Chapter 4

L1 Atoms, Bonding, and The Periodic Table

Filling the first energy levels

Lewis Dot Structure

Octet Rule

Valence electrons and Charges

Elements and Bonds

Noble gases
How to fill the first energy levels?
• The first energy level can hold 2 electrons only.
• The second and the third energy levels can hold 8 electrons only.
1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

12 13 14 15
11
An Lewis Dot Structure includes:
1. The symbol for an element
2. Dots represents the valence electrons.

• Atoms with 8 valence electrons tend to be more stable, so in forming

compounds, atoms tend to obtain 8 valence electrons.
• Valence electrons may be transferred or shared.
What Determines an Element’s Chemistry?
An atom’s electrons are found in different energy levels.
Valence electrons are :
• the electrons in the outer most level .
• they have the highest energy
• They are loosely held to the atom.
• They are from 1 to 8 electrons. Less than 8 valence electrons
• The number of valence electrons determines the element’s chemical
properties.
Atoms are stable and nonreactive when they have 8 valence
electrons.
Why do atoms react ?
Atoms usually react (bond to other atoms )to have the 8 valence
electrons in their outermost level and become stable ,either by
transferring or sharing their valence electrons with another atom 8 valence electrons
and form a chemical bond.

A chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds 2 atoms

together.
Write the electronic configuration, draw the Lewis Dot Structure ,and a diagram to show the distribution
of electrons around the atoms for the following elements .

• N-7

• O-8

• C-6

• Na-11
 Octet Rule Noble Gases

The atom to be stable it needs to hold 8 electrons in its outermost shell to be chemically stable , 18

like noble gases atoms.

Except hydrogn holds 2 electrons in its outermost shell, just like helium.

 So atoms may lose , gain, or share to have these 8 electrons in their outer most shell.
 Number of valence
electrons

+1 +2 +3 -/+4 -3 -2 -1 0
 Elements within a group (family) have similar properties
Charge because they have the same number of valence electrons.

What is the number of the valence electrons and the charge for the
following elements?
B C Li Ca He Ba Ne Ar F Al S Cl N
 Left right
• The atomic number and the number of valence electrons increase from left to right across each period.

 Atomic number increases from left to right

 Number of valence electrons increase from left to right

In general, reactivity decreases from left to right across the periodic table.
How do elements make bonds?  Nonmetals atoms react by gaining or
 Metal atoms react by losing their sharing enough electrons to have 8
valence electrons. valence electrons.
 A metal’s reactivity depends on how • They have 5,6, or 7 valence electrons
easily it loses valence electrons. usually become more stable when they
Atoms with 1,2 or 3 electrons become gain electrons and increase to 8.
more stable when they loose electrons.
 They usually combine with metals by
 The metalloids, lie between
gaining electrons.
metals and nonmetals in the
periodic table, They have some
properties of both metals and
nonmetals so , can either lose
(like metals)or share (like
nonmetals)electrons..,
metal nonmetal

 They combine with other nonmetals and

metalloids by sharing electrons.

nonmetal nonmetal
Sharing electrons

Hydrogen is placed in Group 1 because it has one
valence electron, but it is considered a nonmetal.
 Its properties differ greatly from those of the other
elements in Group 1. When it combines with other
nonmetals, hydrogen shares its electron and forms a
stable arrangement of 2 electrons.
helium
• Group 18 elements- the noble gases
(except for helium) have 8 valence
electrons and they are stable; they do
not react easily with other elements.
• Helium has 2 valence electrons.
 Quick Quiz
1. Hydrogen is placed in Group ____ because it has _____ valence electron, but it is considered a nonmetal.

2. Helium is a noble gas that has ____ valence electrons..

3. Metal atoms react by _______ their valence electrons.

4. Group 18 elements- the noble gases (except for helium) have _____ valence electrons.

5. Nonmetals become stable when their atoms ______________electrons to have 8 valence electrons.

6. The atomic number and the number of valence electrons __________ from left to right across each
period.

7. In electron dot diagram ,the dots represents the ______electrons.

8. Elements in the same ____________ have similar properties.

9. The ___________ electrons are found in the outer most level and they have the highest energy .

10. Reactivity __________ from left to right across the periodic table.
• Answers
1. Group 1 / 1 valence electron
2. 2 valence electrons
3. Losing
4. 8 valence electrons
5. gain or share
6. Increase
7. valence electrons
8. group
9. valence
10.deceases
Complete the table about groups of elements
in the periodic table.