IQRA COACHING ACADEMY TANGWANI

SUBJECT: General Science 8th NOTES Session 2019-20

Q#1 What is Science?
Ans: The word science is derived from a Latin word “Scientia” which means to know.
A systematic knowledge which is based on experiments and observations is called Science.
There are two main branches of science.
1. Physical Science (It deals with the study of non-living things.)
2. Biological Science (It deals with the study of living things.)
Q#2 What is matter?
Ans: Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Examples: Air, Water, Ice, Chair, Table, Pen, Watch etc.
Q#3 How many states of matter are there?
Ans: There are three states of matter.
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Note! 4th state of matter is called Plasma.
Q#4 Define solid state of matter.
Ans: The state of matter which has definite shape and definite volume is called solid.
Characteristics or properties of Solids
 Force of attraction b/w the molecules is greater/strong.
 Molecules are closely/firmly packed to each other.
 The molecules of solid vibrate to and fro about their mean position.
 The molecules do not leave their mean position.
 Solids are generally hard and cannot be compressed easily.
 Solids slightly expand on heating.
Examples: Ice, Stone, Table, Chair, Pencil etc.
Q#5 Define liquid state of matter.
The state of matter which has definite volume but variable shape is called liquid.
Characteristics or properties of Liquid
 Force of attraction b/w the molecules is less.
 Molecules are loosely packed to each other.
 The molecules of liquid can move freely in random motion.
 Liquid takes the shape of container (vessel).
 The surface of a liquid is always level.
 Liquids can be compressed easily.
 Liquids expand on heating.
Examples: Water, Milk, Honey, Oil, Petrol, Kerosene oil, Diesel, Blood etc.
Q#6 Define gaseous state of matter.
The state of matter which has neither definite shape nor definite volume is called gas.
 Characteristics or properties of Gases
 Force of attraction b/w the molecules is negligible (very small).
 Molecules are far away from each other.
 Gases can be compressed very easily.
 Gases have large kinetic energy.
Examples: Air, Oxygen gas (O2), Hydrogen gas (H2), Nitrogen gas (N2), Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) etc.
Q#7 What is an element?
Ans: It is a pure substance which can’t be further divided into simpler parts by chemical means.
OR
Element is a substance whose all atoms contain same atomic number.
Examples: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Iron (Fe),
Copper (Cu), Sodium (Na) etc.
Note! So far there are 110 known (discovered) elements.
Elements are classified into three categories i-e Metals, Non-metals and Liquids.

Metals Non-metals Liquids

97 11 02

Note! Only 02 elements Bromine (Br) and Mercury (Hg) are liquids.
Q#8 What are properties of Metals?
 Metals have shine (luster).
 They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
 They have malleability (sheets can be made)
 They have ductility (wires can be made).
 They are hard in nature.
Examples: Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Copper (Cu), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) etc.
Q#9 What are properties of Non-metals?
 They have no shine (dull).
 They are bad (poor) conductors of heat and electricity.
 They have no malleability (no sheets can be made).
 They have no ductility (no wires can be made).
 They are soft in nature.
Examples: All gases are non-metals i-e H, O, He, N, Cl, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Q#10 What is symbol?
Ans: The shorthand name of an element is known as symbol.
Examples: The symbol of hydrogen is = H
The symbol of oxygen is = O
The symbol of carbon is = C
The symbol of sodium is = Na
Q#11 What is an atom?
Ans: Atom is derived from a Latin word a = not & tom = cut Atom means not cut.
Atom is the smallest particle of matter. It is complexity of matter and energy.
Q#12 How many fundamental particles of atom?
Ans: There are three fundamental particles of atom.
1. Electron
2. Proton
3. Neutron
Q#13 Define Electron.
It is negatively charged particle of atom.
It is the lightest particle.
It revolves around the nucleus in shells/orbits/energy levels.
-
Its symbol is “e ”.
Q#14 Define Proton.
It is positively charged particle of atom.
It is heavier than electron.
It is present in the nucleus of atom.
+
Its symbol is “P ”.
Q#15 Define Neutron.
It is neutral particle of atom.
It has no charge.
It is the heaviest particle.
It is present in the nucleus of atom.
o
Its symbol is “n ”.
Q#16 What is Molecule?
Ans: When two or more similar or dissimilar atoms chemically combine a molecule is formed.
It is the smallest particle of a compound.
It can exist independently.
Examples:
 Similar atomic molecules: H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, O3 (Ozone).
 Dissimilar atomic molecules: CO, CO2, NH3 (Amonia), NO2, SO2, CH4, C6H12O6 (Glucose).
Q#17 What is valency?
Ans: The charge number of a radical is called valency number.
OR
The number of electrons lose or gain or shared by an atom from its valence shell (outermost shell) is called
valency number.
OR
The power of an atom to combine with hydrogen is called valency.
Q#18 What is an ion or radical?
Ans: An atom or group of atoms which carries any charge is called ion or radical.
There are two types of ion or radical.
1. Cation (When an atom loses electron it forms cation). Eg: Na+, K+, Ca+2
2. Anion (When an atom gains electron it forms cation). Eg: Cl-, OH-, O-2
Q#19 What is formula?
Ans: It is shorthand name of a compound.
Opposite radicasl (oppositely charged particles i-e +ve ion and –ve ion) combine to form formula.
Example: Na+ Cl- = NaCl
There are two types of formula.
1. Empirical Formula or Simplest Formula
2. Molecular Formula
Q#20 What is Empirical Formula or Simplest Formula?
Ans: A formula which shows the relative number of atoms in a molecule is called empirical formula.
It shows simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule.
Examples:
The E.F of Benzene (C6H6) = CH.
The E.F of Glucose (C6H12O6) = CH2O
The E.F of Water (H2O) = H2O
Q#21 What is Molecular Formula?
Ans: A formula which shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule is called molecular formula.
It shows actual ratio of atoms in a molecule.
Examples: The M.F of Benzene = C 6H 6
The M.F of Glucose = C6H12O6
The M.F of Water = H 2O
Q#22 What is Mixture?
Ans: When two or more substances physically combine in a variable (any ratio) by mass a mixture is formed.
 A mixture has no chemical formula.
 The components of a mixture can be easily separated from each other.
 The components of a mixture retain (do not lose) their properties.
Examples: Air, Syrup, Ice-cream, Sand, Milk etc.
Q#23 What is Compound?
Ans: When two or more dissimilar elements chemically combine in a fix ratio by mass a compound is formed.
 A compound has chemical formula.
 The components of a compound cannot be separated from each other.
 The components of a compound do not retain (lose) their properties.
Examples: Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Sucrose/Sugar (C12H22O11), Chalk (CaCO3), Glucose (C12H22O11) etc.
Q#24 What is radical or ion?
Ans = An atom or group of atoms which carries any charge is called radical or ion.
There are two types of radical.
1 . Cation:
Those radicals which carry positive charge are called cations.
Eg: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, NH4+
2 . Anion:
Those radicals which carry negative charge are called anions.
Eg: H-, Cl-, F-, Br-, I-, OH-, O-2
Monovalent radicals Valency = +1 Monovalent radicals Valency = -1

+ -
Hydrogen = H Hydride = H
+ -
Lithium = Li Flouride = F
+ -
Sodium = Na Chloride = Cl
+ -
Potassium = K Bromide = Br
+ -
Silver = Ag Iodide = I
+ -
Mercurous = Hg Hydroxide = OH
+ Nitrate =
Cuprous = Cu
-
NO3
+ Nitrite =
Ammonium = NH4
-
NO2
Chlorate =
-
ClO3
Permanganate =
-
MnO4
Bicarbonate =
-
HCO3
Bisulphate =
-
HSO4

Divalent radicals valency +2 Divalent radicals valency -2

++ -2
Beryllium = Be Oxide = O

++ -2
Magnesium = Mg Sulphide = S
++ -2
Calcium = Ca Sulphate = SO4

++ -2
Barium = Ba Sulphite = SO3

++ -2
Zinc = Zn Carbonate = CO3
++ -
Ferrous = Fe Thiosulphate = S2O3
2

++ -
Mercuric = Hg Chromate = CrO4
2

++ -
Cupric = Cu Dichromate = Cr2O7
2

-2
Oxichloride = OCl2
 -2
Silicate = SiO3
-2
Zincate = ZnO2

Trivalent radical valency = +3 Trivalent radical valency = -3

+++ -3
Boron = B Nitride = N

+++ -3
Aluminum = Al Phosphide = P

+++ -3
Ferric = Fe Phosphate = PO4

-3
Phosphite = PO3

Name of compound Formula

Oxygen gas O2
Hydrogen gas H2
Carbon dioxide CO2
Salt (sodium chloride) NaCl
Ammonia NH3
Glucose C6H12O6
Lime stone (calcium carbonate) CaCO3
Quick lime (calcium oxide) CaO
Slacked lime (calcium hydroxide) Ca(OH)2
Sucrose (sugar) C12H22O11
Milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide) Mg(OH)2
Soda-Ash (sodium carbonate) Na2CO3
Baking soda (sodium bi-carbonate) NaHCO3
Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) NaOH
Washing soda (sodium carbonate decahydrate) Na2CO3.10H2O
Copper sulphate (Blue vitrol / Blue stone) CuSO4.5H2O
Sulphuric acid (Oil of vitrol) = It is king of compounds. H2SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Water gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) CO+H2
Potash Alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O