EELE44514 - L39-41 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signals

The Free Space Wireless Link
(Text Section 8-5 )
EELE445
Lecture 39
Isotropic Radiator
• Power is radiated equally in all

directions
• F= flux density in Watts/m2
• Also use Field strength, Fs= Volts/m
Pt Watts
F=
4p R 2 m 2
Pt
1
Flux Density and Field Strength
Pt Watts
F=
4p R 2 m 2
m mo
Z = = = 120p = 377 W
o
e eo
Pt 120 p 30 Pt Volts
Fs= F · Zo =
R 2 4p
=
R 2 meter
Real Antenna – Not Isotropic

Polar Plot of Normalized F
0dB
2
Polar Antenna Beam Pattern
Some common antenna gains
3
Some common antenna gains
4
5
Free Space Path Loss (Friss loss):
Combining :
Pt Gt Ae
Pr = watts
4p R 2
Pt = transmitt power in watts
Gt = antenna gain in watts/wat t
Ae = effective receive antenna area in meters squared
R = distance between transmitt and receive antennas in meters
It can be shown that :

4p Ae
G= where l is the wavelengt h in meters
l2
Think of this as the number of wavelengths
the area of the antenna intersects
6
given A e and f, we know the gain
G r l2 Pt Gt G r l2
Ae = Pr =
4p 4p R 2 4p
PG G
Pr = t t r2
æ 4p R ö
ç ÷
è l ø
free space (Friss) path loss is :
æ 4p R ö
2
Lp º ç ÷
è l ø
7
Figure 8–25 Galaxy I (134° W longitude) antenna pattern

EIRP footprint contours given in dBw units).
[Courtesy of Hughes Communications, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Hughes Aircraft Company.]
Couch, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Seventh Edition ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-142492-0
8
Figure 8–25 Galaxy I (134° W longitude) antenna pattern
EIRP footprint contours given in dBw units).
[Courtesy of Hughes Communications, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Hughes Aircraft Company.]
9
C band 4 to 8 GHz
X band 8 to 12 GHz
Ku band 12 to 18 GHz
Figure 8–8 Communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit.
gtu=55 dBi
Lu
gru=20 dBi
5000 km
gamp
36,000 km
gtd=16 dBi
Ld
grd=51 dBi
10
Figure 8–9 Simplified block diagram of a communications
satellite transponder.
Figure 8–10 64-GHz satellite transponder frequency plan for the downlink
channels. (For the uplink frequency plan, add 2225 MHz to the numbers given
above.)
11
Link Budget
and
Wireless Link Example
EELE445
Lecture 40
Satellite Relay
The “Bent Pipe”
12
gtu=55 dBi
Lu
gru=20 dBi
5000 km
gamp
36,000 km
gtd=16 dBi
Ld
grd=51 dBi
13
Earth Bulge
Earth Bulge
When planning for paths longer than seven miles, the curvature of the earth
might become a factor in path planning and require that the antenna be
located higher off the ground. The additional antenna height needed can be
calculated using the following formula:
where
D2
H = H = Height of earth bulge (in feet)
8 D = Distance between antennas (in miles)
= =1,201,250 feet !
14
A full Link Budget will also include a noise analysis
15
Additional Link Path Loss Factors:
Fading and Atmospheric Absorption

Fading and Atmospheric Absorption
16
Antenna Pointing Error
Additional Link Path Loss Factors: Rainfall
17
Additional Link Path Loss Factor: Elevation Angle
Plane Earth Loss-

•Free space path loss only applies when the wave
does not interact with the ground.
•Examples: mountain top links and satellite links
•The loss is higher with ground interaction or when
the wave passes through a material.
EELE445-13
18
Plane Earth Loss- LOS
• When the wave interacts with the ground or some other obstruction we
no longer have free space propagation
Plane Earth Loss with line of site-LOS
19
Fresnel Diffraction ( non LOS)
• Non-LOS communication involves an additional loss due to Diffraction
Earth Bulge with Fresnel Diffraction

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/bbfw/ptop/p2pspg02/spg02ch2.htm#xtocid19
Minimum Antenna Height

The minimum antenna height at each end of the link for paths longer than
seven miles (for smooth terrain without obstructions) is the height of the First
Fresnel Zone plus the additional height required to clear the earth bulge. The
formula would be:
D D2
H = 43 .3 +
4F 8
where
H = Height of the antenna (in feet)
D = Distance between antennas (in miles)
F = Frequency in GHz
20
Tower Height
Line of Sight Height of Tower to Tower Height Required Over Tallest
Distance Between Avoid Flat Earth Obstacle In Line-of-Sight to Provide 60%
Antenna Towers Curvature Fresnel Zone Clearance
2.4GHz 802.11b/g 5.8 GHz 802.11a
(Fresnel Zone Radius = (Fresnel Zone Radius =
39 Feet) 25 Feet)
8 Miles 10 feet 33 25
26 Miles 80 feet 103 95
28 Miles 100 feet 123 115
32 Miles 125 feet 148 140
Path Loss: Free Space vs Ground effects
21
Plane Earth Loss
multiple signals
arrive at the receive antenna
Plane Earth Loss
22
Plane Earth Loss
Plane Earth Loss
23
Plane Earth Loss - PEL
Plane earth loss includes ground reflections
æ l 2hmhb ö hm hb 2p
2 2
Pr
= Lpel » ç k ÷» 4 k=
Pt è 4pr r ø r l
Plain earth loss, dB : LpeldB = 40 log r - 20 log hm - 20 log hb
Plane Earth Loss: Example
24
Empirical Path Loss
d - n2
g ( d ) = d - n1 (1 + )
db
See text eq 8-47
Mobile Signal
The received power of a mobile wireless signal is not constant
25
Lecture 39
BER- Bit Error Rate
EELE445
Figure 7–2 Error probability for binary signaling.
26
Figure 7–4 Receiver for baseband binary signaling.
Figure 7–4 Receiver for baseband binary signaling.
27
Figure 6–17 Integrate-and-dump realization of a matched filter.
Figure 6–17 Integrate-and-dump realization of a matched filter.
28
The best we can do:
Bit Error Rate for Polar baseband, BPSK, QPSK :
Pe = Q ( 2 (Eb / N 0 ) ) The Best we can do!
for unipolar baseband, OOK, coherent FSK :

Pe = Q ( Eb / N 0 )
E b = ATb = ò Tb
v ( t ) 2 dt the energy per bit
N 0 is the noise density watts / Hz
Figure 7–5 Pe for matched-filter reception of several binary signaling schemes.
29
Figure B–7 The function Q(z) and an overbound,
for practical BER numbers :

1
Q ( z) » e-z / 2
2
2p z
Q, ERF, and ERFC functions
30
31
32
Figure 7–13 Matched-filter detection of QPSK.
33

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The Free Space Wireless Link

(Text Section 8-5 )

• Power is radiated equally in all

Real Antenna – Not Isotropic

Some common antenna gains

It can be shown that :

Free Space Path Loss (Friss loss):

Figure 8–25 Galaxy I (134° W longitude) antenna pattern

Figure 8–8 Communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit.

Figure 8–8 Communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit.

Additional Link Path Loss Factors:

Additional Link Path Loss Factors: Rainfall

Plane Earth Loss-

Plane Earth Loss with line of site-LOS

• Non-LOS communication involves an additional loss due to Diffraction

Earth Bulge with Fresnel Diffraction

Minimum Antenna Height

Path Loss: Free Space vs Ground effects

Plane Earth Loss

Plane Earth Loss

Plain earth loss, dB : LpeldB = 40 log r - 20 log hm - 20 log hb

Plane Earth Loss: Example

Figure 7–2 Error probability for binary signaling.

Figure 7–4 Receiver for baseband binary signaling.

Figure 6–17 Integrate-and-dump realization of a matched filter.

for unipolar baseband, OOK, coherent FSK :

N 0 is the noise density watts / Hz

Figure 7–5 Pe for matched-filter reception of several binary signaling schemes.

for practical BER numbers :

Q, ERF, and ERFC functions

Q, ERF, and ERFC functions

Q, ERF, and ERFC functions

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