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Allophonic variants - Resumen del segundo cuatrimestre de

fonética
Fonética y Fonología Inglesa 1 (Universidad Nacional de La Plata)

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Phonetic conditioning
→ The way in which speech segments are influenced by adjacent ( or near
adjacent) segments, causing phonemes to vary in their realisation according to
the phonetic context.
We can distinguish three types:
(1)allophonic variation
(2) assimilation
(3) elision

(1) Allophonic variants

During connected speech some changes can occur depending on the context, it
can affect voicing, place of articulation or manner of articulation.

Phoneme
It’s the minimal unit of analysis in a specified language. It distinguishes one
word from another, so it’s considered to be the basic distinctive unit of speech
by which morphemes, words and sentences are represented.

Allophone
It’s one of the ways in which a particular phoneme can be pronounced. It’s a
speech sound that represents a particular phoneme and how its pronunciation
changes depending on the position it takes in a word or a syllable, and also if it’s
followed or preceded by either a consonant or a vowel.

Sounds which can be distinguished are called phonemes. A pair of words

distinguished by a single phoneme is called a minimal pair. Each phoneme is
composed of a number of such different variants. These are termed allophones.
Allophones may occur in complementary distribution or in free variation.

Diacritics
They are little symbols or marks used in transcription to show more phonetic
detail. They inform changes of each sound in a specific context that happens in
connected speech, different symbols are used for different changes.

Inter segmental coordination

These changes that happen during connected speech are what we call segmental
coordination, which is represented in allophonic transcriptions. Phonological
processes are patterns of sound with “errors” that speakers use to simplify
speech as we speak. In this type of transcription we don’t use slanted bars any
more /x/, now we use brackets [x].

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Production of plosives

The production of plosives is divided into three stages. The first one is the
closing stage, in which the articulators come in contact to create a complete
closure; the second one is the hold stage where the air compresses behind the
closed articulators (this stage may or may not be accompanied by voice
depending on the vibration of the vocal folds); and the last one is the release
stage, where the organs that were forming the closure release allowing the air
to escape abruptly with an ‘explosion’.
Some of this stages maybe affected during connected speech

ASPIRATION
When the voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ are at the beginning of a stressed syllable
followed by a syllabic vocoid, they are released with aspiration. This means
that there’s a brief period of voicelessness between the release of the plosive
and the beginning of voicing for the next sounds. During this period the vocal
folds remain open, and the air rushing through the vocal tract gives the
impression of a short [h ]. Hence aspiration is shown with [h]
For example:peas [phi:z], toad [thəu], kind [kh aɪnd]

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UNASPIRATION
It is a process which occurs when voiceless plosives / p , t , k / are at the
beginning of a stressed syllable, preceded by the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/,
which takes aspiration away. Voiceless plosives are unaspirated because the
release stage is produced as soon as the vocal fold activity begins. The diacritic
is. Its diacritic is a small = signalled on top of the affected sound.

GLOTTAL PLOSIVE
In addition to the bilabial /p,b/ alveolar /t,d/ and velar /k,g/, the glottal plosive
[ʔ]. The closure for a glottal plosive is made by bringing the vocal folds firmly
together in an articulation similar to that of a very weak cough.

GLOTTAL REPLACEMENT
The most important occurrence of the glottal plosive in English is as an
allophone of the /t/ voiceless alveolar plosive. This is known as glottal
replacement. Glottal replacement occurs only in a specific set of phonetic
contexts: when /t/ is in a syllable coda preceded by a sonorant (vowel, nasal or
approximant) and followed by another consonant
For example: Within words: butler [b ʌ?l ə]
Across word boundaries: felt wrong [fel? ro ŋ]
GLOTTAL REINFORCEMENT
A glottal closure overlaps with the oral closure.
For example: Within words: Captive [kae?ptɪv]
Across word boundaries Keep Calm [ki:?p ka:m]
NASAL RELEASE
This process occurs when a plosive (an oral stop) is followed by its
homorganic nasal. It can happen across word boundaries or within a word.
When that happens, the release stage of the plosive is affected because the air
escapes through the nasal cavity, which means that the velum starts to get
lowered before this offset of the plosive is finished.

→ /p,b/ +/m/ → /t,d/ + /n/ → /k,g/ + /ŋ/

LATERAL RELEASE
It is a process that occurs when plosives / p , b , t , d , k , g / are followed by
the alveolar lateral / l / across word boundaries or within a word. A lateral
release is the release of a plosive consonant laterally. This process affects the
second and third stages of the production of plosives, during the hold stage the
tip of the tongue is already in the alveolar ridge to produce the lateral. And

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during the third stage, because of this movement, the air will escape laterally
through the sides of the obstruction (the tongue).

Force of articulation: -V: Fortis +Lenis

VELARIZATION

It’s a process of secondary articulation of the alveolar lateral /l/, in which the
back of the tongue is raised towards the velum during the articulation of the
consonant in final position, before a consonant or when it’s not followed or in
between vowels.
For example: fill → /fɪɫ/ but in fill inside /fɪl ɪnˈsaɪd/

SYLLABICITY
It's the process that the alveolar nasal /n/ or the alveolar lateral /l/ undergo
when the schwa is elided and they become the nucleus of the syllable.

PRE-FORTIS CLIPPING

This process can only occur within word boundaries, it is defined as the difference in the
length of any long vowel or diphthong when it is preceded or followed by voiceless
consonant / p, t, k, ʧ, f, s, θ, ʃ /.

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Pre-fortis clipping is a process by which the length of the vowel sound (either
monophthong or diphthong) is shortened, this fortis sound can be preceding or
following the vowel.

SIMILITUDE
It’s a process that occurs when the tongue moves forward or backwards
depending on the following sound. There are two types of similitude.

FRONTING
Fronting is a process that affects only the velar plosives (voiceless velar
plosive / k / and voiced velar plosive / g /) followed by a front vowel / iː ,
ɪ , e , æ /. The contact of the articulators is advanced.

RETRACTION
Retraction is a process that affects only the velar plosives (voiceless velar
plosive / k / and voiced velar plosive / g /) followed by a back vowel /u: ,
ʊ , ɔː , ɒ , ɑː /. The contact between the back of the tongue and the soft palate is
retracted.

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NASALIZATION
Nazalization results from the anticipatory or prolonged lowering of the velum in
production of a nasal consonant. When a vowel (monophthong or dipthong) is
surrounded by a nasal sounds / m , n , ŋ /, it is released through the nasal
cavity, and when it’s preceded or followed by a nasal sound, the air scapes both
nasally and orally.

LABIALIZATION
This process happens when consonants are followed by a back vowel
(monophthong or dipthong) or the labiovelar approximant, what happens is
that the position of the lips anticipate the rounded shape of the following sound
while it’s still producing the consonant sound.
Examples within word boundaries:

Examples across word boundaries:

NON-AUDIBLE RELEASE
This process happens when the offset phase of the voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ is
omitted and the articulators remain in contact but only if they’re in final position
or they’re preceded by a pause or a silence, this is shown by the loss of the

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release noise.

GEMINATION
This is a process that involves the prolongation of the plosives, when there’s a
sequence of two homorganic plosives either within or across word boundaries.
What happens is that the release stage of the first plosive and the onset of the
second merge together by making it audibly longer.
/p/ + /b/ - /t/ + /d/ - /k/ + /g/

RELEASE MASKING
This is a process that happens when two non-homorganic plosives are
next to each other within or across word boundaries, it can also occur
between a plosive and its homorganic nasal. What happens is that the
release stage of the plosive is masked by the closure of the second, and it
cannot be heard because the offset phase of the first plosive is omitted.

DEVOICING
Devoicing is a process that affects voiced consonants when they are preceded or
followed by voiceless consonants, it can happen either within or across word
boundaries, but devoicing it’s not the same for every consonant.
1) Voiced fricatives, affricates and plosives can be devoiced when

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preceded or followed by a pause or a silence, or when preceded or

followed by a voiceless consonant.
For example:

2) Nasals will only be divoiced when preceded by the voiceless alveolar

fricative /s/
For example:

3) Aproximants will only be devoiced when preceded by an aspirated

plosive.The delay in the onset of voicing takes place during the
articulation of the approximant. Devoicing is perceived as a
turbulence or fricative noise at the place of articulation of the
approximant.
For example:

DENTALIZATION
This is a process that affects alveolar sounds either the alveolar plosives / t ,
d / , the alveolar nasal / n / or the alveolar lateral sound / l / when
they’re followed by the dental fricatives / θ / and / ð /. What happens is that
the alveolar sounds anticipate the place of articulation of the dental sounds,
which leads them to become dentalized. This can happen within or across word
boundaries.

For example:

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OMISSION OF THE ONSET

This process happens when a plosive is preceded by its homorganic nasal, what
happens is that the onset of the plosive is not produced because it anticipates to
the place of articulation of the nasal. This can happen within or across word
boundaries. / m + p or b / /n + t or d/ / ŋ +k or g

NEUTRALIZATION
This is a process that occurs with the fleece vowel /i:/, the goose vowel /u:/ in
any unstressed, syllable final position or the schwa in a weak form. What
happens is that in the difference between two phonemes, the contrast is lost, it
happens in open syllables at the end of words when it doesn’t affect the
meaning.
For example: [gri:n] and [grɪn] → have a different meaning but in [hæpi]
there is no different meaning with [hæpi:]

With the schwa is different, we talk about neutralization because function words
lose their contrast because they are produced with the same production but with
no emphasis. It’s a matter of auditory criteria.
For example: <a> ə bʊk
<are> ðət ə
< her> lʊk ət ə

SMOOTHING OR LEVELLING
In this process the second element of the diphthong is elided. The tongue moves
directly from the dipthong’s starting position to the schwa position.

aɪ + ə = aɪə aə
eɪ + ə = eɪə eə
ɔɪ + ə = ɔɪə ɔə

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aʊ + ə = aʊə aə
əʊ + ə = əʊə əə
/ eə, ɪə, ʊə/ They can’t add schwa because they already finish with it

MONOPHTHONGIZATION

This process is similar to smoothing but taking it a step further, because the
tongue does not move from the start point of the diphthong, which results on a
long monophthong.
Diphthong + ə → lawyer / lɔɪə /
Smoothing → lawyer /lɔə/
Monophthongization → /lɔː/ law → /lɔː/ (‘lawyer’ and ‘law’ become
homophones)

ELISION
In certain circumstances a phoneme or a syllable may be deleted by native
speakers in connected speech, changing its ideal form.
Elision of consonants
alveolar stops
This type of elision often occurs in order to simplify clusters of consonants, they
may be across word boundaries or within the same word. The alveolar stops /t/
or /d/ are commonly elided when they are central in a sequence of three
consonants.
For example: The old man and the sea → /ði əʊld mæn ənd ðə siː/
She looked back to see her → /ʃi lʊkt bæk tə siː hɜː/
In the negative contraction /n’t/ the phoneme /t/ is often elided.
For example: You mustn't lose it → /jʊ ˈmʌsnt luːz ɪt/

Exceptions:
→ In the sequence /-skt/, /k/ rather than /t/ is elided
For example: I’ve already asked them → /aɪv ɔːlˈrɛdi ɑːskt ðɛm/
→ Final cluster /-nt/ or /lt/ , /t/ often remains
For example: I felt sad → /aɪ felt sæd/ went down → /went daʊn/
→ when the final /t/ or /d/ is followed by /h/ there is no elision of the alveolar
stops
For example: kept hold → /kɛpt həʊld/ around here → /əˈraʊnd hɪə/
→ If the final /t/ or /d/ is followed by a /j/ it results in / tʃ , dʒ/
For example: I’ve booked your flight → /aɪv bʊkt jə flaɪt/ → /aɪv bʊttʃə flaɪt/
I told your husband → / aɪ təʊld jə ˈhʌzbənd/ → /aɪ təʊldʒə ˈhʌzbənd/

voiceless glottal fricative /h/

This type of elision usually occurs in the weak forms of function words.
For example: I think he will have told her → /aɪ θɪŋk (h)i wɪl (h)əv təʊld (h)ər/
Voiced and voiceless dental fricative

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Other fricatives that may be lost are /θ/ or / ð/

For example: Colourful clothes → /ˈkʌləfəl kləʊ(ð)z/
months of the year → /mʌn(θ)s əv ðə jɪə/
Voiced and voiceless labio-dental fricative
The last set of fricatives that can be elided are /f/ or /v/ (this specially happens
with numbers)
For example: twelfth night → /twel(f)θ naɪt/
three of the websites → /θriː ə(v) ðə ˈweb saɪts/
loss of the dark l
This type of elision happens when the lateral approximant is followed by the
north vowel
For example: always already all right although
ˈɔːɫweɪz ɔːɫˈredi ɔːɫ raɪt ɔːlɫˈðəʊ

The schwa can be lost:

from the syllables /əl/, /ən/ and /əm/
For example: final clearance → /ˈfaɪn(ə)l ˈklɪərəns/
mission impossible → /ˈmɪʃ(ə)n ɪmˈpɒsəb(ə)l/
in full blossom → /ɪn fʊl ˈblɒs(ə)m/

/ə/ + /r/ + unstressed syllable

The likelihood of the schwa being dropped depends on the frequency of the
word, the sound preceding and individual tendencies
For example: it goes with the territory → /ɪt ɡəʊz wɪð ðə ˈterɪt(ə)ri/

/ə/ or /ɪ/ + an unstressed /l/ voiced lateral approximant.

For example:Family time → /ˈfæm(ɪ)li taɪm/

/ə/ + stressed syllable beginning with /l/ or /r/

For example: Politically correct remark → /p(ə)ˈlɪtɪkəli k(ə)ˈrɛkt ˈrɪˈmɑːk/

Exceptions:
The /ə/ schwa can’t be lost when:
→ consonant + unstressed syllable beginning with /t/ or /d/
For example: London time → /lʌndən taɪm/
A life sentence → /ə laɪf ˈsɛntəns/
→ unstressed syllable + unstressed syllable beginning with /t/ or /d/
For example: Skeleton dance → /ˈskelətən dɑːns/
Elision of syllables
The whole syllable may be elided in some occasions:
→ When a sequence of /ə/ + /r/ + /ə/ occurs on a unstressed syllable
For example: A very moving literary piece → /ə ˈveri ˈmuːvɪŋ ˈlɪt(ərə)ri pi ːs/
→ Consonant + /r/ +/ə/ + /r/ + unstressed syllable
For example: A public library → /ə ˈpʌblɪk ˈlaɪb(rər)i/
→ Word initial whole syllables containing /ə/ (or a weak vowel) may be elided

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during informal oral form.

For example: Because I love you → /(bə)kəz aɪ lʌv ju/

(2) Assimilation
→ It’s the process whereby one sound changes in order to become similar to a
neighbouring sound.
→ When one sound is changed because of the influence of a neighbouring sound,
there is said to be a process of assimilation
→ A process that brings about phonetic variations within words or across word
boundaries

Phonetic realisation of a sound + nature of context = variations within words or

. across word boundaries

Direction or influence
There are three types of phonemic assimilation:
(1) Regressive assimilation: Features of an articulation may lead into
those of the following segment. This can also be described as anticipation,
because the first segment anticipates the place of articulation/ voicing of
the proceeding one
(2) Progressive assimilation: Articulation features may be held over from
a preceding segment, so that the articulators lag in their movements. This
can also be described as lagging because it retains the place of
articulation / voicing of the preceding segment.
(3) Coalescent assimilation: In many cases there is a two-way exchange
of articulation features.
Assimilation may involve a change in place of articulation:

Phonemic regressive assimilation of place:

S1 ← S2

/t/ before → /p,b,m/ becomes /p/ /wəʊnt biː/ → [wəʊnp biː]

←
→ /k,g/ becomes /k/ /waɪt ɡeɪt/ → [waɪk ɡeɪt]
←
/d/ before → /p,b,m/ becomes /b/ /dɪd brəˈzɪl/ → [dɪb brəˈzɪl]
←
→ /k,g/ becomes /g/ /ɡʊd ɡeɪm/ → [ɡʊg ɡeɪm]
←
/n/ before /p,b,n/ becomes /m/ /wəʊnt biː/ → [wəʊnm biː ]
←
/n/ before /k,g/ becomes /ŋ/ / kɑːn ɡɛt/ → [kɑːŋ ɡɛt] /θɪnk/ → [θɪŋk]
← ←

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Phonemic progressive assimilation of place:

S1 → S2

/p/ /n/ (voiced alveolar Becomes /m/ Happen

nasal) /hæpn/→ /hæpm/

/b/ /n/ (voiced alveolar Becomes /m/ Urban

nasal) /ˈɜːbn/ → /ˈɜːbm/

/k/ /n/ (voiced alveolar Becomes Bacon

nasal) /ŋ/ /ˈbeɪkn/ → /ˈbeɪkŋ/

/g/ /n/ (voiced alveolar Becomes Organ

nasal) /ŋ/ /ˈɔːɡn/ → /ˈɔːɡŋ/

Assimilation may involve a reduction of the fortis/lenis contrast, a type which involves
a change in voice.
Phonemic regressive assimilation of voice:
S1 ←S2
(-V) (+V)

voiced labiodental Before /k/ Becomes /f/ /aɪ drɪŋk ə lɒt əv

fricative /v/ (voiceless velar (voiceless kɒfi/ →
plosive) labiodental [aɪ drɪŋk ə lɒt əf
fricative)
kɒfi]
voiced labiodental Before the /t/ Becomes /f/ have to /hæv tə/
fricative /v/ (voiceless alveolar (voiceless → /hæf tə/
plosive) labiodental
fricative)

Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice:

S1 → S2
(+V) (-V)
ED INFLECTIONAL ENDING
The –ed inflectional ending is used in regular verbs of past simple, past
participles and some adjectives.
• Words ending in voiced sounds ➜ add /d/
play, played ➜ /pleɪd/
• Words ending in voiceless sound ➜ add /t/
ask, asked ➜ /ɑːskt/
• Words ending in /t/ or /d/ ➜ add /ɪd/
want, wanted ➜ /wɒntɪd/

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-S INFLECTIONAL ENDING
The –s inflectional ending is used in plurals, possessives, and 3rd person singular
person.
• Words ending in voiced sounds ➜ add /z/
she lives ➜ /ʃi lɪvz/
• Words ending in voiceless sound ➜ add /s/
cats ➜ /kæts/
• Words ending in sibilant ([s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ])➜ add /ɪz/ kisses ➜ /ˈkɪsɪz /

CONTRACTED ‘S
If the verb to be is contracted, there is a change. The last sound voiceless
alveolar plosive / t /t/of the first word defines the production of the following
sound. They have to share the same voice, or in this case, lack of voice. The
sound used for the contracted form of the verb to be is the voiceless alveolar
fricative /s/ because /s/ shares its voice with /t/.
What's the time? wɒts ðə taɪm?
What is the time? wɒt ɪz ðə taɪm?

Assimilation may involve a process of influence from two elements that results in
a third element.
Coalescent assimilation:
S1 S2
(alveolar) (j)
S3
(palato-alveolar)
For example: /dəʊnt jʊ nəʊ/ → [dəʊndʒʊ nəʊ]

General observations:
Assimilation tends to be more frequent in:
→ Unstressed rather than dressed syllables
→ Rapid rather than slow tempo
→ Informal rather than formal register
Assimilation is a CHOICE of the speaker.

Vocoids and Contoids

Sometimes it’s not enough to classify segments as consonants or vowels
because of terminological difficulty.

Phonetics perspective
VOWELS CONSONANTS
Segment Segment
Open Approximation Close approximation
Central in de syllable Marginal in the syllable

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But this is not completely true because Approximants are marginal in the
syllable but produced with open approximation.

So classifying segments as VOCOIDS or CONTOIDS it’s much more helpful for

phonetic distinction.

Phonetical distinction (how they’re produced)

VOCOID
It’s a segment produced with a stricture of open approximation and central
passage of air, it is a “central resonant”
Central → not a lateral sound /l/
Oral → Air passes through the oral cavity
Resonant → There is no constriction

CONTOID
It’s a segment produced with a stricture of close approximation or complete
closure.
Phonological distinction ( how they function)

SYLLABIC
Nucleus of the syllable
Syllabic vocoids → | bæd ˈmænəz |
Syllabic contoids (only if there’s elision) → |fər ə ˈlɪtl waɪl l |ə ˈdʌzn meɪlz|

NON-SYLLABIC
At the margin of the syllable
Non-syllabic vocoids → |wi ə juˈnaɪtɪd| |ˈleɪtər ɪn ðə ˈʤɜːni|
Non-syllabic contoids→ | ˈsmaɪlɪŋ ʌnˈkʌmfətəbli|

They relate to vowels and consonants:

CONSONANTS are phonetically manifested by:

→ Non-syllabic contoids:|smaɪlɪŋ|
→ Syllabic contoids: |fər ə ˈlɪtl waɪl l (plosives,nasals,fricatives,affricates and
the approximants /r,j,w/)
→ Non-syllabic vocoids: |wi ə juˈnaɪtɪd| (all approximants /r,j,w/ except for the
lateral approximant /l/)
VOWELS are phonetically manifested by:
→ Syllabic Vocoids: | bæd ˈmænəz| (all vowels and diphthongs)

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Practice
The Baby Party by F Scott Fitzgerald

When John Andros felt old he found solace in the thought of life continuing
through his child. The dark trumpets of oblivion were less loud at the patter of
his child's feet or at the sound of his child's voice babbling mad non sequiturs to
him over the telephone. The latter incident occurred every afternoon at three
when his wife called the office from the country, and he came to look forward to
it as one of the vivid minutes of his day.

1) Aspiration [ˈph ætə]

2) Dentalization [ət̪ θriː]
3) Devoicing [ənd̻ hiː]
4) Elision [foun(d) solace]
5) Gemination [kɔːld‿ tu]
6) Labialization [lʷʊk]
7) Lateral release [əˈblɪviən]
8) Linking [ˈtrʌmpɪts‿ ɒv]
9) Nasal release [mædⁿ nɒn]
10) Nasalization [ˈkʌntri]
11) Neutralisation [ˈɛvri]
12) Non-audible release [felt]
13) Omission of the onset [ˈkʌntri]
14) Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice [əˈkɜːd]
15) Phonemic regressive assimilation of place [kənˈtɪnjuːɪŋ]
16) Pre-fortis clipping [θɔ.t]
17) Release masking [lʊk ˈfɔːwəd ]
18) Similitude [kɔːld]
19) Velarisation no hay []
20) Vocalic juncture [ˈɛvri ɑːftəˈnuːn]

He was not physically old, but his life had been a series of struggles up a series
of rugged hills, and here at thirty-eight having won his battles against ill-health
and poverty he cherished less than the usual number of illusions. Even his
feeling about his little girl was qualified. She had interrupted his rather intense
love-affair with his wife, and she was the reason for their living in a suburban
town, where they paid for country air with endless servant troubles and the
weary merry-go-round of the commuting train.

1) Aspiration [ˈphɒvəti]
2) Dentalization [ðən ði]
3) Devoicing [peɪd̻ fə]
4) Elision [ˈsɜːvᵊnt]
5) Gemination [ˈsɜːvᵊnt ˈtrʌblz]

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6) Labialization [ɡʷəʊ]
7) Lateral release [ˈstrʌɡLlz]
8) Linking [biːn ə]
9) Nasal release no hay
10) Nasalization [wʌn]
11) Neutralisation [ˈfɪzɪkᵊli]
12) Non-audible release [ˈsɜːvᵊnt]
13) Omission of the onset [ənnd]
14) Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice [ˈʧɛrɪʃt]
15) Phonemic regressive assimilation of place [həb biːn]
16) Pre-fortis clipping [waɪf]
17) Release masking [əʊld bət]
18) Similitude [əˈɡenst]
19) Velarisation [ˈlɪtɫ]
20) Vocalic juncture [ˈkʌntri eə]
21) Syllabicity [səˈbɜːbᵊn̩ ]

He was not physically old, but his life had been a series of struggles
Compare the realisation of the voiced alveolar plosive in OLD and HAD
/hi wəz nɒt ˈfɪzɪkᵊli əʊld bət ɪz laɪf həd biːn ə ˈsɪəriːz əv ˈstrʌɡᵊlz/

Əʊld bət → Release masking (a sequence of two non-homorganic plosives).

həd biːn → phonemic regressive assimilation of place, an voiced alveolar plosive
preceded by a voiceless bilabial plosive and as a result from that there’s also
gemination.

It was little Ede as a definite piece of youth that chiefly interested him. He liked
to take her on his lap and examine minutely her fragrant, downy scalp and her
eyes with their irises of morning blue. Having paid this homage John was
content that the nurse should take her away. After ten minutes the very vitality
of the child irritated him; he was inclined to lose his temper when things were
broken, and one Sunday afternoon when she had disrupted a bridge game by
permanently hiding up the ace of spades, he had made a scene that had reduced
his wife to tears.
1) Aspiration [theik]
2) Dentalization [peɪd ðɪs]
3) Devoicing [ɪnˈkh ̥l aɪnd]
4) Elision [ˈfreɪɡrᵊnt]
5) Gemination [ɪnˈklaɪnd tu]
6) Labialization [ˌɑːftəˈnwuːn]

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7) Lateral release [ˈlɪtLl]

8) Linking [her eyes]
9) Nasal release []
10) Nasalization [ɒn]
11) Neutralisation [ʧiːfli]
12) Non-audible release [ˈfreɪɡrᵊnt]#
13) Omission of the onset [ˈfreɪɡrᵊnt]
14) Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice [ɪnˈkhlaɪnd]
15) Phonemic regressive assimilation of place [morning]
16) Pre-fortis clipping [ˈbrəʊkn]
17) Release masking [ˈdɛfɪnɪt piːs ]
18) Similitude []
19) Velarisation []
20) Vocalic juncture [ˈʧiːfli ˈɪntrɛstɪd]
21) Syllabicity [ˈfreɪɡrn̩ t]

This was absurd and John was ashamed of himself. It was inevitable that such
things would happen, and it was impossible that little Ede should spend all her indoor
hours in the nursery upstairs when she was becoming, as her mother said, more
nearly a 'real person' every day.
1) Aspiration []
2) Dentalization []
3) Devoicing []
4) Elision []
5) Gemination []
6) Labialization []
7) Lateral release []
8) Linking []
9) Nasal release []
10) Nasalization []
11) Neutralisation []
12) Non-audible release []
13) Omission of the onset []
14) Phonemic progressive assimilation of voice []
15) Phonemic regressive assimilation of place []
16) Pre-fortis clipping []
17) Release masking [ ]
18) Similitude []
19) Velarisation []
20) Vocalic juncture []
21) Syllabicity []

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