
Philippines is the Department of Social Welfare and Development’s (DSWD) Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-
Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services or Kalahi-CIDSS. It uses a community-driven
development (CDD) approach to projects that allow community members to have a more active role in the
development of their activities.
It is in the level of the community where we see the effectivity, efficiency, adequacy, and appropriateness of
a project (University of Santo Tomas National Service Training Program [UST NSTP], 2017). In the
Philippines, projects are managed and developed using the top-down and bottom-up approaches.
In the top-down approach, policies and projects come from the administrative levels of the government or
organization for implementation in the community. The role of community members is more oriented
towards implementation and monitoring. Meanwhile, in the bottom-up approach, community members are
given a role in initial needs assessment, a
delegation of responsibilities, implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation. In consequence, the
bottom-up approach takes longer but also Why is this important?
empowers the community in creating and On one hand, the top-down approach has
managing their projects and sustaining existing been used by those in leadership positions to
ones. make key decisions from a macro
perspective. However, this approach is prone
to generalization regardless of the context.
PARTICIPATORY APPROACH On the other hand, the bottom-up approach
accounts for input from the experts in the
Participatory approach refers to the act of field (e.g. community members) but
community organizers involving the experts in the gathering and analysis of information take
field - the community members in developing the longer.
project by engaging them in dialogue. It is a
combination of the top-down and bottom-up
approaches to community development.
Often, community organizers are from organizations outside of the community and are not aware of the
community context. Projects should be developed after consultation with community members - asking
them what their immediate concerns are. Doing so also gives the community members a sense of
ownership over the project - a big factor in sustaining the projects. This empowers community members
through the development of their capacities (UST NSTP, 2017) through their participation in the design,
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the projects done in their community.
Another benefit of the participatory approach is the identification of resources locally available to the
community. This is one of the most mentioned concerns in community development - the presence of
readily available resources. With the technical assistance of trained community organizers, community
members can expand their understanding of how to resolve community issues for the long-term. For

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 4

example, during brainstorming sessions in the community, one of the most mentioned obstacles for
development is money – the absence of financial resources. A well-trained community organizer can help

Think about it!

REMEMBER!
Imagine that you have been part of your In community development,
basketball team for 4 years. A freshman enters community participation is the
the team and starts demanding changes to your key to success!
practice routine without asking for your input.
How would you react to his/her demands? Now
community members see beyond the financial
imagine a community organizer doing the same
aspect of project conception and lead them to
thing to a community he just started working in.
think about other dimensions such as human
How would they react?
resources, networking, and project
sustainability concerns.

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Earlier in the chapter, the community was defined as a group of people with shared interests or common
identity. Development is a process of creating change for the advancement and propagation of
opportunities. Together, community development pertains to people collaboratively striving for change to
improve their social, economic, and environmental situation (Cavaye, n.d.)
In the University of Santo Tomas, community development is directed towards 8 program areas:
1. Health and Wellness
2. Equitable and Inclusive Education
3. Leadership, Organization Development and Good Governance
4. Employability and Social Enterprise Development
5. Socio-pastoral Ministry and Evangelization
6. Heritage, Culture and Sports and Development
7. Environmental Sustainability and Action
8. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Community Development in a formal definition is a way of strengthening civil society by prioritizing the
action of communities, and their perspectives in the development of social, economic and environmental

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 5

policies. It is achieved through the empowerment of its members by enhancing their capacities and letting
them participate in dialogue and implementation to enact desired changes in their community (Scottish
Community Development Centre [SCDC], n.d.).
Achieving CD is no easy feat. To direct community development work, there are three basic points to
remember: the goal, the thrust, and the tool.

THE GOAL: EMPOWERMENT

Empowerment is the end goal of a community development effort. It is when an organized community takes
charge of its development by managing their social and political environment (Craig & Mayo, 1995). It is a
lengthy process that requires the formation of a self-sufficient organization through community organizing.
Tanga and Mundau (2014) assert that for empowerment to take root in the community after community
development and organizing efforts, six elements must be present after the projects:

Continuous mentorship and monitoring of projects

Partnership and networking

Effective and efficient resource utilization

Innovations

Decentralization of projects

Income generation

Mentorship, training, and seminars must be a routine for community members to be updated; as the human
capital, they have to be developed. With the ever-changing dynamic of a community, its residents must be
mentored on different scenarios that they may encounter. Monitoring by community organizers must be
consistent to make sure that the community projects are following the planned direction.
Establishing partnerships and creating networks is also a vital skill for community members to have in
preparation for the phase-out of community organizers. By being able to do this, the community empowers
itself to look for resources that are not available in the community. These resources include human, natural,
and capital which are necessary for projects to happen. Concerning this is effective and efficient resource
utilization which will assure that as many people as possible will benefit from a project with the resources
used.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 6

Innovations pertained to the community and involved an organization’s capacity to create projects that are
unique to the context of the community. These projects should resolve community issues but at the same
time must make use of what is available in the community.
The decentralization of projects is a consideration that group projects might not be the best approach for
some communities. Some community development efforts are better implemented individually to achieve
a greater effect. One example of this is the creation of food gardens or vegetable pots per household instead
of having one communal garden.
Lastly, income generation is the learned capacity of the community to sustain the projects in their area. It is
important for the continuity of the projects when funding from partnerships has stopped and responsibility
for implementation has been turned over to the community.
Empowerment increases the opportunities of people to develop themselves and their communities by
equipping members with skills to conceptualize, plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate their projects. They
gain access to resources that they might not have realized in the past. Conversely, without empowerment,
most projects can fail after the exit of partner organizations. But a worse effect could be the development
of dependence by the community. Knowing that organizations have grants and funding for projects,
dependence happens when the community expects that for every issue, they can depend on another
organization to resolve it for them. This is different from community development as the community
remains set on focusing on short-term solutions without resolving the root cause of their community issues.

THE THRUST: SUSTAINABILITY Think about it!

Sustainability is the primary theme of
development efforts worldwide. There are two
basic ways of interpreting sustainability in
community development, the first is sustaining a
project, and the second is being resource-efficient.
What kind of world would you like your
children to live in? A world of greenery or a
world of smoke and dust? Every step will
make a difference!

Most development efforts now focus on making

projects sustainable to make sure that it has a lasting impact on the community. Sustainability is not the
mere conservation of resources but rather the establishment of a closed-loop economy where social
responsibility is emphasized; minimal resources are wasted, and environmental effects are managed.
Achieving sustainability means assuring that the next generation can live with a better quality of life in a
habitable environment.

Sustainable Projects
As early as 1998 Berkes and Folke found that there has been an increasing trend in linking ecological and
social systems to create a culture of sustainability, utilizing social processes and developing resilience (as
cited in Ayala, Bautista, Pajaro, Raquino & Watts, 2016). This is saying that as early 1998, community
workers have been trying to involve the community in the creation of sustainable projects. Over decades,
projects which did not have community participation have failed. These were attributed to the lack of
funding, lack of technical support, absence of a strong community group, and lack of will to continue the
project after the exit of partner organizations. What lacked in these projects was a sense of ownership which

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 7

can only be established if the community felt that they are part of the success of the project and that they
have the knowledge, skills, and capacity to continue on their own. Therefore, to achieve the long-term
sustainability of a project, the community must be trained and prepared as part of the community
development and empowerment process.

Linear vs. Circular Economy

A rising key intervention in the thrust for sustainable development programs is the transition from a linear
economy to a circular economy.

WEBSITE: MINISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

Most project interventions now try to include a resource-

Click the box or button to open or play the video
sustainable approach to projects. Creating projects following the
circular economy model will increase the chances of the
community retaining the projects if the resources used can be
upcycled, and even better, be a source of livelihood for the
community.

With the effects of climate change, projects must now

take into consideration the number of resources used to Why is this important?
achieve a specific goal. Part of community development
is creating a safe environment. Overharvesting of The earth’s resources are finite, and the
resources in the community can lead to environmental environment is usually damaged
changes that can increase hazards in the community and beyond repair in the collection of
consequently lead to disasters. resources. The more we use, the less
there will be for future generations!

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 8

THE TOOL: PROJECT PROPOSAL
The project proposal is a document used to guide community organizers and community members in
developing their projects. It answers key questions such as:
 Who are the proponents of the
project?
 What partnerships exist in the project?
 What issue does the project aim to
address?
 Who are its target beneficiaries?
 Where will it be conducted?
 What resources are needed for the
project?
 Why should this project push
through?
 What does the project aim to achieve?
 What outcomes are expected and
how will it be measured?

It provides an overall view of the intent of

the proposed project and expedites the
processes that need approval. In creating
project proposals, the information provided
must be as specific as possible.

S.M.A.R.T OBJECTIVES
The use of the mnemonic S.M.A.R.T. was first recorded in 1981 by George T. Doran (as cited in Haughey,
2014). It is one of the simplest and most accepted objectives writing frameworks used by project managers
in the world. It revolves around five criteria namely: Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, and Time-
bound. Throughout its use, the words have been interchanged according to the needs of community
organizers or organizations. Here in the university, SMART is defined as Specific, Measurable, Attainable,
Relevant, and Time-bound.
As an example, the Yellow Kitchen Feeding Program by the UST NSTP has the following objectives.
“To conduct a sixteen-session feeding program for two months that will provide nourishment to
school-age children normalizing the BMI of 40% of the participants.”

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 9

Using the framework, the objective can be sliced to represent each part of the S.M.A.R.T. objective.

Specific Sixteen-session feeding program

Measurable Normalizing the BMI
Attainable Only 40% of the participants
Relevant Related to health and wellness development - malnutrition
Time-Bound Two months

When put inside the framework each item converts into something tangible in the actual implementation of
the project will make it easier to implement, monitor, and evaluate.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
If community development deals with the goal, the thrust, and the tool, community organizing is the
approach and methodology to achieve it (Asian NGO Coalition [ANGOC], 2010). It is the process of
motivating community members to initiate change for the development of their community, as projects
without community involvement will most likely fall short of being a sustained project or program.
Community organizers are the initial movers of the community. They are responsible for three roles: the
facilitator, the animator, and the enabler (ANGOC, Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the
Pacific [CIRDAP] & International Fund for Agricultural Development [IFAD}, 2007).
Role Responsibility
Facilitator Provide a process that will help the community discuss their
situation, issues, and problems.
Animator Assists the community to discover and use its innate potentials for
creative and constructive teamwork.
Enabler Initiates or helps release the creative initiatives of the people.

These roles are utilized as needed in the process of organizing the community. The community organizer,
therefore, must be able to judge when to use each role effectively.
The ANGOC, CIRDAP, and IFAD in their 2007 publication also presented 10 steps in community organizing
that was the result of a workshop in 1985 by community organizers in Manila.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 10

Steps in Community Organizing

INTEGRATION
This step involves the immersion of an organizer within the community with the purpose
of gaining the same direct experiences as that of the local people. Immersion leads to
mutual respect, trust, and cooperation. This can be done through participation in
community activities, social functions, house visits, and conversations.

SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
This is a continuous, ongoing and systematic process that studies the community’s
various structures and forces. This step identifies the community's problems and issues
that need immediate and long-term solutions. The organizer determines potential leaders,
approaches to organizing and how the community responds to issues. This step may
include interviews, dialogues, discussions, reviews, and examinations.

ISSUE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

This step defines, analyzes and ranks the identified issues according to importance, the
urgency to be resolved, the number of people affected and the probability of resolution.
This helps identify the common felt needs (not perceived needs) of the community which
are usually only addressed through self-help or externally assisted socio-economic
projects.

CORE GROUP FORMATION

This process entails involving the identified leaders and forming a core group with them.
The members may be informal or temporary until a due election of formal leaders happen.
Good community leaders are usually those from the poorer sections, well-respected,
influential, with a critical perspective, desirous and willing to work for change, values
collective leadership and democratic participation, have good communication skills and
have time to perform tasks

GROUNDWORK AND COMMUNITY MEETING

Groundwork motivates people towards collective action through informal group
discussions or a one-on-one basis. This step raises the emotional, mental and physical
energies of people to engage them into action. A community meeting that can be held by
the core group is done to arrive at an agreement and delineate tasks and actions.

ROLE PLAYING
In issue-based organizing, simulations are done by the organizer which helps community
members practice their communication with target persons, authorities and adversaries.
The organizer envisions every possible scenario that may take place during a confrontation
or dialogue which prepares the community for the negotiation process and possible
outcomes.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 11

 MOBILIZATION OR ACTION
A high point of an organizing process, which involves engaging in dialogues or protests
(issue-based organizing) or executing a livelihood project or a cooperative (project-based
organizing). This is the community's expression of power, the execution of actions while
confronting the powerful.

EVALUATION AND/OR REFLECTION

This process is done after every action or mobilization. It extracts all the lessons from
previous steps so that improvements can be made for future plans and activities. This step
is a vital part of the core group and community training. This helps the community with
their self-assessment and take note of the strengths and weaknesses of their current
mobilizations.

FORMATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATION

According to Philippine experiences, this process is best done after both mobilization and
evaluation steps are finished. In setting up the organization, there should be a maximum
number of members, a shared or collective leadership, and simplicity in the organizational
structure.

PHASE OUT
As an enabling process, the organizer must become dispensable so that the people’s
organization (PO) can take over. When the indicators for success set by the NGO has been
met, the organizing process may finally be turned over to the people. This transfer includes
organizing roles, responsibilities, and documents. This does not necessarily mean a
complete pullout, as the organizer and NGOs can still assist the community in forming
groups, federations and in engaging in national advocacies.

Networking
Networking is to establish contact with other organizations that may assist the accomplishment of
your projects. At the end of the community organizing process, this becomes a necessary skill for
the core group. It is a skill that helps the community establish their partnerships for future projects
as well as the maintenance of existing ones.

Communicating ‘IMPACT’
Communication of impact is one important
act in community development and Why is this important?
organizing. It is a form of feedback that Communicating the results of your
involves research and data analysis of the research/program/project/activity will help
outcomes of your project. The impact is the community and community organizers
measured according to the parameters of improve on it! It is also a good way of
your project. First, the project must be initiating your turn over of management
measured whether it attained your SMART
responsibilities to the core group!
objectives. And second, it must be evaluated
either quantitatively, qualitatively or both. The
measured impact of the project will indicate if the community development and organizing effort
was a success. Some tools that can help you measure the outcome of the project will be shown in
the next topic.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 12

USEFUL TOOLS AND SKILLS
TOOLS
When planning or evaluating projects, frameworks assist the community developer or organizer to keep
track of the direction of the project. The S.W.O.T. analysis and P.E.S.T./P.E.S.T.L.E. analysis are business
frameworks that are widely used in the planning and evaluation of projects and programs.

S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS
S.W.O.T. stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is a framework used in the personal
assessment and evaluation of either an organization or a person to determine avenues for development.

Strengths Weaknesses

Opportunities Threats
S.W.O.T. analysis is done using a 2 by 2 grid. In each of the grids, you write down one of the dimensions of
S.W.O.T. and your assessment of the subject.

P.E.S.T.L.E. FRAMEWORK
P.E.S.T.L.E. stands for political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal, and environmental. It is a
framework used in the assessment and evaluation on a macro perspective level.

Political Economic Socio-Cultural Technological Legal Environmental

Title of the
project to be
assessed

Using the framework is simple. You first need to layout the different dimensions as shown on the table
above then assess the project according to each of the dimensions. For example, there is a project proposal
for a farm development activity, to assure that you are aware of all potential outcomes of the project you
utilize the P.E.S.T.L.E. framework.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 13

 Political Economic Socio- Technological Legal Environmental
Cultural
Farm The land If successful, The locals There are no The land There is
Development used for the the project of the machines to donation insufficient
project was will be a community help with papers are water for the
Project donated by a potential are mostly farming still under crops.
politician. source of fishermen. activities. Most process.
income for There is a of the labor will
10 families. need to train have to be done The
the locals on manually. The establishment
how to farm. people’s of an irrigation
There are There is a organization system is
conflicts of need to who will needed in the
interest source own the future.
between two additional farm have
politicians funds for the yet to Agricultural
regarding development register waste will be
who should of the their one of the
be put as the project. organization potential
official to an problems after
partner to the authorized the farm is
project. government established.
body.

There are many variants of the P.E.S.T.L.E. framework, but for community development projects, P.E.S.T.L.E.
is the preferred version as it accounts for the legal and environmental dimensions of projects.
These two frameworks can be used together in the feasibility assessment, planning, and evaluation of a
project. Doing so will help your project be guided as it progresses in your implementation. It will also help
you deal with potential problems through brainstorming activities in the course of using the framework.

SKILLS

FACILITATION
To facilitate is to encourage the participants to use the three thinking skills namely: critical, reflective, and
creative thinking. Each type of thinking presents a different response to the identified issues in the
community. An example:
Thinking Skill Sample Questions
Critical What is the cause and effect of the problem?
(Fact-based) What have other people done to resolve the issues the community encountered?
Is it applicable in the community setting given the locally available resources?
Reflective In my previous experiences, what proved to be detrimental towards the identified
(Experienced-based) community need?
In my previous experiences, what proved to help resolve the problem?
Creative What technologies already exist that I can improve to help with the community’s
(Innovation-based) concern?
What technology or strategy can I create to help with the community needs?

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 14

While it is not necessary to use all three thinking skills in facilitation, knowing the character of each will help
in identifying which is most suitable in helping the community members in finding solutions to their needs.

SUMMARY
Congratulations on reaching the end of Chapter 5 eREAD on Community Development and Organizing!
Here are a few points to remember:
1. A community is (1) a group of people (2) with similarities or shared interests (3) who have direct or
indirect relationships among those living in the same community.
2. There is no one correct way of doing community development. It must be a collection of input from
both the government and the people to work. This is called a participatory approach since all
stakeholders are part of the discussion and implementation.
3. Community development’s goal is empowerment, its current thrust is sustainability, and the tool
used to initiate it are project proposals.
4. Community organizing is the lifeline of community development. It is the method to which
community development is achieved.
5. It is not enough that projects are implemented, there must be a transfer of skills from community
developers and organizers to the community members.
6. Communities are not just sources of data. It is proper etiquette to inform them of the impact of the
community development projects to their community.

Chapter 5: Community Development and Organizing | 15

 SOURCES

Asian NGO Coalition, Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific & International Fund for Agricultural Development.
(2007). TIPS: Tools, Insights, and Practices on Strengthening RPOs in Asia.

Asian NGO Coalition. (2010). Ideas in Action For Land Rights Advocacy.

Ayala, J., Bautista, P., Pajaro, M., Raquino, M., & Watts, P. (2016). Sustainable development of Philippine coastal resources: Subsidiarity in
ethnoecology through inclusive participatory education. International Review of Education, 62, 161-185.

Cavaye, J. (n.d.). Understanding Community Development. Cavaye Community Development. Retrieved from
http://www.southwestnrm.org.au/sites/default/files/uploads/ihub/understanding-community-
developments.pdf

Craig, G., & Mayo, M. (1995). Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and Development. London: Zed Books Ltd.

Department of Social Welfare and Development (2019). Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social
Services. Retrieved from https://ncddp.dswd.gov.ph/site/index

Galbraith, M. W. (1992). Nine Principles of Good Facilitation. Adult Learning 3(6), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/104515959200300604
Haughey, D. (2014). A Brief History of Smart Goals. Project Smart. Retrieved from

https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/brief-history-of-smart-goals.php

MindTools (2019). S.W.O.T. Analysis Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats. Available from
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm

MindTools (2019). PEST Analysis Identifying “Big Picture” Opportunities and Threats. Available from
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National Economic and Development Authority. (2017a). Philippine Development

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