Q1)Explain construction & component diesel power
(6) Availability of land for future
plant:-(1)Diesel engine and generator:-Diesel engine is the
main component to develop mechanical power which is
used to run a generator which is directly coupled to the
engine. Generator converts the mechanical energy into
electric energy. (2)Engine air intake system:-Air is drawn by
the engine through a filter which removes the dust from
air. The engine may also have a supercharger (not shown)
to increase the pressure of intake air. Air intake system
should not be located inside the plant room.(3) Exhaust
system:The exhaust of the engine through its duct and the
silencer is discharged to atmosphere. Silencer is used to
reduce the noise. (4)Cooling system:-The system provides
the circulation of cooling water to the cylinder jacket to
control the temperature of cylinder within safe limits.
System consists of a surge tank, jacket water pump, the
heat exchanger and the cooling tower. (5) Engine fuel
system: From fuel tank, fuel is supplied to fuel day tank
through fuel filter and fuel pump. From the fuel day tank,
the fuel is injected to various engine cylinders by the fuel
injection pump (FIP) through a filter .6)Lubrication system:
Lubrication system includes the lubricating oil tank,
pumps, filters and lubricating oil cooler. Lubrication is
essential to reduce the friction and wear of rubbing parts.
Q2)Explain Typical layout of Diessel power station:-(1)
Diesel power plants based on power layout of classified as
high capacity (> 5000 kW), medium capacity (2000 kW -
5000 kW) and low capacity power plants of capacity upto
2000 kW. (2)A typical layout of high capacity diesel power
station. (3)All engines - generators are preferably arranged
in parallel to each other on a concrete block on a proper
foundation. An extra space is left for future expansion.
(4)Sufficient space is left between two units for carrying
out the repair and maintenance of units. (5)The intake and
exhaust system with their silencers are usually located
outside the building. In some cases, it is separated by a
partition wall. 6)The office, wash room and storage should
be provided in the same building and close to engine room.
7) The main engine room should be provided with proper.
ventilation and lighting system.8)Fuel storage system may
be located away from main building to avoid fire risks. The
cooling towers may be located outside but nearer to
it.9)The layout of medium capacity power plants is similar
to high capacity power plants.
Q3)Explain selection of site diesel power plant:-The
following factors are considered for selection of site for
diesel power plants:-(1) The bearing capacity of the soil of
the land selected should be high so as to reduce the depth
of foundation, consequently its cost.(2) The transport
facilities must be available so as to access the site of power
plant for transportation of labour, fuel, machinery etc.(3)
Plant should be located near the load centre to reduce the
cost of transmission lines and the losses in transmission.
(4) Sufficient quantity of water must be available for
cooling and drinking purposes.
(5) Availability of labour.
expansion. (7) Site should be away from habitants since
diesel engines are polluting and operation is noisy.
Q4)Explain method of Energy conservation:- 1)It should
be noted that the cost of power generation depends upon
the maximum temperature of heat utilization and the
minimum temperature of heat rejection process according
to Carnot's principle. 2)Thus the available heat energy
must be utilized at higher temperatures to be more
efficient. In any power generating system, the heat energy
is partially utilized to develop mechanical/electrical power
and the remainder of energy is rejected at lower
temperature in the range of 120°C to 500°C depending
upon the power producing system. 3) The heat rejected at
lower temperatures is called the waste heat Many of
process industries like paper and pulp, textile, chemical,
Iron and steel, textile industries etc. 4) need both electrical
power and low pressure steam for various processes. In
these industries the power can be generated by ring coal,
gas or oil by using conventional steam power plants or by
diesel generating set or in a gas turbine power plant. 5)The
waste heat can be utilized for its industrial processes Thus
the heat energy contained in fuel can by utilized
sequentially in two or more forms. Such plants are called
co-generation plants.*Co-generation systems are of two
types:(1) In plant power generation system. (2) Reject heat
utilization system.1) Consider the case of an industry like
textile mill needing both electric power and low pressure
steam for process. The power can be generated by using
primary fuel like coal or oil in a conventional power plant
having boller , steam turbine, condenser and a feed pump.
The low pressure steam can be withdrawn at suitable point
during expansion in a turbine which can be directly used
for process requirement. Alternately, It may use a diesel
power plant to generate power. The exhaust of diesel
engine which at about 400°C can be used for generation of
low pressure steam in a heat exchanger to meet the
process steam requirements:-Following are the
advantages of co-generation:-A) Lower capital cost.(b)
Fuel economy. (c) Higher overall efficiency.(d) Low
gestation period.(e)High production since industry is not
subjected to power failure and power cuts.
Q5)Explain terms & short note hydrograph:-1)
Hydrographs are the plots between the river discharge in
m³/s and the time. (2)A hydrograph may be plotted on
daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis. (3)It can predict the
availability of power from the stream at different time of a
day during the year. (4)Hydrograph also help in assessment
of flood flow of rivers and its effect on storage.(5)therefore
following information may be obtained hydrograph :-
A)volume flow rate of water. B)Average steam flow per
month C)Rate of flow any ttime during the year.
D)Maximum and minimum steam flow per mont .6)the
flow duration curve indicate the number of days the run
of in m/s available.7)Number of horizontal strips.
Q6)Explain principle operation & advtages hydro electric
power plant:-(1)In hydro-electric power plants the energy
of water is utilised to move the hydraulic turbines which in
turn runs an electric generator to convert the mechanical
energy of turbine into electric energy. (2)The rain water
that flows on the earth's surface has potential energy
relative to the ocean towards which it flows. (3)In hydro-
electric power plants, the water is collected and artificially
stored by constructing dams across the flowing streams.
(4)This potential energy of water is converted into
mechanical work and ultimately into electrical energy.
(5)The power developed by the hydraulic turbine depends
on the quantity of water and the head of water available.
7)Presently, India generates about 14% of hydro power out
of total power generation from all sources. *Adventges:-1)
The life expectancy is higher. It is about 50 years. 2) These
plants have high efficiency over wide range of loads
compared to other power plants. 3) These plants can be
used both as base load and peak load plants.
*Disdaventage:-1) The total power developed depends
upon the availability of quantity of water, therefore, these
are dependent on rainfall. 2) These plants are usually
located far away from load centres, hence, it requires long
transmission lines. It increases the cost of transmission
lines and power loss. iii) Time required for development of
such plants is high.
Q7)Explain the short note Hydrology:-1) The science of
hydrology deals with the occurrence and distribution of
water over and above the earth's surface. 2)Such a study
is based on meteorology, geology agricultural physics,
chemistry, botany and the various data obtained based on
the observation and measurement. 3)From the study of
data, it is necessary to calculate the mean rainfall for a
period of atleast 20 to 30 years and to note the frequency
of dry years. 4)Various data obtained are useful in
predicting the availability of yearly average of stream flow
of water and its head at a particular site. It also helps in
deciding the expected average output of a hydro-electric
power plant. 5)The minimum stream flow helps in
estimating the availability of minimum power and the
maximum stream flow data helps in the design of spill way.
6)Such data is also helpful in the design of required
capacity of storages reservoir.
Q8)Explain the site selection hydro electric power plant:-
1) Investigations are made for selecting a suitable site for
construction of dam and installation of hydraulic turbines.
2)The basic characteristics of a good site are to have a large
catchment area, high average rainfall and steep gradient in
the area to obtain high head. 3)Once the location of the
power plants is chosen, the exact position of different
components like dam, conduits, intakes, surge tank, power
house and many others are fixed after due consideration
by keeping in mind the following factors:-
i) Quantity of water available and method of storage. ii)
Availability of head and storage capacity. iii) Distance of
power station site from power demand centres. iv) Details
of soil bearing capacity and rocky foundation conditions. It
has to have very high bearing capacity to take on the high
stresses developed due to dam structure and the thrust of
water in the reservoir. v) Availability of construction
materials vi) Access to site for men and material. vil)
Availability of transport facilities. vill) Cost of project and
the period required for completion. ix) Free from
earthquake damage.
Q9)Explain following terms surge tank:-1) In case the load
on the turbine suddenly decreases, the gates admitting
water to the turbine are suddenly closed due to governor
action. 2)As a result it reduces the water flow with sudden
increase of pressures in the penstock. This sudden rise of
pressure in penstock is called "Water Hammer".3) On the
other hand, due to sudden increased load on the turbine,
the gates admitting water to the turbine are suddenly
opened. It causes water to rush from penstock into the
turbine and it creates a vacuum in the penstock.
4)Therefore, penstock is subjected to positive pressure
(water hammer) due to sudden decrease in load on the
turbine and to negative pressure due to sudden Increase
in load on the turbine. 5)In order to provide better
regulation of water pressure in the system, a surge tank is
used which is located near the power house on high
ground. 6)When the turbine gates are closed and water
flow to the turbine reduces, the water rises into the surge
tank. It produces a retarding head with reduced velocity of
water in the penstock. 7)As soon as the velocity of water
in the penstock is reduced to a value corresponding to the
level of the turbine, the level of water in the surge tank
starts falling and fluctuates up and down until its motion is
damped out by friction.
Q10)Explain the Nuclear power plant:-1)Availability of
power developed by hydro-electric power plants is
tremendously affected by the vagories of monsoon rain
from year to year. In a year when monsoon fails, power
cuts become inevitable in case of hydel power is connected
to power grids.2)On the other hand, steam, diesel and gas
turbine power plants are based on conventional sources of
energy like coal, oil and gas, but the availability of these
conventional fuels are fast depleting while the power
demand is ever increasing India is no exception.3)Thermal
power plants are coal based but the coa deposits are
concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the India.
4)In case of thermal power plants located away in other
parts of country the coal has to be transported over the
long distances which increase the cost of power
generation. 5) At present nuclear has a bright future. The
nuclear fuels used in power industry are principally
uranium and thorium
Q11)Explain the term of nuclear fusion:-1) Nuclear fusion
is the process in which two lighter nuclei are combined to
be fused together to from a heavier and stabl nucleus.
2)The mass of the product nucleus formed is less than the
sum of the masses of the nuclei fused. 3)The mass
difference or the mass defect is converted into energy
according to reaction, AE Am x C. A typical fusion reaction
is the formation of a Helium nucleus by fusing four
hydrogen atom is as follows. 4(H) He+ 2(je")+ 26.7 MeV.
4)The technical problem is the method by which 4
hydrogen nuclei can be fused together since all the four
hydrogen nuclei are positively charged and there shall be
electrostatic propulsion between them. 5)Thus for the
fusion reaction to take place, the component nuclei must
be brought to within a distance of the order of 10-13 cm.
6)In order to approach so closely, they must be imparted
high energies such that they may overcome the repulsive
forces between them. 7)The only practical way of fusing
the nuclei together is to raise their temperature to an
excessively high value of the order of (10)" °C. 8)The
reactions that take place at such high temperatures are
known as thermo-nuclear reactions.
Q12)explain the function of Moderator:-1) The moderator
are the substances which help in reducing the speed of
neutrons and make them to lose their kinetic energy by
collisions but at the same time do not absorb them but
scatters them.2)Reduced velocity of neutrons upto
thermal speed help in maintaining the fission chain
reaction in the reactor when the ordinary uranium is used.
3)The moderators are lighter than fuel. Various materials
used for moderators are light water (H2O), deuterium or
heavy water (D₂0), graphite and beryllium. 4)Reactors
using enriched uranium (5 to 10% of U235) do not require
moderators since the reactor can work with fast as well
slow (thermal) neutrons. But the cost of enriched uranium
is very high. 5)As a moderator D2O is the best material
having moderating ratio of 12000 as compared to 72 for
H20 and 170 for carbon. 6)It can used as coolant as well.
Only disadvantage is that it has low boiling point and it
necessitates pressurization and it is expensive.
Q13)explain the function & term of coolants :-1) The
purpose of a coolant is to absorb the large amount of heat
generated in the reactor core and transfer this heat energy
finally to water for generation of steam in a heat
exchanger. 2)The coolant used should have high specific
heat to reduce its mass flow rate, it should not absorb
neutrons and it must be non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-
oxidising with high chemical stability. 3)Various coolants
used are CO2, H₂ air, He, heavy water, sodium in liquid form
etc. 4)In case water is used as coolant then it takes up the
heat and gets converted into steam in the reactor. This
steam it directly sent to steam turbine for power
generation
Q14) Explain pressurized water reactor power plant
(PWR):-1)The schematic diagram of PWR power plant is
shown.2)It uses enriched uranium. The water or heavy
water under pressure is used both as coolant and
moderator. 3)Before starting the reactor the water in
pressurised is bolled and converted into steam by electric
heating coil. In order to prevent the boiling of water in the
core, it is kept under pressure of about 130 to 150 bar. 4)It
helps in absorbing the heat by water in the liquid state. 5)
The heat energy absorbed by water in the reactor is used
for converting the water into steam in a heat
exchanger.6)This stem is used in a conventional way in the
steam power plant cycle as shown. 7) The water coolant
from heat exchanger is recirculated to the reactor with the
help of coolant pump.8)These power plants are compact
and its cost is reduced since it uses water both as coolant
and moderator.9)However, the high pressure in the
primary circuit of water absorbing heat in the reactor
requires a strong reactor shell which increases its cost.
Q15)Explain the Boiling water reactor power plant
(BWR):-1)the arrangement of boiling water reactor power
plant. 2)it uses enriched uranium as fuel and water is used
both as coolant and moderator. 3) These reactors do not
require a heat exchanger as needed in case of pressurized
water reactors since the water is directly converted in a
saturated steam at about 285°C at 70 bar pressure. 4)For
these reason, this system is also called as direct cycle
boiling water reactor power plant. 5)The feed water
circulated in the reactor is converted into saturated steam
by transfer of energy released by fission in the reactor
core.6) This steam is supplied to steam turbine in a
conventional power plant working on the cycle. 7)The
mechanical power developed by the turbine is converted
into electric energy by the generator. 8)The exhaust of
steam from turbine is condensed in the condenser. The
condensate is returned to reactor as feed water by the
feed water pump. 9)In India the Tarapur atomic power
plant works on BWR principle.
Q16)Explain the gas cooled reactor (GCR):-1) It uses
natural uranium as fuel. The coolant pressure is about 7
bar and temperature 336°C. 2)Another gas cooled reactor
developed in U.S.A uses helium as coolant and graphite as
moderator. It is called high temperature gas cooled (HTGC)
reactor. 3) The fuel used in U233 as fissile material and
thorium as fertile material. The pressure and temperatures
of the coolant are 15 bar to 30 bar and 700°C to 800°C
respectively. HTGCR may work upto a thermal efficiency of
40%. 4)The advantage of using gas as coolant compared to
water is that it is safe, easy to handle and it can be heated
upto any temperature without change of phase at any
pressure though the gas has low heat transfer properties
compared to water. 5) It lowers the thermal efficiency of
the gas cooled reactor compared to liquid cooled
reactor.6)therefore driving blower large amount of power
is need compared to power running water pump.
Q17) Explain the liquid metal reactor (LMCR)&(SGR):-1)
Sodium graphite reactor is a typical liquid metal cooled
reactor. The arrangement of a sodium graphite reactor
power plant. 2) It uses graphite as the moderator and
liquid sodium as coolant which can reach a temperature of
about 850°c at low pressure of only 7 bar. 3)In the primary
circuit the heat is absorbed by liquid sodium in the reactor.
The sodium becomes radioactive while it passes through
the core and reacts chemically with water.4)Therefore, the
heat absorbed by sodium is transferred to secondary
coolant sodium potassium (NaK) in the primary heat
exchanger which in turn transfers the heat in the
secondary heat exchanger called steam generator.5) Water
leaving the steam generator is converted into superheated
steam upto a temperature of 540°C. 6)This steam is used
for power generation in the steam plant circuit in the usual
manner. The reactor vessel, primary circuit and the
primary heat exchanger have to be shielded from
radiations.7)The liquid metal is required to be handled
under the cover of an inert gas like helium to prevent
contact with air while charging or draining in the primary
and secondary heat exchangers.*Advantages of SGR:-1.
High temperatures of steam can be obtained due to use of
liquid sodium as coolant. 2) System need not be
pressurized.
Q18) Explain Nuclear power plant in india:-1)Tarapur
atomic power station:-A)This is the India's first nuclear
power station of 380 MW capacity which has been built at
Tarapur situated on west coast at a distance of about 100
km from Bombay in collaboration with USA. B)It consists of
two boiling water reactors (BWR) which uses enriched
uranium as fuel. It first unit was commissioned in 1961 and
the second unit in 1966. 2)Rana Pratap Sagar atomic
power station:-A)This is the second nuclear power plant
bulit in India in collaboration with Canada. It has been
commissioned at about 67 km south-west of Kota in
Rajasthaan. B)It has two reactors of CANDU type each of
200 MW capacity. It uses natural uranium as fuel in the
form of oxide and heavy water as moderator and coolant.
It was installed in 1971. 3)Narora nuclear power station:-
A)This is India's fourth nuclear power station built at
Narora in Buland Shahr district of Uttar Pradesh.B)It has
two plants each of 235 MW capacity with a provision for
extension of its capacity upto 500 MW. C)this plant is
supplies to delhi ,Haryana, Punjab, j&k , chandigarh. 4)
Kakarpar nuclear power station:-A)The fifth nuclear
power station is located at Kakarpar near Surat in Gujrat. It
would have four CANDU - pressurized heavy water reactors
each of 235 MW capacity. B)It is similar in design as the
reactors used at Narora. The fuel will be fabricated at
"Nuclear fuel complex", Hyderabad. 5)Kaiga atomic power
station:-A)The sixth nuclear power station is located at
Kaiga in Karnataka State.B)It has two units of 235 MW
each.
Q19)Explain Nuclear waste Disposal:-1) Waste disposal of
nuclear power station is of prime importance since the
nuclear waste is likely to have radioactivity. 2) Therefore,
these wastes are disposed off in such a manner that it does
not cause harm to human or plant life. The various
methods adopted are:-i) In case of gaseous wastes, it is
passed through filters and discharged at a high level
through stacks. ii) Moderate liquid wastes can be
discharged after filtration, preliminary treatment (its PH
value is adjusted) and by diluting and mixing with cooling
water discharge into deep pits or dry wells. iii) Highly
radioactive liquid wastes are kept in concrete tanks and
buried into ground till their decay of radioactivity. iv) Solid
wastes arising from discarded control rods, fuel cans etc.
are stored in shielded concrete vaults. v) The combustible
and chemically incompatible wastes are regret.ed. The
combustible waste is burnt in incinerators and the flue
gases formed are filtered ard disposed off through stocks.
3)Active solid wastes are stored in water for about 100 or
more days to allow radioactivity to decay. 4)Then these are
disposed off to deep salt mines or on ocean floor or in
deep wells drilled in stable geological strata.
Q20)Explain fast breeder reactor:-1) Fast tractors are
those whose neutrons are not slowed down by a
moderator. They are designed to produce heat and also to
create or breed new fissile material. The process of
converting ferule material into fissile material is known as
breeding and the reactor used for this purpose is known as
fast breeder reactor. This reactor produces more fissile
material than it consumes.2)schematic diagram of a fast
breeder power plant. In this mactor, cote containing
enriched is surrounded by a thick blanket of depleted
fertile material U As fast neutrons are used in noclear
fission, there is no moderator. The fertile material absorbs
neutrons produced by the fusioning of U and produces
secondary fissile material plutonium (Pu239). 3)Pu239
participates in the chain reaction and fissions to 232
produce heat. Similarly, if blanket of therium (Th) it placed
around enriched U 213 it gets converted into U which is
also a secondary fissile materist. Since India has massive
reserves of thorium and limited resources of unelam
development of fast breeder reactor technology is
important for our country.4)As in the liquid metal reactor,
this reactor uses two liquid metal coolants in which sodium
(Na) is oned as primary coolant and alloy of sodium-
potassium (NaX) is used as secondary coolant. The heat
produced in the reactor core is cried by primary coolant
(Na). 5)the steam is used for power generation in steam
turbine the mechanical power is converted into electric
power by generator. 6)in fast breeder reactor neutrons
shielding is provided by using boron graphite.in order to
protect aginst gamma radiation a shield is provide made of
lead or concrete with added magnetite or barium
Q21)Explain the component of gas turbine power
plant(GTPP):- *The major components of GTPP are:-(1)
Compressors (2)Intercoolers and regenerators (3)
Combustion chamber (4) Gas turbine . *The construction
and operation of various components is explained below:-
(1) Compressors:- GTPP requires rotary compressors
because of high flow rates and relatively moderate
pressure ratio. *Rotary compressors are of two types:-
(A)Centrifugal compressors:- impeller imparts K.E. to air
and diffuser converts K.E. to pressure energy. centrifugal
compressor=80 to 90%. (B)Axial flow compressor:-It
consists of series of rotor and stator stages with decreasing
diameters along the flow of air as shown the stator blades
are fixed an stator casing. The rotor is fixed an a shaft and
blades are fixed an a rotor. 2)Intercoolers and
regenerators:-(i) Intercoolers in GTPP are used when
compression is done in two or more stages, i.c. when
higher pressure ratio is required. ii) The cooling of
compressed air is done using cooling water. (iii) Cross-flow
type intercooler is preferred for higher heat transfer. (iv)
Regenerators are heat exchangers and are of two types
recuperative and regenerative. (v) Regenerative type is
lighter and small for given effectiveness and pressure drop.
3)Combustion chamber(CC) :-(i) Gas turbine is a
continuous flow system.(ii) High mass flow rates and high
velocities of working fluid cause problem to get a steady
flame in combustion chamber. (iii) To have continuous
combustion in CC, rich mixture should be provided. 4) Gas
turbines:-(i) These are axial flow type. (ii)The requirements
are light weight high efficiency, reliability in operation and
long working life. (iii) More stages of turbine are preferred
to reduce the stresses in turbine blades and increase
overall life of turbine. (iv) The cooling (air cooling) of gas
turbine blades is done to increase the life.
Q22)Explain Genral layout of Gas turbine power
plant(GTPP):-(i)GTPP layout is important to avoid losses in
interconnecting ducts.(ii) The losses in the ducts may occur
due to several reasons as number of sharp bends. (ii) So
design and layout of air and gas circuits plays important
role in improving overall performance of the plant. (iv) The
major portion of the plant and auxiliaries are installed in
turbine house (main building). (v) The storage tanks of fuel
are arranged close to the turbine house (vi) In some
installations, heat exchangers are also out of turbine
house. (vii) Major portion of total space of the plant is
occupied by intercoolers, combustion chambers
regenerators, waste heat recovery boilers and
interconnecting duct work. (viii) The rotating parts of the
plant form a very small part of total volume of the plant.
Q23)Explain open cycle gas turbine:-1) A simple constant
pressure open cycle gas turbine is shown in it consists of a
compressor, combustion chamber and a turbine. Air from
surrounding atmosphere is drawn into the compressor at
point I and is compressed to the combustion pressure. The
air is then delivered at point 2 to the annular combustion
chamber.2)This chamber consists of inner and outer
casings. The inner casing acts as a combustion chamber.
Out of the total air delivered by the compressor, about one
fourth, known as primary air, is used for combustion of
fuel.3) The remaining three-fourth air, known as secondary
air, flows through the annular space between the inner
casing and outer casing. The heat is added by burning the
fuel into the air in the combustion chamber at constant
pressure. 4)The temperature of the products of
combustion would be about 2000°C. The turbine blades
cannot withstand such high temperature, hence the
products of combustion are cooled by the arrangement
shown. 5)The fuel enters the combustion chamber (inner
casing) through a burner. The purpose of the burner is to
inject fuel into combustion chamber at constant
pressure.6) The remaining part of the power is available at
the shaft of the turbine as useful work. The turbine is
started by an electric motor. 7)The products of combustion
leave the turbine at point 4 and are exhausted to the
atmosphere. Fresh air must be taken for next
thermodynamic cycle. 8)The P-V and T-S diagram of simple
constant pressure open cycle gas turbine is shown in Fig.
4.5.3(a) and Fig. 4.5.3(b) respectively.
Q24)Explain Closed cycle gas turbine:- *Construction of
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Plant:-A closed cycle gas turbine
is one that continually circulate air inside of itself. The
compressor, heating chamber, cooling chamber, and gas
turbine which powers the generator and compressor make
up this turbine. The main components of the simplest form
of a closed cycle gas turbine are discussed as follows:-1)
Compressor: It is used to compress the gas. 2)Heating
chamber: The heating of the compressed gas is taking
place in the heating chamber. 3)Gas turbine: It is used to
produce useful work that is used by the generator to
generate electricity. 4)Generator: It generates electricity
with the help of the gas turbine. 5)Cooling chamber: The
cooling of the gas after passing from the turbine takes
place in the cooling chamber. *working:-1) The working
fluid coming out from the compressor is heated in a heat
exchanger by an external source at constant
pressure.2)The working fluid is heated by burning the fuel
using separate supply of air in a combustion chamber and
transfers this beat to the working fluid, which passes
through tubes fitted in this combustion chamber. 3)Thus,
the working fluid does not come into contact with the
products of combustion. This hot high pressure air is made
to flow over the turbine blades. 4)The hot air, while flowing
over the blades gets expanded. The air is cooled in a pre-
cooler where it is cooled at constant pressure with the help
of circulating water to its original temperature. 5)Now the
air is made to flow into the compressor again. Thus, in a
closed cycle gas turbine, the air is continuously circulated
within the gas turbine plant.
Q25)Explain Bryton cycle analysis for thermal efficiency:-
1) The ideal cycle on which gas turbine works is Brayton or
Joule cycle. It consists of two constant pressure and two
isentropic processes. P-V and T-S diagram of Brayton cycle.
2)The air is compressed isentropically in a compressor and
it is represented by process 1-2. The compressed air is
heated at constant pressure by injecting and burning fuel
to raise its temperature from point 2 to 3. (3) The high
pressure and high temperature gases expand isentropically
in a gas turbine to point. 4)Exhaust gases are exhausted in
atmosphere and replaced by fresh air from atmosphere.
This completes the cycle. Process 1-2: isentropic
compression Process. 2-3 constant pressure chamber
heating in combustion. Process 3-4 t expansion of gases in
a turbine. Process 4-1 : constant pressure heat rejection.
*Analysis of bryton cycle:-1i)Compression and expansion
are isentropic. 2)There are no pressure losses in ducting
and combustion chamber. 3)Heat losses in the system are
neglected. 4)The mass flow of gas is constant throughout
the cycle. 5)Friction between the machine and fluid is
neglected. 6)The composition of working fluid does not
change throughout the cycle and working fluid is perfect
gas. 7) Changes in kinetic and potential energy is negligible.
8)Specific heat of working fluid does not change with
temperature.* Work consumed by compressor Wc=Cp(T2-
T1).
Q26)Explained Combined steam and gas turbine power
plant:- (1)Compressor consumes a large part of work
produced by the turbine. (2)The exhaust losses are large as
the exhaust gas temperature is quite high and the mass
flow rate of gas is large due to high air-fuel ratio used in gas
turbine. 3)With decrease in compressor efficiency, the
work input increases and with decrease in turbine
efficiency, the turbine work output decreases. Hence the
work output depends on efficiencies of compressor and
turbine and if they are low then work output decreases.
4) Cost of fuel is high, since cost of kerosene, natural gas
etc. used in gas turbines are higher than that of coal. Also
gas turbine fuel such as natural gas is not available
everywhere. *Therefore, the cost of power generation by
gas turbine plant alone is high. But these plants have
certain advantages, which are:- i)They can be started and
stopped quickly. ii)Their installation cost and gestation
period are low. iii)They respond fast to load changes.
(5) To overcome its low cycle efficiency, gas turbine is used
in conjunction with a steam turbine plant, to utilize the
advantages of gas turbine such as quick starting and
stopping.) (6) The temperature of the exhaust gases of a
simple gas turbine plant is about 400-500°C and contains
about 16% oxygen compared with 21% in atmospheric air.
(7)Around 70% of the initial quantity of energy is carried
away by the exhaust gases with large quantity of O₂
without use. (8)Also gas turbine plant incorporating all
modifications (intercooling, reheater and regenerator)
does not give best overall efficiency. The combined cycle.
Q27)Explain principle and adventages of co-genration:-1)
In an industry like chemical, textile, paper and pulp
industries need two forms of energy simultaneously Le..
electrical energy for running the various equipments used
and the steam for process. If we have a system producing
both heat and power, such a system will be more efficient
and less polluting. 2)Definition of Co-generation: Co-
generation means the sequential conversion of energy of
fuel into two or more forms. With regard to thermal power
plants, the co- generation can be defined as the
simultaneous generation and utilization of both power and
heat 3)In a conventional power plant, the efficiency of
power generation is about 35% and the remainder of 65%
energy is lost as heat. By utilizing the lost hea: energy in
various applications, in a co-generation system, we can
improve upon the overall efficiency of the system. 4) Co-
generation has been defined as the sequential generation
of two forms of useful energy from a single primary energy
source typically power and heat.5)According to second law
of thermodynamics, all the latent heat energy of the fuel
cannot be converted into work energy i.e. electrical power.
It is about 35% in case of thermal power plant and the
remaining of the heat is a waste heat. However with co-
generation technologies, a large portion of heat energy
upto 70% to 80% can be utilized. 6)Thermal efficiency of
cogeneration system is defined as n = Output/Input
:Electrical power output+ Heat output/Total heat input
*Advantages of Co-generation:-1. Higher thermal
efficiency compared to steam power plant or buying
electrical power from the grid. 2. Higher thermal efficiency
results into low specific fuel consumption and less
operating cost. 3. It reduces environmental pollution. 5)
Systems are highly reliable.
Q28)Explain working Tri-genration:-1) A trigeneration
system is also called as Combined Colling, Heat and Power
(CCHP) cycle. 2)It consists of a process in which a
cogeneration plant is used to generate electricity, heat and
chilled water for air conditioning and refrigeration. 3)In
other words, a Trigeneration system is a cogeneration
plant using Combined Heat and Power (CHIP) cycle that
has an added absorption chiller for producing chilled water
from heat that would have wasted from cogeneration
plant.4) the gas is used to generate power and the waste
heat is used in vapour absorption refrigeration system to
produce chilled water for airconditioning in summer and
the waste heat can be used in winter either for heting of
buildings in winter or as process heat or for producing hot
water.5) Therefore, these plants are highly efficient with an
efficiency upto 90% against the conventional power
generation plant from 30% to 40%. *Adventages:-1)
Reduces the cost of fuel and energy since cooling is
achieved by using waste heat instead of electricity. 2)
Provides very high combined efficiency upto a order of
90%. 3)Reduce emission green of house gases. 4)Reduce
electric power requirement summer for air conditioning.
Q29) Explain Integrated gasification combined cycle
(IGCC):-1)definition-A cycle in which the coal is gasified
and the synthetic gas so produced after clean up is burnt
in the combustion chamber of the gas turbine is called
integrated gasification combined cycle. 2)The gasifier will
need large amount of 0, or air for gasification of coal along
with steam. 3)In case O2 is used then it needs to be
separated from air while the air can be supplied directly
from surroundings.4)Both are compressed supplied to the
gasifier with the help of a compressor.5)Through the use
of Oreduces the compressor power but the use of air will
reduce the cost and size of the overall plant.6) Therefore,
in practice the supply of air over 0to gasifier is preferred
since it will reduce the overall cost of power generation.
7)As regards the steam requirement is concerned it is
supplied from the steam generated in the heat recovery
steam generator partially and the remainder steam is
supplied to the Rankine cycle of steam power plant. 8)The
coal and lime stone are supplied to the gasifier for
gasification of coal into coal gas with the help of
compressed air supplied from air compressor and the
required steam from the heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG).9)The coal gas so produced has a composition of
about 20% to 55% CO, 25% to 45% H₂ 10% to 30% CO, and
upto 20% of CH4. 10)The SO, produced in coal gas due to
presence of sulphur in coal is desulphurised and the fuel
gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the gas
turbine unit as. *Adventage:-1)it has high overall efficiency
Q30) Explain kalina cycle:-1) Kalina cycle is an
improvement over the Rankine cycle power plant which
uses water as working substance and on the organic
Rankine cycle which uses organic fluids like R114R85, R30
etc. in a closed loop to produce power. 2)Whereas, the
Kalina cycle uses ammonia-water (NH3 H20) mixture as the
working fluid.Advantage of using mixture of NH3 and H20
is that it improves. 3)the power output and
thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle in the range of (10
% to 40 %) over the Rankine cycle and provides more
flexibility in operation, since the ratio of the components
of NH3 and water varies in different part of the system to
decrease thermodynamic irreversibility. 4)The Kalina
cycle operates at much lower temperatures compared to
Rankine cycle. Advantages of Kalina cycle are:-i)It gives
high power and high thermal efficiency. ii)Lower capital
cost due to smaller heat exchangers. iii)Needs less
supervision. iv)Lower demand for cooling water as well the
equipment needed for cooling system of a power plant.
V)Less maintenance is needed. Vi)NH3-120 are
biodegradable. Vii)No gas emissions and it has zero global
warming potential. Viii)NH3 is relatively in expensive.
5)Kalina cycle can be used in industries like petrochemical,
steel, cement, glass and thermal power plantsCycle can
use renewable energy sources like solar thermal,
geothermalocean thermal energy etc. *Main component:-
1)Turbine 2)Absorber 3)condenser 4)separator 5)Pump
Q31)Explain and principle Energy management:-1) Most
of the industries like cement, fertilizers, auto, sugar,
chemical industries etc. utilize large amount of energy. The
costs of energy compared to their total sales are highly
variable depending upon the type of industry, technology
used and the efficiency of energy use. The percentage of
energy cost sectorwise. 2) It could be seen from the above
Table 9.1.1 that the cost of energy is highly variable even
in the same specific sector. Thus, there is a scope of
reducing the energy consumption upto 10% to 20% by
reducing the wasteful energy consumption. 3)This will
reduce the cost of goods produced. It could be achieved by
judicious use of energy or improvement in process or
replacement of existing machines by new machines using
modern technology. 4)Another aim of industries is to
reduce green house gases e.g. CO₂ so as to earn carbon
credits. This is all achieved by the energy managers. 5) The
basic aim of energy management is to produce goods at
the least cost with saving in energy cost and least
environmental effects. Therefore, the energy
management. *principle:-1) 1. Manage energy use at
highest energy efficiency at every stage. 2. Use of waste
heat recovery system. e.g. exhaust of diesel generators can
be used for thermal heating. 3. Procurement of energy at
minimum cost by maximising the use of cheaper and easily
available form of energy. 4. Use of technology to meet the
emission norms as per Govt. policy and orders. 5. Reduce
the energy bill.
Q32) Explain Energy pricing:-1)Coal:- A)Basic price of coal
is fixed by Coal India Limited. Actual price depends on the
cost of transportation, state taxes, cost of handling etc.
B)The Indian Coal has more Ash and Sulphur content with
lower calorific value compared to imported coal. The
imported coal is preferred by many industries (like steel
making) due to its low ash content and higher calorific
value inspite of being costly compared to Indian coal.
2)Oil:- At present the prices of diesel, petrol, naphta,
furnace oil etc. is as per international prices except the
kerosene and LPG which are heavily subsidized. 3)Natural
Gas:-Government has the sole authority to fix the gas prize
and its distribution to various consumers. 4) Electricity:-
A)The transmission and distribution losses are high in India
due to which its cost is higher than International prices.
B)The cost is fixed by the government both central and
state agencies however it is highly subsidized to farmers.
5)Cost of Steam :-p = boiler pressure. T0=surr.
Temperature , t1=feed water , mf=mass of fuel ,
CV=calorific volume of fuel , Ms=mass of steam. 6) Cost
of compressed air:- General arrangement of 2-stage
compressor is shown in Motor drives the compressors
(both L..P. and H.P.). It has intercooler to increase the
volumetric efficiency and reduce power consumption,
after cooler and other accessories like moisture separator
filters, air dryer etc.. are used for various requirements
before supplied to the point of use.
Q33) Explain layout of Electrical equipment:-1) ) Selection
of electrical plant:-A)The selection of plant is a question
because major sources of electric power in India are coal
and water. State wise position is dependent on selection of
power station. B)As diesel engine power plant, gas turbine
power plant or a nuclear power plant can be considered as
depending plants on oil, fuel, natural gas and nuclear fuel.
*The various factors which help in selecting the type of
power plants are:- i)Cost of land, cost of fuel for
transportation and the cost of foundation. Ii)Availability
type of fuels. Iii)Cost of equipment for transmission of
energy. iv)Availability of suitable site for hydro and nuclear
power generation. 2) Power Plant Equipment Selection:-
The size of equipment will depend upon many factors. The
cost per unit installed is decreased if the plant size
increases, but large plant will require bigger investment
and it will work at low load factor. *The different
considerations for selecting the equipment's of power
plants are as follows:-1. Operational consideration 2)
Economic consideration. 3)Thermodynamic consideration
1)Operational Consideration:-The operational
consideration is important while selecting the equipment.
It should be reliable it means performance and design
should be import and it's operation should be like diat
unskilled labour can able to operate it. The equipment
should be easy to be dismantled and re- assembled.
2)Economic Consideration:-Money is also a important
factor for selecting equipment of power plant. While
selection of equipment economic plays a vital role. Cost of
the machine will depend upon the size of machine,
condition of temperature, pressure and year of
manufacture.
Q34)Explain working of switch gear:-1)Definition:-The
apparatus used for controlling, regulating and switching on
or off the electrical circuit in the electrical power system is
known as switchgear. 2)The switchgear constitutes all
parts of the power plant whose function is to receive and
distribute electric power. It comprises of the following sub-
systems. *Functions of a switch gear:- 1)It protects the
equipment from short-circuits & fault currents.2)This
device gives isolation to the circuits from power supplies.
3)It increases the availability of the system by allowing
more than one source to feed a load. 4)It can open & close
the electrical circuits under the conditions of normal &
abnormal. In normal conditions. it can operate manually so
it ensures the safety of the operator & also proper
electrical energy utilization. 5)In abnormal conditions, it
operates mechanically. Once a fault happens this device
detects the fault & detaches the damaged part in the
power system. So, it protects the power system from
damage. *Working of a switch gear:-1)Switchgear
includes switching & protecting devices like fuses,
switches, relays, circuit breakers, etc. This device allow
operating device like electrical equipment generator,
distributor, transmission, lines etc.
2)Once the short circuit occurs within the power system,
then a huge current will flow through the devices. So that
the equipment can be damaged & the interruption will
occur to the operators. 3)To overcome this problem, it is
used to detect the fault in the power system. In this way,
this is works to protect the equipment from the damage.
Q35)Explain working and function of circuit breakers:-1)
A mininture or molded case circuit lirenker is an
automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by
overcurrent or overload or short circuit. 2)function of
Circuit Breaker in Supply system The function of circuit-
breakers is to break the circuit.3) when various abnormal
conditions arise and create a danger for the electrical
equipments in the installation. The heaviest duty, a circuit-
breaker has to perform is to interrupt a short-circuit
current which may reach a value of several tens of
thousands and even more (> 100 × 10' amps) in a large
capacity power system. At the same time, in order to
quickly eliminate the source of the fault, the circuit-
breaker must open the circuit with least possible delay.
*Principle of Circuit:-Breaker:-1)Circuit-breaking means
rapid conversion of a predetermined section of circuit from
a conductor to an insulator. When the current carrying
contacts are separated, an are (which contains an ionized
gas) is produced between them. 2)This are provides for the
gradual change-over from current carrying to voltage
isolating states of the contacts. Therefore, it plays an
important part in circuit interruption process. 3)The are
has to be carefully controlled because a good deal of
energy in the form of heat is generated in it.
Q36)Explain Measurment of high voltage:-1) By scaling
down the voltage with the use of transformers and
potential dividers, high voltages can also be detected. Also
employed is the sparkover of spherical gaps and other
gaps, particularly when calibrating metres for high voltage
measurements. Through oscilloscopes and potential
dividers, transient voltages can be captured. 2)A
conventional measuring device cannot be used to directly
measure a high voltage of 1000 V or greater. High voltage
is so energetic that it obliterates common measuring
equipment. Additionally, there is a chance of an electric
discharge. therefore exercise extreme caution. 3)A device
with a high resistance value should be connected in series
to the exterior of the measuring equipment in order to
perform a high-voltage measurement. According to Ohm's
law, the voltage across the series of resistances is
proportional to the size of each resistance. If you connect
a voltmeter with a large resistance in series, the voltage
applied to the voltmeter will be dispersed.4)The voltage
delivered to the resistance and the measuring device, for
instance, will be 9:1 if the connected resistance to internal
resistance ratio of the instrument is 9:1. The voltage
Q37)Explain the Load curve:-1) The curve showing
variation of load or power consumption with time is known
as load curve. If the time is in hours, then it is called daily
load curve. 2)It's the time is in days, then it is called
monthly load curve and if the time is in months, then it is
called yearly or annual load curve. 3)A consumer of electric
power uses the power as per the need, so the load on the
power plant is not constant but changes with time. 4)The
daily load curve will be different for different type of
consumers and different localities. These load curves may
show different pattern during summer, winter and rainy
season.5) Daily load curves for residential loads, street
lighting loads, industrial loads, urban traction loads and
commercial loads at shops, offices, hospitals etc. 6)The
combined daily actual load curve for all types of consumers
is shown in and the approximated curve for simplicity is.
These curves are called demand curves. 7)Following
information can be obtained from a daily load curves:-A)
The area under the load curve gives the total energy
consumption by the consumer. It is given by the expression
the,E=(KW)dt. B)Peak load and its duration can be know
feom load curve. 8) Load curves provide information about
the demand of electricity at a particular time. The
information is used in selecting the type of the plant and
installed capacity of the plant to meet the required
demand. It helps to estimate the generating cost and
decide the operating schedule of the power station.
Q38)Explain the working of Load Division:-1) A load
duration curve is a re-arrangement of daily load curve with
loads set up in descending order of magnitude. The area
under the load curve and the area under the load duration
curve are equal and these equal areas represent the
amount of energy produced in kW/hr for that period.
2)The load duration curve indicates for how many hours a
certain load is required in a day. 3)The daily load curve is
shown in Fig. 5.14.1(a) and the corresponding daily load
duration curve is shown in Fig. 5.14.1(b). Method of
drawing the load duration curve from the known load
curve is as follows. 4) Cut the daily load curve in a number
of vertical strips and arrange them in descending order.
The base of the load duration curve represents the total
time span i.e. 24 hours. 5)Point A represents the maximum
demand or peak load on the load curve. It is then plotted
on the load duration curve as point A_{1} at zero hours on
Y-axis. 6) Now consider the load kW, on the load curve. The
intercept b_{1} hours on the load curve on X-axis is plotted
as b_{1} hours on the load duration curve corresponding
to load k*W_{1} Point is obtained on load duration curve
by taking load k*W_{1} for hours. A_{1} b_{t}. 7)Now
consider load kW on load curve. The intercept b_{2} and
b_{3} hours on the load curve on X-axis is plotted as (b_{2}
+ b_{3}) hours on the load duration curve corresponding to
load k*W_{2} Point A_{1} is obtained on the load duration
curve by taking load kW for (b_{2} + b_{3}) hours. Similarly
points A_{4} and A_{5} are plotted.
Q39)Explain the following term and details:-1)Connected
rod:-it represent the sum of all rating equipment in KW
installed in premissises of a consumer and connected to
power supply. e:g- Electric lamp=6 Nos. 2)Maximum
demand:-Maximum load demand represented of
maximum load consumer use at any time the maximum
demand will equal to be connected load of consumer if all
the equipment and appliances are run. 3)Diversity factor:-
power generated by power plant supplied to various type
consumer like domestic ,industrial commercial agriculture
etc.in order to consist understand let us consider a small
power plant which is required to meet following load
demand. 4)Demand factor:- it is defined as ratio of
demand on the system to the total connected rod.
Demand factor=maximum demand/total connected rod .
5)plant capacity factor:-it is defined ratio actual energy
generated in a given period to the maximum energy that
could have been genoreated during same period. Daily
plant factor=actual energy generated per day,E/maximum
energy can per day(C *t). 6)
Q40)Explain tariff method & Hopkinson demand rate for
electrical energy:-1)The cost per kWh of the energy
generated to be charged to the consumer Includes the
fixed operating costs, metering cost, billing cost and
reasonable amount of profits. 2)Definition of Tariff:-
Different methods of charging consumers are known as
tariffs or rate of payment for electrical energy
consumption. 3)Flat demand rate:-Flat demand rate is
charged based on the connected load and on the fixed
number of hours of use of electrical power based on
maximum demand in kW. Therefore, tariff rate can be
expressed as:-T = a.D (2)Straight line meter rate:-This
type of tariff is charged based on the total energy
consumed by the consumer in kWh. This can be expressed
as:-T = b.E (3) Block meter rate:-This type of tariff can be
expressed as: T= b_{1}*E_{1} + b_{2}*E_{2} + b_{3}*E_{3}
+... (11.14.4) Where, b_{3} > b_{2} > b_{1} and E_{1} + E_{2}
+ E_{3} +...=E (total energy) By this method, the consumer
is encouraged to use more energy since the energy is
charged for energy blocks of magnitude E1, E2, E_{3} The
advantage of this system over straight line meter rate is
that it reduces the unnecessary fixed expenditure on
power station in case the consumer uses no units or small
units of energy. (4) Two part tariff or Hopkinson demand
rate:-This type of tariff is charged based on both the
maximum demand and the energy consumption of the
consumer. It is expressed as:-T = aD + bE (5)Three part
tariff or Doherty rate:-This type of tariff is charged based
on maximum demand, the energy consumed and a certain
fixed amount. It can be expressed as :-T = aD+bE+C
Q41)Explain solar power plant flat plate collector:-1)
Solar energy is converted into electricity by collecting the
radiant heat and utilize it to heat a working fluid (e.g.
organic liquid). 2)The heat energy is then converted into
mechanical energy in a turbine and finally into electrical
energy by means of a generator coupled to a turbine. This
system is referred as solar thermal system. *Classification
of Solar Thermal Power Plant:-(1) Low temperature solar
plant: It produces low grade heat with maximum heating
temperature of fluid limited to 100°C. It uses either flat
plate collector or solar pond. It works on Rankine cycle. (2)
Medium temperature solar power plant: These collectors
produce medium grade heat with temperatures of fluid in
range of 150-300°C. It uses concentrating collectors and
works on Rankine cycle. (3) High temperature solar power
plant:-These collectors produce high grade heat with
temperature of fluid above 300°C. It uses parabolic trough
collectors (Solar distributed collector thermal power plant)
or heliostat (Solar central receiver thermal power plant).
Apart from Rankine cycle it can also work on Brayton and
Stirling cycle. (4) Solar chimney power plant:-It is a low
temperature thermal power plant using air as working
fluid. The air below the transparent glass cover is heated
by solar radiation and is expanded in an air turbine.
Q42)Explain principle of photovoltaic power plant:-1)A
photovoltaic or solar cell is a device which converts sun's
radiation directly into electrical energy. The photovoltaic
effect is defined as the generation of an electromotive
force due to absorption of ionizing radiation It is made of
two layers of semiconductor material such a silicon The
top layer (n-type silicon) is negatively charged while
bottom type (p-type) is positively charged. 2) When silicon
is doped with arsenic or phosphorous, there will be an
excess electrons (-ve charge) in that side and becomes n-
type semiconductor. The excess electrons will be free to
move in the semiconductor lattice. When the other side of
silicon is doped with boron, there will be deficiency of
electrons leading to p-type semiconductor. This deficiency
is expressed in terms of excess holes (+ve charge) which
are free to move in the lattice. Such a piece of
semiconductor.3) This diffusion creates an electric field
from n region to p region. If electrical contacts are made
with the two semiconductor materials and contacts are
connected through an external electric conductor, free
electrons will flow from n-type material through the
conductor to the p-type material. The flow of electrons
constitutes an electric current which can be captured in a
circuit connecting the p-n junction.(4) The electricity
generated by the photovoltaic cell can be used directly or
stored in batteries. To produce more power a combination
of several power cells called solar array is used. (5)sunlight
composed of tiny particle called photons. the number of
photo present in solar radiaton depends on intensity of
solarradiation and energy content wavelength.
photovolatic cell is semi-conductor material.
Q43) application of photovoltaic power plant:-1) a) For
grid interactive PV (Photovoltaic) electricity power
generator. (2) Water pumping They are used for the
purposes of drinking or for irrigation during the sensitive
hours. (3) Lighting is the second most important
applications of stand along system.(4) It is used for medical
refrigeration of life saving drugs. (5) Village power: Solar
photovoltaic power can meet low energy demands of
many remote, small and isolated villages. (6) Solar PV
panels are ideally suitable for telecommunication and
signalling applications such as local telephone exchange,
radio and TV broad casting. (7) Consumer electronics :
Solar powered watches calculators and cameras are all day
to day life applications for PV. (8) Residential Power:- A
residence located more than a mile from the electric and
can install a PV system more inexpensive than extending
the electric grid (over 5,00,000 homes worldwide use PV
power as their only source of electricity) (9) PV system with
battery storage are being used all over the 1 world to
power lights, sensors, recording equipment switches,
appliances, telephones, televisions and even power
technologies.
Q44)Explain component of wind energy system:-
1)Aeroturbine:-Aero turbine converts the energy of
moving air into mechanical energy. A wind turbine has
aerofoil blades mounted on the rotor or hub. Wind flows
over the aerofoil shaped blades, creating lift causing the
blades to rotate at slow speed. The turbines are provided
with pitch and yaw control. (2) Pitch control:-It is the
control of pitch angle by turning the blades, Pitch angle is
the angle between the direction of wind and the direction
perpendicular to the blades. (3)Yaw control:- It is the
control for orienting the axis of the wind turbine in the
direction of the wind. It is provided only in horizontal
turbine. (4) Brake:- A disc brake is provided to stop the
rotor in case of emergency. (5)Controllers: It senses the
wind speed and direction, shaft speed and torques, output
electrical power and temperature of the electrical
generator. It protects the WECS from strong winds,
electrical fault etc. Controllers start up the machine at
wind speeds of about 10 to 12 km/hr and shuts off the
machine when speed exceeds about 45 km/hr. (6) Gear
box: Gearbox consists of many gears to increase the
rotational speed from about 30 to 60 rpm to about 1000
to 1800 rpm. This rotational speed is required by most
generators to produce electricity. (7) Couplings: It is used
for transmission of mechanical energy to the generator
(8)Generator:- It converts the mechanical energy of the
aero turbine into electrical energy. Commonly used
generators are induction generators, synchronous
generators, and d.c. generators. (9) Nascelle: It is an
assembly of components comprising of the wind turbine,
gears, generators, bearings, yaw mechanism, controller
etc. mounted in a housing. (10) Turbine :-
Q45)Explain performance operating site selection
parameters:-1)Local Ecology:-There should be no tall
obstructions to the wind within a radius of 3 km. Trees,
buildings etc. obstruct the wind hence wind mill has to be
installed at greater height which increases the cost of wind
power plant. Wind farms should be located in flat open
areas, sea shores and off shores where wind velocity is
high. 2) Wind structure at the proposed site: Site should
be such that the wind velocity curve is flat i.e. smooth
steady wind blows all the time. Wind near the ground is
turbulent and and changes rapidly in the direction and in
velocity. Tower design should be such that it can withstand
the gusty maximum wind speed. (3) Nature of land and
cost: Land should have high load bearing capacity.
Foundations should be stable with no erosion problem
otherwise it may wash out the foundations, destroying the
WECS. The cost of the land should be low. (4) Transport
facilities: Transport facilities for transportation of heavy
machinery structure materials, blades, generator etc.
should be available. (5) Nearness of site to the load centre:
Site should be located near the load centre to reduce the
transmission line cost and its losses. (6) Electricity market:
There should be energy demand in regions close to wind
farms. (7)Distance from residential area: Operation of
wind turbines lead to noise and vibration. Hence WECS
should be located away from human habitation as it may
cause sleep disturbance, headache etc.
Q47)Explain construction working of hybrid solar wind
system:-1) shows block diagram and schematic diagram
for hybrid solar wind power generation systems
respectively. 2)To overcome the drawback of unavailability
of power at all times and to remote places hybrid systems
are developed. In a hybrid power generation system
different methods of producing electricity are combined to
ensure a continuous power supply. 3)An energy system
consisting of two or more generating systems such as the
combination of a wind turbine or diesel generator and a
photovoltaic system is termed as a hybrid energy system.
4)Hybrid generator system comprising of wind energy and
solar energy (both renewable sources of solar power and
wind power) to form an equivalent of a miniature (or
virtual) grid when these systems are connected together.
5)They will have enhanced reliability higher efficiency and
lower emissions with an acceptable cost. 6)A combination
of solar and wind energy systems are being experimented
in a number of isolated locations are not connected to the
grid. Such system is shown in Fig. 7)Depending on the
frequency of the wind-generator consumer circuits could
be switched on and off through a consumer central device
to ensure that the frequency does not fluctuate by more
than few percent of its rating. 8)Similarly solar generator
may consists of many sections liked individually to battery
and number of section kept in operation depend on
charge.9)many remote power through out wold rely on
diesel generation for the production of electrical power.
Q48)Explain working principle of TIDAL Energy system:-1)
Tides are produced by the gravitational attraction of the
moon and the sun acting upon the rotating earth. The
moon exerts a Ieper gravitational force (About 70% of the
tide producing force) on the earth as it is closer to earth
than the sun. Surface water is pulled away from the earth
on the side facing the moon and at the same time the solid
earth is pulled away from the water on the opposite side.
2)Sea water on the moon side experiences a bulge (high
tide). At the same time, a diametrically opposite point on
the eath's surface also experiences a high tide due to
dynamic balancing as shown in Fig. 6.15.1(a) and (b). Thus
full moon and new moon experiences a high tide. (3)The
moon revolves around the earth for a period of 24 hours
and 50 minutes per revolution. This period is called day. In
a period of 24 hours 50 minutes there are therefore, two
high tides and two low tides as shown in Fig. 6.15.1(c).
4)The rise and fall of the water level follows sinusoidal
curve, point A indicating high tide and point B indicating
low tide point. Tidal range R is defined as Tidal range P
Water level at high tide (A) - Water level at low tide (B).
5)As the position of moon and sun changes relative to the
earth, the tidal range varies continuously. At new moon
and full moon, the sun, moon and the earth are
approximately in a night line, so gravitational forces of sun
and moon enhance tach other. The tidal range is
exceptionally large, the high Gdes are higher and low tides
are lower than the average. These high tides are called
spring tides.
Q49)Explain single basin tidal power system:-1) Single
basin system can generate power only intermittently. This
is the simplest system to generate tidal power. It has only
one basin interacting with the sea. The two are separated
by a dam and the flow between them is through sluice
ways located at suitable location along the dam. Potential
head ist provided by rise and fall of tidal water levels. The
turbine- generator units are mounted within the ducts
inside the dam. *they are classified:-A)single tide cycle
B)double tidal cycle system.. A)single tidal system:-
schematic diagram of single tide cycle system. In this
system, power is generated only during the filling of the
basin, when the sea is at high tide. As the high tide period
is over, the sea level starts falling again and power
generation is stopped. The water from the basin is then
drained into the sea through sluice ways. B)Double cycle
system:- The flow of water in both directions is used to
drive number of reversible water turbines, each driving an
electrical generator. Electrical power is thus generated
during two short period during each tidal period of 12
hour, 25 minutes or once every 6 hour, 12.5 minutes.
Though double cycle system has only short duration
interruptions in the turbine operation, yet continuous
generation of power is still not possible. These problems
are solved using a two basin system.
Q50)Explain Double basin system:-1) double basin
system. In this system, there are two basins at different
levels and a dam is provided between the two basins. In
one basin known as upper basin, water level is maintained
above that in the other known as lower basin. 2)Sluice
gates and turbines are provided in the dam. The upper
basin gates are called inlet gates and lower basin gates are
called outlet gates. 3) Because there is always existence of
a head between the upper and lower basins, electricity can
be generated continuously although at a variable rate. At
the beginning of the high tide, the turbines are shut down.
the gates of upper basin A are opened and those of the
lower basin B are closed. (4)The basin A is thus filled up
while basin Bremains empty. As soon as the rising water in
basin A provides sufficient difference of head between the
two basins, the turbines are started. The water flows from
basin A to B through the turbines generating electrical
power. 5)The power generation thus continues
simultaneously with filling up the basin At the end of the
high tide when basin A is full and water level in it is
maximum, its sluice gates are closed.6) When the ebb tide
level gets lower than the water level in basin B, its sluice
gates are opened whereby the water level in B, which was
arising and reducing the operating head, starts falling with
the ebb. This continues until the head and water level in A
is sufficient to run the turbines.
Q51)Explain ANDRESON HYBRID CYCLE (OTEC) Thermal
conversion:-1) the schematic layout of OTEC (Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion). The oceans cover about 70%
of the global surface and are particularly extensive in the
tropical zones. 2)Hence most of the sun's radiations is
absorbed by sea water. So warm water on the ocean's
surface flows from the tropics towards the poles. 3) Cold
water circulates at the ocean bottom from the poles the
tropics. Hence in the tropical regions the water
temperature is around 5°C at a depth of 1000 m whereas
the surface, it remains almost constant at 25°C (for the first
few meters because of mixing, subsequently it decreases
and asymptotically approaches the value at the lower
level). *ANDRESON CYCLE:- 1)Anderson cycle use lower
boiling point working fluids like ammonia (NH,), propane
R-12. R-22, etc. These systems I would be located off shore
on large floating flat forms or inside floating balls. 2)The
warm surface water is used for supplying the heat input in
the boiler, while the cold water brought up from the ocean
depths is used for extracting the beat in the condenser.
Energy Conversion Plant (OTEC). 3)It is obvious that the
efficiency of the Rankine cycle will be low because of small
temperature difference between the hot and cold streams.
Allowing for very small temperature drops of 4 to 5°C
across the boiler and the condenser, it can be shown that
Rankine cycle efficiency for most of the fluids under
consideration will range between 2 and 3% only. In spite of
this, the concept of an OTEC system seems to be.
Q52)Explain the claude cycle:-1) steam impinges on the
blades of steam turbines which gets rotational speed upto
1500 rpm and this mechanical work is converted into
electrical energy because steam turbine is coupled with
electrical generator. This electrical energy is then supplied
to power station through inverter. 2)Cogeneration OTEC
plants deliver electrical energy and fresh water. Schematic
diagram for open cycle or Claude cycle is shown.3) In
Claude cycle OTEC system the warm water from ocean
surface is supplied to the flash evaporator through
deareater which is maintained under high vacuum
(pressure is less than 760 mm of Hg). 4)Due to that a low
pressure dry steam is generated due to throttling offset
and the remainder liquid is discharged back to the ocean
at high depth. 5)The deareater removes the dissolved non-
condensable gases from water before supplied to the
evaporator (boiler). 6)The low pressure dry steam having
very high specific volume is supplied to the steam turbine
where it gets extended so the mechanical energy is
developed. That mechanical energy is then converted into
electrical energy because turbine is complied with
electrical energy because turbine is coupled with electrical
generator. 7)The steam exhausted from the turbine is then
discharged into a direct contact type heat exchanger called
as condenser (since the system is open type cycle and
condensate is to be discharged back to ocean).
Q53)Explain the principle of MHD power generation:-1)
Magneto hydro dynamics (MHD), as a name implies is
concerned with the flow of a conducting fluid in the
presence of magnetic and electric field. 2)The fluid may be
gas at elevated temperature or liquid like sodium or
potassium. 3)Magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) Generator is
a device which converts heat energy of a fuel directly into
electrical energy without a conventional electric generator.
4)MHD converter system is a heat engine whose efficiency,
like all heat engine, is increased by supplying the heat at
the highest practical temperature and rejecting it at the
lowest practical temperature. 5)MHD generation looks the
most promising of the direct conversion techniques for the
large scale production of electric power. 6) MHD Generator
comes on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
which states that when a conductor and a magnetic field
move in respect to each other, an electric voltage is
induced in the conductor. The conductor need not be solid
it may be gas or liquid. 7)The magneto hydro dynamic
(MHD) generator uses this principle by forcing a high
pressure high temperature combustion gas through a long
magnetic field. the comparison between a turbo generator
and the MHD generator.
Q54)Explain working open Cycle MHD generation:-1) In
this system the fuel such as OPI, coal, natural gas is burnt
in a combustion chamber. 2)Air required for the
combustion is supplied from air preheater. 3)The hot gases
produced by the combustion chamber and then seeded
with a small amount of an ionized alkali metal. (Calcium or
Potassium) to increase the electrical conductivity of the
gas. 4)The ionization of potassium (generally potassium
carbonate is used as seed material) takes place due to
gases produced at temperature of about 2300°C to 2700°C
by combustion. 5) The expansion of hot gases takes place
in the MHD generator surrounded by powerful magnets
6)The MHD generator produces direct current (D. C.
current). By using inverter this direct current (D.C. current
and D.C. voltage) is converted into A.C. current and AC
voltage. 7)MHD generator is a divergent channel or duct
made up of a beat resistant alloy (e.g. Nickel) with external
water cooling. The hot gas expands through the rocket like
generator surrounded by the powerful magnet. 8)During
the motion of the gas the positive and negative ions move
to the electrodes and constitute an electric current (D.C.).
9)The magnetic field direction which is at right angles to
the fluid flow would be perpendicular to the plane of
paper. A number of oppositely located electrode pairs are
inserted in the channel to conduct the electric current
generated to an external load.
Q55)Explain working of closed Cycle MHD genrationn:-1)
schematic diagram for closed cycle (liquid metal) MHD
generator system. 2)In this system liquid metal (potassium)
is used as working fluid in this system. The liquid potassium
after being heated in the breeder reactor is passed through
the nozzle where its velocity is increased. 3)The vapour
formed due to the nozzle action are separated in the
separator and condensed and then pumped back to the
reactor. 4)Then the liquid metal with high velocity is
passed through MHD generators to produce D.C. (Direct
current) power. 5)The liquid potassium coming out of MHD
generator is passed through the heat exchanger (boiler) to
use its remaining heat to run the turbine and then pumped
back to the reactor. 6)As in closed cycle name suggests the
working fluid in a closed cycle is circulated in a closed loop.
The closed cycle MHD system may be either a plasma
converter or a liquid. 7) metal converter uses an ionized
gas (helium or organ seeded with cesium) and the liquid
metal converter uses the of the metal or the metal in a
liquid form (The metal may be an alkali or some other
metal). Vapour. 8)Liquid metal system has the basic
advantage of high electrical conductivity. So high
temperatures are not required in this system to achieve
the high electrical conductivity and the system are
normally designed to operate at temperatures below 1400
Kelvin (a much lower temperature in comparison to
plasma converters). The temperature is low enough that
the energy can be supplied by a nucleus reactor or fossil
fueled system.
Q56)Explain principle of opration of full cell:-1) (1) A fuel
cell is an electrochemical device in which the chemical
energy of fuel is converted directly and efficiently into low
voltage direct current (D.C.) electrical energy and heat
without combustion. schematic diagram of a fuel cell. It
consists of two electrodes. A fuel electrode (anode) and a
oxidant electrode (cathode). These two electrodes are
separated by an electrolyte. The fuel (hydrogen) is
supplied at anode and oxidant (oxygen) is supplied at
cathode. Most existing fuel cells operate at temperature
below 200 °C. 2) As hydrogen and oxygen both are gases,
therefore, fuel cell requires a solid electrical conductor to
serve as a current collector and provide a terminal at each
electrode. The solid electrode is generally porous. Porous
nickel electrodes and porous carbon electrodes are
generally used in fuel cells for commercial purposes. The
electrolyte (acidic or alkaline). 3) If the pore size of
electrolyte is larger, the fuel gas will. bubble through and
get wasted and if size of pores is too small, it will not allow
sufficient contact between electrolyte and reactant. Hence
size of pores should be optimum to get effective capacity
of the cell. To increase the reactivity at electrodes,
catalysts (platinum and sintered nickel) are added to
electrode for breaking the fuel molecules. (4) At the anode
(-ve electrode) hydrogen gas (H2) is converted into
hydrogen ions (H) plus equivalent number of electrons (e)
as given below:-H2-2H+2c (At anode),At this electrode,
hydrogen is diffused through permeable nickel which is
embedded as catalyst. The catalyst enables the hydrogen
molecules, (5) When the cell is operating and producing
current, the electrons flow through the external load to
the positive electrode as shown in Fig. 6.25.1(b). Here they
interact with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) from the
electrolyte to form negatively charged hydroxyl (OH) ions
as given below:-02+1 O2 + H2O+2e20H
Q57)Explain the component of Fuell Cell:-1) Primary fossil
fuels are used to generate electrical energy in fuel cell
power plant. The fossil fuel is supplied to the fuel
processing unit where it is stored, reformed, purified and
then supplied to fuel cell modules. 2)Fuel cell modules
convert fuel energy electrochemically into D.C. power
using ambient air as oxidant. A number of fuel cells are
stacked to form a module. 3)Several modules are
interconnected to form a power generating unit as shown
in Fig. 6.24.1(b). Fuel and air are supplied to modules from
common supply pipes. 4)The exhaust is collected in a
common pipe and discharged to the atmosphere either
directly or after recovery of heat in a cogeneration unit.
The power conditioning unit converts D.C. 5)output to A.C.
output using inverter and standard rated supply such as 3-
phase, 400 V, 50 Hz/60 Hz or single phase, 230 V/110 V, 50
Hz/60 Hz. It also controls and regulates it. Modules of size
200-250 kW are commonly available. *Adventages:-
1)these plant have co-genration capabilities. 2)in addition
of electrical power fuel cell supplies hotwater,space heat.
Q58)Explain the Biomass gasifier based power
generation:-1) They use biogas and biomass as a fuel to
produce high biomass power plant. pressure, high
temperature steam in a boiler. 2)This steam produces
mechanical power in a turbine to have electrical energy by
a generator. *Component of biogass gasifier:-1)boiler
2)steam turbine and generator 3)condenser extraction
pump 4)Feed pump 5)Cooling Tower . i)Boiler:-It consists
of water tubes, boiler shell and superheater. Feed water is
supplied from the economiser which is converted into wet
steam in water tubes.Then into superheater this steam is
superheated form the heat supplied by the hot flue gases.
Steam is generated at high pressures in the boiler. (ii)
Steam Turbine and Generator:-High pressure,
superheated steam from the boiler expands in the turbine
to produce the mechanical work. This work is used to run
a generator which converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. (iii) Condenser and Condensate
Extraction Pump:-Steam from the steam turbine is thrown
out to the condenser where the steam is condensed by
rejecting heat to circulated cooling water. The condensed
steam is called the condensate which is given to hot-well.
iv) Feed Pump:-The condensate from the hot well with
make-up water is fed back with the help of feed pump at
boiler pressure to the economizer. (v) Cooling Tower:-
Cooling water from cooling tower is supplied to the
condenser and absorbs heat from the exhaust steam of the
steam turbine, The resultant heated water from condenser
is given at the top of cooling tower. This heated water gets
cooled by the cool air passed from the bottom of cooling
tower.
Q59)Explain the Method of Hydrogen Storge:-1) In an
energy system there is a need to be able to store energy
somewhere between the production and the utilization
point. The need for storage is due to the almost inevitable
mismatch between the optimum production rate of energy
and the fluctuations in demand for energy by the users.
2)Hydrogen can best be stored in different ways,
depending on the various field of applications. Storage can
be effected in a gaseous or liquid state, or in the structure
of solids. According to the field of application, it is
necessary to distinguish between storage on a large scale
and on a small scale. *Hydrogen can be stored in following
ways:-(1)Compressed gas storage:- Hydrogen is
conveniently stored for many applications in high pressure
cylinders. This method of storage is rather expensive and
very bulky because very large quantities of steel are
needed to contain quite small amounts of hydrogen. In the
conventional industrial hydrogen system, compressed gas
is used to supply relatively small amounts of hydrogen, but
when hydrogen is considered as a fuel, it is soon realized
that tank storage of hydrogen is not really a practical
proposition. 2)Liquid storage:- On a small scale or
moderate scale. hydrogen is frequently stored under high
pressure in strong steel cylinders, as stated above. This
type of storage would be too costly for large-scale
applications. A approach is to store the hydrogen as liquid
at a low more temperature, (i.e. cryogenic storage). For
example, the liquid practical hydrogen fuel used as rocket
propellant in the space program is stored in large tanks.
Very large facilities for hydrogen liquifaction have been
designed and built, and large storage tanks have been
constructed. 3) Underground storage: The cheapest way to
store large amounts of hydrogen for subsequent
distribution would probably be in underground facilities
similar to those used for natural gas; these facilities would
include depleted oil and gas reservoirs and aquifers.
Alternatives that are more expensive would be caverns
produced by conventional mining or by dissolving out salt
with water. Since hydrogen. 4) Line packing: The use of line
pack storage in the natural gas industry provides a
relatively small-capacity storage system, but one with a
very fast response time that can take care of minute by
minute or hour by hour variations in demand. A hydrogen
transmission and distribution system running on hydrogen
would have a similar capability although the capacity
would be reduced by a factor of about 3 because of the
reduced heating value of hydrogen, compared with natural
gas.
Q60)Explain the Appliiccation Method of Hydrogen
Storge:- 1) Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity:
Hydrogen fol cells produce electricity by combining
hydrogen and atoms. This combination results in an
electrical current. A fuel cell is two to three times more
efficient than an internal combustion engine running on
gasoline.(2) Hydrogen use in vehicles: The interest in
hydrogen as an alternative transportation fuel is based on
hydrogen's ability to power fuel cells in zero-emission
electric vehicles, its potential for domestic production, and
the fuel cell vehicle's potential for high efficiency. (3)
Hydrogen also has many other uses in the chemical
industry it is used to make ammonia for agricultural
fertiliser (the Haber process) and cyclohexane and
methanol, which are intermediates in the production of
plastics and pharmaceuticals. (4) It is also used to remove
sulphur from fuels during the oil- refining process. Large
quantities of hydrogen are used to hydrogenate oils to
form fats, for example to make margarine. (5) In the glass
industry hydrogen is used as a protective atmosphere for
making flat glass sheets. In the electronics industry it is
used as a flushing gas during the manufacture of silicon
chips. (6) The low density of hydrogen made it a natural
choice for one of its first practical uses-filling balloons and
airships. However, it reacts vigorously with oxygen (to form
water) and its future in filling airships ended when the
Hindenburg airship caught fire.