General

Company
the word ‘company’, in simple terms, may be described to mean a voluntary
association of persons who have come together for carrying on some business and
sharing the profits therefrom.
It may be described to imply an association of persons for some common object or
objects. The purposes for which people may associate themselves are multifarious
and include economic as well as non-economic objectives. But, in common parlance,
the word ‘company’ is normally reserved for those associated for economic
purposes, i.e., to carry on a business for gain.
Characteristic features of a company
 3.1 Incorporated association.
 3.2 Legal entity distinct from its members.
 Artificial person.
 Limited liability.
One of the principal advantages of trading through the medium of a limited
company is that the members of the company are only liable to contribute
towards payment of its debts to a limited extent.
 3.5 Separate property.
 3.6 Transferability of shares.
 3.7 Perpetual succession.
 3.8 Common seal

10TH, 12TH AND BSC. MATHS.

1. Why sitar? Tell me something about it.

Craftsmen of Calcutta
Major Players
The twentieth century can be called the golden era of the sitar. Stalwarts like Ravi
Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Nikhil Banerjee, Uma Shankar Misra, Abdul Haleem Jaffar
 Khan, Rais Khan and many others have carved a special niche for the instrument in
the world of music.
Origin of the Sitar
Tritantri means an instrument which has three strings (a variety of veena with three
strings as described by Sharangadeva)
Thus they gave it a Persian name, sehtar, which gradually became sitar. The basic
technical and physical principles of the sitar are just like those of the veena, but the
sitar is easier to handle and is more portable.

Construction
The sitar can be divided into two parts: the fingerboard and the resonator. The total
length of the sitar is approximately four or four-and-a-quarter feet. The fingerboard is
about three feet long, about three-and-a- quarter to three-and-a-half inches wide, and
three-and-a- half inch in diameter. The fingerboard, called dand, is made preferably of
tun wood, and is hollow from inside. However dand made of teak wood is also
common. Pegs are fixed for the main strings on one end of the dand and the other end
is fixed to the tumba or the resonator by means of a joint called gulu. The resonator
made of gourd is hollow from inside and is covered with a wooden plate called tabli.
The gourd, the wooden plank and the joint gulu are the most important parts of the
instrument forming the main resonating chamber. The tabli acts as the soundboard
upon which the two bridges, one for the main playing strings and the other, a smaller
one, for sympathetic strings, are fixed.

There are seven main playing strings and eleven to thirteen sympathetic strings. These
strings are tied with a nail-shaped string holder called langot at the lower end and that
pass through the fingerboard. The five main strings go through another bridge called
meru or aad at the upper end before being finally tied up to their respective pegs,
whereas the sympathetic strings pass through the little holes drilled into the covering
of the fingerboard to their respective pegs fixed on the right side of the sitar. The two
chikari strings have their pegs fixed on the side portion of the fingerboard below the
peg box and just before the sympathetic string pegs; these strings rest on two small
pins made of bone or stag horn which act as the bridge for these chikari strings.
To strike the strings of sitar, a wire plectrum called mizrab is worn on the right hand
forefinger. While playing, the player sits on the floor in a position called Ardha
Gomukh Aasana.

2. What is a laser? Define in your own sense. If you have to explain it to a five-year-
old child.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser is
an anacronym that originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation
3. What is radiation?
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form
of waves or particles through space or a material medium. electromagnetic
radiation consists of photons, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible
light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma radiation (γ). Gamma rays, X-rays, and the
higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
4. What is visible range of light? Properties of light?
 Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human
eye.[1] Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–
700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequencies of 750–420 terahertz, between
the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths).
The primary properties of light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or
wavelength spectrum and polarization. Its speed in vacuum, 299792458 m/s, is one of the
fundamental constants of nature.

Following are the important properties of light –

 Light travels in a straight line.

 The speed of light is faster than sound. Light travels at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s.
 Reflection of light
Reflection is the phenomenon in which light travelling in one medium, incident on the
surface of another returns to the first medium, obeying the laws of reflection. According to
the laws of reflection

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

 Refraction of light
Refraction is a phenomenon in which there is a change in the speed of light as it travels from
one medium to another and there is a bending of the ray of light. The refracted ray obeys the
following laws.

1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.
2. For the given pair of media and for the light of the given wavelength, the ratio of the
sin of the angle of incidence to the sin of the angle of refraction is always a constant.

 Dispersion of light
The splitting of a ray of white light into its constituent colours is called dispersion.

 Diffraction of light
The phenomenon of bending of light around corners of small obstacles and hence it’s
encroachment into the region of the geometrical shadow is called diffraction.

 Polarisation of light
Normal light vibrates in all directions perpendicular to the propagation of light. If the light is
constrained to vibrate in only one particular plane, then the light is called polarised light. The
phenomenon is called polarisation.
  Interference of light
Interference is the phenomenon of modification in the intensity of light due to redistribution
of light energy in the region of superposition of two or more light waves.

5. What is Refractive Index? Formula for this?

Refractive Index (Index of Refraction) is a value calculated from the ratio of the speed
of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density.
n = c/η
The refractive index or index of refraction is the ratio between the velocity of light
(c) in free space (for all practical purposes, either air or a vacuum) and its
velocity η in a particular medium.
6.