SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

Treaty of Paris 1898 THE SANITARY BARRIO

Fil-American War Neighborhood concept
1899 Nipa houses built on highly regulated blocks of
EMILIO AGUINALDO subdivided lots.
malolos constitution Built-in system of surface drainage, public latrines,
Heneral Luna public bath houses and laundry, and public water
Theodore roosevelt hydrants, which are free of charge.
Philippine Organic Act
Jones act of 1916 TSALET
Tydings-Mcduffie Act 1935 “The healthy housing alternative.”
Commonwealth Tropical features of vernacular buildings combined with
AMERICAN COLONIZATION IN THE hygienic structural principles and modern materials
PHILIPPINES that gave premium to light, ventilation, and drainage
1898-1946
URBAN PLANNING
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE Proposed ideas of organized comprehensive urban
planning based on the principles of the City Beautiful
TROPICAL HYBRID DESIGN
Movement.
Familiar local architecture icons from Hispanized colonial
FORMULIC ELEMENTS:
structures overlaid with a neoclassical massing.
A civic core
Colonial Infrastructures
Wide radial avenues
Buildings were built to facilitate ventures in military
Landscaped promenades
control, public health, education, and commerce.
Visually arresting panorama
Architectural Styles
Colonial Revival Mission- Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION
concrete, stucco, gabled roof, round arch entrances,
NEW MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS
arcades, corridors, and mirador towers.
A Use of steel-framed skeleton construction, reinforced
Neoclassicism- Revival of using Greek and Roman orders
concrete (ferroconcrete), and concrete hollow blocks.
as decorative motifs.
The Kahn Truss System, trussed bars were placed within
BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS
concrete moulds for floor slabs and beams.
The nerve center of colonial architectural production Production of prefabricated components and precast
Function was confined to the construction of roads and concrete ornaments.
public buildings Adoption of standardized plans and modularized
Consultations, repair, design and supervision of systems for building types.
construction
Consulting architects: William Parsons, George Fenhagen, GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSES
and Ralph Harrington Doane. Set of mass-produced model schoolhouses.
Gabaldon school buildings refers to school buildings
CAMP JOHN HAY (BAGUIO) designed by American Architect William Parsons and
Protected Baguio and the nearby gold mines and funded through Act No. 1801, authored by
projected the American military presence in northern Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon.
Luzon FEATURES:
Also served as a rest and recreation camp for officers
COLONNADED FRONT FACADE
and men.
ELEVATED STRUCTURE
FORT WILLIAM MCKINLEY (MANILA) QUADRANGULAR LAYOUT
Home of the Philippine Division CENTRAL COURTYARD
The main American ground unit in the Philippines. TYPICAL CLASSROOM SIZE
WROUGHT IRONWORK
IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION LATTICEWORK
CUBETA CAPIZ SHELLS ON WINDOWS AND DOOR TRANSOMS
Also known as “pail system”. REPUBLIC ACT No. 11194- Gabaldon School Buildings
Way of introducing the concept of toilet among the Conservation Act
dwellers of the bahay kubo.
Public toilet sheds were also installed in congested nipa
districts.
A latrine system was also developed for remote areas.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
PENSIONADO PROGRAM JUAN NAKPIL
scholarship launched by the government that allowed National Artist for Architecture.
Filipino students to pursue university education in the Worked largely in the Art Deco style, combining
United States. stylized flora and angular forms.
Gonzalez Hall, UP Diliman. Main Library.
FIRST GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
THE COMMONWEALTH
CARLOS BARETTO
Transition government;
First Filipino architect with an academic degree from
Increasing population in Manila;
abroad; first pensionado.
A new city was being contemplated to cushion the
Became one of the pioneering staff of the Division of
impending urban sprawl.
Architecture.
Antonio Toledo
BARRIO OBRERO
Regarded as the master of the Neoclassic style.
Homesite project
Among the first architect educators.
Aims to provide the workingmen and permanent
Department of Tourism ; Manila City Hall
employees with homes at reasonable cost.
Tomas Mapua
Will serve as model residential and community center.
First registered architect in the Philippines
Established the Mapua Institute of Technology in
FIRST GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
1925, the first architectural school in the Philippines.
De La Salle University, Main Building. ▪ Otilio Arellano ▪ Jose Zaragoza
Arcadio Arellano ▪ Carlos Arguelles ▪ Francisco Fajardo
First Filipino to be employed by the Americans as one ▪ Cesar Concio ▪ Augusto Fernando
of their architectural advisors. ▪ Cresenciano de Castro ▪ Carlos Banaag
Pioneered in the establishment of an architectural and ▪ Gabriel Formoso ▪ Gines Rivera
surveying office in the country. ▪ Leandro Locsin ▪ Antonio Heredia
Gota de Leche Building, Manila. ▪ Alfredo Luz ▪ Mañosa Brothers (Jose,
Tomas Arguelles ▪ Felipe Mendoza Francisco, and Manuel Jr.)
One of the major department stores of the period.
Advocated the enforcement of the Building Code of
▪ Angel Nakpil
Manila MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Heacock’s Building.
Juan Arellano Modern architecture provided the image that
Promoted the shift to protomodern (art deco and represented growth, progress, advancement, and
streamline modern) and nativist phase of Philippine decolonization.
architecture. FEATURES:
Metropolitan Museum, Manila. Art Deco. Utilization of reinforced concrete, steel and glass.
The predominance of cubic forms, geometric
SECIND GENERATION OF FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
shapes, Cartesian grids.
ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO The absence of applied decoration.
Introduced new architectural forms in the Philippines CESAR CONCIO ANGEL NAKPIL
by incorporating modern and exotic design motifs Church of the Risen National Press Club Building,
through the grammar of art deco. Lord, UP Diliman. Manila
Regina Building, Manila.
Pablo Antonio
National Artist for Architecture;
His buildings were characterized by clean lines, plain
surfaces, and bold rectangular masses.
He also became president of the Philippine Institute of
Architects.
ALFREDO LUZ CARLOS ARGUELLES
FEU Main Building. Art Deco.
Ramon Magsaysay Philamlife Building, Manila
Fernando Ocampo
Center, Manila.
Co-founded the UST School of Fine Arts and
Architecture in 1930.
Manila Cathedral. Neo-Romanesque.
Designed with straightforward simplicity,
synthesizing traditional designs with art-deco
ornaments.
STATE ARCHTECTURE
Capital cities, institutional buildings, and national
monuments as symbols of national power.

FEDERICO ILUSTRE RUPERTO GAITE JUAN NAKPIL

Head of the Division of Quezon City Assembly Hall, Quezon SSS Building, Quezon City.
Architecture. City.
GSIS Building, Manila.

SPACE AGE ARCHITECTURE

Significant events in science fueled faith in technology and this was transcoded in architecture and design.

MARCOS DE GUZMAN MAÑOSA BROTHERS

Residence of Artemio Residence of Ignacio
Reyes Arroyo.
Plateriform,
saucer-shape motif.

FOLDED PLATE
A roof structure in which strength and stiffness is derived from pleated or folded geometry.
Formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges
VICTOR TIOTUYCO
UP International Center, UP Diliman.
JUAN NAKPIL
Commercial Bank and
Trust Building and
Rizal Theater.

MODERN CHURCHES
Worship spaces adapted the new and straightforward geometries. Sculptural acrobatics was
achieved with the use of poured concrete (liquid stone).

JOSE MA. ZARAGOZA CARLOS ARGUELLES CARLOS SANTOS - VIOLA FELIPE MENDOZA
Santo Domingo Church, Cathedral of the Holy Iglesia ni Cristo, Manila Mormon
Quezon City. Child, Manila. Central. Quezon City. Temple, Quezon City.
PLANNING DEVELOPMENTS
PIERCED SCREENS
Addressing the growing dilemma in urban migration.
Masonry that is perforated, pierced, or lattice-like;
functioned mainly as diffusers of light and doubled as
THE NEW CAPITOL CITY exterior decorative meshes.
R.A. No. 333 of July 17, 1948: Quezon City was CESAR CONCIO CARRIEDO. PABLO ANTONIO.
inaugurated as the new capital city and the Capital Vinzon’s Hall, UP Diliman. Captain Luis Gonzaga Building,
City Planning Commission was created. Rizal Avenue corner

ARELLANO-FROST PLAN
Constitution Hills, new
site of the government
center located on a
high plateau.
BRISE SOLEIL
JULIO VICTOR ROCHA
Or sun breakers; an Roque Roano Building, UST
SUBURBIA AND THE BUNGALOW architectural baffle Manila.
Subdivision development went full blast, patterned after
device placed outside
the American suburbia (automobile culture).
windows or projected
Generated from planning concepts such as “Garden City”
(Ebenezer Howard) and “neighbourhood units” (Clarence over the entire surface of
Perry) a building’s façade.
. SKYSCRAPERS
HOUSING AGENCIES
Manila Ordinance No. 4131 allowed maximum height
People’s Homesite Corporation (PHC)
First government housing agency; established model of buildings to be increased from 30 to 45 meters.
residential communities for the low income bracket. ANGEL NAKPIL LUIS MA. ARANETA
National Housing Corporation (NHC) Picache Araneta-Tuason
Building, Building, Manila.
Constructed Heroes Hill, the residential units for Manila. First to use vertical
military officials. ■ Considered as brise soleil as a
PHHC the first decorative feature.
People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation, merged skyscraper in the
Philippines.
PHC and NHC.
Designed and developed the mass-fabrication of
lowcost bungalow units (Kamuning Housing Projects CRESENCIANO DE CASTRO
and Projects 1 - 8 and 16). Asian Development Bank Building,
Single-detached, duplex, and rowhouses Manila.
■ Introduced the use of exposed
aggregate finish
MID- AND HIGH-INCOME SUBDIVISIONS
Philam Life Homes Developed by the Philippine NEO VERNACULAR
American Life Insurance Company for moderate income
A nostalgic attempt to recreate a style from the past.
families.
“Folk architecture” and the bahay kubo became
Ayala y Compania Developer of exclusive suburban
architectural archetypes.
villages; aimed to transform Makati into the most modern JUAN NAKPIL OTILIO ARELLANO
community in the country. Cotabato Municipal Hall. Philippine Pavilion, 1964 New York’s Fair.
■ Tausug house silhouette; naga
REGIONAL TROPICALISM tadjuk pasung gable finial.
Tropicalism intertwined with the incorporation of
attributes of the region’s endemic and traditionally
built environment.
ARELLANO-FROST PLAN FELIPE MENDOZA
Benguet Corporation Development Academy of the
Building, Leandro Locsin. Philippines, Pasig City

OLEANDRO LOCSIN
Philippine Pavilion, 1970
Osaka World Exposition.