NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

CHAPTER 01

STOICHIOMETRY

EXERCISE SOLVED

( SHORT QUESTIONS )

Q;-01 ;- Define the following .

(1) Stoichiometry (2) Exponential notation (3) Molar volume .

Ans ;- Stoichiometry :- The branch of chemistry which deals with discuss about quantitative relationship
between amount of reactant and product shown by a balanced chemical equation .

Exponential Notation:- It is also known as scientific notation , is a way of representing numbers that are
very large or very small in a concise format . In exponential notation , a number is expressed as the
product of a coefficient and a power of 10 .

Example:- The number 3,000,000 can be expressed in exponential notation as 3 x 10^6 .

Molar Volume :- The amount of a gas in one mole and it is kept under STP . then its volume will be
22.4dm^3 . mass of a gas can be converted into volume and volume can be converted into mass .

=> One mole of any gas at STP = 22.4dm^3 = 6.02 x 10^23 molecules .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Q:-02:- Explain the following number in exponential notation ?

(1) 3652

Exponential notation = 3.652 x 10^3

(2) 0.0231

Exponential Notation = 2.31 x 10^-2

(3) 0.000072

Exponential Notation = 7.2 x 10^-5

Q:-03:- Explain the following in simple numbers .

(1) 3.26 x 10^-3

=> 0.00326

(2) 1.921 x 10^2

=> 192

(3) 1.02 x 10^5

=> 102000

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Q;04 ;- Define rounding off data , give various rules of rounding off data .

Ans ;- To reduce a number upto desired significant figures and adjust the last reported digit is known as
rounding off data .

( Rules For Rounding Off Data )

(1) If digit to be dropped is greater than 5 , then add 1 to the digit to be retained .

Example:- 5.768 rounded upto 5.77 .

(2) If the digit to be dropped is less than 5 , then simply drop it without changing proceeding number .

Example:- 5.734 rounded upto 5.73 .

(3) If digit to be dropped is exactly like 5 , there are two conditions :

(a) If digit to be retained is even , then just drop 5 .

Example :- 7.865 rounded upto 7.86 .

(b) If digit to be dropped is odd , then add 1 to it .

Example :- 23.35 rounded upto 23.4

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

( LONG QUESTIONS )

Q:-01 ;- Define theoretical yield , actual yield and percen yield . Why the practical yield is less than
theoretical yield ?
Ans :- Theoretical Yield :- The product which is obtained with the help of calculations ( before Reaction ) .

Practical yield :- The product which is obtained by performing the chemical reaction in the laboratory or
industry is called practical yield . Practical yield in a reaction is almost always less than the theoretical
yield , primarily because losses of substance involved may occur anywhere in an experiment . Of course ,
a true actual yield can never be greater than the true theoretical yield in a reaction , the possible
occurence in reaction .

% Yield :- the yield which is obtained by dividing the practical yield by theoretical yield and multipled by
100 .

Practical yield x 100/ theoretical yield = % yield .

Notes By WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Q;02;- what is meant by mole and avogadro's number ? how are they inter related to each other ?

Ans ;- Mole and Avogadro's number are both concepts used in chemistry to describe the quantity of
particles such as atoms , molecules or ions .

MOLE ;- the mole is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance . one mole of any
substance contains same number of particle which is approximately 6.02 x 10^23 particles .

Avogadro's Numbers :- Avogadro's number , denoted as NA , is the number of particles ( atoms ,

molecules , ions etc ) present in one mole of substance . It is approximately 6.03 x 10^23 particles . This
value is a fundamental constant of nature and is named after the italian scientis Amedeo Avogadro .

In mathematical terms :

N = n x NA

=> MOle and avogadro's number are closely related concepts used to quantify the amount of substance
in chemistry , with Avogadro's number providing a specific count of particles in one mole of substance .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Q;03;- What is meant by avogadro's number ? Explain the concept of mole with the help of avogadro's
number ?

Ans:- Avogadro's number is a fundamental constant in chemistry that represents the number of particles
( atoms , molecules , ions etc ) present in one mole of substance . It is denoted by the symbol NA and has
a value of approximately 6.02 x 10^23 particles per mole .

Now we delve into the concept of mole using avogadro's number .

=> Avogadro's number provides a specific count of particles in one mole of a substance . Therefore , it is
used as a conversion factor to relate the number of particles to the amount of subastance in mole . this
allows chemists to quantify substances based on their constituent particles .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Q;04;- What is limiting reactant ? how does it control the amount of product formed in a chemical
reaction ?

Ans ;- The reaction which is present in similar quantity as compared to its stoichiometric amount or
required amount . Consumed earlier , will gave a smaller quantity of product control or stop the reaction
is called limiting reactant .

=> the limiting reactant controlss the amount of product formed because it determines how much
product can be produced before reaction stops . Any excess reactants beyond the limiting reactant donot
contribute to formation of additiona product