Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)

YEAR 1 2023 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Chapter 1 – Scientific Endeavour

Name: ________________ Class: ________ Date: ___________

Bibliography
Chan Kim Fatt, Eric Y K Lam, Lam Peng Kwan, Loo Poh Lim(2000), Federal Science Adventure for Secondary 1. Singapore: Federal
Publications, pg 12-13

Outline of Apparatus Use Outline of Use

Apparatus
(a) Bunsen Burner To raise a flame high (b) Retort stand To support apparatus
enough for heating during experiments

(c)Tripod stand For supporting (d) Test-tube For containing small

apparatus during amounts of
heating chemicals for
heating, or mixing
solutions/liquids

(e) Boiling tube For containing small (f) Beaker For containing
amounts of chemicals or
chemicals for heating collecting and
holding liquids

(g) Conical flask For containing
chemicals or
collecting, holding
and mixing liquids
(h) Flat-bottomed For containing and
flask mixing chemicals and
liquids to produce a
gas when heating is
not required

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Outline of Apparatus Use Outline of Use
Apparatus
(i) Round-bottomed For mixing and (j) Measuring For measuring the
flask heating chemicals cylinder volume of liquids (to
and liquids to an accuracy of 1
produce a gas when 5 cm3)
heating is required 0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0

(k) Burette For measuring the (l) Pipette For measuring a

volume of liquid to an specific volume of
accuracy of 0.1 cm3 liquid (eg. 10.0 cm3,
25.0 cm3) to an
accuracy of 0.1 cm3

(m) Wire gauze wire gauze with (n) Gas jar For collecting gases
ceramic centre to
XXXXXXXXXXXX support a beaker or
flask during heating.
The ceramic centre
helps to evenly
spread the heat
under the container

(o) Bell jar To separate the set- (p) Evaporating To evaporate a liquid
up for an experiment dish in a solution over a
from the Bunsen Burner
surroundings

(q) Crucible For heating a solid (r) Water trough For containing large
directly over a flame amounts of water in
the collection of a
gas using the gas jar

2
Outline of Apparatus
(s) distilling flask
Filter funnel with filter
paper
Use
The distilling flask is
used to separate
liquid mixtures by
distillation. Distillation
is the process of
separating mixtures
based on the
difference in boiling
points of the
components of that
mixture.
To filter insoluble
solids from a solid-
liquid mixture
Outline of Use
Apparatus
(t) Condenser Liebig condenser is
(Lie-big used for condensing
condenser) of vapours that pass
through the centre
tube. It is cooled with
water that passes in
the outer tube (shell
around the centre
tube) in the opposite
direction than the
one of hot vapour.
Glass rod
A Glass rod, stirring
rod or stir rod is a
piece of laboratory
equipment used to
mix chemicals and
liquids for laboratory
purposes.

Bunsen burner:

barrel

collar
Air-hole
Jet

Gas tap Base

Parts of Bunsen burner Function

Air-hole To allow air to mix with the gas
Barrel To direct the mixture of gas and air to the flame
Collar To regulate the flow air into the barrel
Jet To increase the pressure of gas entering the barrel so
that air is drawn through the air hole
Gas tap To provide supply of gas for burning
Base To hold the barrel upright and in the correct position

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Luminous flame is produced when the air- Non-luminous flame is produced when
hole is completely closed the air-hole is half opened

w - outer flame (orange or yellow colour) w - outer flame (light blue colour)
x - inner flame – dark blue colour) x – inner flame (dark blue colour)

Can see from far Cannot see from far

produces soot (smoke)
the flame is not steady
not very hot – not used for heating
chemicals
luminous flames do not burn more
efficiently because of the incomplete
combustion of gas
produced when the air-hole is completely
closed so the oxygen supply is limited
Safety flame- can see the flame -used
when a student wants to leave the place
for a short time
flame do not produce soot
the flame is steady
very hot - used in the labs to heat
chemicals
non-luminous flames burn more efficiently
because of the complete combustion of
gas
produced when the air hole is half open
so the oxygen supply is sufficient
Cannot see the flame clearly so
dangerous to leave the naked flame
unattended even for a short time

Scientific Method:

A systematic way of finding solution to a problem.

Steps to be followed

1. Observation – try to find answer to questions that we ask based on our

observation
2. Hypothesis – propose a hypothesis to form a possible explanation for the
observation
3. Experiment – the hypothesis needs to be further tested. Conduct an
experiment with suitable independent, dependent and controlled variables
4. Collecting data in an orderly manner with headings and units, presenting and
analysing data
5. Conclusion – Based on the analysis find the result for the hypothesis
6. If the conclusion does not support hypothesis, form a new hypothesis and find
the solution for the problem in a systematic way.

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1. Some materials can be easily penetrated by water while some are resistant to
water.
Paul carried out a simple experiment to test the water resistance of three
materials A, B and C. He placed each piece of the material over the top of a
container. Each piece of material is secured tightly with a rubber band. He then
poured 50.0 cm3 of water onto the materials as shown below. He measured the
volume of water dripped through the materials A, B and C.

a Identify the variables for this experiment.

Independent Variable: Type of materials (A, B and C) [1]

Dependent Variable: The amount of water dripped through the material [1]

Controlled variables: same thickness of materials, same volume of water,

same environment, same temperature of water [1]

b Write a suitable hypothesis for this experiment. [2]

Water collected from material A will be more than the other materials B and
C or any statement that related to independent and dependent variable.

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 Chapter: 1 Laboratory Safety, apparatus and Bunsen Burner (Crossword puzzle)

1 2

3 4

7 8

9 10

11 12

13

14 15 16

17 18

19 20

Across Down

1. Sense is not used for laboratory observations 1. Must always be done to hypothesis

3. Colour of the safety flame 2. Glassware used for mixing and heating

5. Protective footwear for the lab 4. should be applied immediately if

chemicals get in the eye
6. Dangerous to do this to people in the lab

7. Laboratory accidents that should be treated with cold water 7. Container for heating liquids

11. Used to put out small laboratory fires 8. Used for stirring

12. Stand used when heating beakers or flasks 9. mixed with gas for a hotter flame

14. General name given to laboratory chemical 10. controls gas mixture in Bunsen burner

16. Colour of the hot Bunsen flame 13. Must always be done with results of
experiments
18. Laboratory burner

19. Used for measuring small quantities of liquids 15. Must use when heating a beaker or flask

20. A corrosive chemical 17. Unit of electrical current

Across: 1. TASTE, 3. YELLOW, 5. SHOES, 6. PUSH, 7. BURNS, 11. SAND, 12. TRIPOD, 14. REAGENT,
16. BLUE, 18. BUNSEN, 19.PIPETTE, 20. ACID
Down: 1. TEST, 2. FLASK, 4. WATER, 7. BEAKER, 8. ROD, 9. AIR, 10. COLLAR, 13. RECORD, 15. GAUZE,
6
17. AMP