MEDICAL PHYSICS 7in February 2024

Wednesday
X 5 10
ray Imaging
ultrasound imaging 3 10
CT scan calculations removed 0 10
PET scan 10

Changes of Syllabus in 2072

Removed
MRI Medical Resonance Imaging

Addition
P E T Positron emission Tomography

TASK IMAGING TECHNIQUE

 cracks in the bones Ray Imaging

2 Health of baby before ultrasound

birth

Enact coordinates CT scan

3
of
kidney stones for
operating
4 Water concentration M R I
in kidneys
3 Dryness certain MRI
tissues of
6 Increase or decrease MRI
of concentration of
molecules
 Cancer
7 diagnosis at PET scan
early stage
8 Infection in cells that PET scan
can cause intestine brain
stomach disorders

X RAY IMAGING
Production and properties
of X days
Principle of X imaging and its
ray
properties

Eden and Peeta of Ed

Acceleration or deceleration of
charged
particles generates electromagnetic
radiations frequency
of electromagnetic
radiations generated depends on the
acceleration or deceleration
magnitude of
An X Ray Machine or tube
Accelerating
voltage
e ftp.T
i
d

Heat
window
A metal cathode
 X rays released with
a
rangeof frequencies

voms
at
E John on S
v
my
É
5549A

if
 f

5000 ev
14

Friday
9th feb 2024

In an X ray tube

Electron beams are generated

through thermionic emission
These electron beams are stopped
by
a metal anode and their
deceleration results in the
generation
radiations of electromagnetic

Frequency
radiation
of electromagnetic
depends the
on
deceleration
magnitude
the electromof the of
anode
hitting
target
What is
q1 comparison of initial
K.es of electrons
anode metal
hitting
target
Kinetic of electrons
energies
the anode
hitting
metal are same target
as the
electrons are accelerated
 same
through voltage
their
range of
92 why is a

frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation emitted in a
X
ray tubes
Electrons the anode
hitting
have a
range ofare
decelerations as they stopped
in a random number
of impady
frequency of electromagnetic
radiations released
depends on
the deceleration Thereis a

of
range to
due
frequencies of X rays
range of decelerations
 55
w̅ I
It
a 4
a 8
8
E E E E
l l l
s

T o I
s s
 s
e

2 42
E

Summary
All the electron hits
electrons with same
target
and
speed
same kinetic Deceleration
energy
of electrons will
number
be different
depending on
and
of impacts
frequency photon energy
 de al ns
dy
e
electrons
e
and hence number
of
of impacts
number
in If which of
impacts
electron is
become double
being
stopped
then deceleration electron
will become
of
Half
Number of photons of X rays
released will become double
Energy per photons will become Half
frequency of x
rays will become
Half and
wavelength
X will become
ofdoublerays
 i

Saturday
10th feb 2024

X
HARDNESS of RAY.sn
Penetrating power of X says is
called their hardness
X rays
Penetrating power of
depends on their
X
frequency
High frequency ray are more
and they
penetrating
called harder X
are

rays
 Softer X
rays low frequency
X which can't
rays even
muscles
penetrate through
or

soft tissues
X rays
are called

softer
the
hardness
Controlling of
X
rays Hardness
can be
of
controlled by
X rays

their frequency
controlling
G methods
write
possible of
the frequency of
Xincreasing
rays
 be
equency of rays can
increased by the
following
methods

1 Increase the
accelerating the
voltage By increasing we
accelerating voltage
can increase the
hittingand hence
speed
their K.E
of
electrons
which will increase
X
photon
and
energies
hence this
raysof
frequency
2 Make the anode
metal
target
haodeo this will
result in decrease
a

time and hence

of
impact
an increase deceleration
 7
electrons this
of
will hitting
result in
higher
frequencies of X rays emitted
them harder
making

change Effect on Effect on

frequencies hardness of

of x
rays penetrating
emitted
power of
X rays

Anode will
metal decrease decrease
target
s replaced
with another
softer target
metal
2 An increase will will increase
of accelerating increase
voltage
3 X
ray
tube is
made
shooter unchanged unchanged
in
length
keeping
accelerating
voltage
unchanged
Heater unchanged
a
unchanged
current
I made
double

4 If heater current is increased

then how will it affect
the X emitted
rays
Heater current will not
affect the
range of kinetic
energies of photoelectrons
Heater current will increase
the number electrons
unit area
of unit time
per
This will per
increase the brightness
X
or intensity
without
of rays the
affecting
range of frequencies released

Q What is the
principle of an
X ray image

Principle of X ray image

An
X is
ray plate initially white
 colour he of 16
parts
to x
plate exposed rays
become black
black depends
and
degree of
the
being on

X on

the
ray intensity falling
says have
platepenetration
different through
materials
different
Penetration of X
rays through
different material depend
on the
following factors
Hardness of the material
X have less
oays harder
penetration
materials
through
Bones will
les
pas
X Mendes
00 ray
other
intensity
tissues will
 I X
pass higher ray
intensity
2 Thickness of the material
Increase
in thickness will result in
less X ray intensity passed
3
frequency or hardness of
X High frequency
have
will more
rays Harder X rays
penetration
are more
penetrating
PASSING X RAYS THROUGH
mm
A
NATERIALIN
mm
X are
 aye I
passed or absorbed X
have no or rays
negligible
reflection
Absorption of X rays results
in their attenuation Decrease
in
signal power due to
in a medium is
absorption
called attenuation

Attenuation of X is an
rays X
exponential decay of ray
intensity
Exponential decay
rate of
If
decrease has a direct proportion
 with the 1st of
amount
power
present
0 4
Q Q 0 20 3
D R R
2 73
R
4
Dt
hate

Intensity absorbed unit

thickness of a perhas a
medium
direct proportion with the
incident intensity
i
absorbed
01ft 0 72,91

absorbed absorbed absorbed

Io 1 0 07291
 0

01 009 0.08110
9

It DI intensity of
FIX X rays absorbed

DN thickness
of
median

In in
I
I intensity
UI linear absorption
In coefficient M
 Linear absorption coefficient
is also linear
called
attenuation constant It
can be represented
U 08
by K
by
Rate form of Exponential form
an
exponential of an
exponential
Generally
Kat
1 Kat e

test
F
e
DEN INO.Ieto N
man
fi II.ee Io incident
intensity
I passed intensity
 Monday
12th Feb 2024

Equation for absorption of X

rays through
a

medium
I passed intensity
mn
Io incident
II intensity
e
M Linear absorption
coefficient

I
absorbed DI
 a

factors on which linear

µ absorption coefficient
depends
A high value of µ means that wit
be lower
intensity
it depends on

Hardness of the medium U'will be

higher if medium is harder

Hardness of the X
X
rays high frequency
rays are called harder X rays
as
they are more
penetrative n'will
be low the
frequency of
 I q ay
X
rays is higher
Hardness of medium
µ

gift
X rays

Enam definition WI
of µ
DI
Taking magnitudes only

DI MI MY
absorbed per unit
 the chess
n
I Intensity
Linear absorption coefficient also called
linear attenuation is intensity of
X coefficient unit
rays absorbed per thickness
unit incident
per intensity
Enample 1
The muscle
Io
Io
yI 7cm
Iz b
I
Xm 20 7
Io 4
It 13am
1
 20cm

Medium linear attenuation coefficient

Bone 0.2
1 con

2 Muscle 0.003 con

a find
It
II
e

53
m
20
e 10

0.942
6 Find I
m.no
etmm.e
If
0.003 113 0 2 7
e e

0.237 I has no unit

Io as it is ratio
intensities
of
Enample 2
40mm

Io 7 Is
Io I1
I
fmri T.IE
Is
 I I2
I Itself It
Fat

Medium Linear absorption coefficient

1 Muscle 0.3cm

2 Bone 5cm

3 fat 0.004mm

a find
 Io

e Me Xf
If
MF 1
0.004mm

RE 40mm
1000 140
e 0.852
If
6 find

Mf.tt
e mum e MBXB.e
 Io

Mm 0.3cm
m 8mm 0.8cm

Up 5cm XD 10mm 1cm

0 004mm Xf 40 8 10
Mf
22 mm

1031108 5 1 0 0047122
e e
If
e

3
4.85 10

II II II
 3
It 5 69 10
It 1y
Tuesday
13th February 202
Everfarying
Sharpness
An with thin and clear edges
image
is called a
sharp image An X will be
ray image
sharp if X used are narrow used smaller
rays
anode smaller window beam should not be
spread
2 Contrast
Degree of difference b w the white
and black of an
image
is called contrast
 I r
ray
plate

bone Bone

Muscle

X rays did not pass X

rays with scattered
through the bones
rays less contrast

X without
rays
scattered rays
Better contrast
Improving the contrast

A lead can be used b the

1
goid w
object
and X
ray plate
to stop the scattered
X rays

bone
0
lead that
a
grid
allows
only parallel
beams and not
scattered
The scattered cannot beyond the lead
says go
Lead the contrast
grid grid improves
Present in
2
Contrasting agents Bason bones
insoluble hence used
Contrasting agents not Cason 00 1 2504
like Barium sulfate
can be added to
as
they get dissolved
improve
the contrast of X ray
stomach other
mage
tissue
of or
soft

Dose of X
rays overall
exposure of the object to
X rays is called dose X The dose
should be of
minimisedrays
 to be
Softer X rays
are
filtered
Siemens x rays of low frequency which
cannot
pass through soft tissues are useless
and increase the overall dose X rays
they of
we to them An Aluminium sheet is
need
filter
the to absorb
placed before patient softer
X rays low X and to reduce
frequency rays
the dose of X
rays
An X rays
lead
Aluminium
absorbs
sheet
all
only
X
absorbs
soft
rays
 Aheet

therminman
lead
tube grid X ray
plate

Stefanate
Anything from which radiations are released
can have a
spectrum
Range of wavelengths or
frequencies radiated
by
an
object is called its
 I
Generally a
spectrum is a
graph of intensity
Or sometimes
brightness or
amplitude
the frequencies
against or
wavelengths
radiated

Intensity

mm

minimum wavelength
cut off
attmin

Sharp at
off
 fame

Features of the spectrum

wavelength from minimum to manimum are
continuous Range
of wavelengths is continuous

2 There are
sharp peaks of intensity at certain
wavelength
3 A sharp cutoff at the shortest value
of wavelength
 4th february 2024

Wednesday
Euplaination of Properties of
of X
spectrum days
Continuous
range of wavelength
X
wavelength on 00
frequency of
deceleration days
depends the of
electrons being stopped by the metal
anode The electrons being stopped
have a continuous
range of decelerations
thats why the wavelength of
X have a continuous
 ays g

continous discrete

2 Sharp peaks in the spectrum

zinc anode
III
Intensity

M M
r

wavelength
X
rays
two
are
generated by following
processes
Process 1 electron beams
By stopping of

Process 2 when
the
electrons
metal anode
are
stopped
the
by
electrons within the zincatoms
of encited Those
zinc
encited
get
electrons
de encited
get
back and
fail deemitation
their they
during
will release X which
rays
develop sharp peaks of
 by
3 The shortest X
wavelength min of rays
E Quantum Physics
The shortest wavelength of
I α X
rays belong
to the
highest photon energy of
X All the electrons
rays anode metal
hitting
have
target
same
energy
I
 The shortest wavelength of X rays belongs
to the
X highest
Allthe
photon
electrons
energy of
anode
rays metal have hitting
target
however energy
in
same

number
they stopped are
different
of impacts The
photons of
x rays
generated by havesingle
a
impact
of electron will the
highest
and hence the shortest
photon energy
wavelength
The sharp cut off at the shortest
wavelength
that
negligible number of
shows there are
with the
photons highest energy such
negligible of
number
photons are
generated
by single impact of electrons
 ULTRASOUND IMAGING
Generation of ultrasound sound
Generally
of specific frequency or
amplitude is
in lab by using
generated and
a
signal
generator Loudspeaker
The A C
signalwhich
generator generates
sound into
voltage
sound
signals are
by the loudspeaker

signal Electrical
 generator signal

Ultrasound is sound
of frequency
higher than 20000kg It is generated by
applying
an
alternating transducer
voltage of 2000h
across a
piezoelectric

15th Feb 2024

A
piezoelectric transducer consists Thursday
b w two silver
of quartz crystals packed plates

Quartz is silicon dionide the distribution

Normally
of charges in quartz is
uniform and it is
neutral However when it is 00 entended
 my
its become delocalised it
charges making
charged

The opposite charges on the will devolp

crystal a

voltage across the crystal

tve entension
If compression develops
voltage then
a will develop a ve

voltage and vice versa

A piezoelectric transducer will convert AC

voltage
to sound and sound to A voltage
AC than
If
20000h
an
is
voltage of
across
frequency greater
applied a
piezoelectric
transducer then it will generate ultrasound
I
menfirmgingen
Same transducer is used to
transmit
piezoelectric ultrasound
and
receive

Only one
pulse of ultrasound
ofall very short
duration is transmitted and its
reflections
are received
The used to
the
reflection received are construct
ultrasound image

f uplaination
1
Whatsoever
The ultrasound machine will be in
busy
all the time and will not be able
transmitting
to receive the
reflections
 I
2
Whyotaltipleple
If multiple pulses are transmitted then a
pulse at the
reflection of first may arrive
time of generation of 2nd or 3rd or new pulse

Reflected pulses can interfere with the

transmitted pulses and this interference will
distort the
information
a
reflection with its transmission
Matching
will become
difficult
3
twitter.tionftransmittedpulsem
needed
ae
The transmission must end before the arrival
of 1st reflection

The time interval between arrival of

will the between
reflections predict gap
reflecting boundaries
The received
intensity of reflected pulses
back gives an idea about the nature
and the
the health of reflecting boundaries

I
 16th feb 2024
eÉdf ffeinandde pt.hn
friday
The fraction of ultrasound intensity deflected
from a
boundary depends on the acoustic
impedences of the media making the boundary
Acoustic Impedance
Product of density of a medium
with speed of ultrasound in that medium

Acoustic Impedence
of fat fistfat I
while
fafond
passing

kg and M s Kgm's
acoustic
symbol for impedance p e
 3 3
g density of the
medium
fat Muscle Fat Bone
10 100 10 109
c
speed of
I
ultrasound in
It transmitted
the medium

ᵈ
reflect IR 90

fat muscle fat Bone

0100
It 10 100
20
It 80

IR 90
IR 20

α 11 21 0.2
 Io 100

Intensity
reflection
as 9
coefficient

Intensity reflection coefficient x

It is ratio of reflects
to the incident at
intensity intensity a
boundary

Q 20
of the incident intensity is transmitted to
the bone from the
fat
a there unit
Why is no
of intensity reflection
coefficient
It is ratio of same
quantities intensities
 so units are cancelled out

6 What is the value of intensity reflection

coefficient
I incident intensity
α I It transmitted
intensity
Ir Reflected intensity
terms
in of
II
α

It

1 α α
 to
Io

100
E 201

0.2
It
1 0.2

1 0.2 α

0.8

G Intensity reflection coefficient is 0.35

I 1 of lad I
lensity 6
fleet d

100
II
1 I

100 0 35 100 35

find transmitted
i
1 of incident intensity

4100

1 2 100 1 0.35 100

651
EEE.ie
Ec EEteeeadinee
fat Bone
2 acoustic 2 acoustic
impedance impedance
a fat toon 5

17th feb 2024

 ay

G Medium density speed of Acoustic

ultrasound in impedence
that medium ms the medium
of
Kgm's
2000 15001 3.0 106

1 Fat 2000kg m
1500ms 3.0 106

1 1080000
2 Skin 1200 Kg m
900mg 4 84,9

3 Muscle 6.0 106

3000kg m
2000ms

3.0 107
4 Bone 10000kg m
3000ms

a Write the units in column

missing headings
2 c
 S
kgm xMs
legm 5
6 Calculate the acoustic impedences in the
last column

C Calculate intensity reflection coefficient for

i Muscle
fat boundary
IE
Io

I
0 111
i muscle bone
boundary
1

7
a
4 45
0 444

ii Skin bone
boundary
a

5 13 0 865

d find i of incident intensity transmitted

skin bone
 I 8
865
5 13
0
I 100

1 α

1 0.865 0.135
It
100 0.135 100 13.5

i find of intensity incident on skin

fat
boundary that is reflected
 at

4118410612
1.08 106 13.0 106112

0.2215

1100

100 22 15
speed of ultrasound
6 Density of fat 1500kg m
in fat 1000ms

Density of skin 1100kg m speed of ultrasound in

 skin 700m s

find of intensity incident on skin

fat
boundary that is transmitted

2 fat 1500 1000 1.5 106 Kgm's

1100 700 77 106

2 skin 0 Kgm's

11 5 106 0 77 106
Xs f
1.5 106 10.77 10932

0 1034

100 1 α
It
 1 10 1034 0.89 100

II 89 65 0

X rays are absorbed and attenuated They

only
not
are
reflected
Attenuation Decrease of signal intensity due
to its absorption in a medium

Ultrasounds are not absorbed but they

are also onlywell
reflected as

from the boundary ultrasound is

reflected
while
through the medium they are
absorbed
Absorption of ultrasound is same as X
rays
Their attenuates decreases
intensity
as
exponentially they pass through a
medium
ku
e
E
As ultrasound passes through a medium its
decreases due to absorption
intensity through
the medium and

I
Fux
II KI
Dn
Rate form
 I cry mental
foom
kn
e
If

Q boundary
fat Muscle

If I
 5cm 6cm
Intensity reflection coefficient for
is 0.3
muscle
fat
boundary
Medium Linear absorption coefficient
µ or k

Fat 0.05 am

Muscle 0.0025 mm

Intensity entering fat is Io

find Iintensity incident at fat muscle

boundary find It in terms of Io
 e

m
e 0.7788
II
11 0778810

ii find Is in terms
of Io

IR Is Io It

α
E
Is 0.3 Is 0.311
 It 13 0.3 0.7788 Io

13 0.2336 I

ii find 12 in terms of Io
1 α

1 0.3
E
12 0 7 I2 0.711
It
047788
12 07
I2 0 5451 Io
in find In in terms of Io

Is 0.2336 Io
fat
e

1005115cm
e
3361

0 1819
3
In 0181910
 19th feb 2024
Monday
inolvedinutoasoundm
IFENG.it

Fat muscle Bone lipid skin

KF KM KB KL KS

no Ini am

intensity reflection coefficient

 to
K linear attenuation
absorption or

coefficient
terms Io
state It in
of
I
7 Is e puff
II
C

I state Is in terms of Io absorption e Ea

Io Atat Re m Is
α
reflection R
f
Is e em I
transmission I α
State I in terms of Io I

Io At Rf m Ac In
In e kt f
e
the I
2pm
 2kt
In e f
α Io

v state Is in terms
of Io

Io At IIMAMRMAmtm.pt
2Af 2AM TM F RM B

f
Is e l emffe kmnyXMBJ.to

6 C
mom
C S C a

fat Muscle Bone skin

 k
Medium Absorption coefficient

fat 0.05cm

1
Muscle 0.003 mm

Bone 0.4cm

skin 0.0021 mm

Boundary α

Fat muscle 0.2

Muscle Bone 0.75

 Bone skin 0.8

at intensity entering fat is Io find the

intensity Is arriving from

skin bone

boundary
At Tfm TMB AB RBS AB TMB Am Tmf
Io I 1

mum 2
It e I Xfm e 1 am B

B B 2
e B s Io
 20th feb 2024
PET SCAN Tuesday
Position tue beta particles emission Tomography

Gretchen
cells in human
infected body
have a faster rate metabolism
of
in comparison to the
absorbing glucose
normal body cells A
radioactive isotope of fluorine f is bonded with
in
glucose molecules nucleophilic substitution
a

reaction fluoro deony glucose fluoro deony

glucose
is absorbed as a of metabolis
part
Normal cells absorb less
glucose during
glucose

undergoes
ve beta decay
 g
018
8
Ve
af ex 13
Election
Ve
af 80 β neutrino

Decay of f releases
β that annihilate when a

and its each

particle antiparticle destroy other
to make electron
with an
gamma ray photons
the
in
surroundings to form two gamma
in directions
ray photons moving opposite

β t.ie ftp
The received
gamma ray photons produced by
are a

circular detector surrounding the patient The

detector contains which scintillate
 gs
convert radiations to visible
gamma The
light
detector
on
also
recieving gamma ray photons
contains enhancers which are
photo basically
which increase the
amplifiersfor light is
brightness The visible light produced for used
P.IT The brightness
the
image of different parts of
shows the amount radiations
image of
released and it depends on the
from each
point
date
of metabolism Unusual high brightness of
of the image indicates infection
part
22nd feb 2024
Thursday

ifeng.EE i i.ioo a
is used as it has a

s.tnesamnei
at it cannot be stored
prepared
because
once as
To the
its short
of
 I
sample
an
af high speed of protons are bombarde
8018

0 t
P f on
18
p 8 n 10

Generally have
cancer hospitals a
cyclotron
accelerator that the
particle so
sample can
be
prepared

weather.detect.ae
é Vt
13
two
gamma ray
photons
 82 β e
g 8 Pis
point of
annihilation

Gamma in and
rays are
generated pairs
to
photons belonging a
single pair are

recieved
opposite sides of the
on
detector
10cm
that initial oev 5ev 1
Assuming 2oev T.ge
So losses Jer
9s

f
no
B E
 no
6am yur G
c
H
D
Photon 1 Photon 2

A law f 18 er

A Her E Her

19W H gev
A

A C It
CT Scan Friday
It is a three dimensional X A
X 2 dimensional
day image
X
single
machine
rayrevolved
is
image is
around the object
If ray
and X ray
at
images are taken different angles which are
then combine by powerful computer to form
a

a 3 D
image called CT scan

scan and B scan

of an ultrasound
A single
ultrasound image formed with a
A scan
single piezoelecto
transducer is called an

transducers are
Multiple piezoelectric
at different angles to construct
arranged
multiple
to
images which are combined together form
 g g
a 3D called B scan
single image