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t?8'l I + A' _v_ Y(r) r vz(r )

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lunr.rffrrfla na
 116

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hl

2
v?lzs
t
2g
r "ar,,airia"o]il : -- -J ll;
+-
-'1
n r{31!si_r€t e2 lera 'tq
2

zo

Y1
I L
I
yt
i{rn3.Iua
vz
t-

7l Z2
Z1
zz
r:dud'x&r 53eUa1{A! ___L
-_l

a nrtlnrruurilrio ?^
t. n1€l$e(vrnlurLue

grli r 6 n1rlxa[alffluuu rfilria mvnr:llolunr.rfiiria

2
_i_ dh

t t-
' -i*
AX
? O+
Jo AX
1T 2 h
dA. Bdh

I I

l__" tur'a c-c

,

F_ dx -1

t T r.? nr:i r nrr rrinunr: nrrada r do o

 1/7
i.
1 nlrn rm rru o r do.: f;lr :0n0u1ft 1-2-2-1 firin:rurr ax "[um.r
firidurlnrluSld r.z e un! h rfl ufi :' rnr:lu aunrli l1rfo$ 1&iii fu dguijr, En.raa.:
6.vJ- .'-d.-
alnm cc drrrrtn, F. [r&& rl rDu*uflrI1,{i lu6j"rr :rln{r.laa.riizfrdgr.itr, ." * d,
ficr:rmlud:r at aslhir
t (a- 0Q
3T Sl - to**E.$r o. -ff. a* at 1.1

nr:rildtruruoq,iln:aolaqnm 1-z-z-1 'ludr.!r rnr at rrhfiu

ft ta.a*l .at 1.2

alndrnl:d 1.1 rlnv 1.a rlffi]l1ril?u ax,ar drrnlm?ruordo.rriuulH'trrirflu

oQ AA
'0t 0 1-3
6x

JA
tfi B 1.4

ulnn't oA nt'ludurraji r.: cclH

aQ ah
6; + B
6E
0 1.5

c*",rd ,.1
riudl,nln ?1u0rdo.:sa.rnrrluflou rrnatedy lun rgffrin
firtf,unr:lnnnru sready, .!l rfifiuguti qrndurrrfl ,rclHir r.r
Q=AtVr-AZvz
{
TA Ar rnv A2 = firirtt**olnr.llirrilnrigrhln 1-1 ttnv e-z
v1 UnY v2 " Jynorrnrfrrfl#*'n
= n?lrJtt?tAnl ,,
1-r uR! z-2
"lun :ffrjiuorffirlu er Urmuioh monl:Jrn lhruUr rra.rnr.:fr rfl rr fr rufi t r
.I
qx n8n ?1IU1?1nJ$ ?H fllnr:fi r. I lvgnrfiru1ffluli,ir
AQ OA +g 1.6
Ax 3t
,o {u *r',* rnrur u6.rfu ilrorfrlir nr Er Cau rn :{awrnu ru nrur ufi $d ilru
frtrnoonnr.rilruUr.lsa.rrnffr r0 n
 1/8

2. drrnruKrmu Qlndlnlr0oiloagr m{ c;1H'ir

fitr*rz)+PaB =0 1.7

I TA p = rr?iliu

'l = o?lrJnuruthflolfiiyfintro.:sa.:1un
p = n r1rJilulttduijoitu? ffia.r?loirlu n

s =
a fl ?1x ri,,r

s = i !u8Yl'r.F lufiflvn lnr:'lu n

z = rcucdtrFln:cftJfir.16{fi .tfia.:m.,ff1tfl t)

fier:rmlund,,Tri.l aslfiir as =0 srnrrd r.z rcrflu

$ rp *r'l 0

p +'tz
,J
nm{I 1.8

alnflolo{fifu fl'r*r {gasffr nrr rilfitmoi mur{Hudrur:o rdil'lf,oEnudilmT

1il.ir
p 'lz 1"c)

**'rrd r.g ofurunrrrilHtnrruja'lurlfiui'odluuur?,.: lru r Imrniifr'riidtcr...r&'r

n 1lJttu?rN

fi rhr:nn1unrfinm.:nr r1u srnru stoaay uocl ilfi ttr { r 6u flrtt (rurrn t'du,r

durrrfi r.z th'lnriir

-9- to *
c3 tzl +cv *03 0

9P*r9*p'
os os
0v
a-;
0

Ap+102+pv6v = 0 1.10
J--
riroarr*rn:a (rntqrate) dilnrrfl r.to oclh
1 2
P + 1z +
2 Pv i1m {Yl
 1/9
2
P+r* nm{?t 1-11
't E
dr,nlrd r.11 rfiudmr'nK,nrumtruiqpE (Bernoulri equation) trrrifunr:1un
ruuu sroady uavftji]u:t r frtirr,rr.l fim;ru rira rrqr n*o innriru rfl ut u r luraru rad

1o tnrirurirurflw,tr'lu:vuud'lnqri rjr p/ i firflwirr6urfirnr1!d.r y lufirlia r. t*

tlruior.,n r rfi r . r r'bJ'l fi fru nr :lu nihu: sr, fi u r,itu''ioni"lfi r fi en r r6qp f;iu h1

fi o r :flr : cr i r,fffi yY r [i r ii.radvp r finu r rriaf,r ir m ufi u'' d z fr 'm{rr.rlnufi rufr ag tr)
? 2
p P2 uz
^l
1
+ z
1
+
4
1
"l *rz + E + h1

2
t12 uz
14?0 Y1 +21 + Y2+22+ E- + h 1 .12
E I
n-",rd, ",. rfl udrnr:n fu r'ruficuu'1].il'lhJ : uIufil'lunr:irn rrcfrrr:tt n

lurn.r{frrflo
). g{rnrrlurilrJfr

druiunr:lu*uru steaay qclHir fln:tmr.:fiffrfinfla{ur{nluuan

Yi
,iDr!frrnrcrn ar:mo.:ra.r ruolufronr.rinirnrn'lfilc rrrfrJil rrnr:uJfiuuujmmrlrr u
f!ila{u:ma{sa.rlun1ufrrrn,nYu 1udfi r.a nnnuJiu'nma.r4 (contror vorur:)
urdl{ "r dn:vrrirr'at3w,:oa.rqxlufutrn.r|uru?u"r?i F1 uns Fz rfluurlh.r r.
,flr,tro,dooo'rn*r:,irfrEeyru,.l#rurr.rffr unu E4 riluri:{datnr.uruJ?u1?fla.r?ri.rff'rd
r fi mrnfrr'rtnsa { ila {Ifl s d1m :n r Etnr riualnr rl mfi ll'tJl fi 'ir
EF F, - Fr- r'r+ P* B2 pQv2- B1F, Qv1 1.13

.t' p rilurlnrurudurawrn:uolra.:bn B, uac B 2 r iluirfrrd : vR#sa,.:1. u r ruilpd

rfidnrun:e nrlfrfu
I etrdzlrJfinlv'lBdunr:r6l.rru umornrr:Iu r rarTu'lun r:i ro rrrr{Iqvrr
nr:1un'lurnsfr tfi sr
 1l10

t-
j - !€aratatuau
-'l
Wshg
'4
I
z lrzrddatalvrrnr'ntraworlua
a I
F4 I
F1
I F2

I
w I

-l

'3

grtfi r. e firotirrualnr-.1flnfinla'iTur uufir

l-rtEueterr.r$r
a r------l
I
I

rnrn::qronlrurit
F c

Y1

2
Fl -l
3
I I

," v?

l-
J
2

r!,fi 1.e nr:1',rara.:fli r,irur l: :nr:ui t-)

 1 /11

fi:arir.rd r.r cru.,rl'1nr:lrfri:rnr:lnmra.:nisr:n",#srui", nlrHrso{nr:lratl

rfirfiufi:uh :r o- r o r u m adrlilq firb :rnr:luo, r.rnfirYduuirflru as zu. u/iur-il
uantrrnirrtiotfilTlrilrftJ zo iriii rj:s rora"i&r:tnr:hprr.ntfirfirnin$nro?nu
rufiaffrffuhl r filnrm:
'luntiifirflunrzlfifltlruunsready d1tl1:n1iar.,nrrdi.5'lunlt
i ro: r vi41Ii
t*9 20 x 0.10 0. 000556 rfliurfi
60x60
0a 0h
Ei + B
E 0

Q2 Y1
aa
B
w
Ax Ei at

Q1 or*af{ Ax
25.0+0.000556x1000
2s.5s6 2.l./iurf,
, ,J
fzerh.td 1.2 9 UrelJ1flfim1m?cx1,uJ7q:w1tll1
'lu gtj ll 1

f,a r:rurl'ai{fi {}rdrtn rrmSr rro wr.rffr umnirru alilr m e4 I hlu:{n r

lu3rii 1 g fiufi'#n r-r nurrri*urfi1fiu:lfuriuruu Bldrostatic ur{rflsrflnl,

uufiun'r.rfrldu"rrurirnrrvi{ ttilrJ-a z-z o$diuroau,r,mr,1 (vena contracta ) dl
strean lin€6 ovmrufir:f,runr.rfi'r Arn6'lf, e
1
g2 1.0 crndinr:lrrtridu
F F2- F pq (vz- v
I
1.14
I
tiro q tflufinnrrlumaut.nrdrm11rn!51.! iorrirfiiL v tyt firA vZyz {acmr:id
r. rt 1fla1j1ugJfl..iru rylfrir
12 12 F pq(v2-
21Y't' 2lYz- a

(yt- yz)-
r:2tffttv12gt* 2
F vrt -zlt 1.15
 1 /12

fi rlrfi rnr:1t1r frunK:{rurvflir.,txUtYn r rtnetlfid'fl e evlfr

2 2
2
v + tr Yz* ?1
1.r6

UMD1 V
g unc v. ,= -* o{"lildiln1rt 1.16
1
v1 ' Yz

22
q'^
E -,r,-D
Y',Yz

ir
urnrir n t'luninrr:ii r " r I rrftrt n'll{od"lu:ilfi jruacl. H

.
(Yt - .3
F
r Yz)
Y1* Y2

urlin:urrurnJrqrn luf'l (n,) rilfiuu:.r r rprffirhr$uUrru

1.6 nqE4$[ryd lritm { r r rlRaa sa{rn.,ff1 r0 n

vl'r.fftr l,Jor ?urj'nt I ru, i r1rta L,r : nn 6-r rl hir yJu: ruu ru, : tro tft , uJdnu
uJ n rlrnplnrrrlu s'r'hJaufi .r grJrrod,n*r*'r orlrrlr':ffrdnqutitYr.:firdrilmnqs$rnnr

rorulllo$"lu3Jn:{so.rrtrrrri$ ,d, pdirdu,uiiuH,, d,n6urnr.rrfl ?,rnmJ duruduu

"rff1 grJnzrralurlffrfi*h.rilul rruqurdov$uodffiitrqi:savim.rnr:uhlfl Bilt,Iutri

tqdlaotr.,r rffin?l lnrrrcdudu e dnumuJrsnrr
qonufi ao.rartffr,0 rnv rfi s:fiu?m rrr.,#*drrfl ,rfr
o,ffin lilt1?o{ff'l ;i,
r u rhfiu'rtl'lfrniu raim nliruran r :lu n r rfiudnauri #in r rufu ilau uncfii*ddf flflrra.i'rr r,l

flrflrorrr.Sd alro#ol{rmhnrt,tfiurnnrlrf,uf,uduo.rmrnra.rfirdlfit'runnrrudn
sa.rfr rfialfincnrn{onr:rriu'mnnr.rFnugnrlrsh{ n'afufi;nmrdqorrlffiilr;ruiharfr
ra rfluf,l r trrj

errufornr:'lua, (oep*r of flow) unufiruftypkrriri v tflrn:ruftrsa.t

nr :tu #lnluuu r?nrornl #'rq .rii rtrr6orr
"riiafm.,rvrr.:frfi
sr4 e rflu:epy'luLr,r r?w Ssn,rnts iufir,oilrnn r1rufiofi rfriote tfr.r s ilu

!r.ri.ra{fi r ftr aft ,X #i* *r.,,,r'r.,fr uK.: seus n t cin'l rhftn?1lfoiso{nr tlfi n
 1/13

fl?1ilnh{ro.ii.{?ffi (rop r{idth) urruhrftqkru$ n rflmrruntr{ga.i

firil,fi ,f *r.,n',:lu ninfifr :ff\6n'i ;
rfiu:ar.rtrrJtflun (wetrca pcrimeter) uinrhruflryirfurur{ p tflm?1iJU}i

sa.t r frurzu fiJso.ntfi d'nvrr.rf,rirfl*ii#uf-,

fiuii*fi ri' ry,..:fii (water area) urruhrufo4;fuiuoi o *fl u#uirn U'pf rn orrrr.r

fr#.rqrnfrifi ,,t,ar rnt :1u mro.:li'r

f'ligortr*ri (Hydraulic radius) urruHrufiryy&ru$ n tflu&rtrdzq

,urludm* *l vfrfu r fi u rou fl r:1un
A
R 1 .11
F
artr&ronnrm{ (Hydraulic deFth) uru 2uftpfnrtf, o" rflubndru
,u ofiuirfi ,t*-rm",.rffr fnn m mr !r.:! a {fi 2li1
A
1.18
E

rrr+rrtfloiflfiTYa factor) duhnrrlusuruinrpruntrfrru

(section z

i o, f, , qono wludrufi rT rmr ffr unr r ",n*lo.,uu r rufo r ao { :a r

g na
^

AJii" e{ffi 1"19

rur*r rsr a {rifi rpY nfru iu n r :lufl,uu uni rorrn iri r r fi lfu rn2/ 3
,! ..
:t.:ii r . 1 rdtlr 1 t'l.irrdi{fl il: lnr,,: r :rrnirn talnr.rfr rfi a
rr r uffi6h,
'lunrmiuror,.r'r,,d, .. riluinrau,sn r.r q fla.m1.rfr rfl #iJufi rsYerr.rnnil

1. 7 nlrnlielusos rr d'
r-rrusgfruj:sfrrBga{nrrn,sels
'luvrr.njijilr'ruir fl'r?nr:,r1ura.0rr?ur"ranormfilfrnlflu}Jadr.:lddr"rroua
nrrqd'lrr14lrrqrnu:.:rilurryrrut.rfiuo1jfirrytfr.ruroir#fi*o n]ii r-ro rdn{n rT

n? ! a 1 u?0 iR ?'r rJ r i mo.,:i,rt rn' rrrr qTr nln' r I .t

f; rfi qr:nrm rr*r t i z rrn rrrr'Mnrllra o n rrlri rovirirfiau uio rfi ugudll

firnrrffr unuq#au,,fiufiu n1 :suru1{e1nfiunr.:fr nimi.rsa.mrrilr!rd,rdpr

 1 /14
aeo$'l#firfria: u : cH;qrni?trriorv6o1rfiin rru rE rg.rq nf,ua{lfuffi: rd ?ilflll.tfr?1u$n

nr:lunttnvntrrnT;.r (y/a)
'lunr.rflidilnrrrrhnrrirfru rqrh-,riln',r{lirvrfir: r't.rdr
.l'nlauacill
d Jr d . -.{ -
tmn 1't.iJr t ?fl,Ie{ nnnn x i lul'1r w'rYtfl1"h!

niroYntnutr.,ir'r,'r.rl:'ru?Jn')r'l?irJri?drrrr',rr,',,.rr',il6n thdrrllntilfru1u
I
grJfi t "r r I n fi rldn ?ru i i r r afoiua.rn'r rli4e'luruifii nh m.reviHr r ilrfiu fr?1Il r ?Yi

:vuEfl?l 6n 0.5 y arnfi zffr5a:c raioorEor'th'ir

R21Xrr?tAnU, i,av =i ('o.e*
'o.r)
't ..20

t rD ,0.2 = orrilrir?,a{n1t1ilnifl?1,J;n 0.2y elnidfr

,o.B = nrrt.trirto.rnrtlun#rrufor o.ay lrn'ri:ffr
o:ruritsa.rnr:1uofiiiffr6a:r tr") iirrrdxfiudfin?l$rlt? (vu.,,)
-H
Fworunrr.q alrlu. "
v
av
kvs 1 .21

,ii*i''r * rflui'rao,rflu.t:vfir{doi+i',iod:vvi1., o.B uffi o.e5 rirdrnurcrilso,ffir t

u ,-
fiJaufiulrul$ flna {vi1.Itr'1

rnsnrirrir r qiuro.r *r2;irrurl'n1rir rhfu

'luvrr.ri!'-', r0
$, {,il, u

r,flunrrrilrirro'drlaowfi*Yrnrr'lirn ovfiuq#n.njhnrfi.,*oo1'fi,ri",fiu Trunr:u'rei r

fruJryinirrH'rlr cr ( ttrers ir ccefficient) u-n*t.lr !l

furranagnm r"nn,l sa.rfii'luyrrtfiirfl n lifiufi,rfiri'nrr.irllu ae qvtffir
flNnlua6lnauu?ut 12
? N'] -2 mv
2
( o vaef

=)o ,r3 d e2

e t lJ.-
,t8itd1u0 FIJI fiO RfiJfllt? lt = ro2"3 dA 1-22

1r: a otv3r 1 .23

 1 115

s.

G" (
Trop..'o,do EhDr^!l
h I
I

t_
1

o
]{orv,or'.,.901or .tr.^.t

I 1.10 fi':ad-r ln -,:n::o r unr ru t i r'lun r.rfi'-r r il n

VS

l
o t

q
Io T
o

P vo.8
0.5

.J 1<
illr 1.11 nl tn l J r 1u! a.1fl'l 1 r t ?n 1llR 2'llfln?a nu'l
 1 /16
*unr:fi r.ae riirfiutrnrri r.z: a:wQU I e?"r

r',r3da
2
1 .24

iu3aA
,11i0 !:r 1.25
v-A

rirnd.:.1ru.1 6L!f ovrii.rfiriruffruf;nilo{ilan'[x niril t ri",f,., * {4

luvr'rual r fuirfiudr*n:n r iuwiraaolrur udl'lflaEj"lufioriduzovr rurE rt niia
!
uncHril: g8flEaa't1t r rnrtt ( Mornentum coefficient) lil fior:ruraqnm t'nr "r Boq

ra.rlu nfiiinlufmfl rl n aa qcl H

.Jl
tlt I M$ [$ ouuin{u?ut ?n1 mv

( FvdA)v
pu2do

rl--
tllt ltut M na mrulryru?t R lo ou2ae 1.26

fi?a I pv2ll 1.?7

nrnrr:il r"as iri',fiunrnrrfi r.az ovrlulclHir

2-.
vclA
1.28
B
'uh
..]
t,?' ;rh
3 1 ,29
2
A

iJr o urilv s lvr,,rrfiuldo *dar,l,.lr".trinrrn:soruodr+di"rtf,rrnmtr

Ni:*.. y , v 4 ir.l
lruvlru'Ir n uona'ifti,i.r fl)6)r.o ur.'rffi rij rfrfiaur rnhr tunrmr ",_ el
trut'lrliJ'n

ailirnua rLnvrflurLuorrnodrnrr evirir o uns 6 fiau nr.rffrr0ca,r',qriiriifi,lii

ufirrlnlisrriretran;llir o rr0r rJ r.rn irrllirrinrruunitudfinumr.:.r*o"'1 o. rrni n

trhfiu r.ro uw r.otnunifu *intu'lurmiua.rvrr.:{frr::rtrfi Frluar,.r'luplii ',.r2

n1m'luxnudl G Lrou B qlruitrfiri'poonriudrudau "r u*"ld$mohJti
 1/17

^
2 3
7.

L q,\ q
%,\ %

pd r.ra nrffro::ffirfi

3
v 1 Al* A
2
+V 33A 3
c "1 1 .30
,3m A1 + Ar+ Ar)

,i or* ulo, 2
3
A
,.3'!
B
v2 + A2* Al)
m

Ql + Qz+ Q3
vn A, + A2+ A3
1.32

d
tlE u r.u, i r, rY rnr :lu n
m
"*usa.rrfi
O'
EI

1 -- = fl?1llt??tOSJlUt(?lJt4 1

^1

o2
2 A
fl l'rilri'l rqdul.elrufl z
2

Y3
v3 rr 21,Jrcr?Iat1ud?u vi)
A
3

r*'rrd 1.30 Uffi 1.31 ritrur'iup:fi:tilf ir

w?o.rro.r2
rl I
o 1.33
(w A )
3
1 I

l1 tra.a
rv?e.
I 2
1.34
(lv A
1 I
 1/1A

1.8 n1:ntcr1ffi21&hr
a1ndiln1rfi 1.2

$ {o *rr) * oa
'a 0 1"7

rio
" rir,finnrsrrrrr!fi*r:rmrnr:lnn llrrflunr:lnnro.lr steaay ldirnr:rl*nr
roJs.ntllro:l eg1-H a^ =
a
o n'r'lfinr:n:;orusa.rn rrilhl riluuriJ Hy.lrogratic

lurn.n:rfrrUufirnrruririrnr:rrJfitruuJn.tu;oinrruri.rrfirfir av1fi a, rr o tdu

lun:firomr:lu mo {f1 rwnl rh m nBdrv rrianr zltl am nJ : q : w rulfr fu us vwlupl

fi r. r n'r"lfinr:n:;cruu:.rhrhirflulrJn rm{fiinf,1dn i
pJfl r.r t udRlnr:luntru uniform'tuvr.rfr tf, #in rrumofo .:n m.rflu
urn ficrrrnroi.:ffrdin T
rurr r,r. ur.:hrd oa, ov r fi mrnfrufinm.ruri.rll"r er t' a

n affu'luuuaurorn

PIiAL ldAL coa0

' cn/ t d coso
Y-
ocuua 21riflJQs t rj*uurd o,n ln zrlfrr fir r rflra rufriroonrrtrdSn'luuudmrffi
ftf,vrrlnrrlun uffi y rflm?'lilfrrua.rnrrlu#la1u,rurt fiar:* d4n tvllh
"
PB = th coaO 1.35

ttng h = y cos; 1"36

I
rulna'1 h m'ludmr;i r. 35
pa/ I = y .o"2e 1"37

1 rn:fi,vn.rfrfiin rrl Rr nfra.n no.:urn n1 lnrca 1En ?"r hnvl il rfl utjsr rm,n

!a.rdii, 61#r i n rum nffu{ Mrnn irulrlld r Hu r in,rl6n rurr morfi :{fritrs lurn.r
Uffi nrunrnfiro.nno.raaluiffrnr6'rntlrr?rugd'luirirldmnfin llmrrprnrr (eine)
t/roo o'rga.r cose cvfa'rtUrln#.r r'r'lftirm.r y *m n irirrfir
in'rfiaunir
lnhhrnnil fioim ruforfi.:ta.ririr r rhfiu
 1lt9

r-Jnln?!a1Unt{itluUU Hydro3tatic-''l

t
€:tr:u'luu'1

I
BliTiIJ']BN
I

..,,i
1€n6tqleB€ rellltl
-
,{
flnl 1.11 fl lDU',t'l?rl'lr)'llfl:-Yl1u[:nnu

aL

xd cos€

lii, L hcorg
rrjf, r.rr n r:luouunrrfr rinfi inruarniluurn
 v20

il- 6l'
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:l:
,t"
,t-
eP
sl; b=l "
r..i'

.C t- t-
t-
L- 5
E + +
E
i t.:
t.
I
t-
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I t.

'3
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L
l"
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I ot

F ts
+

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2
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o.l I 0_0470 0.676r 0.0695 0.6258 o.o752 0.0r29 0.0079

o .12 0.0534 o.7075 0.0754 0. 6499 0.0822 0.0153 o.0095
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0 .22 0. l28l 0.9764 0 . l3l2 0.8285 0. 1546 0.0503 0.0333
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0.25 0. 1535 I .0472 0. 1466 0.8660 o.1774 0.0646 o.0427

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0,30 0.2640 t.2870 0. 1978 0.9600 o.2052 0 . l3l0 0.0804

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u ai u < $ $ | q A tu
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o rruinfi r rJduuruJn.:"hlu r.:firuri'r mfr

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a cyti']fi': c ftju'l And.!

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 314

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dM
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21 2l;-- . .A
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 314

(
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1

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d!.,1

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dA = Bdy
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lrngrlor"l6"jr diA n(! + dy) * Bdy

+- ie ud |tar l' tairitirriau
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un "'
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r4
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,
dM o-B
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<li I u I - dM
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dy
 315

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r

rl,Ll
mndtn rril 3. 1 Ir tl"rulndplfr r du r iurrfunr oirpf r ufi uliuflria
d. dt v < 4 a ta
d'Ihiu ti?n'tn'll'lr4flfln 1!4un'tI fl1!a {(t,ia 1 L 111ua cxRlla tMdn r!aR?"lrnnr'11 ll40
.l | < . d! I d
ilrir rvirn"rnrrrdn inqn unvn:r u-y idnuovrdurdurdufl:'r M-y uo.:v r'nir
..ir'". 110U1JUUfl1
rllR:11fl L

n1flt rlir ei rajfi#,nh;rild',rdr*'',*

by my

nofl[u02.] v

2 2
A my by my l2
v vl3 vl2 vl3
3 3
ai my l6 vvz lz my l6
J J}J ai rfrr6'run"u ou16'

r! = (y2 l5)(2ny + lv)

3.3 n r: i rn : r ndrhm rlaul fi rn-{ { Troi r I r v un g u: rei r r r g
t
u ). re.r 't
dnru ryr r fir r rnrdnria q'!'luv, r {tfr ia i l furl
: rnnn r :rds a l n r : njduu rrto.l
r r

< o"oo o | o J< ! o jo

R11 onau1{yruvlvru lR alnfi?l 'b{tljf,fl?
nnyl}J?ru'tnr'r 1lanyl!?lu1nd.i x:aa'tnnll'!xnd.i
r. ! v,
_.,__...-.4- . { j
'.
n't'r,lnnn t!fin'm lunn1n112nqn t lnnn 1lrllJxna '
3 I finruuau -"
$rafriyortruu: snfr
"t
.r n -io X
X:An'll t},lnfla{Uln.le1n SpiIlway ianll l!1AgA.:U1n'ln 1nlllYlllfl1'l n'ln?rU!1n

1rL qjv r.rfrvrJin l rra r nfirflo u d ur : o rui rn r : i r fl r 1 sf 'l 6'r flu 3 n :fi fi'.r eialilf,
.t' rl .d
3.3.',| nll rnRa NJU.:lutStn'u'Lxo?ta.:[1n{tln spl}lway }iall lt yl 3.3
i .!,
!iunau fl{ tlualuulru:,Iu ac'lf,l't
J ..,
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I
@
v
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i' E

r,5uni:r
I

AE
,l

2
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)
J)
,)
E2
Tl2
-L
Yl

E2 Et
T I
Mt' Mz IT

1ilf; r.r nr:irn:r;rf lanra6nirr lnsnrrltn:rd E-y unsntlt{ M-v

L 't AE @ 3

-1 l-
v =Pi/U
--.1
t- l{ E!
AE
P1

3
2

MZ= Mg M1 E3 Et: E2
I 2 3

gilf, r. t n1 ti r nr1 :ritt6n:afi ntt r iatrrhorirurlrlgfir

 317

E
1
rtr 2 Irn E I E
2
+aE

Pf= 0 ttRJ M I =M z

n'r rr1uv r.:rlr rin gld r u6uriluflr l rndln. rvr' 3. 3 o r'[ri'ir

q
2
.LI L,2 2.
I
t---.,1
Yr t2 Z \Y2- Yl
2
__s_ ,,,
eyty2 i,,,* 3 .15

IwTURl q = vrYt n.r'ludrnr:i :. ri oc"lfr'ir

z
v
I L Yz , 3 .15
z* Yr)
c 'l

,i v" v"
r.f 8Y1
1
z
J(j+t)
Yl Yr
3 .17

t
tz
vI
f v2
vI
- 2Fr
2
1
0

v2 -1 : 1+8Fr 2I
Y1 z

iqr:or r or rcrirn'r rJuu rnoc"lf ir

vz
I1 = lt 1+8Fr 2I - 1) 3 .18

du 6d
tuvr1u0.i t nu ?nu fl'l trlrlrJfi'1fl'l tt q v2Yz o,r !!d nllyr 3. 1 5 ac Lfl?1

Y1 1
( I+EFr -1) ').19
t2 z 2

dlnr:fi' 3.ra uav 3.19 rfludrnlruroyn6n conjusare lo.r{r'lu

u t i i "-
yruirr .i
n: d rr,rriuuufrr ria{rir v1 uas yr drur:nurrir v^ dolrJuor',,
'2
nn Conjugate ?Ja.! yI "lff lnu'lflor.rnr: r.rs runv'luvtr{nr {fi.lfirl r iior:.u
 318

2
tL0 y
2 d"ll.lllnwl yI t.i tul.lfl11!nn conjuSate lan y2 tfl LRU Lg

dx n'l lvl 3.19

o ,<'
3.3.2 nll 1140?lA {I1('Iuljl Yml1
UN tl.ttldi.l tl-lsllvl 3.4 fl1lln11u1 t}lnft1u

u5yru1 t! n11fl0Jtflu tnnui rLav?{Lyr1.1u1au tutru1Iruai In

-1 E
2
Lrn Mr*Mz
E^+ L
E
3
Lt9l M
2
M3

"
n:rha{dxvir
9f,.
fira rnd.:riorz'rr 'i?ifluyrr rtir
io ir u rsn .r w <i
)a).) r uraunlun:fuilrldnn"lu

r!vr 3 1 qY I n11 AE * O IINU P f *0

rj {rr .3 . d' <r,.d,
3.4 r8.l.r l6S tU lunll I nil ]10.1.:1uvlfltx t dU l1l1.Jfi1 L yl'lftJ,,Jnn1.l?10.:
u - <u I
110.r{1Ua 1 Lfl '1U 1'11.:n1! rr.11]0!1tLnCtr1Ull1U1l'rga.ia1]

AE EI F
-2
2
vi
2e
*rl (
2g
* y2) 3.20

alns{xn1:r 3. 16 o ctrYir
vr
2
r Yz
-=
zg -= =-
4yl r.yr+ la) 3.2L

tuav'luuira.r r ir rn-uril<lnr :fi' l. r s q r"1,fi 'ir

lvl
"z , = tfr<v2*Y'>
,
n e 6u ts d I
3.22

rryrr.rirdrnr:fi 3,21 rLdv 3.zz udxnllyr 3.20 o.:'I rlacan t]4aH Lutljvr.r'ru nu tn?'l

(y 3
2 Yr)
AE
(4rrv, 3.23
)
.dd {v.o
f,iJnltyr 3.23 IljudlJn1td'tn R1u1 141fl',t11n.i.t1U vl doJ L f,U U.l lunll r nn al]
o s .i i 4 ! . 'o"' . Jl ,
-^ luI'l.i
UUvll' .l1tlJRl1-Jg{ t}ldUrlaUflllt$g llltJf, \lnfl?,'11.:'lluvfllyl1.:u'l vl t nRalJ 1410 t'-= 0
t
d
l'ruflv tounga{a!as 'ln
Lnnnl'tn\t tuljyM g
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frroii 1\rlr 3.1 vrr.rrfrrinljdtuduriufrrnt'r.r 1z t nt ia-n:rnrrlr'rn t50 nu.

t lJfl5na lu1yl r iafr'lunn rnv r rrirfi in r rln rnfirurn"[r] dlvr r.rffria u1u rru r :'ru I : r fi n
0tn uiinrl6nnr:'trnvn.:firufrruirrilrrYu : rrn: o.turRruinnr:"[uo LLav

u u !t j. 't
-
Froude Number 111{fi1u r l4UOU',rUnVln.r.r -,uvno t iu'lrJ'lunr: r findl

?Elt1 alndln1lvr 3.19

.L
Y2
=zI l+8Fr 2
2
_ 1) 3 .19

150
v .167
Ltflt
2 ETT 4 t lJflI / ?U 1vl

4.L67
Fr 0. 758
2
9.8I x 3

_2
,r2 0.59

d
Lryrufl'rfl.i lufi!n'myl 3. 19

3
v1 z
( I + 8 x 0.59 - 1)

2.09 Ltnt
150
t1 TiEzf,lq 5 .981 r nl / 1u'vl

5 .981 L.32
Fr
I 9.81 x 2.09

J
(y Yt)
AE
z (3 -
2.0e)
3

4rztr 4xali?.09

= 0.03 L'Lgll

- ,, li
!!1qH!il 3.2 41.!dn1Hflo=.r.r1u ( etllling baetn) luna1ltIlmfualcrf
r.1
a rlo? ( slutce blocks) rfiadrsyr'11#r fino"!'luo'r.: rr.,: udn.rlu grli 3.5 ri'u
r{
arVrfvll'tftnndul:cduE$:.!oR (Drag coefflcient) rvlltiu 0.3 dIUn?1ll1.:
{ .. . v .r e Aj - . y
on?juaunua?1 t t zn'lu t14u0I1[acv{l.tyMi]1noyl\:14rnta { -uaIctg rIlanrlnll Lunry'tnu
d{g.tu
28. 0 frU.I!nlna?U'lyl UnV R?1NAnU1\tn']U tUUaIl lulriu 0.5 tllnl 1.Ih 1R 11llfllr Yl '1 .,
 3/ 10

fi'rui'r uir r'n o',ri', i oiu n^ r, d.r.r rrfiL,!r, fi H 1,t'l u n, d

n ) rlrinr:lfr.rvYua: v r flueir.:do r!fla"{{ru

. uu r'
?r) n1tX n1tfll'lnluatctgtua'l.lfia1uron{1u
-
- tunnd t ynulJeuR't .- j o 4
16 'r fl ''11,1
:]Jyt1.rU't

a 28 .0
1 brYr 0;6'=-6

7.778 t xnI / 11r 111

q 28.0
6
4.667 \'./lu1ytlt).

a1nd!fl'rlvr 3.3

2 ,
P 2 v1 2
f Y2
n)
1
( o
srl +
T ) (L8Yz *
T \1,'

o tnnarlrdn{sa.r?a.r'lvnaclli'ir

,f = +. Dp ,l
t 1J0 co rirdro: vRv{u:.rqn
x;--a
y{1lVl}lU'l
o
A nnll.il4lli?la.rmlA l3 t ?

p R?1lmlt'l lr U?a.:ltara.:za l'htn

r<
ilrurirn.r'ludr.rn r: ( ii) ov"ifirir
t Ioitu.i14LJ 1U fl 1Xn ?1.!
P ?

1
P
t 2
x0.3px(7.778) 2 x (0.6 x I.0)
P
t 5.444 p nn. / t 1t9ll

ruvrurirnr'ludrn r:fi ( r)
^2
5.444 p
t
(4.667 )
+
(0.5)2 .(rr.ool)z v2 -
,J-L-r-J.....\j.1]',,
.Y
o.6e 8Y2 z
--
lln ^y ps ovfugzu*ur:fi' lirry firu c
5.444 36.30r + r.765 - ++
v2
- 4.sos ytr
 3111

'!Jl€: rt

I
I
n
n
fidnrrnrrlna II 6.@ Urrr

-I
II II
Ba!

r{!c*ii

I
o.m lt
I

tut-a n- n
l'
,I' 3. 5 uda.rillrdnrtnn'.rlrufi irfuc:c rd

F2
F1
yr .O.6 lI P1

I
\+Pz=Pl @

t Itlr 3. 6 n1r rinldiraan{lrnrsludrr dnrrnn"l.rtu

 3lL2

4.905 y 22 +-2L.7E 32.623

t2

2 4.44
v2 5.651
t2

v2 z.L4 ttnY 0.72 r lJr]t

nr:'lranfiruri'rtnlraa.:q"xa sfra.!a Utludnrrrn'rn'lrinqn

-a
R.tuu

v2 2.t4

2E.0
v
2 ffi6 2 .181 r 9ll / llr'yyr
AE Er* E2

,i Ytr
Yr*7E- (y
2+ E )

2
(7.77il2 2.18r ) (
0.5 +
ml6r - 2.L4 - E9:6T'

3.683 - 2.3E2

r.3 MI
u al, {r.. d
?i6.1{ luytdor r du LU l'l.l:31t?1.: r nna! 1.3 L!nl

?r) rl 1E vra
tun:0 P
f 0 ocuuud'rr1 rn'lfldNn 1 rvi 3. 3. 1g X',tR1R?1!nn

Conjugate 1fi'

Fr
I :
,8Y1

7.778
3.205
9.8I x 0.6

Fr z I0.2 78
I
 3/13

alndln1rvl 3. 18

vz
vI | <Jr. or"l 1) 3.18

t ( I+8x10.278-I)
z
4.051

v2 4.051 x0.6= 2.437 ! !n:

E (rz- rr)3
-aryr\
(2.437 0.6) 3 - r.06 I IAI
4x2.437x0.6

nn-.rrrur''6qrf,u"trL'lu:vu'ir.:rinir.r = 1.06 tnt

*ralrJ r.r nrof,ildrud'rlfruflrnir.l a 1n ia-n:rnr':"[ua too ru.rln/]rrfi
'Dte'<'r'
orrrdnto':rfr1.r 0.5 {n vr1.!tririnn'.lneirrinT:rilduunrrrnir,'!qrn e rintiu 1o

{n lnu1ftir.rrrt6'r,1lolrol.#orrn 5o |n ii'lu*n.r"lugrli' r.z nruinluvrroiril

n?1{ 1o ?{n
d.
}JRl t,yl'lnu t }ln a..rn1fllrTnnrlur rgo.:i rrir'iudr.: rilfiuurut: t!a
lNfl Rn'l:f,011 fi Eifin.:.11u IUA{QlntLl\t tfi tltMlU

i6ni rrndapiin'nnrilrY urvrd{{tai tflrcrnt Froude Number vl'l\tfl']! ruua

u1 ltncy]'lflu'l
2
v
E
I Yt* EI
0.5 +
tI00/(0.5 x 8.0) l 2 10.20 7 n
2 x 32.2
v1 100/(0.5 x 8.0 )
J arl 32.2 x O.5

6.23 r rlun r :lnog.,:n dr inq n

 l l1lt

too eu. {rrisauli

-'9
-'@

50

90
M2
Mr
80

70

l"-i,
I

---r
tauinlt.lt,n1lJr?tlJoll1

F F
o o
F. lSrriwrr 1
o o
iuriri+lia *a'ulruirlia bt
q
E - 4.097 E . lO.2O7-.

CJ

E# r., ni til, !fl nfl f,udnn1 :[al f, {it'iuun sll r rnrf,ltluirr'rfii riln
.ir .i {
fr iinr t trjdtrurnja{n21uft T1
 3lls
2
E +'v + t100/(4 x I0) l 4.097
2
-rr:Taan-
Fr
100/(4.0 x 10)
2
^li.i * +.0
= 0.22 r rliunr:'[uan*rn'jrinq n

r'rnri'r
^E i.:rvirn"r: 6.i10 rl.Jflr dr!"l6"ilrR".r.:'runti'o{drutAulil'Iu
, i "i
zir.: rrjduuu:J: rilr1v'li6nn'ridrurduria.rornu':.uAun ru uncdnr?vn1r'lilarilau!
b ,. d h U! r8s r d'
t
Lr!n.ra'rnn'n [r4nnln111nqn tnl: tflaf,{n1']1nqfl oruuarfl']la3 r nfl?lJ luu1.r rlnuuuLil

,i.3. - - j, 1 - i,
vl ln 111l Rt 1il4l41nl tllllJ':vl L nnal' [nUO'rflUxnnn 1lvl11 alA!lnfl fu ifMfl')
ur.:ai !Ti"lyfla.nciYurlra.l uo c: v firrirn"ririr rilrn"u uacn'r rniuio"[rl'udn.r"[ flun': r.r

Vt

i1r1{I 3.1 udn.:nr:niurnmr y u6c u 'lutjr.: rrifiriuu!:

(r) (2) (JJ (4) (s)

R?1!n,)1.t lZf !1n1' y -I, l'ltr :vfurir{.r, y, {n
b iln fl'llllll E = t 0.207 Mr difi:"u s = 4.097 M2

8.00 0.500 78.5 3.940 7L.9

8.50 0.470 78.7 3.960 75.9

9.00 0.443 78.8 3.979 79.9

9.50 0.419 78 .8 3.987 83.5

r0.00 0.3 98 76 .8 4.000 8 7.8

a1nn1l1.:yr 3. 1 1flg1fr'n r uvi.r'luti'l.rrlfiuuurJ: niuromrrir y, ?ro.!

rlnnctu, nn Laua 1fiBfi Nn1:xn{{1Ua1 r111U

( 100/bv,
.I )'
zE
*Yr 10 - 2O7
,.r {
r!a b I rJuR?1xn't'l {!a.:yl1.iu1 ungnlu'lrM1n't M
I arndrn r: ut.mi rfl rs
(1oo)2 vL ,.
+
"1 -(uTJ z_ \DYl;
 3l15

'luyiua.: r durdurir yz rnv M2 dlrr:nniu rru'lfil rn

(I00/brr)2
--_-- +v^
'l \.097
zE
(100)2 v2
Lrnc , M
?rtl +
z
(uv )
2

IinanRl
dr.l'
M
I llni M
2
alludtnnrdlrn"u 1nn'nra.r u, rtog M
2
.4 < v
t ljl.t 9t't tL,lU .ivt tnRax n1r tunuu$ n,rfr1'r RnI1,tfl'1u14'lul.]:'r acrl'Lf n1uvlu.t!0 {ax r !'$ulr
i d'"
. -;41rtruQIQutflnauvi ,
LUn{,Iil n]R,)',] txnyl1.tu']ult1ttu11 [J14't {n1u txuau 1 0'r
^nn1t
nllfi nnr.rfiurirtnfrnnnr i*r, o6orrfifilf,.t, r.:finnirtnh
,, ,li u t .{ d c ,
n'la i,'l{M 3.lr vr'l.lu'l lunlufl t14nuxfl1.:xlJ lJR 11!n ?'r {?JO\tnuaAo { t yllnu 3.0 t!nl
<d
R':rmrn ryfi'ru ljf i 1:1 R21!nnLLnrR1',lllH1n1t llln tyrln! 0,5 itnl 116:

rd <a
l+ tInl/MYl n1!n'lmJ a.:I1fl?'11f fl conjutare flanfl?11t0n 0.5 ttnl

?EII1 A = (b +my)y
= (3.0 +Ix0.5)0.5 = 1.75 nl. rrnl
a = Av
3
1.75 x 4 7 1l l1\'14

alnr{xnllyt 3.11, M d
gA
+yA 3 .I1

E t -{ c
n 1v :1Jyr '1.:1r'r LUR:uflLua! Rl.,ivlll

ruvrurirn.rludln
M

r: (
*#.
i )
{
2
(2mv + 3u) (i)

M
dft *fz<zt*s) ( ii )

fir v1 0.5 x ruuurirn.r'ludrnr:yr' ( ii ) rllil' u,

M
1
3.271
'?
urnrrl6n conjugate ?la.i vl o rnar.rnr: ria'hJfl. -
MI - t42
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,
4.995 + 9)
3.27t (3 + y )y + 6- (zY
2
z 2

Lnu'rEd! lJU, y2 1.07 r rnr

R',t'r!nn Conjugate ?la.i 0.5 tl]ni 1-O7 r nl
.{w 4
fi'r1ftrnr:v' (ri ) ritrun:tl u v aY I nn r 111rRnu03 tl,]IaU:ll

vt ).? i'r'l flv rrirorrrfin conjugate 1i' tta t'l 3.2?1 x? ov"[fi' r
1.07 llnv 0.5 t!n: lnuziruqrnn:r{
u;.{h,.t
tnaHl.tli 3.5
-, stluinffltluudln51.1 (board-cresred) nndlr la.,tr'[uu1.:i-1t a
.< { 4 u<<
lljd!nflu
--: iiuH'lvrxn 11rn1n! Uau R?1 n il.iga.ivr'].ilr1 , b tvi1n"1r 4.0 r nl in
uhr',n,tr1r^#.,uri r,o or.,. rilnr/iulyr' 6.: zo.o a!. rtnr/iu1vr' nrtdur{u6:cv'jr.r
<U
n?"'Jnnknva'n l1n 1:1xn (n1l"tunttuu Uniform) ?ra {vr1{l:1ri'.!na 1?'lun1: "r.!

Rattng curve

fi2'llJnn, MD 0.5 1.0 t.) 2.O 2.5

?q i
anl ln 1l txn, !:/?u1yl 3.00 8. 15 11.22 20.8 27 .'7

,t, c 2
,1rn
2
Vg v. I
Y;
2g
y4

AZ

{l.
ilJil 3. s n1 fl J: r{nf lfi n'nn 1 r na.rrn'.t rr rlrscl! r rrur-u r ilrirlunlin r{ rs
inrfruruifunir.:

l w rnrrr6lfi r rlrrdlga {{urt rtl6'.:nsir r (gflLvr' 3.sy

-{. ?r u . 3 . {
?E',|"] a 1n t .lau'[!n1:aan rr!! 1u'tR[1rl!1ldun 51,: 'Lf,ln:nndxnili] r nnff.lvl "t.l
frruvTrrnirga r sltr ttnva lnnrlr.rra { Rarlng curve tiao"n: rnrt"lua tilrn"u
 3/rE

d $u < I u
20 ff1. tlJfltn0?u'lu aY Iflft?'tlJnn tytlnu 1,95 L'l!gll yl'ln'llv1frl't nn y
3
?l.1rr.lu
{ c < | .3
fl?'l!nn conjuSate ?la.! 1.95 (ya) ttnl [ayLuufl11l.]onnaurnna

v3 I ( 1+8Fr 2
_ r)
v4 z 4

1
-2 c/r*8x0.344-1) 0.458

v3 0.913 L l.t9ll

E^ 0.913 + L20lG x 0.e13)l 2

J 2;g;EI
0.913 + I.529 2.442 tlglt
<q - .{
fn 1N0n'tnqna uflo.: r n R?ru1lltdu rl'tu

v2 vc Iq 2 le i} 113
(s 2 /9.81) 713 L.37 I tut
2
v Y2
Z c Q2
4 Tg ^.22
l9D Yc

0.679 t 1.tfl 1

v2
c
E E +
2 c 'c Tg

L.3l + 0.679 2 .049 r lrfll

fiqr:rur':vu'jr.rurhiTa (a) un! (3) rfi'aurnrrld.:ralduatru'lriinnr:6qrturdal

eTu?.{[tsil1ll

E
2
+Az E
3

Az + 2.049 2.442

Az 0.393 ('Ifl o.t rm: )

uT nl1!6ny'u1i1ein ( 1)

E
I Er+ Az E
3
 3lL9

v,
.I + Q2 2.442
zgD yl
L.274
-z
YI * 2
2.442
v1

YI = 2.17 MI

" l- .r <
l r rnra'n: "
rn r:"tr,rnvrrlaufr4n 3.0 zu. rrn:/iurfr qclfi'n r ril6n!0.!n r:"[unuuu

unlform rvirrYu 0.5 rilnr (y4) r il'ay"rn r:n"rurnrn rnr rl6n conjusate
?ra,! y4 lctfi'

v3 0.29 I tJn:

odudodv.r.lM
R'U{n.l{1Ua1I 1Cv Afl{tluUf,llii1g ylaCyl'l [xAn:1n11 t A 3.0 0U. tllnlllu1yl lvln
<q - J
fl'rufl1g ln filu? tna1nfl21ltfln ?nllmJuducluuu r a.!

G.Ol4.D2
rll
vc {
r3r I

0.3E5 t nl

o srfura-..1': ruyl'.lv*,nirrh# (z L H
2
E
2
+Az
vz
0.386 +
H
2 fi+0.+
0.785 t 3.0/(4.0 x 0.386) l2
+
zl-g;8r-
0.786 + 0.193 = 0.979 r 1]nl

o zirr.
nt ?anau ?1 r nflallyl1.:R'tu 'tulJ"t14la II Ln '] v3 vl t n RA 1n Hz

E 0.9 79
3

Q2
Y3* 0.9 79
ze ( uy: )2

v3 0.225 t'lJgll

tr:rv'ir y3 irirrio un'jrnr r!fin con5usste ?a.i y4(0.29 rtnr) osfu avrfin
rtu
l aI n : ind'liuvr r.: frrur,r'rtnfrtra,,nr1rfi'# 13 ) uan..r jr r iaa fi lduc rud.r o. a r lur l a v
, w e. I r$e
fl'[J1ln?n!1 Lu!2.1 3.0 - 20.0 zu. rxnl/.r 1yt'tf,nnfra \:truuau
 3l20

uljll fl m1fl

'{ { rt u c
J. I n1uv1l.J'l!a.i lEnlo8na1l tu?]1.11-.1:Llfi t unu! utr1 IR11]Jt:1n1: tvfltyllnu 8 !./
lU1yt ttncR ? 1 nn 0. 40 t xfll a.u'lRl'nnn con juSete R 1U14 1 tru'l

o, <,
fllnu! t!a I [d cfl n {.i'11-ry dq I du tlJ

3 2 u1u:cu1fld{'r.!fla.:vt1{tiitldrxd'lriluflr n{r.i 3.o rrnr r''rrorr,i.ot,fio.l

de
r dnroua 1n! "tu: tu'tu [l]yt1{n1rt} ail1 ll'r [u111.:ulfln 3.0 rrnl R111J6.:
s {<' - .( 4 u
ga.ln15 L!ru1UlCU1Ualnmt Rl 0.9 r 1J9l: uov dHJ i cdylfia 11mru9i1 (cc)
j . ,
t lnu 0.51 a.ifi1tll {In1lyr'lnAU'luiCUlU InU a) .o<'
l6ynnna.i b)
.<
1E
j.
ufl n11n1rnICalU[r.:n!rfllldodfin (Hydrostatic)
e c ,r d < 6 u a .{ i
3 3 Ultvan? R?11I11 3 11./?U',rX UOYR?1rnn 3.0 tXnt Luyr',r.lll',t tlntld rvrflL L
1tu,"t"trt!l
HU'r-1 a.iu'r?lulfltrnvyrfl l {?10.!rt5.ina}lu,ruu 1u011tn 1-1.r'!1n I u na fla a ) y{L

-i c r/ -i
unflu 0.3 ltnl b) lm '1.,1l114nnnln{ 0.3 t G
yl1.ru'l nt
. 4 Ji <, , J 6h, c I
3 r+ taylH 1141laufla 3.3 tl'l Az {nllUnlyurrnld {qn !y1yua!'114-tf, rill]dx.l
?ra

U :' t,X a' I u r v o 4

lcuyflu rrn uxd.:a lnuuTiunRo u 1 nno.idtsrlli t nN n'tt-[140fl']!141u1r1 rIunl:'Lyn
4r . j j x
tm.la ?nrln a.ixlrri {na {xu2ufr 1 1!n 11 {yn : yyr ",.Yi
1.llnafluytHnfil

ul { 4 s e 1 ? .q { {r
v]1.tu']fl Lnnu! u(1n1'r.t t.0 r n: lanl'rn1t lua 25 lli.l11'l1yt IU nll6 n
v cot/ a n a e . v d I
:cmJ rtdgvr'r t}tlntr IEn:annatJn11lIlgul 0111.JRn].1a{ t nna!!R1 t yt1f,ll 2.(r5

t nl n
-{
llnnlVmJmlIl
...,a
l?1xfl'll60r t
{
f,U'
-
n{{1u 0.1
2
1 1 {}1 1R ? 1lld .! ?ltl
ri
.!111111

zE
onfl.i (Az)

V
V2
L,Z
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?-r d | j
3.5 I1 tl4dn,)UAfll',',l 28.O -"
X:/?U1vr fi1l.ryl1.11C!1UU1AUX{n?1{ 12.0 tNnl
!. ! ov y {d
n {da 1{1{n!'ltl11iy'ltMllR 21!n 11.1t?l1nU I lfniU'l I}M CI nfi lUn1U}1Ulga \tvl1.lU 1flu

f, 'r 50. o r !n?a1nr uriJ ril;u! r;ild!ili :sfu rfr'luuririrrYruvirtrair.rrYnrii

oHfl.r 30.0 ttnl alnlcflJultLturlltturflulnu dil nl1tlrlJn'r:flqrd fl{.i111

'iun r:'trann.:lrnrre'ryrlru rolrfi'u o u.r r: v iY..,f,usa ra'r.:r-nrlrfi'q vyi'Iltr'r fin

'[
.3r
dn : atin qndun ru'Luar.i]YntIr
.tu r5
3.7 tau!t141J0?ta 3.5 Itfln'tu!n1't r cmJa'r {}rnu1a yaun'tfl 11t ut 22.5 r !r la 1n
d M ls., < oi* " 3
e .c
:ctnit l .J tl4 .J t l.J tR a \rfi 1'r'la'1.!rn!'ra3fl a.!n 1''1.: ryt1 I: a{acy i 114 tER:aanal

. {."
L nn?! tnfl"|ll Lua1.:llnI',r
 \11

ux, t
n1rlnnuru uniform UnSn1ln"1u10

ua
..dt .uu
4.1 qonffito.:nf :lufluJlJ unif orrn "
fmfl:Jl,r9M fi1fi0ma d
-
fll tnrt.tu
< c Ci-. woc
1) n? llJnn fl?1rJtl? mrvl?1u]fln r[0t1]l ! alnl l trnza{u1?tvrn "t aR

! u... j
n na n g?.1 fn ']]]u'1??,alr 1.:u 1}]fl1ft.,?i
X -"<,
z) R'r 1$ 'tn{ru?a.t rXundr.rru:u tl ?1.1
'l ttn S }llj}l 'l
']U
1 nltY1nU la
rHuaa.,R?1rr01ni:rrfi.rd1.ururuffir uio sr o
. {
llJll'lnu'l0llllgln n1l tun ttu! Steady ung Uniform aCtnflgu "-
tnuln
,r 9" r {
un0{nl uu.l tunl l f1111?nJ I l1}n f,llJn1fin't I 'tIa t lfuLrljll steadv - un ifo rm auuau il
' i"{
runrHmrl'lfiirfiinr rr'lnK r 6u{n-uilotl r nnmlnlxDt l}l?J1n

4.2 nlilunuuu unirorm rn'aIu1Yrodr.rl:

A <u.r a .
'[utrruwr'ii"r'lv a'[w'].: iiuo rrnav
t
r rinul.,!h1ur tunlt'i nfla.rffi lr'rtsavnn

nrt rltrruLtl'rtu n't.: ?ra{ tanri'tu n1t'lxnrLUlJ uniform f,1ri110 tfirritulr,firi, , rJ, u5.l

hruurunl:lunso.:fiiouludarrcnlnnrifruu:.r]filrix lhfi'rlr.roodr.rUr 1rn1xti?

u 1r u - ddt I <l { ..w
tmC ttl { nluvllUlVlJRlUaB ul.l tU}Jn 2.t ?10{ t nnnlJfl'lN1nn11tll.l I flHnu lU t lJll,lftil'l []1

rn'nRrl.tri.:vtt.:fitrruiafii ur.rfiruxruacrbu r rdlilulufirirrvirfirLu:.rIfir.rrir.:ta.r

lon n1r'lxaranilia cnn 1u r ilururu unif orm rrij aia r: rurur.:HT ufi 1ufiifl n rll.r
<ta..t
F'nrvl1u!R't:J1nn ?'ltrt{ iIrJn't.tga{tnn n1t'[xalc! nuut utiuR Non-uniform afi
o < wo vo t.t .o I q
ol.tvlu.! tuflJ 4. 1 tlfin{n1l tfin?Ja.:U lUrM 1'lu'lrun? 1xn ]n tvlrl.ln2'l ?nqn (subcri-

tical slope) Rl'l nmr!1?'nqn (critical stope) rtovn?116lnr rufiainqn

a $u I a .t $
(supercritical slope) t.t av'lrtflo't ?0.:11unc t abrilulMtn-[rl u]fn1un1n!un'l
n'lrinqn nr:'lvrn?a.:fiiriuLrurr unirorm'ludxnor.r unlrrdxrrtannunyfitflqn
nll edln
t,la t U(tlru Non-Uniform UUn2lxn'lrltvl?nQnaYtnfrflo!t0n 1 Uutl?u1 tlnfnl!
<d<.<4e^e4'{rr
On I OnUlJRlfl
':vl n1l tXA?l0lU1t.l An 114 tUUttUU Un if o r m ul]fil lNn lRl14 l UUAfl ll?n qn

flnMlv?Ja.tn'n []1nt :JaunloJga{R11!a1nrI?nqn rLn zIJ1aJrIwlut?{?aln15 t}1 n

?ll.lfi uniform
 4/2

n1l'lne nr:1ua
Ituiausr]r-l nrrluau,u ul Jrrlrta ltrir.,uutJr

I
N.D.L. I
I
-"1

- -l--'s'
I
t-
I --- T---
t2Tl|e1 i' $<$

nrrlua
lrudov uui nrthraia[rdsr0vuuua fi la uo

x & c.or-

z'uaratrtlnrlt,50,
g.

1:1un
nl lrruuu:_1 nrtll,tauuuaJ-t1:ro
-I

I
I I I
I
__J I

L fI.0.(
I

I
I
-1

i 2llrelrlr
},EEn drlnq
lr Sos S.

sr mrrarrm!nqe
N, D, L, r!uu^arn:rlfinr.lol
C, D, L, !luuatlanllfn nqi

tr
dfi rr-r n1trfrRn1tl o(uu rrnirorm lunr.rfl'rrinfiidr.:urr
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lu1fu" t.1 N.D.L uvrutilutor rn ' - y-)

rm'n nfi (r.rormat Deprh, -n- fl't 1li
|
6nrlniriunrr#nnr:'hnyr"fr n'r,q rnnt:lunrrul uniform lln: trn rn r lryrjn"tr un'l'ii

c.o.r,.
rlru rHunr run"ninqn a: u6ninq n r fru nn rln'nyrir n'no rnnr: lyn
. .r. -.{
inqn nrrm'ninqn"lrjiniadfiunrrmrnruuovi6nrur y""lfinrirrl:JuKr'lur-miiaa.r
.'lunl< a a <a
raitrn1!nrru?nqnn?1 onlnflic t yl'tR!R? lxon?nqfl ( vrl = v.)

\.3 atfi1t n'rurorurar u r irlaln r:lrfl BulJ unifora

.,1 s v.3
llJvl l.l lJfll] n "
R'lllJtl?lOn U?4.:n1l 1140 ?lUfl Uniform tU 1.:U1 lUn
. < .v t6 -t--.--X
fr'lx1ln tfluu t as lul g0nf,In'nvl? tu lnn.:!

cRx sY 4.1

a i^
I lE) = R?1rJr51rariu'luyrr.:Iiriln

R = iritlonrnni
s = R? tlo 1n fiugo,,! rHuflfr.:.t T.t (Bnergy r,ine)
I
= frur..trvRvBsa'rR21rJriunvrlu?ro{n1:'l o

r1dlu1rndlilAlfi nlr'hnuo.rili'luvr'rnfii rin6rrllzririurnru urr irorm

r

.,i ,,o .r M,{ i

t,l tlJ0 ltllJnll LXn!1?JA.!U1 (FIood) Ila tN:Jn1ll!nUUttUfl{n1l tUflaE1.:rJ'ln

rda{ o rnm tJ'lddr'r tduo sa{ur{ f,i usiarnfi lH riur firi{n1ilr v!1c!a 1{ ru1! .j

'u .'"-
" a J o'..-r {
r ?r1ul.l { nrvr'lilfhu'] rril 1n11rJ r - 1 r 06iuy15 in iun ri.n3!H],J'[ijfru0ti1.t ul,{ l.l4a luRadfll?r0.r
<r
HJl rtA3fin:fla.I U.xuun

4.3.1 (i.l!o.rrfli ( chezy Formural 'lugnu"rruta.: n. rt. 1759 'lf 1nl

t12 5\t r rifi?o Antoine chezy thiEil1{ o:il'tl niu?ruu')fl'l 'llJ t l ? r on u t.td1},J1ln
d 6s .. .-. ts
t ?tul.l tuau !ul'u?ra.:frrnll tno.lu

cF lr .2

- .{ .r
xa C = HrnJ r :dvr o-l a.: n?'tNrd n ?r'lu?r a.,n'tl"tuo
- l Cdyr6!a{
dx "d 4
t flt
=
 tit/ \

tatruui3 1ufo.rdi:

rl.r fi1uvr^ n1r'lun rarfii sbri'.:urirrfi#uuo fi,r",lfl'r riuHndr.rfii

n: lr r i runnid.r ca.r 1 r;flvr" tr-Z)

--] r {vr, at.rl

,v s2r,
2g
-.] oJ2 tl'r
v
A
Wsin e
-.JF- n:ceao{ 2
L
z
P
L
J L-
::dunJEauriau

ilfi \.2 n1r i L nr 1cfil1dnr ?ra { t fifl

r.:r Hruv, r#.rrlo, *u2 n"

2 In.lvir rirra 1n R? "llJ l[xnl.: ?a{ lnn}Jfl1 tvl'] n! ltl{ n.Tu?l1uvi.iurn

.a.
ttl.:Yt nfln'lnfn l tUrJn?n ?la'i tfln 1AL sin 0

T ALS 4.3

elndNnlrvt' 4.2 trou 4.3 i3 tir?'1

2
T ALS KV PL

n ru un'ifi R = A/P

C =,m
alndrnll 4.4 a c'l"nir

2 1A
KP"
4.5
" "/"6
 \15

{ ss^e
'iui n. ri 1E69 ?fi?n l?J'l'1fi1d fla Ganguillet 1t6lt Kutter ln tll

Xnrdru iuniurnru rHllr vfir 6m': l ri'llri,ru{

r !1J1r0 .!nqB

41 -65 +
0.00281+ 1.8', 1

Sn 4.6n
1+ (41 .6s + L9"94,
- !
fi
tvlruttnin
23+-+1 0. 001 55
nS
c 4. 6?'
1+ (23 + o'00155) S
n
.,8

u6 = fi? 1,J01fl ?iA al tHulfirrrUr

.d fn'lXll??Jl (Roughness
- Cdvl6?I){
n = dllll V Coefficient)
R = inioaoroni

.{
1r) R fr tEgz irtrn:grrali,rrRdb H. sasin '1"n r drodnrrfiurnrur

HuiltcdvEla.r r?rA (c) i'.r o tr r : n r iuu"lfi o u"lulUdrn'li ?,a'r n't-nfi.,ri

rcuuS{nqB

157.6
c 4. 7n
1+m/fr
1Clru trn:n
a1
C 4.1',t)
1+n/G-

l{u n HuJt:in6tra.r nr 1rJ?,r?n vra.: ruiu

n1 m 'ludn:sa{ r uiu'l"nud n.:'l'l'lunr: r.:vr' r... r

 L,t 5

f,1t1itx &. 1 dra.t':cAvr;mrrfl:ulcua{drn'rr ruiu : "rn', ro{vrrlfiid0ncir.r rr

r iouls
, nga{}l1nlr1
n!1n 6 r,o1t rn1
*j.-
yl1itu't?t fl 51it ?u
{
.a t
RdO\tnU dlJ'l t f,tJA ltnYnln 0.50 0.70 0.88 1 .05
.i{q
tna { RunJn fnuR ?ut40J 11410}11.r 1.05 1.38 1-'t5 2.11)
d.q
fna.rv?n [u]1u 1.38 1 .75 2.05 2.3t)

2 vt1.ru'l6tltJfl1n
aard
fAA.:Yxn 1lU11.l tnE.10 ti1.tfl 1 .05 1.38 1 .75 2-',tD
{{.
fnfl {v nfaxnlufltx.lutaflu 4.85
1 .75 ?.40 3. 50

3 flfla{n 1R
srirl.a
RAAiIR mn2UlOUflt rNlll r tuu 0.055 o.'t4 0 .22
s ..i. i
flfl4\r R'1flfl?H11ull 1 L l H1J 0.055 0 -22 0.275 0. 33
flna.rfl 1fl h2ulrur luirt]1rru? ( ?,?sr s ) 0.50 0.69 1 .05 1.38
d ul
Rna\,R mn2ulur 1tJ\: lxulrru? (01flru) 1.05 1.38 1.60 1 ,'15

* qrn',nrrluo1unrrfrrin,' ?a.,rill;srB ninriltrflrn unc'tn?Yn{ fiilqil'r

- i . d .1 .-
fi'l:?to{rutru [n 1t1n?ara!{rnul?ul?xn1nlairu1? 1fltflnafiu.RU

1n lunr:'l[.rtrfirtl i.,r'lririoul"nenfi rru'oudgu tta.rn'n r cxa:'

4.3.2 nldlvHnfia:lal Darcy-treiabach

nll'lun rUuf,udu ( Turburent Flow) !a{ Ua't"lufl lstnY rncom-

pressible l1OlA $!ael

LruHflnBlltnCU 1n1l ? lU l? 1n rrau t1uflv t adEJnd u1l0xln"l"nam
.lar --4
^tur??ouac?, , o. , .''
fl111 tnu?nlJflnfr1dntfl B{?ra{ t n anfl1?n.1 tun?u r ndu ?ta.rfiunr: ivlo
s o r .U
lljll1.rU'l t n IYI1UU

nr:lnnnrutab
| 4 u t . .X
ar?yta d 1IJ110roJ.r lrjunnloJc'1,140r 1 .--lnnrm't u
 4/z

KV
s ..1
<4 fl'lr.lHUr1{?la'lf,nl

KV
s
4< <60 dr{ r rh'ut.trlil:

K
s
v
>60 ft??tl sr u

3<
1A
s
R? 1lJ?r:?Jl Vfla { UJflt4llH la e

lV' = l'"'"
nr1rrtilr:.: t otau (shear Verocity)

orln4inqoilrdn{ ( ri-nematic vetoc iry )

{or Darcy-weisbacn duir.inrr'ttnnrElwia;D

L v2
hf t D29 4.8

<{<6.
t16 h-t r ERta{n1:ff! tdU tUO.lllnttln t fiURy 1lljl1u't!ra

{.,rrr Hrl drl,utinarl D uf,cRl1ru1l L

f tttinrm {m.ru:.r rflurmTJ

,{
fi'],lflJXa ?llJ H?tl tnJ R1?8.: f aC2 afltru Rermolds Number r ltEl.l

atir'rtirr (Re = IP) firiunrr'luouuudrdu'lurian'rsrt:v rir r rviluo{fir.r

rn rxut z: vf,ufivror 1r",zo; unvginsa{ m'rusts?s gn^triiluf,urirso.: Reynords

Number 'lud:.rsa!nr? r iln'uuril: fi1?,a.r Re uos KslD osia'il;ilnflb rir?E.r r

, ot{
!u1R?E.i rn 1rfl l fl : csa.ryiou=ila zrtnYua-uJufl l$uus
tr*,n nloulu-:Im.l rn rlfl t ln vdrryn!a{
. t
$JfMl',ru R1?E.r f d1!',tln 11hnlndxn1rrEIJU
a 5
1 fl'tlt fln olr? I luul,tn! Re < 10

0.31 6
t 1/6
dfl?t8., elaisiua 4.9
Re
 t+
l6

2 dru iuvia ir r iuuunc ne > 105

1
2.0 log nef 0.8 dnl!a.! xarman - Prandtl
vf=
4.10
5
drriwiafi'lzr?: vrnc Re > 'l
0

K
L -2Loq;f+r.r+ dn?m.f Karman - Prandtl
n
4 .11

4 cril Yudr.: r rJn'fluruJ:

K D/K
1 + z log s 1.14 - 2 log (1 + 9.35 6 )
Ji 5- nef
dn:ta.l colebrook - white 4.12

a rr ftnfi r#hi1dr.r nnl fi our:n ov"lfi dnr sa.r n1? t4a'luvlb'lH

.aae. { I s s
tl€'l y111il'l9tR?.:nnlM u't tun t nlll4u 1flR QVN R=D/4 ryil]fh D frrt] +n a{'lu
amr:d 4-a 0t 11- 12

nr:lunlunr.rii rin

R1m.: Reynold Nunber drlr:nvr"lfilrn

4RV
Re

ue a. e
Irnsm'l ul ?Jt cduxvrriluliu (Ks,/4R) dun'lt 4.8 d1 1rn r suLllh
114rJ 11
2
L
hr f 4R 2q
4.13

v
ff.n ht/L 4-14

dru iunr:'lunuul unirorn'hrvr r.lfii rin hr m'run1R#u?E{ rNu

fl{.:1u?? = Sf S
o
rior.IJimru'uuolnr:fi t.r rnvd:Jn1rfi 4.1t arflud'l

le;7t 4.1 5
 tt/g

'iunr:vrrh r lnu'iUdr.rnr: 4.10 rns 4.12 a3 lfll1 U\: g1n t :19

rvlar&).r t
atifi.r6.rtr.:m.rdlnr:
l, 6.r1'niHrauaaur',r
tr
. o*",#1fitir'ln6r6u.rfiu
' r-""
fl1fl -I
tnalnfl n'r 4.10 rrai 4. 12 R.tu

1
1 .80 1og Re - 1 .51 46 4. r0
vt

I
1.14 - 2.0l"s (k. 4.12
ft#,
drn'ltvl' 4.10n uns 4,12n 'ltunuflJnr:u' 4.10 uns 4.i2 qllaihj

1n ufirlrJ nr ug: u: t'luvrrr fii r in rvi r.rrn lvnilfinr:1uo rf,uuuuriudu

,iaroo *. uo, ft rsirir urn YnX#'lHlrnluaulx ia a1nn1lvrnna.l'lun 1:"lUx 1

drra.: xa Fnililrfiti{ila udadr.r'1rfi6 rrld'lxlin'lfiri1 K

a
'lunr: r.rvr' q. a d"ol fu
nr:'tr.rn'lru r.rfii r 0n1h

,,.. rirsal xs druiuiur.rfiir0n

"'rr',orj

fintrovilr
rhrnrurlr:ralXn x
s
(inirm:)
rufir 3x 10 -4
. <.r I
fl?foun:9uJfl?1 r I rDrl1n 0.15 - 0.30
lEl31J1uIl1 tf, t Rlnai2rJll 0.50

munlfl9l??lltt y 0.30 - 4. 50
rna.r iufi i uu'r n:r uo vufi r Hndnur r drn 3.0
Rubble Masonry 6.0

4.3.3 [li:!o.t Manins 'lu n. rt. raeg irlrn:grr'laig burg n"be.t

Mannins 'l"n r aua4n:i'.:1Uu tnr r r i lsa{ ntl'liloruu uniform 'luvrr.:fii rin unc

Xn:ilfignrtirntl,,ruarufilzrhrroro'.,rrt,rr.,i'.,,#ffrrfi'ud'luarnrr:vri r'..ro
 \110

1 .49 2/3 't/2

rrqd.rnqu n
R ,4,15 n

l![ trJfrtn 1 n2/ t s

1/2
4.16 ?)
n

M) n dur.t: vfrvro'ta.r rn'lr?n !l v (Roungness coefficienr)

S Rr tun tn fii s a.r r Xurfil.: ru

, r.. q Y {
flnl ta { tUJllU{r]n'l lUruJ1A'lnf,nl n1.: 'l 14.11'1}lRl'lx 7 dgll |'tnV?J1.l0HnU

taXni.:'lhrrnnrlxRna.:?E\rruiu *nvthunn.r'lfirfiuri.:lnunr:ilrrnnn'norl'lx 170

oY., ifiiul'ltsnrra'rrrrodr'llnr:niurror",rrir,oo''r'harr.rflirin riu*uofiir'n',,

'luaun uniro., fiu:.r1n ,r:'rrHofir'lfilnHr,6u.rnruoilurn fi.:niurru'lHirauav
.l .i '
l?Rr l?n216flrar I "'...n'nR'ru?flR?'lurr?
aul mt,r 1.!u1r unuiansawr'lri'ltn aasn rn
r .rr . .l 4 . <'
nlln.I}lURRl?JA.: n U1lC AI DHffyli-lfr fln?Ja {n'll R1U?oJflO1n ! RflAUa 1nR? 1x r Ul.l ll.l d.:

acillniliaiiauuuiuadft.rnr : r rian'Iil<n:hrH

firrirso.: n, R r!f,J s lilinr:rriuululnn rrldlullnuJisurfirJu,irru

o i (v)
J"- u a,uu 4
rl?ta0u 1r tRl1nflnt ?o{ tLIlJu{ ttncnn t na I lnRtu
." R ltnlrlnn?'l 1.00
6tunloM aY tn?1fll'tx rirfin'rurnr'lhlrnon:m.r
ua1 o'
frnr mdosilfirilrnnirnrlrr 5 ru'niuirllhalndnrm{ruui.,:
6 d.l l. u 1 <t
tunt0M R xRl[Jaunll 1.00 lcln?1R?1!tl?vrR1u2r!tnn1nflnt?E':
u I 1t u d a'o
nflt mf lcua'tuaufl?1fi?
' 1rJ t t 7t4 R'ru'tru tRnlnfilllm { rl.}ruu.:

a d< d. a at. Y
t nltM R rJfl1l111r 1-00 nS t tl11R21ll t l lvlfl'lU?O tni1n?l.: f,O idsll

lVXR1rv1rru

alndlinlrfi [.5 ttnu 4.16 r rldlrilrnx'lnl 1lillfiuf: vvdr.r c uriy n

ua
.uu
tnR{u.-
't , 486 1/6
?nrua'rnqE e R 4.11 tl
D

tnn t}|ntn In R
1/6
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alnd&n1rfi a.12 uflr t.15 lc'16'ir
2
n (8s)
f 1/3
4.18
R

fi ru"rarnrrfi 4, 1 1 l.rjrdaflr 1nr ruf,uf,urir cili1{ r r$s

4R
K
'lun: vn'nc
s
n:1T{ ros-los lnu'Ifi r ag\uuurunuf;o vrinr:orn rfrun:rl nuil: vr ru nY tn

n?'lm1Rfrr?o.lrfrun:.,:rrirfiu -J H.:ronrlufllvlo 4.3

o.

nrBla.lrm - - r/3
atrn€ 4.

ool

4
ro lo
e R./Ks

uu I
+fi ,,., R'r 1}Jf,!1iU6l Sy?1it 4R,/K
s
ltn3 f
Ui
QSUUr l',ld"tu1to r aHudmll 4.11 1n?1

r o tflt-1/3 v1a t o r!t1l3

R
.t .19
s

rlncalndrnlfll
d
4.i8, f 2 1/3 1/6
o, n /R r r ldT x'lrnd?:JlHd't nd K
s
dnr

a{ Manning Bncdnlgo.., Darcy - weisbact r{ur:n'lUfiln11'lxattttufitLd!'luu1.l

! Kv
fi'rfifinrrus:r:cx1n"lfi (-e' > 60)

v a{r. s < e 6 !
fl1 n tUEtlll?EillU U.: Unif,n:1[]\tnn t tEl lJOl tnntRU{nU 1n tUgln?lO{
'tul41.r , U
--turl{da .rr < e {
R"l s ltnu R unn !1Jn n1 n {dntasxfll r nHlnu ru] s rfl1lJ1nn11
",
I uI <.
ular lilu 0.0001 ttau R rn10utc14?1{ 1.0 uac a0 rin R1 n f't}l ludlH?E.:

Manning [6idnl?n.: xutter R1]101nfl1rl{xd 4.3

 4/12

.: .d rNsl ?,1cla.:dun llnrlfin

- vRrn'nr
n1r1{il 4-3 f,urJ: t o n-Hnt ro 1 dNn 1l utJuu't

r.!0u l?t
,ruRmitYl'1.:U 1
6rrn 6 mlli tR?

r x 1.lu
-.j..fl r
't?r 1 1.1 ?1Ll

1 . nna.riuvrJdili r dxa unvnl.r 0.017 0, 020 0.o23 o.o25

-"t - {
2- nfla{Ruvl?Jfl Itut la?n o.02) 0.028 0.030 0, 0Ir0
ds.
3. fma{?rqn tuuu fl 'rrfltJatlncn!ir o .02) 0. o3o o.03) o.035
r $,.ro
-txdxi 4
4- Roa{r!fllln.ru
^. rd}lattnuRRr RU') 0.035 0.0t0 0,0l+5
":"'- ..<-{ I
5. Rna.:vr'lnalnn1r I s r urMurl4!'l?ru n fn fl 'rRgrfl .! o .o25 0. 03o o.o35 0" 040
.i<.
5- Roa {Ru}r r lu.:xunlRna{
.1,
0, 028 o.030 0.031) 0.035
irdc 0.030
7. Rflan RRr fiu?xn?1Nr 11n11"iundi 0.020 0.025 0. o2:8

rr fl 1nff16r:!014
c n r<l , r<
1 t rjuflna.: n1.,1 d!0'ta'[NtJx'ltM I 1u lrJlllroxtE 0, 025 0. 028 0.090 0.033
{td
z rflrlar 1 ueiill4illunuriujnflnljfi1.! 0.030 0. 033 0" 035 0.040
a/
3 rlfuRda.tRnr fiu? dcaln }l'ltMl lulncvfl}llo 0.033 0.035 0.0t0 o. o45
4 [14XBU 3
'
ttR l}lf,U'lI nM]UBgu'tmJ
*1 0. 0t0 0.045 0.0:i0 0.055
ri. 0.050
5. rxxau 3 Rfl Ul{r"rtrR J14U!lnfnrJ'1., 0.035 0.0t0 0.045
< r.t !t<, 0.050
6- ru au 4 uguJU'l.lxu',lflfMxl4ullln 0. 045 0. 0r0 0.055
drrnr:"lunfi1 1 i{rJnnxrrlnrnciuErin 0.060 0.070 0.080
7. 1 o. o5o
dl,
8- rl4(x'1 nflflrMu'tt[Jll tln tfi{lJ']n 0.0?5 0. 100 o.125 0. 150

III flfla{R1R
d
1- fi00.!fl lRnlUUUt lsil
xt
lrJU'ltlll? o.o25 0.03o 0.0r3 o.o15
2. ftao.rR 1n'R?tifiu t iu.'turtru'] o.o17 0. 020 o.oz5 0" 030
0.014 0.015 0.019 0. 021
3. ma.:n1RB?umunin hrur'Edrn rnrfl
0. 013
4. nna{nrnfi':!rouninfi rt iu! 0. 010 0.01 1 o "012
e<' 0.01[ 0" 010 0.015
5. frfla {R lnn?HfEUnl fltrw6Tlxfll 0.013

a1n ''n1rtu nlum.rf1!fl fi' 00 il grfiu:fi nlrldlnarn ttnv ln:hri ailann

 trltl

a
4.t irfi i6nirmdo drm.rf,ral: viu6aa{ n2 Tnr !rl
Irufir r "tu nrflr'qc r n'an'l[rir n rir'lnrirri.r dry irn r.:fruuu'lnurarui.r

lnuronrvriunr:'lrinn"no.rfin lnutoflrcyr{ilio:':rgrfiildn'rnsa.ryrr.:fiiocinr:rila'uu
, <e.ul .r { I .l
[1J0.: n1nltMu.:'!tJt {anttMu{ 1I.: avlJfiayli't, R116ir n rn1:r nHuuln\r nnafld?n ?a.:n 1

q aaa r d . .l
fi1 !<
n.:uut l1R? I ac 10.:d.:lNa?l6 ntEn1l
-
r ouuu fl.r?D.rf l n i{ac!d lc
c
LuflulJlnsE
I

n r :lrjov r 6an'lU rir n'lfi rnr'rp.r rru', rcrdo it

.<
1 qr4qa:cmfiLn r.rii ( surf ace Roushness ) r l1avflall0r'ln.:

trutnrncflJl'rrm{ Grain mr idmrui rtarnrrfitr iauurHu:ouril rflun ianfi.rneirr

{ {l ,X . - '10'r ?flRn'tlr?n
aln tnlln mJ!uu!'] mJtu nlJ?rl1u 14u ufan:?R rafin rl4n1uflf,]lftu
:ri { r -u r
crain nvriiun ovria'Ifi t inn rtfiruu runr:'lvnaa.rfiifiaun i'rlr 2n?r I Grain llu't lJ
uiarir ,' uirirfiau 6rvrr.:fi"rrn'nornidffi c."i. nvt6un ua:dr ., lcirir&rnllr
yl'l.lU'l t nRa'ln w<{
?dfl?!J Grain 11u11J

..ff h uDU4 -.i{

2. i$iiuog-tuflt.tt'r (vesetat ion ) 9u tlMta ']n 2gvi?,vl?ruauuufl lgan
{ t ".,
vllilUlUA Vnlxnn{ lC?l l lflanl1n1l txfinRl.l0UA\: t ltl1SI! tInlUQVn'TUvl lUnll t}10 ?| a ',!

!1 UAna1nu?flrg naHau [u!1 rIu yl?nd114l1u flnmJg?1 aan rr]ru 'rn'l n rlrun?
o { oau, .,{
n r : dr fiqfivi1fi d'nr 1n 1i'lun ?aitfiin nn.,rr.r iavri'l,fi n1 n r rcJ ?l.l

. s.r {, r { r
'-
au1{'[lnnTJ ailriilnfla.{il/rn n1 n ncruaHdugrin rnlrd.r R?'!}J} 1rluu
.<
msnll llflnt Yt lu?a \:fi0

3. n?1ulristll1 I 6trora.ril#nfi rf,nmaftx Ntri (channel rrre$r1.lrity )

..j q rr. .
nllruRuutr a.,i? 1nrrnyflh 1it?to.tvn1frRn no RdiI-1rtotduxt 1u au "'
xol4EratEn']l |tlatru

ruld{lalrh n nrraJnfilKrtlrnr:rrjnturuJo.rr$uliladi.:U1 r unvdl"rrdro rvlrii

r<
a Dfl fl ro n 11 uJfl uurujfl .r ?on fl 't n llftrin urill rnrr r:h'Hurujn{ r iulua dlrr lrn t i ?nci
Hnvli"lfi ii1 ., ril,ilu,rn
4. uulto{x'l{il'1 (channel Arisnrnent ) vr r,,rfiifir.ifintrru cnn r 6lr"hlr
b 4du { 6 {.t < M
x'ln lvlJfll n fi.! n?1yl1.lU'lrunnEflJgn l.:}1IA1l1,lU1YIx R2'lxflnt RU? tllll lUAt] fl? IIJRR
 )11 1lt

,Hu'lt:rt'ruttoH..rrnn'lHqrniaimrnrulfrr firirtilarrrTH.ririurntranvir rr.rfii

aa v -
llllJ fi? lr.J fiR r RU ?tn H

5. n1?filocnEuuavnl?fioli'lY (sitting ard scouring ) nllnn

ncnaurc ".-r - i
1 r.umlu?flJ1nnflflaRniffirioutr,:du"r r dlo rn'orr.lirflrfiuuftJn1lfiRrd'tJ
U<a ! ! I $ d
ouullt.tllgrflyl't 114 fi1 n oftfl.l fi?un'unntx1tacr umJ2!nll?lnatRu
"t-. urau1{'[lflfl1tJ

nllnnflcnoL uayn ltf,fl r

g lvaviuarifiusinm { Ino'lunifii r,rncnrr},,irsa{n1t'lxo
so{fii

6. i.rfinlrr,,rlunifr (obstruction) t ?i,J rorbm.re{vtrfu nsfli

.'E .,i o A b
tl1fl1 n r lat? avorros ar d.,l n-n!? f .ieb fil n lc flua riftJ nJln flJi'l.r uayliulu?ra{
i.:finsr r.r

? . :!ftlhmsdn:1n1tlxn (stage and Discharse ) lnufir e 'lil

, .,i i{
&lnttsl?ru lhl']Y -lutnlfll
.j
m n QgnRn{[ alURUU1tngarllnll tuyll.lul cRULl1
.'x u d
Dt lIg1gnflfl{lJ'ln i ayl0 nDa.lfn1x l}lflx'ltfl a?n{fl0.1I,l1iyt1{l?,1.1 l,tnaU1\, tlntiltJ

fl1 n 01Qait19l?lll?1lUn1jum{ 1 n ln nl 1nnl nfl{ ?E {yl1{U'lxvl?r?llJ0uaH1{}llJl tllltJ

I inQullrnaulasinqgflno{[i (suspended Material and Bed

-,{
Load ) acnb'lfi rn'nn, rflq rtuufil lru'lutn,vv:fli'tua rlncifl aui'lfi ri1 n r$riu

ainrlnnl ? 1ua'rfl r.:Ynrmd:rj'thir riau"ts'ln .r fi srrr fr-r'lturTfirrvri'1fi

, o ! I
-.
nr':'lnata.rffr riurnrrnJurjru lcil'irnvri"lfi r inn21xfi'Tuu 1un1r txn!a{u'r r }$
.,1
sr.l 14la
l{ ?l.l ruvtl{nlrfiut1x rr
lyvll u4fn n r vot firnnnr ruJuriruua{ n1t'[xd llo u n? 1 H1'rJvl

ni&011l1n.: nCU'l t}1m n nnfl.l

f,radr.rd ,,. r ur.rfiirinilfrrun"Brfl'1.n4 b=4 r nl 'utam rilrfrua, y=

. 4 u { .|.
2.0 tljgll U,AV So = 0.002 a.l}'t1fr1 n llrln'll 1140 tUlttUUfiXl t fllJa ttOU0 nl1

nrrluorilrfiu lo rlnrbiurfi

26?l',l A (b + my) y
(4+4x2)2 24 nI . ll]fllf
 trl15

B b + 2ny
4+(2x4x2) 20 tllnl

P b+2y 1+m 2

4 +2x2x l,.* 20 .49 tunt

I
A
50
24
2 .04 tr.Jnt/21l1vl

A 24
R 1 -1't r}Jfll
F 20 .49

ilndmlrsa.r r dfl

CG
2.04 cJ 1 .17 x o. oo2

43. 00

alndrnllx 4.1? 1.
1" 1/6 ( tur:r rilnin )
n

R
1/6 (1.17) 1/6
n
43.00

0 .024
'E)U

ula-u.r.<{<
n?ou1{I 4-2 yr't{u1r!nlufir nuunl{}ltJ lJ b=20 ln zril1n= 3 dntl
...a
[14n}lfl1tvl1ilu 400 0U.iln/2u'lyl y]ffll1V nn (rormal condition) R?1xnn?Et
. e A v. e v.4.
ullxlnu 3.3 rln uns lvn!?n{ -.4
fl?I1vr.:141{n 1ull4ljauillaJr lL4tixnl txlRu 7E5 rin

tnJ 58o l{n oa*in, n.tu1R?'uJtr"t??a.,rdr.rrr.rfiiii.,rnrirr dlr.ridr n = o.oz5

26111 A = (20 +3x3.3)3.3 = 98.67 nt.iln

2
P 20 + 2 x 3.3 11? 40.a7 lln

A 9A .6'7
R 2.41 4 ?{n
F 40.47
 t+116

l nunr:'lUdnrtra,,:urruir ilndxntryr' t.16 n

-t
.49 3 1/2
a2/
n

e 1 .49
A 0.025
(2 .41 4)2/ 3
G r oz. ze.,6

400
98. 67
't o7 .26Ji

s 0. 00143

H H
2
un
L

I rE) H Hz :cfi!?l4.1 rfiutfr{ {11l ( Energy Li-ne) r,r f lfifu uiafii

rrnflluu'l n1ro1ru
I D-.w.
L R? 1NU'11?A{ g?.ryl',t.tu 114n 1n{?r11lu,t'l

{euC
rfu.r rtnnr:'lvn auludn rrcilnfi fia nnUuUnll t n lUUtlUU Uniform

n?1xn1nf,ufla{rfiInfi.:.,rru firfii unvfiurna .ri rir rrirfiuui#.rdu rHutrurufiu

ncuual tfl11

786 - 680
L
0.00143
14125.A1 tin

n? ilu 1'r?ra.r?i2rfl '1.'!fli 74125.E7 lln nau

a.s nr$irrifiidr " urnn'inrfudr

a. E t+
nllx'lR? 1ur r ? rur rlffr rinl nu'lUdn:?,a.ruuui.r drv iunr.rf,ifit'iir u

runnrir rflumanrfrurauflJ rign li riwr''o;fia.rurrirf,Nilr sfuf,?a.r r:? 1r?n?m ldlJrn

(rquivarent Roughness coefficient) IiOu vrinr: rui,lufirfinlalvr rlfiiaan riu

| . r i. u q . J
N f,1u unaCfllurfll r f,UraUflJ tUUn tr lrl! p1, p2, p3, ... pN lla3f,N1Jlt,5?r6
'ru$d
?E\: fl'l 1x?lltl8 t 1t n1 , nZ, n3, ... n* LllUEal9lLl (Horton) ltaculL la!

dlnri leir'"t"in ) aufijrunhcufirfintiauiarrNr irroolurrirfiu ua ci rir r?irfi!

a.,i.v
n?'tI L l ?t ong!ait}ll.l 1n'lfl 1l tum4 {fllJfl i3 t R1 1
 trltl

N 3/2 2/3
I
t P
I
n,
.l-
n 4.20
P

r Nt) P r Hu : ou gr.t r iunfi .rr.nrn

P
1
+P2+P3+ p
N
4-21

u'lUll 1ilna ridfi Bnv aruvli f; .:suig,nrdr Ir { h']uyr ^run 1 r luufi .,ruonuu oil,r'

},lUInR rv',lnufinl zx?ra{ul., n'tulr 1un't I -,.t-

txayit nflgu'tullnn yul']nnn't l ll4auau ai, tn?1

n [!, 1/2,, I.n?)'/'

lJ 4 .22
P

.ev^e. . A u
U'lUAa9:l 9t)l tn ttfinlla { tt}JuU.l lt.lttnnC !1nnn1: $tnU0U I tEJnl?Efilrln
Yt
5'M',] onllnlt t}lnyr.rl4tJR r 1fruiral1 ?r0.:0fit'ln11 []14 tulln8 v]lu1nRn'll txnuau

Qg tn?'r

PR
n 4 -23
N s/3
t P R
1 I
I
n.I

r tto R ioiflnfi ron{!a,{rfi rfi nn libnfi .,rr.rln

!d a
R
1
*2' ... R.
N
= lfllJt0fl'lfrfllrl0.lvLllnRn'l I IUBUaU

4.6 nf .rt'r rirfinf, r#nn lusl2uJ? lnauiu (c hanne r ccmpound sec t ion )

fi ra tir r s a lyr r.rfi i fi .,r n iit'l,6 uri u 1.:ff1il''n'f11x ndut r 1uq nil rrl n m
fi.,rusn.r1u1ufi rr.t drm.r o 'lunr.rrTrbuHruh{oc'ldrilrfiuri1?n.r r 'luy'r{fi1'rufih
y .l! - J
6fil1n1t -Lunll.:!IJR
Y
unuullc mlJ1nn2lR'tt ?Dn111tflt1cyac}la1l0,/1'tfl1'1 r 141RlJ

6rfll ixfla.idnt 1n r:luo'luurincdru?@ nufi1fin [1rnr.rfii r iln'lug.tni t. t inrrmrnryr

-Y t !
ta.rfia{i'1 tyililuvr.rdrrrai:u ac'[hir
 4,1 1E

v
A1' nl A3, n3
AZ,n2
Pl P3

P2

0fi ,+- 4 r T .rf1 6 r r xd 1fi 'luq rJ:iil n r

x x

Tll
1.5

x x
I

F-50 L ---+-- ao u ------+- 50 tt ----l

ktciuet
flfi 4 5 Yl'1.,u1 ( UtMNr1U19lfl,10'lUfl1lr

A A
a tln
t1
2/3
+
n
2
R
2/3
2
+
n
3
R
2/3
3
)s o1/2 4 .24
2 3

n20U1itX 4.3 141J1flRn11 tt40fla { tllJU'ltL14.:vUt tUl C14'i1.: I nnU'l ? rrdn.r'15'lur!fi

t+.5 curidrrir n !arx1rfli#uhruir.:uncilr.!il'.nafin rilrfiu o. ol. lroc 0.03

nrJnifilJ a{ilr ix rul4l rildflr'rn 11 lfi0

fillxamlrfia,,!fii = o.oo5
!-'-- .. - t rJaU .l
"'-. 1 t "n Ftfl.l
IU1lmJ'lrlRtE){?l 1.!U'IU00 280 nl. runl
r Hurolr, riun m.tvr 1-1fl"'n4fin 5lt r lJgl I
rrolnn'tnnr0.t,l'1.lIi tE unlui-a
1.rvl{da '! 152.25 9n - trnl
P lla {?l l ilU 'l tI? tlfl
.a
1]J ?11.:11.! flA .l 100+2 2(1 .5)
2

104 .24 rnl

 4l19

Ir'-sa -. -
tlnMl.tulntM i,l4xfl ?,a{u 1.tu,I}lnn 280+40x1.5
34O nl. (xnl

a
340
6:n3 <fft2/t /o:Edr . +.# (ffifiiz/3 ,a.:oas
.l
3079 nu.lrJnl/?u'Ivl

i lnnliniu?.rI r.ulUrirHuJ: cailG'a? 1rJ?l !l vdrJ{silu d1 n a 1n ?D ?ID.I

.d
zatmtlrnc'tfim{ lrinar{f,n vi'Ifi r n'rdn: rn r: lunvirmndr.: orna'n: rn rr "honjn'ru nu'Ifi
.{
tr.:fiuurn urbdr.,rl:fi i t1n?6?ntso nr rE l lslr 1 rx !nrE'Fl rnrrlnsfiidr'lnH t fur.l

riurirfi.r neir r r n: rv dr1tb olli5 nrfi r uiaufiu nvrurirn.:'[r.t'luqn:rnrn-a n r na i os 1"n

n = 0.0241 uf,8

a
492.25
o .024
,##,"t.6.005
,q.
30't7 nu . r!n1l'lu"t]4

4.2 nrra'rummrdr:rnr:1ln arrlrir unvn?Tfifl

fis'lfiln eir :u ruKr qn: r a.r uuril r iuSn:rai-:r'!h fiu6un siurrlUriu od r .t

tlfl1]m 1u trru rr,rni6ru'4inmri61UXn:ra.r rurui{'Ifi dvnrnunc:ro, i.do ir'1, 1,tuu

?E.lnt 1il'tto c (ntr (oiaqran ) uiaTulln:rf (uonosraph) fi.: u< nl'lu tr# t.e
!rn! 4-7
aei?1n1r tua r nRq
i. tnnrt'lrnurru un iform dtrrro r itru'lfia ulu:rJ ga.r

drflrlfr? 't ll]'Ii,fi.:u'

a VA CA R* sy xsY 4-25

K cAR* 4.26
u.I
t M) K nfilR2'l!A!4.:U{i1tmR n0 il (Conveyance Factor )

{. { <
r !atlallor1dflf tEir rgi 14todnf ?E{ ruJuu.t r rrlcmlirfir v ('lu"lr.rn r:fi
4.25) = | ovfiuovlH'ir
 4120

! '.2
io
€oUATlox: v. l;49 p"s 5h
F
z

!
!o
!
tvuua'.:nqE or
to
o9
:
ot ! 20
o7
o6 6

.oa
1

,oa
I o2
9
o!
|,o ro
(E c
a I
!
9

I
o2 c c F o5
:o o !
o 2
o _lrJ
o .s .,,, 9
@ {' o.
3 lr-
t! oa
o l lrl
ol o ! o
(_)
oo9 @
(E o5
.ooa \a UI
lrr
c oo, e1 .s
9 U''
lrJ o6
trl , ooa J z
f
(L
o oo5 A
(r
:t
B
15 t(J a.
(9 o?
J !
o o !
a J o oa
I lrJ E
o9
oo!
ro
5 2

ooz
6

I
_oot 9
ooo9 ro r.o 2
.ooos
.9
.ooo,
.ooo6 .!
oooS .7
!
ooo. ,l

ooo! 20 _!

fll' 4.6 1llunrrr,lla.rdrn1, ruufi .ir

 4lzL

sl%.)
50
40
-30

-20 v ( ny'sec)

tvlJUtltnrn R(m)
6
ro
5
llo
Y"
1
-5 15 t l5
-4 -4
-3 -3
20 t2.
-2

-1 !r
3{)

-o.5 o5 !(}5
l.
o.4 o4 Ioo
40
-o3 o3
lo3
-02 f-.02
30
o2
60 ./ lo.l
-o.l
70 o.r

oo5 80 !oo5
oo4 90
oo3 100 o6
oo2

pril 0., lulm:rtiso.rdr.rnltrwufi.l

 4122

a K.6 4.21

K a 4 .2A
'/s'

a1n{flrsa.: r di , a cA 1G3 uilu;1fl{'ludxn'ri 4.aE

1/2
K CAR 4.29

orndnrrar rurui.: , a 7.9

n
o z/t 12 uruiror'ludrmr: 4.ee rcl"nir
"t

1Aq
i-= 2/3
K AR 4.30
n

2/3 nK
AR 4.31
1.49

rrvtu R1 K alG n.r'ludlnr:fi r*.:r qc'tH'ir

2/3 nQ
AR
r.agG

2/3
Illa AR Itrtnrrn{rfiffin (section Factor) !o.rnt:],IatU!
Uniform

fi rmi:u riurcl.ru rrnin dtrt:o rttrudr.rnr:ro.: K IINU AR 2/3

tur tRn{u

K I
n
AR
2/3 4. 30 n

2/3 nQ
4.32n
AR
l=
 4123

{ . < .< I {
t UA n'Ih UflR'] n, Q IAC s 114 './SXfl1'UnfEtl t ]iU.l fl1t flU?lllvl1 tlln'll
.. . .'{,
uniform utlror r,Jin riuriurilgo{ an"'
runra\:u'r rlruru:r
)/'1,
lc rfrNiunfil'lilHf u r:r
. . .' , < {, . . . i
t lunff21lnfMnd1?n.lU? 1 fl? lllnnUn9i (NormaI Depth) [Uyl']UA.l t nHlnU t rrln'DIUR

Rl n, S tt0U Q lU 4u lUnBa.:ImEt'cU.lRltR!
! lJll0n:'ln1l '"lr,rirfiuri,ri1finr:1unfi.r
n.rinBldnlun'H!!rJrJ uniform rllr;una'orln'lrlltniir dn:rnr:'tvnrJni (r,ror-

nal D isch arge )

. M.< . <'
ven Te chow tnfil1'lnl1fll,tljlj l,X}n4U?U til tl6lR.l fl? 1rlfltJln Dl V11?1il

y un! an2l3 rilrJru'iunr:niu?ru1n?116n ntlrJt;? ttncdrirlnlrlxo?a.:vrl{f1

:!irrn'tlrtiufir drua'ulRr.rur uns?.:nnr rianrrlrnm.riiriuuuu unifo*
i.rrnnr'lup +.a

dru lui r.':fii rinfin'fr,firfi 'lfinf,r{o, r ilr vrr.rf,ior:urri nr:ultlqur

lmrlHn:rrtrilui#ororniEo Innnr:riuun:ttudn',: nrrufirf,uo':wit.: y un c
<ra
FR2/3 rirrn.r en2l3 rr'lHqrnailnr:d 4.:e llDR'l?O{nl[R!Sflrl7l

.<.<a
f,rotir.rf; t-r. vl'].:U'llufl b = 20 lgi, z ltla m = 2, So =,1,o016
t l4nHllRl.ll4lJlJ

tlfl3 n = 9.925 dn:rnr:'lun too nu.In/iu1vr' a{u1n? 1}6rn]nAu,nuR? irr r i'l

?Elt 1 A (20 + 2y -n
n

P 20+2y n 1+(2) 2

20 +2Ji v-n

A
y (10 + v-n )
_n
R
F
10 + v
'n /3

elndln1flid 4.32, 2/3

AR =nQ
1.4s JT

0.025 x 400
1.49 J0.001 6

AR
2/3 167 . 7A
 4124

n) x'r yn lngn1: t.ial [Lnu Error

dul6 y=3.00, A = 20 + 2 x
( 3) 3 = 78. o n:.r{n
-
It=---
3(10 + 3)
= 2.34 rifl
10 + 36
2/3
AR = 137 .4
r w .l .,1
ninitauirir y qunjrlv'lfi Ax2l3 lJfllrvl'lftljl1ta tnfi r nE{mi 167.78 irflu0.ln1l

niurolH,ud n'r lI'lunr: r.rtriH r.rfi

2/3 2/3
tX?
v R R AR 14X1H

3.00 78.0 2 _34 1 .762 137.4 nat rtlxfl1?E{ y

3. 50 94.5 2.65 1 .91 5 181 .0 na{ t}Nfl'lm{ y

3.30 8't.1 2.53 1.452 162 .6

3.35 89. 5 2.56 1 .870 161 .2

ovd
3. 36 89. I 2.56 1. 870 'l 58.0 lna I fiunnu 167 , ?E

R2lxnmlnti.v=3.36iln
' 'n
400
R11!rl?, v
n 89.8

4.46 4nliurfi MU

fl) x1 yn l nb'lUn t i?{!a.,! ven re chow

2/3
AR 't 67 .'74

2/3
AR 167.74 0.057
b
8/3 (20) 8/3

l1nnl1fllilr 4.8 r rEI z 2 a!'lfi y/b 0.168

vn 0.168 x 20

3.36 l,n MU
 4125

',,
oo

AC
c-

1C6
z(_
G
o
F
(-
(-
&

d =
o 16

1F
.o
r:=
o &
o
c!
b
a
0)
:lrrirrlli: a
iU
co

.?t

Itl++."tr$a o
riI _iiiiili= 3#EUHEI
IHHdI <u*sql[t
=[=iEL=i=i
! 1i;"!r:Cll!ifi!
::riiill= !BisillalEt
iilE:

o
o
o o c,
cid ct O o o o d
op/l puo g/l to ..i4ot
 4126

4.8 n? lrn 1R !uilniuns n21rtalnrxinqf, ( xoorof and &itical slopes )

11n6{e:rfla.rurtui.r llrntrunrirro'r 9, n, yn 'Ifi r: rdrlrrnvrnr rr

A1RIVlUail '1.11,1111111 LX tflR n1l tllfltttull Uniform tfr m1ilo1nrnifo n?lualnrv n;,
(r'rormal slope), sn
rinrirza,': Q rloc n R'lfr n? rrto'lnrxr'xi'lfinr:'1finsa{fii
\ { .<r { S,
autufftl'tvlnnn ulafl'tllaf nnlnl r,ynnlJR? llJan?nqn rtlrltinfi?1xalflrliu?'t
n?1Unmt?rlnqn (critical stcpe), s"

imBlit?t 4- 5 u 1.rtriflJdlr
{d
xds:Jn1{x! ri b = ao }Jn n? 1xo lflrx"nlutl{ r vi1fiu

2:1 (z:1) tt$! n = 0.025

J-
n) ?11 sn llJ0 y,, = 3.36 ln rtnsQ=4ooau.lti/iulfi
1e.
o) 141 s
c
ttncR? 1xflnfla{u'l rta Q = l.oo mr.qn/iufi
.i { u.dr
n) }1't s tln u o_c r rB R? lrJcinuo.ini nlr ',tiu 3.35 1.,,1n

1Dyt1

A (b + 2y) y
n) R
F
b+2yJlaz2
(2O+2x3.36)3.36
20+ (28 x 3.36)

89. 78
35.03
2.56 lei

400
v 4 .46 rlnTiurvl
89. 78

tt14UO1 R tl,flS v tUdtl:18 \: llUUU.:

.,[6
1-\9 (2.56) 213
,l
0.o25 {-,n
2
_ 4-46
t--,
'1't1-54' 0 .001 6 foU
n

{E <.'.t
--[un1M]Rllrinnu z
s) r nn? l:lJn1tr 1nufllirJnn?nq 9l otulJ t t'td1N1ln

'lUrS'aultsarnr:luourruinqnlunliniu?tlJx1 y'16
'c
 4127

z a rurin r ro :lfi r inr t0{n'u'lxn uuuinrl ql

G
400
10 -49
.lffi
'10 -49 0.0394
b
2/s (20I 2 5

l'lnnl lf{t0{ Ven Te

d-. -
tUf,'lXlUUlfrl v 19 lfl?1
Chow ?i
'c
_c
0.11
b

'c 0.11 x 20 = 2.2 ilfi fiall

Q0 + 2 x 2.2)2.2
R
20+(2Gx2.2)
53. 68
1.80 iln
29 a4

400
s3.68
1 .45 {n/'tu1vl

ItXUfn?E.l R tlflV v ll]flnllE).:tNlJ1J.l

7 .45
ul# ,, .Bo)2/3lT

S
,7.45 ? 0.0071 MU
c 'E€-ll3'

n) rin vn ? ?( iln

aY [n 89.78 nt.rigr

R 2-56 iln

D
B

89. 78
2.68 flei
20+(2x2x3.36)
 412E

{Ytr.
rua{t'tnn1t LnnaB tufl,]l?v?nqo 1v tn1l

Vc = ,l'loD"

32 .2 x 2.68 9.3 {n/?u1v

a'lndnl ?O
'l Mann ing

9.3
ffi rz.set"'f\
S 0.0070
c
Qc 9.3 x 89. 78

835 nu.{n/iu'rfi PrAU

4. 9 dfl n r dfihfl r'Iunrdirr .r rilo{ crnnrrlxnurun.rfi uasdil''l l rtlo

( steady-Uniform flow)

1) lrlAtfn S, n, y, b tlnc z

tE){n'1114'lR1 a rac

?Dvl1 A = f (2, b, y)
A
P f(2, b, y) tl,ng R
F

ns16 v = ln 2/3 ti 1/2 ,tut _

VA
n a

2) rfotfil Q, n, y, b mUz
Ha.rnr:vrrir s rtnc
lDyl'] A = tG,b, y)

ac'lfi , = f, unv s =r
nQ
AR., "
2

3)r lo t'i. a, S, n, b llnY

Yo.:nr:u rtir v lA3 y

5/3
2 Dl/t'l
[(b+z nQ
2/3 ,G
lb+2y 1+z
 4129

u1ri1?8,,1 y alndutl:Ytl.tuuTntli6 rriar ttny s..or via1nt/nr:'lU

n l l}tflJll 4.8 ?E.l Ven Te chow

{ vl
riofrir yvrinr:urrir r u"l"n

A = t(2, b, y)

tl'a8 v = Q/A

4) tilotdl e, S, n, y rns z h.:nr:urrir v uns r i;l,i

4 v^ .i. , i" '-, i r
y 4
|
I IAUflU tlJnl ?lfi1lJ ttn [?rAlM UJI R1 l U0Eru l1nR'l UjlJfll b

5) rira[rh R, s, e, n L!6ru z 6o.rnr:rrrir y, b Bae v

o <t .."{
tun:tuut l1d1x'lt01r1R1 v tR tlnsun 1l?a{roJuunn{u
1 R2/3 s1 /2 x;a
v = nn 1.49 R2/3 sl/z
cb ornfiuainrr niu?sil'lri'r A u0 Jp alnd:Jn ir eh tJX

A I Itn! P
n
R

alnrilmn A rrst p rr1d1!'trnrtuulfiagluslnr:rn'l y rnv u thfi.ri

A = (b+zy) y

ttav P = b*zyll;'
vrinr.t ufi aunr:fi .,rdo{ r$urrirm{ b ufl y y ra"anrir r unv y nlrur.rrrdxu6Lv r fiulil
lH 'luur.:nt.rr:r'l,riaurrnvrinr:ufinlnrt rilurrir o unr v th firrn'nnrdrduililu

r r 1d 1u1rnrlflJ'lH jrllrirr,lfi rirnnoa.rdtwrilfi r fi nqrurdinrll ovrd?o ln r:

nDHl{lr 4.5 flna{!:Jdrun! R'1.r}1I x Q = 50,00 mJ. rxflr/'ru1yr s = 0.0015
R= 2.OO rlJnl z=2 tlnY n = O.OO25 n.lxTfh y,btn;v
2 dltl amdnt ?o.l ruJui.:

1R2/3 1/2
n

ofi= rz.oor2/t,tT.oru 2 .46 r fltlllJ1vl

A I 50.00
2. 46
20. 33 n:, tlJnt
20.33 10.17 trnl
2.0
 4,t30

dEr{drnr:sa{ A uns P 1fiag*lu y unv u

(b + 2y)y = 20. 33 (1)

trfl s P b + zyJ1+4 10 .17

b + 4.41 y = 10.1? (2)

10 -11 - 4.41 y

wiuril b o.:'luounr:fi (r)

2
2.47 y - 10.1 7y + 20.33 0

10.171J103.43 - 200.86
_--...-4.94-
v

"lridrlrrnrfidunrrulrh v "lfi irnp'tfidr lriirvfirinrnaa.rfilvri1firn'nqruoufifinru

t qilil?D.{nr:

firadr.rnj rr.z n^ultr.td,rojornr{rry i q = 50.oo arJ. rNnr/iur},i s = 0..0o15,

R= 1-33 tlJnl z=2 ltns n = 0.025 a.:v1ri1m,: y, b tn! v

.<.
?8111 Q 1n6 fll ?O \i llrJLlUil

't.87
a# ,, .n)2/3 0. 001 5 rufll /?u1x

50.00
A 26-14 nl . r!fli
1-47
26.74 Inl
P 20 -11 t
1.33

d51{dufl'llso.r A uflu p 1fiag*iuplrol y rav b

(b + 2yly = 26.74 (1)

P b + 4.47y = 20 -11 (2)

b= 20.11 - 4-47 y (3)

rruurir u o{1udrJn1tvr" 1

2
2.4',t y - 20.11 y+ 26.74 0

20 -11 lJ 404.41 -264.19

v 4.97

v 6.43 IAS 1 .66

16d
LYIU A1 y n,l lUfiIn'llyl 3 rc'1il
 rl3r

lo t,2 lA Subrfilrr 'o" lndlcol.t lh. lull llot condllion

\\
,tl
09
v' \
o0

o7

o6
oo \d
'.). o
I o.s ql o
I e .l
o3 t 9',
v .l -ll
T
't
o,3

v
K I
oe I ,.?
0.r

o.t o,2 o'l o.4 05 0.6 o'7 0,8 0.9 LO Ir t.2 i.3

vorulr or o/oo, v/vo, aa2/s/4x{,ond a'/t/alh

g,rfi u., qrudufiin r: 1unm.rfii1uvr r.rffr r 0nilJfi nnnr

b = - 8.63 trnJ 12,69 tUOt

n'rxn!dxfiA!a{noa.ryinnrun'lfi as'lh

y = 1 .66 lrJnl llag b = 12.69 tlJUt

'EU

t. 1 o finlrwn lrluouarn rrhn'lun r.rUi rilnro.rdo

osma6ursnrdyiafinilrirFrn1ur.rnnlr rflufiradr,r n:liru.rutriirudruefrr il

en2/3/t oau3 r^i p2/31p2/3 ritunrrlrfiurfillulLnr' r,.s rnmifiu,,rturi,,
uurs6{nlr'liaorfufiirfilrria [1rrirm.r n irirrxfiuiahiinrrrr.ta'truru.ta.:nr:.irnu6n
d
m.rfii n:rrirHuriraa.r N,2/3 /AooR2/3 actMlnlr rrhrrurnln.r 28.,r 9/Q
o
ttoc

*'/'n'J' aclnlun', Llniuu uJn.: so.: v/vo o1H 1'tnnl lflnyr!21fl1a nl1n1'i L n
r

tc.j
o .rrlnfilo,S v rvirf,u o.e3E .ro runcRlml rl? rsllndnrlE y Utliiu
0,81 do uncornn:rilrfiurfilm.r o,/eo r$nrrr,dnlrnndt o.82 do an11n1t
'luarfi':drocui'lfirn'nnrru6n v firiulll"n z rir rirui.:rrnndr 0.938 d o tto90n
I <w d u i
fnvlu.:uaun?1 q.938 do 'l,Ur'iiuan
r nu?flu ! M) n?
.a
ltanx,tnn? 1 0.5 do aJlJfl? 1lJ
ar{..u.Ctv.lr.tr
an 2 RlyrylltutnRR2'tlttl' ylnu fl?1 an fl')rlu{ u,tnn 21 0.81 do lflcann1l .:

LOEn?1 o.El d
o
 4132

n'ui r fl r lcri!1{huf; .ra{ualr65'rufiir n irirnrri 6.rui.irnr tn'n y rv

rilniiu'hJ unluur.,nt4'fiirur'r n rnlyio rnuninunwbiur H rlvirir r *rilufi .: e,a tr
I ., o <'o'. ,E.
l rJA y NRlnnn{n1n 1.00 d 0t 0.25 d tr{fln'ltt}1u{Ufl1 n l3xft'tdndfl n 0.t
oo
nr:rilnjuurujartil n n'wmrrr6n vri'lfidnrrnr:1un6{{dRrnsR?.rurirn.,rtnrFintxrrr
riarirtno nr rGrrul silTU o,9z do rnv 0.94 u" oaru'.;, nrarouo oro,, uu,
J".'-., i*.g 'lun:ftfi n irira.rfi
v/v
-
o!
r[a n irnr:rUduumlnl "[]1uani'lSHrBrHujrc'luajn'
. i c .rr . !. d t
aullu'tl r r.E y=0.5d
-oo' R?1!tt?1cIfl'ltu1nuflllutl?ga.:Iitnu a (v=v )
unll r n irir r rtoiuurnln.r nrln'r r!a<nrn.:fr acmlil r# y = o. s a- orrlrirlc
<r r d c I
xnlr?ilnu 0.8 rvllm{R21xttlna{I't tl10 r nlMa

rf, nn1 r 2 r Rt 1 yx n r t'hn'lwiafi iufi rHn r iu:rL r.r nnlr a rur: nuit:'lii"lHriu
. t l.t { <.^u .
rautMrn?uuumu
I
1 tfNtt'lu1nu n?
w
lmnvvrl-[i rnrdnt lnlt lxod.! dR rr0 Y fr'l 11ll l ?

l- .r 6.r -lfind\r -[x { i..

f,.: dRlc urnulull{taY
Ut R2'DJtl ?n cR 1u-twaIR ii nl 'tn 1t dnaJ r nR?,u rral]i
q. iu
'llln
I ntMa t{-tunlfla,i nn't?n'lt 1xa?@w1na{ [{ uuljud!1r
.r.
fiuO (uniform FJ.or.,)

uia"triiR''rn'ntn rr un'lun r.rlfrififin lvnlufidra'nr 1n1r'tr4n{{ {nn r!'luilb le r iinilu r da

c I AA
u'r nlma r{u r Til'tE'r1 R? 1ffi nn r: luaiyri'lfi r fi rb'n: rnrr'lyad.r ani ril tr'lnfi a o
!r4R r

e'. {' {"

U1n I tA]Jn 1l 'l14flvlUtE.!!-".{
6\t lll (Backr+ater Effect) t UO.t n1nd.:nR!? 1{ trflC

dn nrfirneitra r lqwi1fi m udnn rr'lunirir rvirfir:n? lxdn dor th1ufi an

4. 11 111$1riqqrdn1r4r:!n'lury!ru91 ( cctnputation of F lood Dir;ct, a.rse )

-|. d
r rblin lrruidnh$vn'rr'lxn urru(ri''r r dra nrrmqu! rrlrylhi"l R21Mr1nf,u
r.
ltR.t \r Tu s f fn1 0'lRtlJtl'l 1 s ttACR21rl01nflIUA n fna { s URlLll1flU ttfl tllyl1.l

fiio::lsri r Huto.: rn rla rnfiufi.:arr.rfi.r nEir rfin'lirrururiu 14lar.JR'l?E.l fl? 1xa'lu r 1l

i ...,. !<'--
Lxtvlfu rua{ a1nfl't 1r.J txfix1r(Na io.l tu?r?TIr l nnn 1l t14a ll tnt: r noulrojn.rrnur ir
1utir.roifrfifilril!1rflu'ilrurufiavfiou .r fia"t"nirrirm.r sr, sw rldt so irirrilrfiu
lrurilruJTu untluvrr.rnrrtrr llrnruririnrt rr.tn"'uu"l:Jilrnadr.rrfiulHf,n rir s.
Y t
fnIai "'. 1tM.:m.i?E\t?t?'!a 1u1 ut:"nru nt
fi'l tr lnuflnn1{ ?E{ra{.t'luvlun ru t':'la.rdru
n'tu1uu
 4133

o r J<*
'Lufl?{ c< .,!
I'I}ln'ln fl?'ltJtltrn1l r f,H1Jlr nir}J1n rra cn 1l R1u?tw 1n1td{

.r1u"ero{r?rri1?E t v21zs rEr'I1firu d.rlrrnjrfiu6'n:rnr:'lnainrrfiuurj:lrn u,ns

finunrcn r:'lvn r f,uuu'lrjn.ryr' ( uns ready ) n 1 r'lfi fi nl?E,rn't r'lun uuldili r dla (un i-
f orrn) niurrunrdn:rnrt"lua lrinrunnfio,ruiarflun'uor:-lrian')r rUdsurdn,r?E.t

: vflufiiunca'nr rnr:'lr.rn'ludr.:fi"nan rn r flu'lua tjrrfinvflau (neratively craduar)

.{ { e .o.'. < r,
? En'tl R1u?nM B nl 1n1t lxn?ra {I'th0 1n t{ tllu?EmtElJ-t0Ru lnmun?uflu
<! !d'
2 3!3 *
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tr ac ted -open ins Method ) i6ufi ..r lhu nr dn m.rnfi.r.r ru'hJ1Uriufi .rvr r.rfi rn*n rt iuHr
firm,,: i6ln.rnr':I:aXnuar: rfir-fii'lu: vu'ir,,r r finfitrn rn n'rr r fiutarffo l aasn r yr'lfi.,
. e..
(nv [u]41{u1tEg f,',n1lu?DR?1 - {i L
LlJvr',l{u 14nn n'tn? -?t1t}1 yt't.ru1n2l a3f,I1lf, lE tlflc!

rtu?nl.: t Ul rgC?l1tu1:1{ad!R2I

, i.... -oo - Io' <- r.E

?aufll nl ! ulJf,'Ir4 ?u? 6?EirRl llrn 1n?,11-?iu,1 tcIR{m uu
v | .*
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1 u11m{?I1.rn'rf.l'l
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{uoto
f,01 lf, lJfln{l1UtUA.: 11nfn 1I !dUtM'Ill

. { t e. <' .-d- t
tunl: t 0an?J?ityl litu 1?l I},tx 1vfil.J tnll uuvu'l".--tlRilu
.' . 4vv . J
1. fl,rvfnr
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rira.r'ludr.:nr.rffr r ziu ur.:flhfiid.r r fiufiufiu

o ,-. a'o
2- tllfl? I I flanvtlnll 1?|Inlt r r]ouutun.:
"t fl]t't {au1{x1n rflt1cLrR:1lJ lr
tuuuou "'
runl:r4'rn1lf,tx rdu r zR tl tliligr.:vrr.rfrr'iufirilndlnr r dla finr: lv r a"onv,rlffr
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4. R11lu1? fla{ d?.!vrr.rfiiiHosb nr ruuriuaum.:i6nr rila 1nf,u-fiud 16i

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H uu cu'ril ffi r no#1tB r n'o n nn n nr tru rr m,ry r,:fi i1 u fi',:i

n. Rrtrlurrrnrdlrvrrdinr:idrrvirfiurtalrnndr zl rvirro.rnrrGn
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ornYoXaft nsillU r.:Iu dur:nui'liloiurnrurdn: rnrr luol"n1 nu'lfianr

,lrll
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drfi lH r ilua-n: rnr:'hrnI mLrt': cr mnY.rfi' r

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4))v
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s hf/ L 4 .36

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c. I jr <t.,.."<
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{ | .v. I { e
I vr), k = 1.0
rE!2{ n',tulxn llwgl? (vu <
{r
r lJ0!1{ n1u'tun ll luaan (vu>vd),k=0.5
ri

-Y - s {. .,i .r. I j-,-

R.lulli fit'ln'n-114n1llJRM1nu -
Ky's, r&0 s tll.lR1tD { n? 1!fl 1RffJ1iR't.:1u}t'lhlln
. 4 r c I u Y;
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csa u! s {$.-[]r a
5 - ?1itr1lurErJvr 4 nun ?1 ac'lndfl l tn 1r'h4flvr r Uf, uutUn.:

6. xldnr'rn1r'lva r o6tulrnrir.r sa la'nTrrn ruri'l.r l nun'ruun'!ruri,ir 9

o o.J-.i"."--
uu'lr4lJfl rvrlflu tan'rxunuTtun fia { l'tnn3 Q n'lxt{atl t?MrJoun tn

n2081{vl 4.E 1.1R'lU?0,t1'E) nl ln'll t14nUA {!'lun 1nfl lUl?.l81fJ'ltt14.lm].l u't? 500 4n
r .qq, ,u - I rr .-,..t
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u
11,070 nr -rln Ku = 3.034 x 'l 0 6 1O u = 1 .134
6
Ad 10 ,990 nt. n K = 3.103 x 10
d
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2EI1 K
fr-.
6
3.034x10 x3.103x10
6
3.070x10 6

n 1fl ldnr rnll lxoI ftnJr crr.nnYi 1

F
t
0. 50
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6
3.070 x 10 x 0.0316

= e7, ooo n!.xn/iu,lx'

nlrxldnl'rn'm'h4n1 nurL: srrunti e

a:
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9?,000
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2 1.134(8.76)
u u /2s
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d 10 990
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dctvS/2s
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ht 0.50 + 1.0 (1.354 - 1.424') 0. 43

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a xG
6
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nin rr n'ru:odil ft,'l[inr rn rt llrnolli rri rfiu 90, ooo nu. {fl /iu1fi lasnnnlt fl1u?o
a
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1 o.500 0,500 0.001 0.0rr6 9?, OOo

2 9?,@o 0.50o 1.t5b r. [2t 0.tro 0.00085 o.o29J 90,0o0

, 90,000 0.500 1. 165 1.225 0.tt0 0.000Ea 0.0297 91 ,2OO

t 9i ,2OO 0.500 1.195 r.258 o.\r7 0.000a7t o.oagd 91,000

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fi.rfiudn: rnrrlunrn.r uifi i 9r.,ooo {n3liu 1?r rou

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UlJlJ fl rmR

[.1 rna.,::rtirvdurnl{uilifi'unno{ni1.: 3.0 rrJnr n?']xnlnrvld'lufr1,i 1 :1.5

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n= o.o25 uovrYruflr.r r:Jlnounini n = 0.013 1{1410-91: rn r:lnnrruu

unlform r
4ta
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a) flo{u1u1o{d'terfi b ) flo.ru1tfli1lino dn{ unv

c) sa nuluaan r no{
, I {" - , {i - {'-,1
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." :, er<'- - (B)
rfiril{qcilfru}irfrsinrvrrdu 3oo nl . rrnr n'r'rilnf1.:Arf1 rvirrY'.t

{ , * qd
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rrrruil'.r (n) r virn'r: o.ozl 'lusnrvvrifrfi':
-ffrrirui ., = 0.035 fl'rTrflrnryr
?ro.tvr'l{1r1 0-n ttn
{i
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luUmlvll lU'I1141IJ
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40 r.t. 50. 40 tJ.

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mi O.92 llJtll a.: 'l

a) n1'lxolfrtyuna
. 1' -C
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1116n?n qn alJ.rrnl/?u1vl
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n = 0.015 l.ll4"l
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a.a
r fi: / 1u'lyl
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luavi*annd'o rniu

{Js{
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at.<
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n 0. 0'1 5

4.5 vrufr: r.rnnllrlifi'rHnouniflisurn r flulirgudnnr.l 2.5 [ nl, n 0.014

ttovfl11!rn'tnryr 1: aoo

a) niurnmro'nr rnr:'lroft'rnrrl6nrlni rilrn"u r.50 r:rnl

b) "4t-.-.1
R1l.r1(lM'rfl',t1Nnnfl1l'L14Atuaon:1n1:'! n rytln.u 15.0 n!.r nl /'tu"tvl

t .Z - iirydurnrvt
vrr.:fr:r.ld b = 3.0 rlJnl, z = 1.5 a"n r rnr:lynd.ldn
iod
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t111 tt ! an11[]nn tyllftlj t.:14u'i?la {fl?'rr]Rnd{d0 rr0cR?'tInnaS r uryl'L: ,rJa

R

'u<<l n iruil rso

i l'h40 r yrlnir
oln 51n lo'n r 1n'r rlxod.tdn

4.8 fio 0.1 l'Ud r 14flbr.rfl1.!u,] b = 3.0 rlnl , z = 1. !' n = 0.02 a.lu'l
j
a) nr rrn rn rryYaNooo.rdiu fiJn 1r'lua ru! Uniform t a :nll LU0lLYllnu

o.z unvn':tifinn r:'[un ryirn"r 2., t un:

.i . ,v
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R11 n1n I U?nrln t,Jafi?1iJan tytln! 2. 5MI
< u j ,- vltv
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rr.s uinr:iflffrfiuflrfrn A uocl,tfl1n-R B ?Ja.i rrrnf'rd']uxu.: d.rauul.in=u 650 el

{,-
louurirri'n A 0tJ?1'l {n1u [14U0U',]?J0.:rlu']uR B rlaonl1n'n t at11'tnu 17,000
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Y

4;,.
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(stage), t{n nt.in riun, iln

A 1tt3.57 2,220 1t7O

B 142.3tr 2, 880 520

q .<J u-u d'

r fr an iBfr r ilth c dxfi n niq v'lfflun r :vi 1 ffrhlo'6 r na fl o.:xu'rnrm \rno.:,ur y
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L.1o d?.rn1r"lxavd.:fl0.:yr.rffrurr 30o LlJrl nlixunnri'r.i?ro.r:vfi.rirrhdloru

Yt
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t1l u
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vfirn"n A P n d B

n:. t rnt lrnl

n'ru ruiorfr
:a.r!1flnfl 382.5 53. 0 0. 038 1.',10 1.04
yrr {rhrl: cno! fi'ru flr.: 2305 .E 615.0 0. 038 1.20 1.08

----t.*r*
Rluvltru'l

51 8.4 95.0 0.042 1.10 1.0.lr

yr'r.lu'ruI YnauR'tu01.i 23Ot4.9 571.5 0.038 1.1E r.uo

4.r1 a.! r s!1014'to'nt 1n 1rlxa'luqflflyarnso.!rir { r.!ffriturr 13oo r!nl rir

F 2.2O I l.l9ll , e,., g
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r,lJI: , P
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c4
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n ) e,oo.:d r fi nn r :fi n l g1 cl }u1n uncRoo.rdbi rn'nn r :fin r trc

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rdu fiu 'lunr:aanruru r:rfindurfi1finr:lunriururu unirorm unvitfifiaanruesfia.{o1u'-!

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ruinnria (cast i-ron) 1 ufir nardin rululuvi (aetonite) iur*uiruud (sou
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a u a.! r ){:JR? 11114Uvr1U !a{nun'rr flqr flu

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z 0.571 fla!
11

2
b v 1 ,1 54 x 2.83
J3

3 .26'1 oau

-< i M .. {
n?0U1.lYl 5.2 flaa {!lld r xnurRl {xN}Janl ln1:'lxo 8.5 8u. t!n:/?u'lvr z=3 m
ewtla
flrnt: cRrira.rnr ix?r!: g n tVllflU 0.030 tln! So = 0.0009 a{?!'r ?ru1n?n {uul,nnvltMfl n

tu!4'r nuoun

.{. {
?EX',t a'lnn1l1i 5.6 lE z=) I v"lfl

!v 0 -3246

b 0.3246y

A (b + zy )y
( 0.3245y + 3y)y 3.3246y
 5/1 s

Itn c R v/2
arnd n'r1!a{rrrJui.r

I;030 x 3.324sy2 /rr2/3

o 1
(y 16n66;

8/3 4,0585
v

v 1 .69 tr,fll
fltaJ
b 0.3246 x 1 .69 0.5s I lJgtl

aaavetl{
3
n2au1.tl'l 5. floa{rlJr4u'tnndt}laurR1i,14 I Afl:'tn'tt tyld 50 nu. trnlna2u'lvl B0cfl?1!
---------;-
AU
n1R! lllJln fiR',y't8.:flnAil tu'lnu 0.004 mJ1r : r ?tuvl flRflna { I tJu mlt?.t a{ 00 n l!u1jRiia n Raun l9]

11 l,:i t nnnllnnntnor

i6ri nruunnrlrlnlnrvfilufi'l.rni'rfi! l QtUli z = I , n Sa.:ialnlfl = 0.013

b
( 1lnfl1:'1{vl \-3) llnd}lnlllr 5.23 ulanl ''162u 4 - 1 = 3.0
v
AR
2/3 50 x 0.01 3 10 -277 (i )
fro67
(b + zy)y 2
A 4y

+y2
R 0. 686y
b + 2 -82ey

R
2/3 0.178y
2/3

rwrufirn.r'ludr]n't :yl' ( i )

3.11 2 y 8/3 1 0.277

v 1.57 r lJgt:

b 4.'10 t nl
1
0. 778 x 2/3 x
T''0_T5
1 .57 '/E1Itr4

5.11 t 1.J9tI / ?U'tX

 5/1 6

{ '::J1nn?1 0.9 r,,Jnt / ?u'lyr

d c tr r r,.
i lunr
d,,t t
J "',"'".".
i rnidnliual'tri rio lr.r'lfi r r rinn r : nn n cnau tiilu n'ifi

nrrildr r il'oHu F 0.90 M:

n21!n 51.: sa {flunna.t b \.70 I ltg]f

n'r'lil6nn1r'iiln v 1.57 [ !n:

n ?"r:.r0'l n r ylfi 'tu il1 { 1:1

fl)
dv
flna {ylnnnfl [ 1l13 rtn Imnngnau n'l l l1la luRf,a {mJ?uaunu HlR
.t t oalyll {n 1ul1}lx '1u0u"t{
t/ < - u Cu r d .{ |
R 21rl r riu?n'un'llaon ![r!noa {flu]urhorjufrE.r'li riuilurjuau dn:
ii '--t a.:nr:'tyouulr unif orm

fi'lfioanrsunna.riin,:rdun.,rfilriuarfir,r*nriu'liaanruiuRna.r;u rHrlcn?1l.Jiiufl.:tla.!Rna{au
{ '- - .'^.
" { |
?iuaurilflrudMiei?a{idfli'Ift4ifl aa.r uan rmlaa'lnrirdnfl rdniza.rnr:'[un'luyrr.:fii
1.!!. r,xl .l .e w rd rrd{t uu
2Dl4 !! lun',l:00n Hruflaa.,,.laun?unuvln']u2fi rm ^
?fl4!H:rt0Ruaul. ul14nlu'[u anu!
iadHruffu e iifia i6fi'lffifinnr:ra\,ulnonnln unviffi1flr,rfinnrr?0.!n?1ilr;?d.rdrrfiEar
1fi i6nfi.r'lflriuadr.rnir.rt':r,,r'luduijarxinT ,rasio'r:ni'lfltiuafirlluvrirlqrl: i1.r':crxrt
Cur, o 'i re
unV U.s. B. R.n ttM 1n'l lflnE'l LtoC?nUoH

{-.- .r e. 6
5.6 'lDtAit !R tUR (Kenne dy's method) ultr I fiu tufl t Rlolrlfi n:I 1R ?'tlt r I ??a {u 1 ll.l
iq.ya { - ,.E
noa{mJ tral]'[x I nflnl lnn td't s ttn cnnnsna!fi] Ritdln1:na'l .l

m
Cy 5.2t1
o
c b a$ r..v {
t NA n?'uJ i 2ra.,!i'1yi'luyri'lfi rrinnr:fi n r i1stlnsn']:nnnvnou
! l,m 0 t:En?'t
o
d. t < r c r. 4
0?1 r l1?nqnto.t rnurun u4u ?s rrju_inno ?u1yl
{e.{.C
v fl ?1rJnn?Ja\rU1 IMU?g tUUt{n

c RlnrJUt
..'.iI
Cfll4E t {gl.la nufl0${uJn?a {
.lfifly]i-."
tf,yt1flRa.t
v. d< .l
0. 55 siu nwIR?1 nv tauRN"tfl
.j{ ! .
0.84 f,'II4zumt l 'luylN tuaac t ouR (Fine light sand soils)
d'.r {
o .92 iCly:UIUI:ltM tUA?lU'llJ (Coarse light sand 6oils)
t.u (11.!zu nUnCnAUynJUnUl ?Uttn
i., l'lU (sandy
I Vml toamy soils)
!
1.09 d'n4flJnuncn0u Luauut
 5/'.t 7

,.1
m I n!unfl 'rn{ t'rlfi Mruun.,n1l]anu()lc?a{u'r LuR02.r
. . n. Jr" { d
0. 64 ftx iul: .]ilxttun un au ru0ns r auRxlnfldraH

= o.50 nir.riufiifi'lo
drnl:?,a{ ! Ru ru6'lfilrnnr:i ra:rc}dfiarafi rfiu:TJr ?rJnlnRda nf,fl] r !M-nJ?r!1n'lxri

'luunTufuot 6ur6rr'tllrnuinlr'lU(!n1lua.,trnuru6fiuodl.:uri:'ynru'luyarur]rtryrrl
at.a<d.
llmjl$JuR2',ll.l',LlurJ IRnRn.t tua{a1nrJf, !n1:vnn']1r1rr}]Ll

, <r- t,.!
5.7 ?6?lA.:n1 n (racy's method ) flIn1:l]a {A'l!&R.!nA l U

1-fi llz R1l?

.t
P ..ot Q'/2
R o.4Z 91/31 ,1lt
116
s o.ooo5tr7 r5l3l
{ 4 a < ru
l!a f IUUUIR t tlal?a{nl lnnnvn0l. t.llu1ru 1.75 d
m
Inu 6* rfiusflur'rXurinnr.r
e d t C..
llDElS'l1l?10 \tm$a{RAa \t t
}MU?lJ UIflnI fll:

y rfiun:uri r roitila.{nr:'liln inniruriurtnriaiurfi p riurf,u:au?ilriun

d r d I
aa va I d. C.e $ a { . rr <
Ixu2urlurin R riluifludnrlldflirxu 2u r ur'ln e liluin r 1n'] l'lualmJ1u riu nu. nfla,u1r
<u
It03 s RAR?1rJ01R I ?ltA.:YAilflnA.l

5. 8
i6fi'lf,ydnn r:sa {n ?rrr r; ?d.,!dn;uarl'Ifi (uetnoa of maximum permissible
, i u . d. d j. i
velocity) R?1XII?tlnnnl?lUuR?'llJl,,'ltOntM "'.i". R'lIlnvl4nd\t a S lrJui'tfr r n nn 1rf,R l ilsno

firufirrnnarunvfio.rnna.r nrruririirirlilruiuou d.:dru'lmjlrilua{fruuinaa{lu

, r ..1
lnufr?"lU
,

rr{fii r rirq sxun'an?rr r; ?1}if,.:n'l'lrr"t fi'r i'oqoirlrri rrt'lcfia\rRna \:sa {nna { r rila si
..1 .n ' - i{ e
R?',llltJufl{Rn?1 tfiuLo?t1yL a n l lnnncnauga.:idn?{?nflanna Bti (coltoiaal Matter)

'luanuriaulndr.r r drriaufru n?'rrri2d.,:d#uar'lfflunnarinrsirirurnnirnlur;id.:dn

'lunna,'rilu druiunr:trnfi'rjralru (*,,ru,i.r,. nor) d ni:?8.:n'ltniro.tror.r,;rhf
riuirnrtrri#1nfifiarnno.,r'lunna{f,uacirirurnn'irnrlrrirH.,rnrirrlunna.:6n liLnlrurir
ro6'ugo vfi.rufirfinirir r ritf,u il'.r riunn'lfin r:rin r irc r iuu:n'lunna{iru rri'nirilfii'run'ir
 s/1 I

'lui n.n. tses urilia{rfia{ (rortier) uaturudln rutl (scobey ) thrdr

sarnrurirdrdnfiuau'Ifi'lunno{fuir.:HruArdnrir.r r H.,runa.r'lunr:r'rfi 5.7 rir'lunr:r.r
{
' io v.{
uJufl1?r0.!Rna.,yDJRllrJnnn?fl R?'txn1R!14uau l'toJfl?1rJfln'L!rnu 1 t]ln:

r1r1{x 5.7 n?'ur ri ?d{dn;ual'lfisa.rurua{rfi E:'uocurHsin ruri

nruri :4rqniuar'Ifi (r. /iuri )

tinsa riu u1 ltt ulTl

CJ.ean water water Containing
colliods

mJvltluRc taHRNln 0. 45 0.75

fiUl ?U1.i1i14:1U ( sandy Loam) 0. 55 0.75

irudurruiunvnau (sirty Loan) 0.50 0.90

iunrnauq'lruiiiil :rrto rnnaonauri 0.60 1 .00

(Al1uvial silt)
t . .,i ,-
tlu t l,lUU ?Ul,LUlla') ( oense clay) o.75 1.O0
- d .,i e
nU tYIUU?Yltl?l{ ( Hara Ctay) 1.10 1.50
,!a
tiu tl4ut/'lrtrZ.t!1n ( very hard clay) 1.E0 1.80

n:?nnU r;Un (Fine gravel) o.75 1 .50

n t'ttMUru rraSn t 2n?1u1fl'u1unn1.: 1.20 1.80

11U 1.50 1.60

t.l {
fl{vlR ?:?ll11.l tUnltlllfil ll.lnll'l.lvl 5.7 hilUda
<s.
1) n 1n?11J0fl!a.tu 1I1nn 21 1 tXn? rirnr u i r'lunr
r r ",ou',0 o r, fi'uilroon o. 1 5 l :!qr /iu1fi
v<
llo J01rnvnou?ll]'TU tl!?uaaul]'tn1Ju't R?'rrJ ri ?'lun1:1{fl ?rQUnnn., o. I 5 trn?/iu1ifi
z)'lunna didn : rn r:"lunlrn uri r fi n'lu: cuc r
V
lnr f,u "{",, - c.
tlns t nR?ru'tM.Jan]n R21rJ t:1'['l]9r']51.r

aroriu"tHa'n :o %
 5119

lufl ri. rt. t 915 rin?rurrtrnn{:-el r iulfiv rnrr r irg.rqni'ual1fi'oiufu fiu

e
,. ?r .i
n{l fio filfrtnrvn"r (coheelvc eol1)
.I'",
*ac;!il'"[ii r n'lsn'l (non-coheerve
t t t.
soll ) d'114 t-Umlnnxttlnfl?'llJ t t ?aUlruAUfiUR?'lllllulttUUltnCnnBflC tU0nU f,']X:!m.l nQ

i t I at . . o
'lun1t c
ylda{R?1r r i?ac?LlaHfilJ?il'rn r dufl'rrtuitnal.liEuj 1ufla {aln'}Rnll (d
so ) 1{}t

5. E LLns 5.g udntn'lrr t i,lra.:rfr6qnfi'ual'hi'd, raiunoa.:dn'rq rniuJ: c tnvl t nrc fi'r

dt{ < r,
LLoc!:y rr 'txt n ''\vfl?n1rn1mJ ttns.:'!{t{lxiuRaa\rvllJtlu2nl{LtncR?1!flnga{u1lvlnu
. a .'[un:drinna.urnrlrnnso.:f1'lrrvrlrTuuti.ttrn:
{j d < -u I l, u o'
1.oo run:rvrrriu tilflrirrliuuriilaglu
n'rr1..rx4'5.10 "hgrurirnrrlrir'lunr:r$'5.E il10 5.9 unc'lunt#uulaoa.rinru
nn r flur'irfldriltil ufflunr: r.rfi' l. tr

l.
r1r1.rx 5.6 nrtr r irc.rqnfi'ual'bflunnatdvriorniu :c rn rn rcn-r ( cohee ive
sol1), uJ ?flnanflt.:rrnvnrlrinnatfr rilrn"u 1.oo trnl

liuru u.Ja{r iudsa.r R ?' Jl4U1ltUU

al]JtlRRU (fr1/2.rm:)

rlaun'ir o.ool 0.005-0. 05 rlaunfr

nn t xnl rno ttnt 1.2 1.2-1 .7 1.7=2.O 2.O-2.15

30-50 70-50 Heavy eandy 0.40 0.85 L.20 1.70

clay
20-30 E0- 70 Lean aandy 0.40 0.8 1.I0 r.50
clay
10-20 90-80 Well sctt led 0.70 1.00 1.30
loese
 s /20

n1r1i 5.9 fll ru r; rd.:dnfiual'lfi'lunna.rfiu'rHraiurJ: v rnvrlil r nr:fir (Non-cohesive

soil )

tulRia.lautlR n? 1x t; ?n 1:liladn{n
truRtailnu
( rrJ. ) (il. /iulfi)
ninallu:'lufl! taUn (fine silt) 0.005 o .20

nVnAUlll1ti].u'tu , I:lttoltagn ( coarse silt, 0.05 0.30

fine sand )

]lrludl6Un (fine sand) 0 .25 0 .45

14,'ltjru1n lUnA1{ (medium sand) 1 .00 0 .60

1l: ''lt 11u1U (coarse sand) 2 .50 0.75

?l:1UllU'lU, n7?tla;la{gfl (coarse sand, 5.00 0.85

fine gravel )

n:1fl ( gravel ) 10.0 1 .05

n: ?n (gravel) 15.0 1 -20

n, ?R ( gravel ) 25.0 1-45

nl ?R (gave| 40.0 1 .85

n:?nuaY;u (qravel and stones) 75 .0 2.40

fiu ( stones ) 100.0 2.80

il'u ( stones ) 150.0 3.35

iu ( stones ) 200 .0 3.80

fru ( stones ) 300.0 4 .35

y .l a .v { < b{ a r s
n1t1.ryr 5.1o R'lu tu un?a{R2'tx t : ?f,{dnllSax In r }IaR? 1tanm.:iii1I tyln 1.OO t lln:

n?rro'nnlrlun (rrnr) o 3 0 5 o.75 r.0 1.5 2.o 2-5 1.0

drliu ufi 0 I 0 9 o .95 1.0 1.1 1.15 1.2 1 .25
 s /2'l

,tr
n1:1ilx 5.11 R',[J:Umna{R21X r7 ?dirdR Ha t rXaUU?l't1itu'tRRrRg?

nnl(!;lt1.Iu1 rittYuuil

n: it ( srraight) 1 .00

tfi .rriau (srightly curved) o. 95

TH.njrunnr.r (moderately cr:rved) 0.67

Ifi{x1n (highly curved) 0.78

firfia lnr:aon u.runna rn'infir ilnd r o'flrnr{y lnrio'fi'lfudnnr:larnrrurErdrrln

d' v e
rflar -.[]r R't:nl tuun'l flnaudatrti
< I .tgl.lR
.r - {6rr.
1) ?I Rt'M414 fla {Rulr I flu lnflait
I
2) :!x1(W'lR1dI :!d ffn?1r!1?'?3 n u0! R2 1rn lR t llR.ll.Ul'I.: z
t .t i ao {
3) 141i',1fl?1lltr2flilatnlUaxl}tl1nn1r'lit 5.7 xta 5.E T:A 5-9

4) fl1U?OM1fl',t R a 1n fl fl: ! a.t urntu .t

. < 4s w <.
5) R',tu?0,x'rrulr!1u1nRnaa.l11naflt 'ln 1, tl48rn1 un [I u0 vft?1ll ! t? fl.r{nn'uaflfi

lrla A -_ Q/v
5) oiuronmrirml p uiap=Vn
il 'lf,rirmr A uny p ufidlnr:nrrir b uny y
E) niuunriror ur{l r io6ura.rnoa.r uarfiinlr iulu'lnDanxfilHnnna l'Ifi rillrcdr
fiunr:riaah.r
 5 /22

r{<s r e
5.9 2Dll tX fln n1r!a{ tt, noflo ln (Uettrod of tractive force )
c..
aru;rirh"lyo'[uu r,:fr r n l; urn:
:uiriaaun rnna.r6unlru'rl t{n.lr'lxnra.J
r dnriu:

''l c .oe - u ; l
u 01tt:.l nulRlr-Ifl a lJlr 1 tllauJt't flla itRu?t " {Roa n t flo.al.l?l
{uun? 't}10'tft r }la 1u!1.tl,ta!]1a

tronu:16lnot:11 u:nono'ln ( tractive force) d'ruiunf :luotuIJ uniforn tr:{qoo''Ifl

ua-{.lr
llnlr7l1nuu1 ]lnloitu 19t1 )1f1ll1.tn1, []4aItat,llnlj wALs Infl w (x:a T ) t ufl?'ul]fl.I't uuu
e. d. {.t.- d
fla.m.r, A lurrultyii'tnfln't r tlxa , Lt uR21ra1lnard ?nx'litI-1 uor s r4 uR?'t;[fl'tor]4
u .i
-a, r oou0a , .,1 , !j - .:* - -. { {
r4a.tflaa.: n{uln1 { [r tono 1nfra}lu,ltlu1B)fultDa! fl')f]oa {xflxfldtr1 147a t : un 21(: n

tlnalnxinxd?fl
ro r irirrilrfiu wALs/pL = wns Int p ril r fil:au::J riltn uo; n riuini
ior,lr 6ln:'
T
o
wRS 5.25

b t dd dl a -n
-
tu liru1t a?l l'lRn21n R1lait R ttfl1lIlnu y tnfiJ::ll'lol ovluaY tn

T rq', s s .26
o

n'l:nt !a 1!fra n u: itoR0'lnl4uitllll'tu a y t d l I duafioi ra!Hu:ax: rignfla{xfi1fin

(unriunrrfiiriniigurnnir,r) irlrn:ra.r u.s.B.R. 1fiilinr:iiflnr:nrvrlusarui{ena'rn

[u]1'ln 1]Drl4lt1nR iu6l t unflxR1.ll4]1 . dtx0urfltli't un!61'Hr]iaur u0ynl:n:vl1ufran(t:it
lnoin'lux1{f1xfirHn1rLdtndulnrorllfiuanll51firfiu"ll:rti r.z n1:n:;rluayr!iuuruJo,r
fl'lu:lJ:1{ an !1nn
. ' "' .i
tjfluumlanfrl ?u1fl
<.
trnasl N r
IlIx 5.3 rr6{nltt: nonfl1n u{xr?ud.:dn
i-r
Il r nnulruuRl.tu0lR r r4 R ''ll.t fl'l {unvfia nx't{f1 aiu 5u'l i'lun r:aan u uRaa{ Inufirlilrrifr
y e i . { b. u c
1'1U1frOfl I }l0fllJfl l illllll
!o-oi llfl 1 t !a{?lA{?l1.1!'lInntffUnnun'ltAil 0.97 wvS UAVR'l r ta{Rl1ll
a1nr fi1ufil {'lnfir 6u.rfllrirtar o.ZE rc/s
s .9.1 in: reirura I u: lqno rn r iafior:curamrntaliuuuR: rln rn ruH ruUr,r ('lu:1fi
. {{,. u l,{{d{
5.4) tAnfioa{ !01:?1xu't t n av t l,lu?1lrur{a 2 U:t?ll{u1fl1llru}t't t}tflu I n0au Ra tll non
{- r<-d
lnll t nfla 1nn 1t t}loiA{U1 ar
s!rs
[nJ [7 nuaHBa.! u: {0 nnR Ianun: v]l tnaaur lnflu w sin /
-lfiu a re{i
uxllllllr yd?t Eflo?a.iaun 1RRu, t
14
|uuu:.!Qnn1n u nuuluuufl21Ia'1fl r 14h11li1rRoa n,
Ei
4v. - 4t
wsr rilufiixlnla.raun rnriu'lutir uo! fl tljulrll?a {R2'llla lfl r14nlu!1{ u:rn }lDantl'7t 2
u:nonnnl?fla
 5/23

0.?5orrS
l., o,750rrs
O.97OrrS

J
flJr4 5.2 n1:nlsl'rulEN..:oqanrn'lunna w,Jirfi 'rf,#,r6'rrn',orx

t
t.0

0.9
Topaldda, r.2
t
tO

0.9
\Trooaroldr
- r.2 ond 1.5
trl
II
0.8 o.8

o r:5
07 I I t T
t o6 7
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I 'Topatol6!, r. 9
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0,2

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I
IIIIIT
IIIIII
r 2 ! 4 5 6 7 89t0 r 2 3 4 5 6 I9rO ?
b/v b/y
nrrntrrrnrnrv rutr.r filllllAilnnot

fln4 5.3 u:.rqnnrnri.rmjrgd.rdalumrfra.r rrys

\-<
a
\
f

'6F;1;}T

- .t { .l
ilfi 5.4 n1l ?t nl lyflut{rln: yu'lna8llr 1Rra il mJn1lfl 2 tD il?l l in l "t
 5/24

w2 uin? q + a
22
t
a a

.t w ,.ra I
I raul tolflllluJfl1ll1n aun 'rR?r0{RUar I floa!?r
{--{
nlutonn'l: Da {nnfl1dn: I IaauJl lRRuev I t}l t floau?l [rnnlu 1un 1t I flaflumit
q d t d a a t d
it ru1u1ItJll1.., tlaun lflnu t tr l Roaulr
r
aut lflnua!}lR') r141nuut tD nnlux lllR{n01?}1fl'1t 1nu
du
w
s
cos , nufi:flf,d::fuita{u: { r 6lgRrrur4ia t"n e Infl e uJuIrra.:fl 't t1r, itn2!a nnu

n{u lY tfl
W cos y'tan0 w2
2
6rn g + a ts 5 .27
s s

<v{-a{
turlua.:tflu'tnu t aaun 1flfluullxa {Raa.: I :rrtJ t Roau tUa{Q1nU:n arl e: tn

w tan e utL 5.28

ti
T J61 g 5.29
L a
w
1: s ,^n2 g
a'rn dun s . 27 T
s -a
cos ,tane 1- 5.30
tan2 e

vr:dmr:fi 5.30 fi?fldrnlrfi r.es rvlil

.T
2
S tan fr
K cos fr 1 5.31
t 2
L tan 0

uiarnr:u' r. rr 1fia{'tugufi .iru eJ In

2 g
s1n
K 1 5 .32
2
sLn e

, <'<
r:lliandn:1d2!8a{ r sLu,o! t ia K ?1 dm:'l it'lul a{ u: {ona 1n r{t u

an:1(?u?l dr finn"'lf,1un r:aan ruu drr iu6un't nr rfirriu un:6ufi1rir n r:firffu usin'r inn v r a"En

trrnlnlvn tf,u (cohesive rorce) r:irirlrnniru:rtiautaru:16rnorallon iirrlu'lunr:

'lLRr1Yl4lt1trJflanU1U:.!UAUi0ilttt.:R{nnflan
^i tfinxltnfl? a{ !n n?Ut]4flHon{n012 t:1at
- i., ,< c ,Y
n 1:or1r!na {nl tu: I n?na{nur tr r nl Jfl2nuunr I rn}lu'lu l}l1uu n1rflfln1:?1Bnflit u.s. B. R
o 1, .a f
llr a{n1tIt {n'l.r:rn't I }u n1}lgl.l'tRufl: rxaur
"' ( angularity ) ra.: t Influ :ljii 5 n .:
 5 /2s
.{
lraun lfilE{mrt rjur2
o,t oa 0.! o.il o.a 0.! l.o t.o s.0 4.0

lira I ti2 t. tz
12

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=
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ta
7 /./.
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t 26

ta
IIlr II
24
I
zz

20
ll
gtj,l 5.5 *rn1:x:.!f, lla{}ufildrnr;f, rfiu ( u. s- a- n. )

s
--
G
G
=
GI o.
R.c&rwndad i.lu. br conob f,llh high
conianl ol lina aadinail ln lia rslar. -
ttllilill l\
'=
E
?;, o.
Racommandad volua lor aanolr
los conlanl ol lina aad{rhanl
in th. rotar\
--../
rilh
) I ( |il|il
Racolnlnandad volua lor
c=(- fficohatlva n6t€rior:
tit
G
G
d.
o,o
-/-
-....
rr|Iil
237.lom.t

Racomnandad votJa lor conol!

0.
5l
! lIllil t!o 50 too

rnnor Huilrlrurinnrlmlarorniuriu u'

flfi l. e u,oqnu',n#*,irugq#uau'tfi rfr ,ilrl6l,ouuod tf iul:s r,,ldrnrv;rfiu

(u-s-B. R. )
 s/26

lxrla r n1 rr : l fi ?ra.rn'lnll i rn r yfi . fi unlit,ur n fi ,r r,ri,,., i r rr', o

ntn01?nJu?u1nlatun'llnlgna1rtfla.taufllRn'urtnnn?iflll1Rfla{Irflnur n,unt2rJnutx.tnu
25 r. na.tu'ruun
* -Y
.! n ( d^- )
1)
5-9.2 U: {QRA 1n 1n qn ( Critical tractive force tria Permi.ssible rhit
tractive force) riurt:.rono rnui.rnirua.r qofin:l riui'lfialn rnza rdufifia lnoa irn'n r: r n6au
--j -^-_ _-__{o-c q -,- i. 1a tnnll
ll flon1tuR0ailxtuIuu?'tR0a{ . { J",
ua}ru.tur 1 r n 1y6lRut r Jruna ttl {onn lninq nlfil rn
--'--'^-ir,-rro ,.t v{ , ,
n?''lR1t4?R In tUXa{ nna{ ynutrr:1y21ilitrnunll't "' un
Raan]4a 1]ld,.t]tD::x/1,i l:: iillura.r
. t . i r!, te e i ."". ..,{&
fl'l rx 2n Ra00aun ttoJd1:n2n,0um fl annau r nniiafl dlyri'lfr r dntd.rtannl:d0 r n 1 yliifiiu tto;
.. r < da { or, 4_s I u
r 14QflOa nau ''t.tl.lu{nRan'l:aan uJUrlga}J'[fiaur.lRRu r floauu1n rflniiaulnBlNr nnaufrr-rurrafl? 1u
J a d.- d,
l[tn {ga nR00 .L.t
e
flt .l tt,,,oRo1fllt tt tIn 1:aan uJUal al t}Jo'liiaBn 21u: {nnn1n ln0qt

n-l lx 1tt: nono']nA.rAnn''rjau'Ifi r n'n'lfi'llnaa.: tfilr.r''t:tu''tlru10 a'taurlftnud11r:u

s <r. .u -..1
RUlt L tn 1:fl 2nu uoltta'l:o1n ltann? uuur4:aanl'ld?uia r?'t.r (void ratio) d,M ilriurit nt v
fir riru: rono rn drdniljflau'lfinnr r'lfiq rn r iauhfi.rviallji
! ! i,, ,.q. . .
nu Iuaru1ljlt tlirn1yn?nuttfl [i,R1u{R I na: R? 1}Iljnanr u-s.B.R 1n[LJUin1

rla n r: nono 1n dn
lni'uarlfi (urj:u rLauricianl:1nl{n ) nr:r'drrrirfiu o.t
rrirra.tri",rfiudrguri
r s , - , s 4 i e , . ia* -
nfl ''l {u a taur lflnu nu'lR t flua 1ft'uun01{n {na'l ?e8na { I urulnI I onn ') 1?nrlnta {nuxullyl.ln

:2 iur 1ftJ at I sa.rriufinfi,uln n"t uului r: udorfirun: ril r ltun: l1u;rtu" i.t;
!'
du iuriu r fr an v t a"fl nfil dr n r :fi :f,'u lfif, r.r:rurrrurn r Hui rrtudnn r,rii 50 % fla.r
fruinfi.,nrun ra:nllflfirf,'urftilupr,l r.s 1ftiuiu 1r; naarfi'l'nvnauriao:rSunnam{
lufrriuqiuruilrn (e) noa.rylr'nynaurf,aorra"flnfldrali'lrfi'lriuqiurufiau 13; ooa.rnlr'fii'la

drn iro'ufi'r n r:f,rf,u, rirra.: u:.rona 1n i{n dnyriuax'Ifi r n'niluld'lunaa.r'l iio rnn r:
araa
rrJo'irurirta.tnr rr rB :a.r anfr uar'Ifi uocl f, udn nl T'lu
1lij"s. I
, - ;, ! I
nlga{ [t {Qno1nynn'] 1t'l nflu 1lju?t0{Rda rDtrJull.tnr.t n1t ilx Roa $4 ttu?Raa {nn

rRlrz n1ltt nqna'lnn2r eyona rn'lxg]'lr 1{}l 5.12

 5 /21
r.o
Sondy cloy.lrond < 50 %)

\\ toll.
E. o5 \\ Haovy cloyry
I

c \ cloray a
rc
t
G
\
0.r
\
-:t
E
0.o5
(-
q \\ \
\
dc
! ilil t r

0.01
![ L

I t?!.5 2 ! 4 !
o,t o,z o,lo,lo.loo

void Ratio

ilt 5.7 u,oqnul#*,iru6.rqaiulu'Ifi Ifi ,iluln

^uod,firilal:c
rrM rnrsfi rfiu

tt
.! J
I

)l t 025
I I
I I
Il
5 o n! T
z(- I
)
6
,st t\\ t lt
s |-\\ II
CE
a) 'v] .cll
.-t\
L I 1

E I 14!
,E 1- _L J _-r
I ==_
I
e Eg 3 t3e

2
v.R lJ I 2U1n

T"' 5 9 nrtrduiud:-sil'i1{ n rB! .,*'lrnna.rrtiiiitnia{nlrnrnnql

 s/28

?-t - 5l

v
-4 o,:

;h
Fle \ t
,E
S
I
\T ,E
aa
Hd 2 c
.!; Pg o
F
{ o 'tsr
(I
e. as
a L
9 T
n
6t
.l
zz Br - I
,o =
o o v
lt lrJ F -t
z o+ o 6 F :l
2 o
l
aD o glr, (-
IE
L z. J F
o td a, ci a.
&
o rd
E o lrl lll
(l J (/t? GI
i. o
IL E I
fl
a
o t
3c lrj l! o()
-E
,{ f
o lrl E
st F l aa
() l@
a
>-t o J (-
o E,
o ci
A F lr- o
\o
a \<,
a J o 6
I L
T' o _ls
J sOg J
U !o
o :c
e
t.r ci
sJ'r9,v, gl tt
utc
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I li .
r11 r slfu9lo

-? -!r
r I

;
- 1-rv:r rI3r ol rvtNoztuoH I sfdots 30ts
 \ /2a

n1tlit?t 5.12 rilair ildlai u:.rqourn inqri'IUfi, uurourofi'or, fir',

{i.lu
t a: t iUn?2.! Ltr.lO nalnr1.l0t:uJll4tumJ
i
I Cmj ?lAi'R?1IJRR ! RU? I
Rda{u ttu?nt{

lLU2ROa.:n1{ 100
! c.
tlu?Rnailflnrflu?]nnuatl 90

rru?ooo.:nR r Nu? 1un01., 75

!
tlU?flnO.:Rfl t RU2!1n 50

a'$tn?Ja{nlraan r[JUnna.rfi0nfin
?,u r fi s"lilTnui;fi''luxfinnr: aar tt:lonnm : vnau

lhHnr: r fian'Ifl?ru1naa\rnnoir i.rarlo vlfiornrJr sdun1rni. viotrnnrt r 6ui'?a d1.:iuhj

. /6 u I uras s lse s r{
?IRl1U}1 lufloWRAAi' r ?{Olt lfruduun na.]n1l alntA}lnfi [tM 1n1tn:2af,aurll1flRnial lfilJ?D
.j i .
tumM ttlnlcn2nu ltl{ragvll"".,
x
?ra{rtl{ofln1n 61fi flna{ !fla{ ^.j", l14aunlflmJna{n{r"lt 1n

n? 1xn1n r xfi1ufi1{n?:e v'lfiiun1:filr:rur r fir.r r 6ra lnHn?Ja{n1iflt ua lu?ro.lur \ronn rn dru'lu

..1
RU tn'l8n1nu llfla{ul rr:{n{nal?I1ha1t 1

. .ir--.j j
firatir.ryr s. r* a{aonuruRaa,rnrnitrafirlind rrriurRl{xr dn:1nr:lnn rilrlfu 40o :il.{r/
."
iurfr rnsn?1rn1n! fiotoaa{ o.oo15 noa {0nsn0{'lu6ufil: vnal'lufirun r ?axuluvl'lii
taiog<
r?nflanoaud uns 25 % riun:rniil-mrn 1.a5 ii?uiau1fln'i1 rirdrnt:vRvrEga.rruui.r

r 1lru 0.025

i6rlri fruh.rnoa$fufirfindru6'truR1.,rltrJ rr.,:?nslnyd{ild'ru{.:{rmlnrrrnrn rilli1ufl1{avi

rirfiounir r:{6{nuir rdifuooouo 6.:fiu r: rl'.:1fiu:{onnrxd.rxd?ual*ofi'nrrunrn ryr ilruilr

'r
{o"
tuun?n'txua lunltaan rllllj

n. ,nsulRnnai, : drJrfin2lrolR rrfhufir I tiz triifr z = z r6cf,flr1d2u b/y = 5.0

a rn plvr'' r . : t v'l flur ronnrnri'.rnri ruqrqmrJnr rrnrn r ufi ruUr.:

ts = 0- 775 r4r S

= 0.'115 x 62.4 x 0.0015y o.ozey r..tauriTn:.r!n (i)

 5/30

.,! rau
alnuJx 5.5, ?nrlnga{a'un'lRnu 1 .25 u? ttactru f,nuovflnr ln ov'[fi4lm.t
r4
n'ttvm{fi'l o = 33.5' tUIrRl g = 26.5' (t a z=2) ttnv 0 = 33.5' n.!'[u

fixn1:vr 5.32
.2 zo
san ^--J_o
K 1 0. 587
2 o
a1n 33.5
i 4 . .l , i. r on,. { ,,.i,
a'ln:!x
1t- 5.6 x:an'tnn1:Riu1r! r 1larlRl ul {qnn1n!lrMdrMUa!-[fr rflnglr'tfirffo.:Rn0.:

TL 0.4 x 1 .25 0 .50 uaurf/n:.v,lqr

T
s
KtL 0.587 x 0 .50 0 .294 Uarri/nr.1n

rmJril rs n,r'ludunr:fi (i)

0.078y 0.294

v 3 -77 {n
b 3.77 x 5 18.85 lier

v 3.77 lh tlf,8 b 18.85 fi ls"lfi A 99.5 n? .1ifl Itoc

R iln
1' .'-1q /oo <\ a1 .rot-,
,-
)la- ,I n.001
a 6
0-025 '-""""''' ./ "
414 mr.{n/iurr'

l{ruinr:turfidnrrdru u/y = r+.r ruo lvin l r niu ?r!'lxil os'lH y = 3.82 1.4n

u = 15.66 l.in uos e = 414 flu.{erliu'rvr' i'..r1nHrfiu.:fiu 4oo 6nr.Ttn/iu1filrnn'ir

.,i.{.
u. 9E?tdaufil tL vllnn?nlal{ a1n?ilvl'5.3 t Az=2 |tay b/y = \.1 aslii

tL 0.97 lt/ S 0.97 x 62.4 x 3-82 x 0.001 6

0.37o uauri/n:.rin
uaunl1 o.50 laruir/n:.1n
 s /31

Hradr.rfi r.r ul
oraanruiana.rfiiufi '1frnlud rilauiln'r.!xx 0n1lnn{'turiu?i:'lu ununcnau
(sirty sand) d.riu:.:qnarnr'nqnuifia.rnaa.rtvirfiu i:fiu/n:.u. [n;{il?ln.ltl:{laltl a.i*

vrurilrffir :o' Rrrrlsarnoo.,r u,irfiu ro nn:. rln:/iurfi R? 1ln1n tvfia{nna,t 1:1oooo

nrT.rnrn rvrlhuUl.,r i:2 rrflu n = o.02

?6Yl'l r = Kr-
2 (26.s65')
sLn
2.4 1
2 (30')
s1n

T
s
1 .073 irfiu/n:. rlnt

Ta#rtJr:rarooc'lflr:{onarn#.:rnirud.rd#flo.:nna.r rra#nrrlnrn rul{rlfir.:

rlirfiu o.gZ"c/s un! 0.76qls n',roifiu orfirorrrt1
0. 76 wS
'o 1.073
1 .0?3
v 0.76 x 1000 x 9.81 x 0.0001

v 1.44 tlJnl

lrvrurir n r'ludun r: ruori.,r

2/3
10
( b+4 )y ( b+{ )y
S
1/2
b+zy E
(b+2 .44 . (b+2.88)1.44
10 -----d-aB)1
. 07-
-j t i+-G-zz- r /0.0001

rufinrnr rl nuif;nrrauui

b ( !rn:) 1 2 4 E 10 12

s? 1ia?a.rdrn1: 2.31 J.11 4.78 8.27 10.05 11.E4

uirir'lunr:r.r'lrtn8ann:rl'l d1 'n0x1 u "tfirilrfiu 9.95 rxnr yinl?nr?adau

,"',.:.1
ritoarrr:.roRnrnui.t}niru{.rdn arlufr 5.3 rilo b/y = 9.9511.uu = 6.91 au'lfi rs
&1nn'i1 0.76 hys un;Iin1?n:?ada! rL = 0.92 x 1999 x !.8'l x 1.44 x 0.0001
= t -3? i.rfioan'ir 2.4 iiffit/n?. !!n? udn.:'irrrurnso.rnnavfinrurru"lllnnfio.r uayin:u
ilnanfiueionr:onfin r irv
 5 /32

rh.l t < <

?r1{1J1fl nlnn?ufl flfl :axqn

fimiar.r{rvriilruuu}l'ufir.:utofirnnar hi'irlv rfinilu ra.:nrrror:rdriruialenfin1x

BalJna ! l nn(nnl VlllJflayllil.lJl -!
tldEnll l}lnvfllU!l CnllR.lU
i) anr.rrirfinnr:'lunn.t

2) nfl s11\rnlt r Rflaufi2?ra\:fl unauyNlnu[1 yri-lfi nsnaunfl a]J]r:annoH rilunn

t14141r',1 nnn 1 : tl.!nnRn.t

, r { cl q
)) r 0uur!rj0.'rn1 n ga\rr1\rii1 fl1 n aJ !yrrJ? ulaono.:n?uaunufunuRvRl lrl
d.,rgon Tfl
u1{aaa
4) na.:Runllnn r {13 rua.ra'tnrlnrg 2uEnou

5 ) onnlrr]uJluaalrfr'lnfiiriu irdruonnr:fin r ir zin r riufru

e I u.{ u {
5.10 onu(],]tflnfl1dnI ?la {vt'1.:u'tvnJfl fln fl?!?tg
tl
rirf,ul: rEvrGnrrrfl r 0: s?lan runri.r ril6uuu:ln{n1 dfi nunuR?1 lJd { IA.IIU
r,b 1
:lt : 1{14U1nfl ttn3fl ?1!An ga{U1 alnnlrilnnan'lfimrnr ruf,r.rf,u6fi .,rdal1jf,

n f (vR)
{ v.{ - C.
a t. C d .l vuavtd-
l:J0 R t1ru?flUi0tl1dn:1Ja{U1\tu'l tmv v ttJUR'l"lNllltOotl RllXf,XmJdn{nn12 r:JU

nnUOY t oI1:fla.llltr ttnn3flu0 ltflC tMUa

-'r
Y'lN$laHn!flJr1il ttdUn? 1 01nt ga \rvl1.:U'1 [flxn1t

rui.r: vfilzalnrrxfirurrucianrt"hala.:fidaan riu 5 r vfiu fi .ri

r sllu R21xfiTlvr1un1r"txa

d.:}l1n

B d.!

1Unn1.:

D n')

E 911tJ1n
 s /33

"{r4l taufruR?'urd{!a.{r,rtnvR?lrJx!1truufla{rg
:yfiufl fl .,:R?1xfi 1ux1un1r'lxn nluFnt'I.rl4 5. 13

n1:1{n 5.13 r vfiu?arn? lil1{tuvr1un1r lunsa.rfidnllR? 1td.t

rrnrR? 1lJlflJ1tlu1.I

a{
R? 1Xd.r r qnuga.:fl,
l StnJ n21U u1[uu
(rduirun:)

A x1nn11 75 R

B 25_60 n

c 15-2' n

D 5-15 R

fiaun'ir 5 n

B il1nni1 75 1unn 1.r

25_60 1UnAl\t

D 15-25 u nn1.r

D 5-15 rJ1unn1.l

uatjn?'t .Iunn1.t
E 5

nr'ril1rJi 5.9 udn.,rnruf,rfiud:vuir.r n fir vn sa{fidfiinrruf{ruurunr:

'lvo'iu:cffirrir{ i'.:1fiarnnr:vrnna.:1unu l5orlinr rr.rffri"lfhml:xnna{rirux1{fii?ru1n
rfrn rir ,,n flaunir e.o alnnrrieu!fiuj1 n asnnnl'lu$urfi' ," iri'r,dui, unr n
I q {
t3u rrlnitvrrua vR rfl1ri10
a.
.r nnrra'nfitmfi{lslfidr riodn:rnr:'lunfiau fignvfirwrnr
n'rl'[xRuln 'luvrr n:r fi rrr r [adn:rnr:'lunlrn fi do sflruurun r :"[rn'l#fia s

aa
n2Ar,1{ 5.5 RCA{fi1tMU{tJ b = 1.00 r fi?, y = 0.80 tlJlll m: 4 ltng So = 0.002
. .'l .' CU
irfrtuauluooa.rfinrruX.r roiu 20 ll,ufirxn: rrnv!R2111I1U1 rntll9l Q{}11R? 1! r. : ? unVAn:1

nlrlxn
 s/34

? 6'yr1

1) A = 3.35 nl.t!nl, p = 7.60 ltnt l'tat R = 0.44 tlln?

2.) f,U}ln n = O-O4
, u{ r., I
3) d'l}l ?lJ?ifld.: 20 tX. tt6!R? ltgUl ttlJlJR a 3IR? lrlh'Tg1l.1Unll'LX6AU'111: Ctru c

4) alnn:1T,1?.ilfi s.erfia n = o.o4 ailfi vn = 0.43 nt.r!flr/iu1fi

5) y = s.\3 /0.44 o.g77.- 1.oo rtnr/iu1fi
5) rlndxnlr ttrnJfi.r

2/3 (0.002) 1 /2
" = u$uro.aal 0.65 rNel:/iu,fi < 1.0

trn?/iu1vi
v.
OUUInA\ryl1n'lldlllJ9lfil n I'}1N

7) dlr.ri n = o.o5
j
E) l1nnr1ilpj?l 5.9, vR = 0.24 n:. rrin: / iu114d

e) v = o.?t1/o.t+t1 = 0.545 r llnrliu1fi

10) a'lndxn1lru0i.,r, v = O -52 rxnr/iufi < 0.545
Au q A r..
OC'UUna{fl1n1:dli}!ll n t}l[J0fl

11) rdadurfi n = 0.052 av'Ifi v = 0.5 lr.rn:/iilTrd ornfi.rda.,rii

12) Q = 0.5 x 3.35 = 1.6E ru. trnr/iud flau

!t---!- - !, , J r{.r
fl'raul.l 5.7 tx! aun?afl1{yt 5.5 rrn?{rxR?1!d{ t11u.: 10 Hfugi r fl: a{}11 1, rmv Q
.{o{.<{{.<.
idr4i itnd.rrqda ro i:J. rlncrn't'uo4ulrruun avxrl?luHlwrunr:"lunalluiciiu o
i6nr:niurorufiau'lulhadrvr'5.5 ev"lfi n = 0.04, v = 0.55 run:/iurfi !16v

Q = 1.93 du.trnr/?u#
firadr$ l.e uncfirodr,,rYl' s.z riuvrr.:t'rsurardn uncdntln.ulynfiaunr'r
a.o fllr. runr/iu1i
 5 /3s

-d
n?AEl\rYl 5.8 fia,':nr : ttr.: noa.: XrJd trnHl]fl1{ 14lJ m = 2, Q = 51.0 ru. !rJn?/2u1vl ltdv

max.
= r. i rxfl r/iulfi 1unna.:rLpfiflrlnnqu1nulfinrrlfi luvrunl:"lxaaflu: sffiJ c

t{}11?ru1Rta.rnna{ (5e = 9.9911

r<. {'
?DYll 11n ?UYl 5.9 flrJln tURl n -- o.03
51 .0
A = (b+4)y 1J 34

W *zy2 = 34 (i)
1 2/z (0.001 1/2 1.5
ttaY
max. 0.03 " )

R 1 .6975

34
tta v P
1-69'15

b+&{5 = 20.029 (11.,

a'tndiln1:vr (i) rln: (ii) (lldxn'r: evlfiri1firilu1il1ll6a s = !.21

r:rrdan'Ifi'lfi.irucianr:ria*h.t ofir,udouri.t r'luririu 9.25 u. rfisuxuriln{'luf,ilnrl
(ii) ov'lfirir v = 2.41 rrJn?
.a
rfl:1Uocu! A = (9.25 + ?(2.41)), z.U.t = 3j.91 tunl
R = 33.91 l2o.o29 = 1.693 tllgl?

' 1
x (1 .593 ) 2/3 (0.001 )
1 /2 1 .497 ! Ngr: / 1U1?l
0.03
< 1.5 r n: / -i1u'lyl
.a<
Q= 33.9t x 1.497 = 50.'17 d!.lNn:/?u1vl
d51 mi.rrnl/2u111
,-
vR=1.693x1.492=2.534 r lJgr 7 7 ?u 1vl

{< ?
alnnlTirljvr 5.9 r, raflna ixfl?1rJhlltyrfln'll'[unaH'[ul citu c ufls vR = 2.534 t:Jfl1
aeid
ro?u1vl lnu?6n1r:Jrv 1fluondr.,r rc'Ifi n = 0.03 il.rrilrffurirfiAufi'tl
 5/36

5.11 n r 1lr r ; ?f, {(afi uari"lfi'luvrr.:rTrdnr n6rufi znior{r

I lnn 1 ivnfl a {mlir nr rl i rfl rd#uou'Ifl ir.ladftrdldotrril
r n I sfi nsa..:fiu

z; uinaa,,:fu {) Rrrrralnr nluurrrrlruolr.ryrrfr uncnrr&ililft.1d:uxdr.lnrrrrir

!
d{dnfisail'lifiurriln r no:'fi.rdu'tfi uonr'lT'lunr:rrfi s. r r,

t"
i1l1\n 5. 1 t nrrrt r i rd.:dniuori'1fflun r,'rf1fi nr n]l'l ufi t

max.
(il./iud)
sinfig nrrrnrnrvrfiolffr % .<.-..-
nul4uR?1 mrfl.: mjvinnflR r d1c{1u

{r B€rnn-rda 0 2. \0 1"8C1

5-10 2.10 1 .,5C1

> 10 1 .80 1-26l

d"fl Buffalo 0 5 2.10 1"50

5 - 10 1 .80 1.2o

> 10 1.50 0.90

u{udr 0 5 1.50 1 ,,20

5-10 1.20 0,,9o

"hirrurcdrdfl frJnaalfiinrtrnrntylrnndt I o *
daflnrlr 0-5 1.10 0"80

I
'Iil r uur rdldrv lunna qr"inr rr.rnra r uunn z'r 5 %

ilfi r rjnru ua cufi rfi r n'n r a.,rvrnfl o-5 1.10 0,80

ir R?1rJn1n
txrvr 1vf,xfi')r4ruRnatx tvrrnnit 5 %

rirrir.r r'lunr:r.rfi s. r i'lfiornona$iiigrtnnqua{arir.:afi rdua unvuurmiu

ruor'llliunr:gunadr.:fi o.uofrflroou.,r,iunna.:rnitnrinr,orH, io."'ru",orunrluururriu
lnmnfinrrurirrncur{qnfl1n{'ldnyriuar'1fi'lunnariunirtnnqufirufimtan{r lrinr'rriiu reo-
r:o S so{rirfion,i',',t o*,o6rr]1ilid.utnnqu

I
t
 5137

ttllll ilnilfl

..{ d ri u c.
5.1 flnA{:1j6trnurnu l lJfi1 0.014 tlAVR1'l!n1U l vl3a.:l1a {RnO.: t lnl
. si.. j
0,001 LLA! ant1n1: 'lna 1,ooo fir.ln/iud a{R1U'r0n41flUv} 1rflO6taW

n0.in 't I I lJa afl:1f,?u bly Tl ,')

NU 1 .0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 lt6iU
r itrun': rvtnrrr{mfrrdrrrj.rofi.drg.rfinunvo'nr rdru b Iy
. - i { < t .t
5.2 flno.: tugayl 5.1 fl1flri?ufialJnrn I'r 5 u? :1n1ua.:flaun I nna 1 enu'lllRuR1
. t . i .t v I ,
ruu 100 rvrl ,ra{R1 t1411u tun'monm]}tu.:an!1flRun1 a.iu1R10nllf,1u bly
fivril#riurir'ifia'rwu.rulnrlouddn uncq.iriliurr';urri,'lddrufi'.tneirrrtrirfii'X
.tt,-
rila bly rvirn"u 0.75 uac 1.5 n'rloiiil
i,Usdcrdd
5.3 vr1.rlrld1ljuu {?Jnft,Iufu?la.rtiu rXUu?rrt.r }JR?1rnlntv 1 :2000 A.itLJlWlvtru

rir'Ifl<iru:trl'ir.rn1roanuuurr1.ili'lr:Jr.,:ufi'rud'ur.rilufir fi'n.nfi'rrorrnin uorn',,

w .t .i i i. ,,", c n,{v
oanlruuvr,r.lu'rluuaun[ 6H1Jfl"r.tx1,fr"tri"ldnrn lnu'h'io-n:rnr:'ha oo r?/iurfi

rir'ldq'ru'lunT:nrnsiaui'rnr:r.rrrni riuda.i ryilsa.rrir'lfldru'lun r:rniuriurrii'o

{.w
nn!1fifirxnr rir n ?ra,iRatnln tyrln! 0.014 rLdURl n 34.:nU !'lll.ltl?
u dl
rilrrYr o.oz1 R?1!n1R r yriflud 1.!Yl lrufl{ r]Rltyl',lnu 1 : 1.5

5.14 ,',.,rf",rld'r,r6'urilue'rnrndrunaunin <lr.:durfiouirfr"h.,t6\:ln6nn:3ud"l*iYlr6'.!

<e.l
111[14{nU.: n1Udnl1n',]t'[14dfi .:dnR.tvl r oo l?/iurn' nilrJalR rvtryiirYu r :5ooo
-d
!ra8n1d uIJdvl6n11 ?llll:J 0.01 5 a.!x 1o ?1lJn i1.ua.!vr'r.rrfl trnuR?1!6nn 1r
i""' qnvr
ilnir- f-im-fi
"ha *iu n'r.: Un rt rs n {

.i J u d < ,
5.5 -
vl1{flilA lu0'uxn1lxrRin6'rtRaun in inrrrrnrn rur4a.:noal r yirn"u I: aooo

,d,ainr:'trour:u Unlrorm a-n:rnr:'tra4.:dnrvirnit.t ?5 r?liurfi R11!a'rRryr

fi'ruflrvriu 45 o.!fi1 uocrirf,rfll:tfudfllllrur?rtv n tvirn-u 0.014 .){r4'r

n11rni1.:so.ni'a.!yr1.!1f1 uosn?1lfinnr:"lrnsawrYrd'nvriii'qnlunro$u"fi

- .i J"- . i ? q . ,
5.6 A{AAn[!URna{? dtxfluxn1.t14! yt a=n:1n 15'L!40f,{dfl 1.7 1Jil1U1y R1 n =

0.015 uncarirn'lnryni'a.inna{ o.oo2 r.7r. nrrri'ouhsialuf,

a) urlr dn n r :'lr,l nu' n'fi dnu r.l ra rl r d n {
 5l3E

, d.ld . r./.
b ) uulnnn'D !xnya dn tlyl1.,ljlirJ il r 1r0

{dc.
noo.rlud luaulJR'l.Wllx b = o.60 lJ., z = 2.O EnRludn']fl
,cdar{s.4t
yifll1 nluRul ?ljuununSnau (silty Loan) t.1'lrJxr lD Raflnauh
{r! lY r

(Noncotloicls ) o.tttto-n: tnr:'lund.:dni'uJuh'lffiunna.rlrufl fi'rnnarinrr:r

cn
d1n!yrtyt'lnu o.002 ll'nvl]'t Lunoo.!lJfl?1l1 td

5. I nrrrinn r:lvn'luRoa.ldruui.rnnrirYn'Ifilil r fiu I nl fi1 n = 0.C15

tlnCz=1 ,{J
.5 u.0Y14u',tnnn1?'t14nI! I SdyiDR 1y{XlnvtdR 1.ll.'t1fr?'lIn'ln tv
u ?i sbu s a
fia{flfla.r rra-Lu-lfln 1r'lxa 1D \: I 1U lvt

d
5.9 a.:AAn tlllflna.!l d trng fl1.l14 lJnllln1llJn1n!M O. OO 15 a'n: rnr:"[uo [oc

nu . rln / iurfi iaqri rrlufi'rnaa.:rl r vnaiJfi'?Hatn 1fliufi"hir nrv n"rrYlflrlnnv r iiurr

(Fine noncoheaive perticlee ) In# ro 1 irurnluqjn'lr r lJ1r. U,O3

d6t
U 1 t!flna.i!fi'l1N !fin1 n = 0.025
eaeu<rrCCura
5.10 nlflnan tux,)?royl 5.9 unir1l]fluytut snau t!fl1u?{1n n r'tnuu'tlJyt-[1J!Ra00a uir

(Non colIoidal coarse gravels and pebbles) ttO! aS % iuurnril-du

,15A'Ly n11 1.25 Uj LLU?nna {!R ilxnn t RU't 'tunn1{ (Moderately
s inuous ) a {aantux?rulnnoa.r:tid r yfi'ulnr.ruld'.lnrir r

5.11 a{aontruudnri?ui'r,14111cdrlso.:rraa.!ldrud'ulnr.:yl vriia'n:rnr:"lr.rn5.r{nrvi-n-u

d ?.q c. .
400 n!.v'ln/ ?ulvr (r 1 lJi/My) yinr:nrnd'rtoauninDt:!n1 [flyn11r,

nrnr vTaNona.i o. oo15

). tz noa sd in1:tyn r o r? / iu ri fi'ndrudnrrninl : s ufl nfi'u iu! runn r.i

ruyi'.ria-nt r r

rrliln1n Ly o. oo 16 nrrrrurnaa.: r'Juiuvllun!Lt 1tlt',l !LIA'}4UTU ( coars e

AIluvlum) 25 % ?]0.:aun'rniuirrurn ryirn-uia'l4jn'jr r il. (r.z ir)
vC
onEay?Ja.:a1fllfltnlri?nda.: xfl11lnnuJ1unn1.! (ModerareIy Rounded) Lr6v
c g .i j
ttu?f]do.tltn11rRR r, ftu 1'U 1unn1{ a.!aan UIJ?tLl'tfluo.,tRno.:9i!l dt eiulRt.tyrrL

d1ul.r
{
 6/1

IJ}M 6

il: v tntraln r:lunulru Non-unif orm

BurutluHl'luunv,j
fi.rdl'no I nr:'hrnuuu Non-un irorm rflurrr:'hnvr'
, .'. j
rtntrn:' (vector) 'hl'irfir rnr'ln r r n'uuruJn{ nlrJn?'lrJul1aa l r.rfii rrln n'r1
t UnJuuruJnq ml rn ruinnrr "lun ( v ) a 1 aasrJ't nlndt r uqrrir.r r fi.r rh bil
1. nr: riln'uuruJall,rJufi rfinrn.rvr.:rir
z. nr: unjuuruJnrdnt tnt:'lunnrlnr rrtur tra wrrffr
r

3. iornrrnruqunti'lrnr.rfii
4. nr: rilalsuruio{?a.:fia.:yr':fiinrlrnrrlurr
lu
'lunr:irn:rnitrriinacurl{nr1'hBrnJlJ Non-uniform 0011riu e rJr vrnvrluqi .r in
.i" .! .
rJrsrnmainrr I ildtru tojalat]r 'ttr 1 (craduarly varied Ftow) rrav lytnxr odUu

ra
t0Jn.rflU1.f ?'lRt l? (Rapidly varied Floltr)

dnuucn rr'tunua{U: st ny r rjojuuruln'rarir.rUr .r in n',r, #*,rro r',

rn tm'nnr:'hnntuR: trur lav do u r flum u1U unsR?1ilHl?E.r srreamtine hilo.r
nifi.:6.r rdu nr:n: clrutrr.{fiufllxn? 1m'nfi.rrH riluurrudndo'nti (uyarostaric)
'lunr:r't nrr#1fi o'ar'rhiira'rrilr cnouso.t R11r.J r i ?'luuu:d.r ftfiwd.rtruonlirbud.r
)
14U?UU ?Ul ng t Yl'lrru v-/2s

drunr:'lvnrir cr nmr ilajmrojn.ratir.rrrn r i #u 'luur.:nY.ra 1o,lcilinr:

irn:'r#nr:nrcltlri{fiu'Ifiriuuuulaan'nti'lfi nlidqrAuflfi{.:1urdallrnu:+rdln
.{ < r s .r ! v .3.i.1" un.q
11'lU t nn?,U I lJllf,1UUOU ?A {n1?flo t f,U}{n {.,11114 ilxrJR -t ERtaBRtrIJI t nRUJ tlll41.l1l1t UR00

tlrun?ofl1.1?E {n'll lyaNJU Non-unif orm tJ'i c t nfi t ilo'uumjnlatirlr rn r irvr'f iui$fln

6. r ilts rfixlo'lni'un1ntxiluraa.:
I.
l&lfla1l0J1n1?
. l11A ltUU Uniform UUIIU
t fnA.l fll 1lA m t }l ?E
x
{ml fna.t
- -.ts
v uog y-c d,fio ? 'N'D
drur:nuiroonlfiriu 3rjrsrnrnru -n IUU
{ ,

1. nttmrntvfiau (Mird slope) 6onrrrnrntrm.riluma.t d.rri'Ifi

dn t cn rr'hao?n.:fi i r iuuurdinir inq n r da n rr lya r iuruu un irorm
 612

2. ft21!n1fl(flu1n (steep elope) fianaunratrrio{fiuffnosiw"1'tflr{rlr:v

nrrlunso{ffr rfluuru{l ni r inq n r ir n r': lun, f,uuurr rrn irorm
< ,! .i"
3. n?1lJn1ni?r2nqn (critical slope) doRrunrntrtaE{'iiunao., dorrr'|fl

dnl2un1lttnflsoTr riluronrinqn r iianr:'trrn tiuruu uniforn

ttnutEtn Ba{rtrruntrrnfi.tneirr nrc(rf,ffrlcfiol"1ue'lumrufirturitua,rR?'ltloltl
114 ruuinllu8lnrfloH0mJrc t rflPluil'r{n: cutiiii'lfintl1ux1.lftJ]li'lm1{flx}In1fl lvl I tgnfl?Tl

nrntufigrir:,r'r ',n?1 n,)nlxfinzu,, (Adverse elope) r ?-t6hil1jndiiln11l81n rxilTt

rf srnnurnlfifi.rfi
n?1uf,1nrrfiau oc"lfirirsa.l v Ll1l1tl21 v
'c
R21UnlRlllllln rclrlrirza.r ,J1nfll1 v
o
n21tlnlnrx?nqfr iclfin10D{ ,. n tlflu
o'' v.c rirftr
r1nriln1!0BitluJufiir

1 R 2/3 s1
12 6..|
n o

1/2 2/3 6.2

s nvlR
o

rrru fu ano d'ipandr uda!fiurr uEcfiffrrmlr{ur i evlHl'l

RBylnUV 9
v
umrrirnl'ludunr: 6.2

r!lf, 1/2 nq
s
o s/3
v
1/2 nll 6.2 n
l{rrilu B {ninc s
o 5/3
I .49 y

tunrdrrrln#oguluanrrdnqn, Y = y" = <r'/nttl3 runrirnllumrnlrnt e-.n ac'tf ir

s s tz.6a nzq-2/9 6.3 n

o c

firriu rclrJfi.tn0u s
o c
zt .13 n2 r-2/9 .. 6.3 E
u*l# r-, lfi'lrmr:tai.ru:cttmsoito2'uraltrt lfit rvurr usucv'lfftirgn
fio.t r dourvtrr r ilnfi trr.1fi
nd r rn'ruio,fi ,,,ntfi nr run h.rurn r 6o
 6/t

firso fioundr rz.o+ n2q-2/e ocliijr o

ino g"irnJ : ; r nnn2'liln1fl tlr

fioU (MiId slope )

firs o rrnnir r z. ea n2 qi-2/e lclfi'ir o

{rnyJur.l: l rrmn 2'urnln rv

ll1n ( Steep slcpe )

$ncltr so rilrlfu t z.6t n2q-2/e I Y'lltir o

5oa{1rnt: r rrnnnrruRrn rninqn

6. z clnr:n"rnh:i r n:'r clfiarlilt'lild

e., udn.rrrffrr0nrurunifourr ax inrrmlnrri*oot.roofi' ( so )

pfr
nrrltnnatffrriluuru Non-unlform rJ:;rntrtilSsurnjR.rsdrlflr l so irinlouunilfidr
y uB! d irirrtrlnHfiu nltn:srlutolrr:.riuE.rmriuurutorfinri unvrir o 1.0
onturf, .ro rufi o,ttrn H r uia: vltJ r uigurfi uunrur : o r fi tru lfi r'r

I
I

2 -'r'J1Hp1r1qo1.,o_ I .dr
f
v ,/2
_ -l
,l

o?1r/0.]
ortl tfo,t an
0,J, So
2
r dt
:=6unJluurfiou
I
frrfi a., nr:i r n: rudnfi.lr ru'lurir.ry r.,rfiirii or.rr., u*

v2
H 2 +y +
zq
=__
6.4

vrinr:ir{ rrior rutaun lnlrx e.r, rfiuuffir x aclH

 5/t1

clH dz
dx dx
-+ *.*,*,
dz g. d n2
a;
dz
+
dx
G +

g. .+,,*,*
dr<

dx + dx

dz dy (t n dA
ifi +
dx 6 gA
3

dz g. (1 tP )
& +
dx - 6.5
gA3
tt
un'tuormr:d 6.5 a,,1llril1u?a{m un1{ "l-<- iruE
r.gdx tMun?1rn1a I rfi 0{rf, .r.r1u
.sA-
tr{r'lc2'u8{irTuuiuurunlunnfi il t d$)nrufi fi rmrt
lunssffr oulutrur :o r iu rilusurr : 1fi dr
dH
a; sf 6.6

2. *,fiuu, rru'ro t rlrnno{d{r ufirLlcnonitnrufi rfxlirnl r lrrnrorfr r : m!fu lrrm'tfifi

fi1 rirain oaluann:n r 6tnr rflururr:lfi'l'r
dz
s
E o 5.7

3. S urarar run, fl r fl sa{fi rtr16r: ud{ riliuu rfi rufrJfrouu o'

uuthdmrr G.6 unc 6.2 nliunurt s.s nvlfi

vdx s
o
s
t 6.8
1- &ga3

s*',# e.. riluaun:fiur*or:urdr*tiiro:rcil\Jftddsofirrlun fir *3L,tr*.n

udmirnu 'uf;nro.rfrrcri6,tllileltfir{ilrlnr:lunmff'l rrrrimlrtflrtdgsrizfrtlhdr
Bact(water cur.," fi1 ff rflumlunnlt'rorll6ngo{&rqvnnnlnrlfletnrlnrrlungolfi
ritnlilflildas.rfi:ffalu'ir Dravdown curve unvlcrf,ulfif,nirnr:lranlctfiitlJu rrrriform

tu) dy
dx
0fitAs o
sr
 615

a1ndm1fl' 4.27 drulunt:'luorruu unirorm I rtlcllldl

e *"€ 6.9
!< i d. 4 J
I UO x
n
Rfln?'Ill188itl4il1nffAa{ I l8nit "tualuu!0ru uriform U:B tH)
y eyn

= 1o
nn R
n
2/3
6.10

lTtdull! 5.9, o a
2
/xn2 6.1 1

rdollmnr:luntralffrinr: lrJ6'uuruJn.radr.rdatl rSJrbslil oi{u r :$urrn'lil

{n:naluufiuiognzm.rrrfflrnrrirn:r#lfiIrruurruth so firu s, 1un'ruo.rriurlfrilfu

dm1rfi 5.11 ul}ldr

s Q2 /Kz 6.12
f
lmudJ!'1 un;lnrfi' e rulnrqeirfirfiflao{ y 'la .l ui;rfftr y = y.
rfrrurf,umrnr:lfiir
22 t3 /e 6.13
-3
c Q2
z2 5. r1.
c B g
c
,J e., rrlff
u}ilft1flm1?r 6.11, 6.12, 6.13 ltn3 5.rt n.rtudrn't ,d

g. It - *lt*zt
s 6.1 5
dx o 2 2
tl z
c /z

6. 3 qru&ruuvmllil:'b,ln'nr:'hn

'lueirnr:fi' G.15, dyldx rridrrfluurn I t{)

1) (t 0m! (l zc2. z') >0lltta

*2
n
2)(t -*2
n
0 rrflv (1 ,ltzzt < o
tuda.n'rnrh r< mcdr z ruJ:frunrudrsol v fir v rt$u rir x uou , orfirirrio,tufiru

unllhy nRnrdr xu$! zavfirilnon.rHru oah'lun:# t oalfiy ry. us!y >y"

rnclm:dfi z nl'lfi y ( vn ufi3 v < v. Iuflr{dmi, Back}Etercurve rfurmri'lflrfin
 615

<.
n1: tunn1n21?nQfl (Fr < 1.0) lrufn 1 fllRt?libu fi jsrrum 1m 1RlylN,tn rlagln-Rnlt
'lilo'ludn'nu{.t nirinrln (r,. > t.o) tlum 1ln m rilbuilioirJR? 1rn rn ?lrl,ln

'luvr'rmr r n'urfiu, Draundor.m curve (dy,/dx firirtftrm) cgtfintriJs

1) tr -xltx2t > o uac 1-zltz2t < o x;D
z) $ -x?1xzt < o unv o -zltrzt > o
rio6nlr#rtrlll'i, nrffifi' 'o rn (y . v" rrnvn:dfi'rhl !n> y > v" ItJrlrt{m.t
Eaudorra curve evni'liltfimr:1un'luffrrr4.rnr'rinqer (rr > 1.0) truo2trll1al urnn

rlotfimrrlnn'ludnrrcf,rnirinqfl (r'" < 1. o ) uufl 21r41fl tuf,os

llrffirfiso{1uf'1il&rrrlrm rfov = 0, y =yrrry =- llBsv:v"

ttruron'mrri r n:r#1fiInu1fls*'rri,{ e., I (lnrrrri 6. r 5udn{ir ll@Y=g

lgnl'lflrir K a z = o runurirntt-l'1us{mr:fi g.t5 rtlfi ff = -7- adrrl:fifiorrurrn

unn.rlf,rfiuir 1ilflrr60o.t8ff1fiv'lohfi y = 6 #*Efiutl:o-ror".tn tllunmfl ur,l-
r*" fiU c6fiiflr'rfllrf,ms'rfiht.r fitdrnrrsoruarilgru'rrnl$ qvlt{dr cryza*

= - rSy =o 1fl1ufi?r$d"rlurfiffd?ulfiodof,rfuo*oo fi1drn'rltfl flgrru1rr'tUttlfi

il/ax = so(vnlv.)' ,t, = o fisfir6o+nunrlrirdatlf,.rogn 'rpruirlffilmol

rfi y = yn culf, r = r,, urudrnfludrml, 6.15 nl1fl aylax = o
ulnrir;'ltnraruirfrBrruuunfilo.rrr.n,rrf,u*r. d*r.ro..rfi mrrlnntfluuru
unlfoam
I {
ulD v 6s v firirl,nndl yn lno .r 'lurfitnmrrrrnlntuflou Uto y
a
ftirlmndr y
c
ll1n .l trn:fisaq:rmlnlxxlrr lsni'If, r- 6 $ss z- o, ocltrl

cclfi dylax - so rrnufi.tfi2fr6n:laursrurutfuf,rrtr{ lil1t'll,

fl = .
J
trD y =-y. rwi'llf z = z. rilurnlfi f.rnnuRrruirizfrSc{rs
rcIfi{f,r rf,ulnrri.r r fi 'nrrnrufininqn rguadfifiuiunnrlut iuunl&raollilflilCo.ti :f1
uinh Unntro:rrnrfi lrrftrrdm.rfizfit'ludrrfilvftr, rrrJfi'truu.lnmdrlr, atir ,t
darrfomrnrtrfininqn fiqfiuorr*rnrnr#ufiri.rna.rlrrnlrtdqElsidrrrr:mlurullfInu'l!
ur;ufim.rnr:lun[JU ss1g6s5 U?!tmrilniuutuJnmirdrr f,.rrrxn.rluflrtdm.rflzfilu*el
 617

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 6l 12

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 5/13

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 6/14

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 6/16

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bu
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rot-:-:----:-:=--:--l- !4q{ntd
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c) lYUg x Q 1n$ 1.roon?ra,,m r.:rlr'It.tn'.r1 n i.r Back eter curve Ru dn

!RUdu n11 Backrf,ater Curve a glu uu r: ru

:c6u rzra ll
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So -0.0004
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c) Rrt nrnrrt duuotn 0.015 flu 0. 0004

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5 I o.: r iuuLt {'tvt{nr:"lunyr'.:ulndorqrs r finilr"tfi'lun:dniolud

n u.ld u , ! sdd
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y u C<l , ! u C<l
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(Free overfall )

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au'l{nlY{uuualn o.o15o rilu o.oo15 a.!r1?1 ( n = 0.013)
.34 c.,
a) AY tnR "I ERlOdRa glll4i0 trr
.t r4 .,
b) tl1!nnaI fl1tt14u\:?r0.tl ayoLtlJufl11Nn 1fl ryr 0.0150 xla 0.0016
{' <, Ll.l:311?1{tnna
c) tn.:.l ll]ylfiQ f,U
.3I LU

6 z n1l:c!1uf1oona1nucrnd1 su1n'lxoi n:w1i'lfilnildruurolfrrJirrirn-o:ld,r,6'ru

{ 'r. <'<
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' n = 0.01t r[63
lJfl?lNU1? 1200 rrnt
RUUnludnta.ly 1{['t lr'lac'lxannoul{0dlJ :uflU?t2,1
t

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15.00 t nt t !alUmJt'lllttutyUU
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vrcrfldla8lud.! L tnulvnu 18.00 tlJnl rruatvmi ru:uu ryltru a.lnixunfl11lJ
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b.a x1{[1iilf( [XnUIR1{I4U
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lIllu ?

n 1r rilur& 1tJ :liln'rau r:lun

q .l , u . < 6 w. t {
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? -1 i6o'ui rnrnlasa:.r (Direcr lnresrarion Merhod ) i6i1dthfiwr.rfii rin

ruuutridr unyrrrtfii rilmiritrurnnl tllrn .r ornut,rvi' e lc'lH'ir
s
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{ q e. ine, {
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 7/2

1lto lr Hydraulic 6xponent tE{n1:lunuru Uniform

c fil RiM

"ltv'n$,,1uiu'lffuftuornr:nJ z.4 r:rqc1fi

2
K
n YI 7.3
J-j "r
drmlr}l 2.5 nlrhlud nlrvl 7.4
K 2 yn N
n (-, 7.6
K v

t lnfl nll tial liururi:R (rroud wunber )

Fr
2 &
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7.7

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2 I3
,2c 9_
s B
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dlmtnrifirudrnlifloit z fruhLnr:h.rn'ln'r lfiT'r
M
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I lJo M = fydraulic Exponent so{nlrlxninqn

a

e2 = fllfliM

'lwriua.r r igrfiufiiaunr:fi 7.9 tg tfl

z2
c
cz r. M
7.1 0

dxnl:fi z.10 ur:lhudilnr: 7.9

(z 2 M
c /z
lv I 7.1 r
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 7/3

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2
PT (y
e /yl H 1 .12

oln*.rd 2.6 uor ?.le rrlr{lrltnrisuau,r# z.a l}Iluri'ir

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,
trutrrhrm x 1ilirrl1[6mruarfiorio6n: roi c:lf,dldrfrr :.0 iutnrofunilf,riru
riilItrrfi
z2-t3/a=(,ayt3/a
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=cil
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t . ; 3.
7.1.1 0'll'l ! fl l13U?O.l Bress elnd&fl 1l?l 7- 3 f, lrlllnAuvl tn'rnlfi t Oilf C r ilO

ur.lfiir0rfinfir6od'irnujrrilrfi.,,oc!'r,urnnur.trtrn r tnirclv"tH M= 3.0 rtflc N = 3.0

 7/4

3
c /y)
(y
dx
so
d 1 (y
n
/y) 3
ly /y
n)3 - ly
nl3
3
"/y ?
ly /y n (yn /y )
n

(y /y nl3 -\ +1 - (y./y)'
3
lv/v nl -t
3
dx
I - lv
c/v a)
s .14
o E 1

I (y /y n
3
7

n'rnun'Ifi u - y/y ll

du = -!-
yn
a, .'. 4y = y n du

I t-(v c ly h
)
3

elndrml: 7.14 dx
s t1
3
ly n du
o 1-u
vn ,
ad
rllnnltauntntn Xg
s
tu -{t - y37y3 )F(u,3) I + mo. 7.1 5
o

llft F(ur 3) f{rifuoD.t Bress

u
I du
o I -u 3

F(ur 3) t 1
os
2
u +u+1
a_
1
tan 6
-1 Zffir"""' 7.16
6 (u - 1)- ,13

rirdr.r r u0{ F(u, 3) trlhrrrnr:r# z.r rda H= r fruhmrsfrrf,rtrudrudur

fluh
vc (q2/sf /3 7 .17
 '1/s

i1r1# 7.1 rftddunr:"luo r(u,N) diu firnr r rn rn t ufi'ilri',,rlrr rn

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
u
0.00 0 .m0 0 .000 0.000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0.0m 0 000 0.000 0.000
0.02 0 .o20 0 020 0 .020 0.020 0.020 0 .020 0.020 0 020 0.020 0.020
0.04 0 .040 0 0{0 0 .040 0.040 0.040 0 .040 0.040 0 040 0.040 0 .040
0 .06 0 .060 0 060 0 .060 0 .060 0.060 0 .060 0.060 0 060 0.060 0.060
0.08 0 .080 0 080 0 .080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0 080 0.080 0.080
0. l0 0 .100 0 .100 0 . r00 0 100 0. 100 0. 100 0. 100 0 100 0. 100 0. r00
o.L2 0 .120 0 .t20 0 .120 0 120 0. 120 0. 120 0. t20 0 120 0. 120 0. 120
0. 14 0 .140 0 .140 0 .140 0 140 0.140 0. r40 0.I{m 0 l{0 0. r40 0. r40
0.16 0 .16r 0 .16r 0 .160 0 r60 0. 160 0. r60 0. r6n 0 160 0. 160 0. 160
0. r8 0 .l8r 0 .181 0 .l8l 0 r80 0. r80 0. 180 0. 180 0 180 0.180 0. 180
o.20 o.202 0 .201 o.201 0.201 0.200 0. 200 0.200 0 200 0 .200 0.200
o.22 0 .223 0 0.221 0.22r o.221 o.220 0.220 0 220 o.220 o.220
o.24 0 .244 0 .243 0.242 o.24t o.24t 0.24t 0.240 0 210 o.240 0.240
0. 26 0 .265 0 .263 o.262 o.262 0 .261 0 .26r
0. 261 0 260 0. 260 0,260
o.28 0 .286 0 .284 0. 28{} o.282 o.2E2 .28r 0.28r
0 0. 281 0.280 0 .280
0.30 0 .307 0 .305 0 .304 0 .303 0.302 0 302 0.30r 0.301 0.301 0 ,300
0 .32 0 .329 0 .326 0.325 0.324 0.323 0 32b. o.322 0 .32r 0.321 0 .321
0.34 0 .36r 0 .348 0.346 0.344 0 .343 0 343 0.342 o.942 0 .341 0 ,341
0.36 0 .372 0 .369 0 .367 0 .366 0.364 0 363 0.363 0.362 0. 362 0 .361
0.38 0.395 0 .392 0 .389 0.387 0 .385 0 384 0.38:] 0.383 0. 382 0 382
0 40 0.4r8 0 414 0.4r1 0.408 0 .407 0 405 0. 404 0. 403 0.403 0.402
0 42 0.442 0 437 0. 433 0.430 o.428 0 426 0.425 0.421 o.423 o.423
0 44 0.465 0 460 0. 456 o.452 0.460 0 448 0 .446 o,445 o.444 0 .443
0 46 0.489 0 483 0.479 o.475 o.472 0 470 0.468 0.466 0. 465 0 ,464
0 48 0.514 0 507 0. 502 o.497 0.494 0 492 0.489 0.488 0 .486 0.485
0 50 0.539 0.53r 0.525 0.521 o.517 0.514 0.511 0.509 0.508 0 506
0 52 0.565 0.557 0.550 0.544 0. 540 0.536 0 .534 0 .53r 0.529 0,528
0 54 0.592 0. 582 0.574 0. 568 0 .563 0.559 0.556 0.554 0.551 0 .550
0 56 0.619 0.608 0. 599 0. 593 0.587 0. 58i] 0.579 0.576 0.574 0 _572
0 58 0.648 0 .635 0.626 0. 618 0.6r2 0.607 0.603 0. 599 0. 596 0.594
0 .60 0.676 0.663 0.653 o.644 0. 637 0. 631 0.627 0.623 0 .620 0.617
0 .61 0.69r 0 .678 0.667 0 .657 0.650 0.644 0. 639
0.63r 0.635 0.628
0 .62 0.706 0.692 0 .680 0.67r 0.663 0.643
0. 657 0.651 o.647 0.640
0 .63 0.722 0.707 0. 694 0.684 0 .676 0. 669 0.664
0.655 0.659 0 .652
0 .64 0.738 o.722 0. 709 0.698 0. 690 0.667
0. 683 o.677 0.672 0.664
0 .65 0.754 o.737 o.724 o.7t2 0. 703 0.696 0.689 0.684 0.680 0.676
0 .66 0.771 0.753 0. 738 0 727 0 .717 0. 709 0. 703 0. 697 0.688
0 .692
0 .67 0.787 0 .769 o.754 0 742 0.73r o.723 0.716 0.705 0, 70r
0. 710
0 .68 0.804 0. 785 0.769 0 tDl o.746 0.737 o.729 o.723 0.718 0 713
0 .69 o.822 0.804 0.785 0 0. 76r 0.75r 0.743 o.737 0.731 0.726
t The table of the varied-flow function for positive slopes f (z,N) is reproduced
from Ven Te Chow, Integroting the equation of gradually varied flow,, Pr-oceeilings,
Ameican Society of Ci,il Enginecrs, vol. 81, poper no. 838, pp.7-32, November, 1955.
The table of the varied-flow iunctidn for negitivc slopes F(iz,N)-so i's reproduced lrom
the author's closing discussion of this paper in Proceetlings, i,ol. 83, J ountal oI
H yilraulics Di:tision, no. HYl, paper no. itiZ, pp. 9-22, Febiui,ry, I957.
 7/6

c{, 1
olllrM 7.1 rftfiiunr:'luo F(u,N) fl 't11:',Un11l]n1n lrvlNRl tllulJln

qo 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.O 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

u
0 70 0 .840 0.8r9 0. 802 0. 787 o.776 0.766 o.757 0.750 0.744 0 .739
0 7l o .858 0.836 0. 819 0.804 0,7s1 0.78r o.772 o.764 0.758 0 .752
0 72 0 .878 0. 855 0.&]6 0.820 0,807 0.796 0. 786 0.779 0.772 0 .766
0 73 0 .898 o.874 0.854 0.837 0 .823 0.81r 0. 802 0.793 0.786 0 .780
0 74 0 .9r8 0. 892 0.868 0 .854 0.840 0.827 0.8r7 0.808 0.800 0 .794
0 75 0 .940 0.9r3 0.890 o.872 0. 857 0.844 0 833 0.823 0.815 0 808
0 /b 0 .961 0. 933 0.909 0.890 0.874 0.861 0 849 0.8:]9 0.830 0 823
0 tl 0 .985 0 .954 0.930 0 .909 0. 892 0.878 0 866 0.855 0. 846 0 838
0 78 I .007 0. 976 0 .950 0. 929 0.91r 0.896 0 883 0.872 0. 862 0 854
0 79 I .031. 0.998 0.971 0. 949 0. 930 0.914 0.90r 0.889 0.879 0 870
0 80 I .056 1.o22 0.094 0 .970 0. 950 0.934 0.9r9 0.907 0.896 0. E87
0 8l I .083 r .046 l.0u 0 .s92 0. e71 0. 954 0.938 o.926 0.914 0.904
0 82 I .Il0 1.o72 1.041 I .0r5 0. 993 0.974 0. 958 0. 945 0.932 o.s22
0 8i| I .139 I .099 I .067 I .039 l 0r6 0.996 0.979 0. 965 o.952 (t.940
0 84 I .l7r 1.129 1.094 I .064 I .040 1.019 1 .00r 0. 985 o.972 0.060

0 85 I .201 | .157 t.lzt I .091 1.065 1 .043 7.O24 r .007 0.993 (r.980
0 86 I .238 1.192 l. 153 I . rr9 I .092 I .068 I .048 I .031 r.015 I .002
0 87 I ,'1.) t.223 t.182 I .149 1.120 I .095 7.074 I .055 I.039 1 .025
0 88 I .314 1.262 t.228 I .l8l t.l5l 1.124 1.10r r .081 I .064 I .049
0 89 I .nol I .302 L255 I .216 r. 183 l. 155 I .l3r r. ilo r .091 t .076
0. 90 1 .401 I .343 I .294 1.253 I .218 1 . r89 I ,163 1.140 1.120 I .103
0.91 I .452 I .389 I .338 I .294 t.257 I .225 I .tg7 7.173 1.152 I . r33
0 92 I .505 I.438 I .351 I .340 r .300 I .266 1 .236 1.210 I .187 I .166
0 93 I .564 1.493 I .435 I .391 I .348 I .31I I .275 r.251 1.226 I .204
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0 .06 0.060 0 .060 0. 060 0.060 0.060
0.08 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080
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0. lt 0 I 80 0.180 0.r 80 0. 180 0. 180
0.20 0.200 0.200 o.2 00 0.200 0.200
o.22 0.220 o.220 o;2 20 o.220 o.220
o.24 0. 240 o.240 o.2 40 o.240 0.240
0. 26 0.260 0. 260 o.2 60 0.260 0 .260
0. 28 0.280 0. 280 0.2 80 0.280 0.280
0.30 0 300 0.3 00 0 300 0.300 0.300
0.32 0 320 0.3 20 0 320 0 .320 0 .320
0 .34 0 340 0.3 40 0 340 0.340 0.340
0.36 0 360 0.3 60 0 360 0.360 0.360
0.38 0 .380 0.3 80 0 380 0.380 0.380
0. 40 0 .400 0.400 0 .400 0. 400 0.400
0.42 0 .420 0.420 0 .420 0.420 0.420
0. 44 0 .440 0.440 0 .440 0.440 0. 440
0.46 0 .460 0. 460 0 .460 0 .460 0 .460
0. 48 0 .480 0.480 0 .480 0.480 0.480
0 50 0 500 0.500 0 500 0. 500 0. 500
0 52 0 520 0 .520 0 520 0. 520 0.520
0 54 0 540 0.540 0 540 0. 540 0.540
0 56 0 561 0. 560 0 560 0.560 0.560
0.68 0 58r 0.58r 0.580 0.580 0.580
0.60 0.601 0.60r 0. 601 0.600 0,600
0.6 .)I 0.011 0.611 0.6rr 0.6r I 0.610
0.6 0. 621 0.621 0.62r o.821 0.621
0.6 3 0. 632 0.631 0.631 0.631 0. 631
0.64 0.642 0.64r 0.641 0 .64r 0.641
0.65 0.652 o.652 0.651 0.651 0.651
0 66 0.662 0 662 0. 662 0.66r 0.661
0 67 0 .673 0 672 o.672 0.672 0.671
0 68 0.683 0 0ti:l 0.682 0.682 0.681
0 69 0.694 0 693 0.692 0.692 0. 692
0.70 0 704 0 704 0. 703 0.702 o.702
0.7r 0 7r5 0 714 0.713 0.7r3 o.712
0.72 0 726 0 725 o.724 0.723 o.723
0. 73 0 736 0 150 o.734 0.734 0. 733
0.74 0 747 0 746 o.745 0.744 0.744
o.75 0 It 8 0 757 0.756 o.755 o.754
0.76 0 76 I o 768 0 .767 0.766 0.765
0.77 0 78 0 0 775 0.778 o.777 o.776
0. 78 0 79 0 790 0. 789 0.788 o.787
0.7s 0 804 0 802 0.800 0. 799 0.798
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0.86 0.892 0.889 0 886 0. 883 0 .881
0.87 0 .907 0 .903 0 900 0. 897 0,894
0. 88 0.921 0.918 0 9r4 0. 911 0.908
0. 89 0 .937 0.933 0 929 0 .925 0.922
0. 90 0.954 0.949 0 .944 0.940 0.937
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rfinr:rnirsamruforinrp

yE t12/nlt/3 ,' 't52 ',l/3 1.91 iln

32.2

,duo.",n l,,loo
"rurnnl'r r" oyfiunr.rlfr rfl rx',alft, zunr nrvrfiafi m{Eou
(Mird) qrnlorti vo dtrnrr.rfririMnn'i1 y,, u,irfiu re rf nrfiuUflrrdrnafiuiu
rn.rfinrrnllor r$ulJfh{( u, lrudrtJnr:niummrlJft*frv$u{nnl y =,. or yn do

yn drylunrdrn.rlJ:h{ u,
uio :.05 uur.rfirq^o,S y = o.9e yn ria
e.95 yn frulunrdm.rLlrltd u,
n'ruhrlulflrdUsi r:rqsrlnrruj{nr:niuzo1rjflii6onrflu r, dz.r Iro
,i'*.n ,o d]rnnr$rluii.r ro dlin'rrr,irlir 1.05 yn
Y4 - 1.05 ln = 2-88 tti
v-o ' v-n +12 14.74 Tlgi

t'rnrrutirto.l !r ttm N Im'lU y rodu :sflCr{ yo lns y4

14.74 + 2.8A 8.
v ave 2
81

v/b s.s1 /30 0. 29

dl
ernn?1r{grJd 7;1 110! 7.2 I tl0 y,zb = 0.29 cslH !,r = 3"0 ttffi N = 2.8
.T
N 2.8 3.5
N M+1 2.8 - 3 + 1

N/i, - 2.8/3 .5 0.8

J 'c
= lj i;Jot3 = 0.42
M
(
N -n
tl?lu R1 v n- o.s r usv H nllud*nr:d z.ez

= 1612 [ u- F(u,2.8)+0.42F(v,3.5) *
' 'iaOd
rfrnrrntirhjflil6 ri
(?
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yo 14.74 tlrl

y1 r 2.00 riln
 7 /24

v2 8.00 iln

v3 4.00 iln

v^ 2.aa llfl
J
lilO y= 12.99 {n, " y/y
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= 4 .38

uN/., . 4 ..,B?
.Er/3 .5

= 3.26
J
11'n1r1ilx 7.1 F(4.38, 2.8) = 0.040 = p(u, N)
F(3.26, 3.5) = 0.022 = F(v, ,r)
x = 161 2[4.38 -0.040 +0.42 (o.022)) +
.J
fimiPt
7or2{n lthtrirrnfil
t ttr) Y s.o, lv"Ifi x = .4594 {n
L 8608-4594 = 4014 tlsl

r rtr.rUr.rrh ltrdalnr:a'rumnr gJ# rn ruur aoarft r',fre rnn lru6n s 1 n

v {n y=y/y11 ,=.*/' F(u, N) F(v, J) 0.42F(v, J) x {n L l,'{fr

14.?) ,.J? 1.8\ 0 -028 0.u, 0.0054 E608 0

12.0 {.ra ).?6 0.040 0.02? 0.0092 N12 1196

8.0 2.9? 2.15 0.081 0.048 0.020 4r94 qu\

4.0 1. {5 1.t 0" l)0 0.?25 0.095 1966 66\2

2.88 1.05 1, 04 0.9q8 0-?50 0.115 6?? ?911

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0 .210 1.159s 0 ,490 1.6468 !.20 2.5075 30.00 31. 4153
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0.230 1 .2040 0. 520 1.6893 1 .40 2 .7264 100 .00 101 . 415I
 7/46

z .z nlrlnnfla.rticrffir.,r rflLfi'luianc rnsil

{r .t fau 6 .<
t l1a3 t lrrallnJ'la'tnnl0l.r 1u n{ tl6R.t tul:Jvl 7.9 U'l "y6ra1n
t c u" ! r a v,d
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dr
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run 1: R')u1n1r'tljir 1ruu'tvt
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lrn1lna1.r I nlrul}l to ndr!rtrdvrr.rflirr']n
V e < .r, r e < j . .4
tlitnn liha{11111o1r dunaullyll{ni r fllJR211J01Rr.VitiAH tarJ1n d{n',m?rRi lcllfila
nr ? ada 6 iltar:rarqol'ltn:rvt'iu:ttr,i'z.g yinr:n:'rlii'lh
u'lfinti1?'h uK r'lur-mvr"
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unirorm (oe rio oB) finfi'unr'rffi'lhlrnan: m.rnf,-r {'tuai r ?{1s (pco) 'lu'iT'rtor
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ra ! s
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< e.
't .{ d { e r
A2AH1.lx 7.E vll.tul tlJtllud 1148u!ilu-u 1lJ b = 10 rin. n = 0.014 ttag s =
e q bd. ,. E
0.001 " -"1. !l cflulmu{{ a1n?{uvl1{ulvr}r
vl1.:R- r lluau''rro 1{ r nu[J'r!{ -.-i 1{a0 n ?E{a 1{ (nR
dwou I d e" e L. t
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t Rn\,n01?
rrc lc".- .{ f, o -"j
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) _)/q
21 .33 n q
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21 .33 x (0.01 4) 2 x (91 .1) -)
0.00151

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n

;ffi r*n R
2/3
3. 37 R
2/3 ( i)

rrnvdnl ?8.:flf,.r n 1u 1i r fl1Y

2
2
E
o
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10,00 ( ii)

r luns rounflo.,rn 1r niu?o'lhrd n{'lI'lun rr r,,rvro 7.a

n1l'l.tll 7.8 n'lrniuzoJx'Idnr'rn'm'lxnaane'rna' 1.r

v AP R
R
U3 a thzs E
14lJ 1U t1l n
n nl.lin iln n rlnli- vt1 ln In
2
6
5 66.1 23.3 2.86 2.02 6.80 453 0.12 7 39 tLd R.: 111i R? 1lJ0 1n
rvriiorr
9 .2 92 28 -4 3-24 2.19 1 .36 617 0 .84 1 0 .04
4ta t
9.16 91 .6 28.3 3.24 2.-19 .36 614 0.84 '1 10.00 o !lJufr1rflnl,la{

e.t
anl ln'll tun?a{r'r tljyt1.lu ''l t1Jn 6? t1 nu ,fln/?u'lvl n0u

,..8 . .r ..i", - (:clrtrol

na UUaYnd 110.1n 1l n'lu10ll4 m nl1n1l lva lUnlonltJvlulflnfl?Ufitu

section) Vltnna'lnO1fllln.Illfl1UTJ1 ! m.l U004fl l.ll8nlCX1m'l illU t?EU ?.!

a 1n1l fnURlJ t ?ln luaYna tx tnn Drawdown tlla Backh,ater c,rr.," i.t ll f i6vrB il'l n"'t

- j"
vl'l',aan ga{A 1.: anllnll [InA1n01{!nUIJ'll4lavCl0f,']UAVOfifl?Uqrn?U!.:aU l?ln1l tvn
u"A e a u. 'l}.1
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?@.:[ 1v]{vr 1{n 1u r xuali rrncl'lul1 [a3n 1u']{a0n?E {a 1{ tnluol lxn I flun: u t vlou

ilna Drnza\r Backwater curve dnrrnrrluolrrmvrncrrfuiaiir.rrfiilfiiltnnnrunl

. i du..r .-[v0lu {
fnu\lau'[!n1r 'lrnm.:[iv]1.:n 1u r uua[a nlu.]au1.! t RUt m ont 1n'm ?nlounu
i', E
o
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lroc so rxioui.!nrffin.i1?'hLrfi')
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a u eo t vod < w
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I ", j.l i"{ { ss
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,c..sE
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r{r . .l e q e.
?6lt'l 1. R1u?ur141 Q tflunRl1nt{au t?Joa{n1l tfia?E.tl1y't\,n1u []tuaul
(Upstrean condition) I llth:a U1.! I RU?

2. a1n Q IRlU?t!
{!
tR tU?o 1 v11l!nnfl1xU12ta.t ?U1lvl11'l.tl4anan

rtfl J?r 1 t0 a n ?10 .10 't {

3. nr ? nda un i1o'yit{fl?o.l Backwarer curve i'ItJo'.rrjr.r rfiufinriahl
.i
".[hQ1n eackwater . <
t ruyiall0J1a mlin'l \:'lU a'l t 111Vvl Curve nl{yl'l{OAn ?E){a'].: t vluun!
cuo rX
I CflUU''l tUO'l{ tnliJl tl'lUa?0]vl'l.lll1I URnl.! aRnilnnl?

L. "nrn rr lun zro.rilii lnv 1{oa n rn rei r.ro th rtr'lfi5vro'rfl ?r l Backwa :er
, -f;
Curve ltfitl.:'1118)fiafl 1[[4 !flfl sackwater Curve [1]0 {yl'ln00n ?E{a 1n fl.rtUnY9E.l

:Jn1lfllJlJnR1 Q ll4rl al.lnl WI.: R1?8.: y{n.l n 1Ua1t I1Cnl.:yl'l{aan ?O ilA 1.:v tnnlnnll A1U 2rx

I cua {! -".i < w

Backwater Curve !v1nUlVflU?A{U'l 1U01.! tn!f.l1trlll0f$lyl1.lU 1t UnU lnt RUlnl]
5. llryr.raanm.rri r.rlro da rtl'Ifi ii'yeflfi ?tor! Backwater curve ttr{n.:'j1
go{ r i ,
a 1Rll n2! RIM'l.tn'IUylllflllnAvla na n t :JAUDvifl9t)Ogll'1n11 t140 ?E.lU'1yl?11{Aan?lA.!A'l{

{ Me I
l'lnn?AU'].!Yl 7.E aY ln?1
<r
- R?'rr]o'lRtyulnrflau (ulra srope)
Y srdr
- 'l
n't-[ rMamtMlvuu 2000 n a lnv]1.{aan ?E {a 1.,,1 anllnll-[rnnurn')
qd
rx'rfru 67 t arJ .rin/?u1v]

574
onl ln 1l L?'tA ?8.:U'ltl llJYlA m n g j- 112.3 nu.4n/iu1fi/iln

drorfi'irnr:"lnnm..lfiidrum 116ninq#firuuian ru'lutn.rriooan unv'lriinr: g-r rfru

nfil.rru

Y" tq2 /d1/3 '1

.32 ln

E
c
3
2 Y" 10.98 !n
 7 /50

tua {a'ln E }lf,t .l

1nn?1 10 (11o.t.:1ua^ L fl1cu1l1,:aan?a {0,1.t ) lrd n., ?.t140 d! nna'[fi

tnn ',1 tto,, rlnc fljfi nn txul ?za.l irfiior iurrurllt : lrro
r r,,r,

ilmluocfia.!niu2nm-,1t{'lrrd M1 rilg.ir1li1*{ u,, asiflnrEnrr"[uo

e.{ 'lx
?O.:u lYlyl 1{Ea n ?E {A 'l.lU I a

!..n4 I ! a u .r ta
- 01 Lll (Ifl M fl.lovlEfln [U Lxn{yi1{A0n?]a{41{ A3'ln e rf'trytlRU
674 n!.{fl/?u'rvt
!.6^. !< 3
- n1t!l tIn M fl{avl6lld tlJ0
':vl'].!AAn ?O.!a'l.l Ay'tn? 1 t lltA{f,lJ!n
tir o 'lui

vrin r r niuron rlld"lr{d u., 1 nolti6niuro: cuc nlnn? 1u6n ( Dire,c r

srep Merhod ) Tnu r ir ornvrin r:n'ru':ou r y fini uuri.:rl rrH ru r uiafiim lila na n
l nu'lY e = r 0. 98 tr/{n

n) n'l a 674 au.rin7iurfi

674
g '10 67 -4 n!.finli!1fi/iln
2
(61 .4't
v +
^2
1o, e8 Is,
---.----:-
zqy
L flti?fi trial t!0V error 13 tRl1

v 10 .32 t|as 2.91 tiu

v 10 .32 ilfl

a 1n fl1t 1.!?l 7.9 lE) r = 10.98 In rlds y = 10.32

a = 6T4 nu.In/iud
4n firrtrt x = - aooo 4n ov"lh y = 9.E43 tin rni Eo = 10.574 ln
j,i,
d{!1nn?1 10 1i9r (Eo vrvn{oan fla.:a 1.r ) autvrlnu 10.57tr -',r0.00 = o.571 \n
ruan.:'irr..tiu,unti'lnnaanornrir.rhirilrfiu 62r ou.iln/iufi "m.raulfiir 9 1ui
aun?1ac ln Eo a1n LUt
-ana
thn M linrrvrrfiu Eor = 1o vln vrnruun'Ifi
j
nlJtnRlfla.:,r lua1 I}t1yln qr. tuuanant116ul""tlJxi Q n"| LxN

E
c
10 .98 - 0.574 ! 10 .4 vln
)
v'c = ie
I c -- 6.93 ?ln
 ?/51

F" 14.94 v'/n

?l) rrJadu fl a 14.94x6.93x5 621 nu.rifr/?u'114

621
q
ro = 62.1 nu.iln/iurfi/4n
(62.1 )2
E y+ 2
10.4 iln
2gy

1 NU trial U,fl 3 eruor qslh

v 9-'t8 [43 2.8 fln

v 9 .14 in
a1nn1l1.:vr 7.9 l.la o = 6Z',t fl1J.',lnl',1u1vr VnJUY x=-2000 In lU'[t) E
o
j - ,
9.96 1n t'.:fiaun'!r ro r1n ?1'lflll tnterpolate 11'lfl1 ylln
Q m 'l a1n "?B{rngD ".".
UJU

Eo = 10 -514 In, a= 674 nU.In/?U1vl

a
Eo = 9.960 {er, a= 621 nu.In/?u1Yr

Q1nn1l Interpolate OC'lh ?'l

Eo = 10.00 tln, a 624 nu.{n/'ru1vr

'lunr:niuT nmrd'flr 1n'rr hod.r0n n:uml fti r iaultl?ra.rnlr lxnsa.:fiifiwrr.r

e <e.
nrur uaulrmrr'rrru1 n{n?ari'I.!11{Yurfluidfimutr.:urnuosrAur?ar rfuvr'lvvri'Ifi
I < - "-4
n1l filu?uJ{1u?ni mc [ fru r 2o'I.laun{ Rlt aYy]191.:u

. f,ltlJflRl a
1

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2. U1frl?E).! E tng y vlnl tlUU{ n'IUmJ1?E{vE nan
, i"
3. y v1rr1ro.r
,
lini uni'rv rraan ?n.:d1{ l rnr'lUd}ln r: tnlnfi'.,r.r ru
11 r r1C
2
E
o
y+ 2g
10 Y,JN

!. n'rurorr6rrn.r Ax I flE srep uu!fhu?on411lrlcvr'l\r n'lnR?'lt]

flflv
5. nl't ndarMlRl a x
 7/52

fr'l?1tx 7. 9 nr: niurnaarl:J inlr{d u ?a t r'14 U1.l 7.9

t
y A v'/25 E
u'/ ,'* ,o-,4,. AE Ax x
ler nr.{n {fl lel c'R

n) lut1rt{ r.r tta a = 67L a!.fln/?u1yl

1 0.32 103.2 .65 10.98 .00074't 0

.000243 -.100 -412
10.2 102 .680 10.880 .000767 -412
.ao0222 -.086 -38€,
10.'r 10',1 .694 10.'194 .000789 -798
,000201 -.086 -42'l
10.0 100 .708 10.708 .000809 -'t225
.0 0018'l -.085 -41C1
9. 9 99 .123 10.623 .000829 -1695
.000161 -.086 -53rj
9.8 98 .73't 10. s37 .000849 -2229

s) 1r:1*{ u riag=521 fl!.r,4n/iu1fi

9.18 9'1 .8 .624 10.404 .000719 0

.000214 -.069 -251
9.70 97 .635 10.335 ,000732 -251
.000256 -.086 -336
9. 60 96 . 649 10 .249 . 000756 - 591
.000234 -. 086 -36t,
9.50 95 .663 10.163 -000111 -959
.000214 -.086 - 40iz
9.40 94 .617 10.O71 .000?95 -1361
.000195 -.085 - 43ti
9.30 93 .692 9.992 .000815 -1196
.000174 -. oe6 -495
9.20 92 .704 9.906 .000837 -2291
 fl'] Ax 12000 iln 'lfiolilfidrm.: q 1rlil orn:vfi,,r'lhir Ax =
{o s'l
2000 Yln 14 la tno t flu.r 2000 un

{ u. I { | cru"
LNa'1.:U1tUnI?E rEI$4?1{a1.1tnlltii 2 tt}l.l afll'tn 1t trfl ncfluat n!
.. c
1 u t c6V , - .. j^-. '[YrnI
t \rAU t?l?iA{ MlJH?U1 IUA']{ t n!!'114.1 2 LtIn fl? tUJl tr1R0M1Eli Ltl.lnlguljlll l

1 . n? 1!n<nn 1r'h4nfi yr1.: r t1-n1u r xiofii r drdvrr,,rrii,

| v-
'1
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2 n? 1x6inn 1l Mnyiyl't{aanh'tuyr1ufli , y2

3 a"n:rnrr"lyn'iuyiT {fii, a

nrul 1 (yl n't RiM )

| .t dr <t dr 4.t
tua y-
'l
= R1n{vl fl1}J1l0,LUnnn1? lfl 4 flIMEU fE nl LE tMl4lrn

y1 vn v2 dn:rnrr [un'[uu1.lii ti!u!! uniform

d.
rn vd 1]Jl t0 Riu?rux'l'[f I1n

dunrrttr i.r 6
1u1r]n
,c
z.ro a 4
riau'[sn 1l
u
"[und,: nnr r uyruhru r Ku ar,: rlnud'ntinlt
'travr'*a nrfia.r rYu u?ruHiLaR u 1u1Ln' z. ro n

nrfiiaufioo.t tlt v, = v. dnrrnr:luo'h.mr.rfiiovidrX.:qn fl.rrnn.:

HrHrKu nc 'Iu1fi z.ro unrlnc 1u1tfi z.ro auficll't y2. y" :].:araov b
4 d -:t ee .rr
tL'Unl0jn'll "tvn fiJnnn?Un1l LUfinnaUl{afilCn1uvi1u1ll1 afil1n1l tuon!\: R.llJfrll111
{^a -l,urljyt
anllnlr txnfl{dfMln c 7.10 b

nltllmuyrdl}l [a ,, , ,,., os r finTili'l$d I,r 'luvrr.rfii r in x.:,unl0l

Um.:l]mll}J?1 v
-n <v-<v
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'
; to.rll:'nl*d r.r., ac r ilufi?nr:.f1firy

'lun r: nrunui'n:1n11 txn

<.
l1r v }JR''I R.t ?r R1 L !,.Jd1X1l0lrR'tN1nn ?1 L lR Lt9t L a'lQattl
i " ro<- {
fl1UAUn1l L tR ?J'' lun lMJo nt 1fl 1t t1r0R 1ut 14!alt 1 tlJ tRlltfl'l ']rJn I Yyllnt cr vl0u
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v r. eo <r,
n'l L =L anl ln ll [4n r fl 1f,u'1.:u 1a c]J nlua un ? 1a nr'ln 1l t140un n

n lnu0 rM d fir y" . y2. yn a: r finll:'"l*n' nr, iru1uur$i n1t

i r n: r #a"n: rn r r "b4a d'uJ 1 l n nl yu i'lh r tiu r 6r rfi'un :dn r : r fi nlu i'lrd u
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v- -n =v^ 'z n1l fn 1x0n v'lRUfll lU0nlnn ltfl V0 nl ln'll
t lvllnUA9ll

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7.1 vr.rfiirut r un"urnl{xlr i b = 6.0 uJfll , z = 1.5, R?1xa1flryr o.oc1 uac

i'n: rn rr'lua 28. 5 olJ . rlnr i iud rJ: : gfiiu run:.rvri'lfi rn trfinhruvrilr oi rfiu

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33.9 145. 80 252.54 63.60 6s.61

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drfllilr cavBrlxui.r,., pi rf,u o. 035 uocfi {oruafi rHohiivr r.:fi iila uh Trtr.:
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rir.r n rr'tvnt]a ttr cx'ir.: nl. 20+988 uov nlJ, 21+28o vrrfii rfluuurnr.: uav

liin r: qq rdu r da ir alnnl Jrdafi?u (Eddy rosses) rir.rnr:'lundau::rtir.l

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7.7 noo.i
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w, lllnl w< v
lfillDoinvra R, r rJnt

6 1.8 3.0 4.5 6.0 1.8 9.0 10.5

9 2-3 3.4- 5.1 1.0 8-4 10.0 1'l.5
2.4 4-2 6.0 '1
-5 9.0 10.7 't2.4
I5 2.7 4.5 6.6 8.5 9.8 1',t .4 13.1
30 2 I 5.3 9-6 11-9 13.6 15.0 16.6
45 2 9 1.4 12 .0 14 .2 16.9 18-7 20 .0
60 3 0 15.0 '17 .2 20 .0 21 -6 23.4

d
n10u1it1t 8. 1 AiaAnUlljvl'l':U10U d'l14 lUA nl 1 n'l I i}1nd {qtl E000 A!.}191/'l u1'/l

: cn'!ffr1.{ dn'lua'1{ r fi uf, ldr n'u 6. 8 {n ruiaHuto.rvir.rfiiHuf,.r q.r zs 4n Rl lNo 1fl

,]ufii]1ttfiS
tyn fl21rJfl 1rl t ylu lUyl'lu?JO.:111':UlA! tx 101J 0.33 tlO! 1 :0.7 n1lJn'tflu
I +v
n?u I h.t ?ro.t dlJvr1.t1]i lr x1'lFra'tndstl x a = txu!-1 ly
aurfi'irrirHro'lrfruinrr"lvo, c = 4-e'75 a.,! 1n? 1m11.: Irnu r iuulusanrl.rflH!

.<. i nu u
adlri "lrinnnr udl tn .lrldr.: 1u r uar a']nn't 1]J ! r ?n1u u1?n nvt T nfiifi ! ocuunY tn1'l

3/2 ( a)
a CLH

800 0 = 4.97s (L)(5.8) 3/2

L = 90.68 lin
6 -.e. 4 -u
tlJvr li JrJUn t Oan tg L = 91 ?{n

{.ur
a 1nn'lt 1.tv] 8.1 t !A R?'lNa'lfltYr lyllnu 1 flA 3 (tru,f;.r) ov'liidr x =1-fi6
ttnJ n = 1.836
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1
t1.936 (6-8) 1 .836-1 lY
1.e36
x
Y
9 .62
( ii)
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alndrn'rfll' (ii) H1fl1x1lnRiu?m41 y 1 nfl.lu

x02 4 6 8 'l 0 12 14 lrr 18

y 0 0.37 1.33 2.'19 4.'13 7-13 9.96 13.22 16.89 20.97

x 20 22 24 26 2A 30 32 34 36 38

y 25.44 30.30 35.55 41 .18 47.18 53.55 60.29 61 .39 '14.85 82-66

d4
a1nflJyl 8.5 r i.D 75 + 6.E 6 t.o ti ttn v H = 6.8 lin

islfi v z 60 {nTiuvr' lryru rir v uac u n.,'lunxn ri a.z2

R 'to1 '35 = zz.\j tlln

e . i e <u
i?Ag1ilfi 8.2 ln llVrllga{ flU tHCl' 11':?Ja{vl1':UlnlJ !.1 t}JllR? 1tA 1tl t xR'IU} 1

a d <l
ruov R?1riu1?fla{Hu a5o rln 6'qrrnrrlnn6hdn Z5,ooo nu.rln/iu1il f,.lvr'i'Ifi
"AU

r,J?il4i1vr1.iii6u rvi1f,u + 1,ooo.o vJn

i! sa.rfrurirrfii lvirilu
r sdufla.r uovr sfiu r ori-u

+ 880.0 lln
q{r j
-
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vll{fiiHu rnv c
d = 4.03
3/2
a CLH
2
75 ,000 4. 03 (250) H3/
e
H'e3/2 74 .441

H
e
17 .4 n

n?1xri?ufi11l{fiifiu a
15 ,000/ ( 2so x 1?Q )

2.50

H
a
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,
(2.50)-/(2x32.2) li9l
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H- H H
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R1 1lJfl { ?JA {?t 1.:U',to1r 120 - 17 .1 102-3 fln

w 102.3 troy 1. 33 Hd 1 .33 x 11 .1

23.541 < 102.3
< M.r I
R1 1rld.: tra{u 1.!l:ifi ulrnn ir d
1,i tNofll EttRl']ti I I ?

5 CnU? A.tyt1.tu1flu = 1OO0-0 - 17 -7 = 96?.3

{ -u
11nfl'll'].lyr E.1 AC tR k = 2,000 n = 1-850
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tlVll]fll k tl63 n fl'l l!fllJnllVl 8. IE
85
Y x
1
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ttvrfiu riu rcrnyrra.i r;nfit{nn'ufiunv'1fifi'uun:'rmru 'lurffi a.g t, uflv rr

runnnurvnli!1sff1truljlr1lJTH.rfi,osilrsnrcu'luffllilnda.r:JrvBrleiay[rJUtxNlvdixix.rlu
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t b u vov { -"
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urifi ril ioeno.: r'anjr er ru nr: r o"anlUocHa.ril rrnra.: rij: cnouvro rua dr {: rr# {[ai
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4T
fla n1l t aLrl.ll.JafirJ rtncnll tuarLU! tgn'tu1

8.3-l nlrlusuu.radrc (Free Flow) ia rtrurnr:lun rruuac r;er'rul: Vnnl.l

1u1 ro a. r o oi r ry; sa lfiivi'oa fir rrrlr snilrrfi dfrua 1n1fl lnslrilfi iun 1 r rrtn ?r"r i1n
d . r!
I tnUH'lU1Rlllx lUtA.luf Cal1lfl{n?'l '[Un']l'lIRl.M4tUa.!hU
- dx n?'15fl1?J0{ilx
ul tflylE?ra.,n'ltlrun? ?,a{u 1tt1u'7t.ttJllI yn trnc ln'}tra'NoJ1xtt?tuu1un,tI1InrL,:J1l
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zq

ttn y1 8.24
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tln! v2 cw B. 25

rruurirdunr:vri 8.2t ttns E.25 nr'ludlnt:vri e.e3

2g
q Y'tY2
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y1
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c
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q c-w
cl 6
c
8.26

cd
w
1+C y1

, { {{
rtll'1C11 Cc flUAH.nU!!11{?la{?tAUt?ln
u ( soundary ceometry) R0fiiAUnU er,/ y,
'l
-v cd { ,-
n.:UU aV?ru0$nu w/y., t-i 1t]

{ ur ! < <.|
llE)5fl1 w,zy, tunll)l'lR1 Cc lSlJnllfl'l I ? 0}11tl1llr]1l L}'lnlllJfl 1l rljnllU

rujnrodt.::rnrir'lnHrJ:cn flc,mrfi.:nrirrrfitrrUalfir:nr:irntrsliilr.!'tglnrkiurind
. ie-", .,i . hv
(nydrodynamics) {{n .! ltln1[J'trn1fi ehnor-nidlutci"t"n url r firfr ?d ttacu1?116
(southwelrltflv vaisey) 1"n1ili6daurl:u (Reraxation Method)
'c ilTd1 c-
<trda
lHrrirfiu o.Ooe ia yz/yt = 0.321, 61rurutiuq u (aenlarnin) 'lflrvrin r':
.<- e r J-. .j
^irnrrc?iIftrrdtn1r'lfiorlu a drun-ufirfin e (;r.lvr' a. ro) fu ririuilrfinnr:'ltro'lrr'r
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2 2 , .rr v. e ,
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d'y/dx' ?,a { 6l?U']tJOlUaU ttoVaY}'lll6 fl1 tnflfllU ttflCn1:
uu.4^a
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lv r{unftfln:zl
+

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Iheory (Iable 8.1)-

| _-___o_ 0Zin
Erperinent 1 _r_ ".t
i.,:l 57 iil.
0.7

Lt
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cc
o
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0.5

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tl
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*ur65 nrrft neir rov'l illillH'luzir.rnr r t a re i.rh.r lUi EU: s! rruu rrir aa.r

rau'h{'lun:#lriiu:l1firnr'r i''r Hafir,ontHunn':l'J'lunrt r.rEr'rair ruE

n"'t'tod ,-., orrdlf,uo'::rd1{ vE.tc uny c

w/E 0 0.1 0 -2 0.3 0.4 0.5

C
c
0.61 1 0.606 0.602 0.600 0.598 0.598

dd d
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IwtUR',ldRn 2U?1t 1'0J!U flAn nl c lua.: alnn't I t rf,J?,1J ?r a n flug au I ?rn alnt x
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8.11 ^t^uat
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1
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q UI r .r d
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?r'].!ilqEfi uluvrofl (roch) 'h"ryinr:unno.rtrun"ri.rfi,,rHrru.lra'firvei'r.r .r fir'lunrri

t ann'rr'lxa6(r cuoyn 1r'txn ruru1fiAiff'l ruo Yfl nn'm Rfl 4.,1fi rW n.: 151upvr' 8.13
a a. 4
d.ll1lJ 1nU ^lA nlnnllvlrroa { !a.:ultMazRa c
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?au tx{ fliu iun r0i"lil nnur{lINri'l{ ?a {n rr lun airuao iflaao.rfrnvrr.rfril nri'r}iru{rq
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Itnnnl'lnU

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dur:n'lfinrtflugtfi.rneirrlH'lunrtt':sr.JT,rffa.rfiufl'r"lriFo.:nrrn?1!FnHa{rlrnfin
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riurir c ?a.tulriiou'lx{ Lravulffiafl

2
c 1-0.750+0.360 B-30

4 . <r . 6 !
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r5% th e\<.t

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{,. ya X'lnn?'lnl1rJnn .1 a
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rr a r Bdir< { .t < s
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v3
w
Ye = Ccvs

grfi o.te nr:"[vnror:rid:cnonJrquruTfi.:

08
ll
FraG oolllorr
tl
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0.r
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ot ! ,ftac o,otlloa/
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0 Volut ol 0.1
-1
o3
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v0l ues otl
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L l^+.
05 0f .la 5 0.7 =
L 0.7 , lL
0
04 06 08 r.0 r.2 r.4 r.6 r.8,o4 06 08 Lo t2 t.4 r.6 r.8.0.4 06 08 1.0 t2 t.4 t.6 t.8
to| i=o.l 6tf.os rci f ' o.s
\tturl ot f

# r. r, nr8rd :sirih :rnr :"[il nla.:il : rslurlTlf .1

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22
y. + l-= = y*-g^ u. 31
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y a, . i"..'
qcfi.rrnnrfrulrrarioilnfiufirimri <v
2 !n'tryr1fiun?'r rinyl.tutn v llildrnrffinqrn
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3
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ra c I w .{ '[I't?r
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lnnvr: r r rocr lluril y,, v, ttnr y, lrnyfia.rn'rr

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a. <r
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fi o r':rur'Iff om rrl :.r t uuiur : vvdr.ruilrirn r un; e
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vac"'
a lnllOtll Jnl]lUlJ l?rnua 1O'll MJ 1r,u'l?Ju1n IAnt hov ln'lUIa{.1'lu?Ja.:u')
.{ wou e { u 1
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.lr .<rr<v.
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lEnnl(lY ""'q t'JlJ

a1flTriiflnfi;'ilt.:ffr'tr,rorhrflunfl'ar (nox rn1et) a'rn'rrfiinnfinuusiinr:vrinru

rrdr.r rurra.rfli'l,hail1n]iilr udildn Trl nuoiiilrnvrr.: r trfr,:d trhru lc"[vn flnNlmJfiuLLH?
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lt a, - X
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vs v../
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I r.tr) ,s n? 1r]i{.! ?O.l silr

8. 1rg,# ,.,r, sirr n 1x(u 2rr 1?or riru'lun tr:JYun1lnr ca 1!tra.!

n1l I}lA?lYl1\ta0n dtrrtnir r:rutir lvfiria lriT nu'lS[anirun6 fu i

n. n1nltlll{n11L{ ?lailLEUlU.l ?lll'll.lnU llJfla.:n1l sitl nl}l
rru'1u11
4
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ilr.r lrn r tufi.rna'rira'r n1r rleinsH "nr r iur cbc bC rlnJ
bb
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fl. r 1l0 b.D > 2.5 b t14 tloJ sill fl'|l[ru?u1mn 2 n2 ftj L

rrfiavfi? nvoErgn., nn'1,! I ulr'11., sitl nlxuu?ri1r i,,r'lhlrn[ra 3.

i"- rrn cni ur.i61u{1.:

.:. R?1&d{?jO.l si]1 n1}t!ru?U',t r rilr fiunr }rd.r za { silr r1ufi'tu

9 n? 1rrd{fio uvr'dn?a.iniuy{.rH luE1.r uio'r cfiuflhyr'rar.Ioan ?la.iilafi ii.l

xfll tMlnU
ym vt 3 ,8, 45

10.
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nllt)li n.: 60 nurt!? t KulllrBnn 1\r m.:01n'll dxnllvl

6.40 llng 8.45 [?lnuuulu Llrl:! a\:nnE

E.5 fl fuf,unlf.r ( Broad-Cresred Weir)

I ntr niaifrnn? truH r I ruf,unh.r r flua 1R1tyl1'l flor11dn ifiaiHul roo {"luuur

l:u"ru rtosnlln l ya'ls ur.r fiuso ifiluufiut rufia'thdr r iuuuugadnnd (Hydrostaric )

alnnlflinaairmrir r Sou'lasir.: .r ar riutr.]nrufinruun Hr o.08 S H1lL < o.50

(glrvr' a. rs I 11t H.,/r fiaunir uiatirdrfir o.oa n?rryuiri1la.rrfr{.rlrrvr.lflryrfiu
'hJ:.iuduil lul.r 1iln rtrur6'ru unsfi1 H1,/L ,r1nn'i1 ilia"lil(vi1fiu o.50 rfiudtuot:uu
{ sw w ."t r v c a
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{e l<{<r,v.r
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| * i * f .'
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rl rt fiun{ r.:tlfi r r.rdrre'ufir rirro rnrr inflivr'o5 r.r"lHiru irr a.r d'uiiru
v { .. .l a . 3.
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tfrlljOllflnn{ tUI''l.lu'll:J
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t{{,-
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tunlntunll tvn nca u luM11c ln'rnrln rln Y"lild 11rlrn'lI
4u
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H', . -E< --, .{! . w v
2. 0.0E < L < 0.33 LUnICUUoA ttt? l tl lErronurc t llutj'ludun 2'li ln
j. . -. o'.,r -Hud'ruD 1l ?,1J'rufiu nrrrtn rfininr'tirtlufi!il1u Tnufirlrt
14flrr rTil1cfl1r run?ra.!!1xlJ

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cD t llu}i.l 111}.1t fiAl
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iltlitlt 8.4 drn r:urin: rnr:lr.roilrual ruifu nirvfiiufi rhnft Hu:rJir.rdr.r'r

llj I 1{ ?n,IlflJ l nRU': mi r{rn r: r dn-in: rnrt'lvn 0111.11fr1?E.l y

c
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F-

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f; r f sf" u'{
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11 . o.oosao.

* n.r'l5'luufir ta dui rnl}l

rn'lurfi.r fl a " Discharge
nrr r.r'lri'lfr ud r udu

Measure$ent Structures tiuuriu.:Tnu M.G. Bos tro.txx1il4u1du

I
liaganingen, tUl0attnUn.
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L n1llia Cr*ru J
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>-L/5

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rrhihr a- r
fzilro

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du:"u il r uflun {r..nnhdnfi r uiuriluflr
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H H
1 n a!uuu
lln:
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r<.. {
(epproach Veloc ity) $trilav -Dlin9E ani101I tuotlu uH'tuLt ? f,1tJlt0n0 ver
I
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ht h
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rlnS c_ s'..*
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r.( "tua?{!: + B
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D
rljlif,l tcdvlEnll TJ tnau
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x T]n1U RllJ llJllfl F tnH t?Jnr11ll yr
.i 6.22 tlnS

s.23 drudrta.r cv! d rllrr nu r"liia1nnr 1l,{nJ11- 8.ao

'lunr:aanuruo r qac'l ilri!sa.: fiuil ruHruurirairufii nr rlr.ru r fi aila.:ri'filfi

tnrrn1ltlunfl?ga{n1l t}ld nluvlitlll'lgA{ flJtJ 1Ua

-
ltQgn9rnl{
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fitayll [Xr!n,Iu luil luxfrl ']rJ]Ju ]!lafil1.t t]Ixn?1x01Rtvltl1ulmiI1.:u't fl1 luil'lu
'l1]ruu ,-,-X
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3/2
t1 -'*
("i - t)1t' x (L - R)
8.48
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sa.l4d
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.U.-
x = 0.005 o"ru irnr : ini.r'lufi a.:'r.l4iiiin r:1 nu'iSfi i'ld x
= 0. 003

6.6 S 1i1flJim1? til6guNJn{ (Tran s ition struc tures )

r:lurrnrrtinrlrdnrttirrinr r fi ad?u'lun1l r Un'uuLLunl:rJi rlufltirrrrra.:u r.:

- . <- ' . X:
i'1l n r.Jr yluflUsa.ra lalltnn iE'[Uu
11 <!
nn r 0u{ n1'I f,rd r f,urm.t.l1ul1u Tux 1n
r4
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3 vr1 tr t nnfl'l ll aaR lurtn ma'l R']r lrR314'l.tu 1

u<a,,"tq
finL$I U! a{a 1fi1l}Jn{ rrnrtuu'r lrMaan uu! I ?nl lu r flu nln 5t lxn 11!n{rtlj:.r!r1n

vr'aanuuulru'lUrHu16.:vr'Hr,i'urif,ulHudluE'll ruufir.urfiuauVrluda ornr:firirnur.r

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ri{tri (Frume) uny aJaan rrrluo 1nr:il iunr: rrJ6'Buru]a r drr iln r:lun uuulEin qn
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urrr/r{ (rglg) apdnuuvdrfiqllfi.ri

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nTl?r1.i ma.! o.lvr1.: I ?,m lfl1i l,rJfr? lliaun?1 12.5 r11 auonrau{n1l rnnf6ul4ianll

luarruuHu*u

2. n'l: ml t 6Blln.l '111l : r'll l flt dU?t0.l.l'lU tUA '')R1I]Jlljnl t t lAUU ltl6.l
t

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":
r1D.:alnfn1
{i
fl rrthrlJ: $110J rRl1nd1tn1,!a{[]Juin l nuuniuHr rvi ririo u rn!fir{n
I cu r- u / { .<..,. <. t ts
lllU.l tffmlaUiE llJl l)'Anll lxn lunllaanuUu lUAnn!ai,l,n lrifinnlle!!lfiU tUfl')uu

tUnlCd?lana 1fl1llll1lfl-rl I nUItt1j0.lvl141.l t tl R?'lNtI?11LZ1x1AC:JR1UOU

r.J{rr.r
n?1R?',txtr7[aan !I u6c I cRual']u'll cnnn1n i,a u1{uaurfrn t vr'lnu a y,

Ay' ah u + c.1UAh (1+c.) Ah a-49

f u

C{
uE A y' r snuuivnRnln{ Iu){nlnnlrdorf,tMvrl'r r t1 ( rnLet Loss )

rl<
Ah
u
R? lxrrnneil.: ?/an r E ta?'rr r i ?fr r Iluncaannlna lnll iu
n'll t a'uutlUa.l

C
1
filrtr :ivrdn rr 91 r fi gvrJv r.r r tr
...lds
lun tut a na 't Rllu lun'r l tuau!rua.:r?r141{aa n , R1 ']lJ r I ln'll lvo i3n']n.,
-* f -tA r,-X
vl11,1r 3n!!id{ ?Ju lrnyfl1ld'x r dw.rflxnn8! RIR{u

Ay' Ah
u
c
o
Ah
u
(1 -c o ) Ah
u
rl. 50

{{
!a o
dxu: cdu6n 1:6tx r drjll?r1{aan

n't ?ra{ 6N1l l Yf,vl i c.1 u03 c o p'k"rornnr: r.lu" a.5

 8137

n1ll{?r E.5 n1r nnu?la nc trav c

o
yr t?J tun'naanLUIJ

ginra ra rnrriliunrr r a"uurolo.r C

I
C:
o

warped 0.10 0 .20

CyI inder-quadrant 0.15 o .25

SimDl if ied straight line 0.20 0.30

Straight line 0.30 0.50

Square-ended 0.30 0-75

{u < M
3. R? 1!Jf,.: t iDnU : (111llJft? "ll]oflfl1l t?16 t1€ lAlflJlun'll tUnButtufl.:
*' <u. a v a
vmaunll 12 ln (3.7 lrinr) ttiunnn 1l nlIun n? 1lfl.l tmnu tuuM?l 5 0'1Rl1}]nn

!1nn?1 12 I'ln n1ln',MUnR? 1Xd,r r flAhu-m.!

i-- -t-Riun',lllir . llru'l r
.,.
uuvi I f1u

<a
fl ? lrnnlla y fl?'l]1 t t ?ra nn ll rvo"lm']nlr iLnlr r ilduuuln { iua tifiu r iau'tr
mUu
b f (x) 8" 51

Az f 2 (x) I-52
m t 3 (x) 8.53

t lE) b R1 1rJn11\tla.ln1ivl 1{tl1'tUA'lR1lljfUfl 1l tll0Uur0J0.t

Az n? rrt r Ualuuuud.,r tta { r ! fiuhunna .!'lrra rnr::.J iunr: r U6;uu:Lja.r

m RllrJA lnI Y tU"?]1r

x I YUUl4',l.tA 1rJ (U ? fioA { t llJ ?fln'ln an t lrJmJ?r0.i0 'lR1lu lunll

rrjn'uuulnr t grfi" e. af l
ae I | { r<
n2'ltJfirJ 1161 31421., R'l lrJnnllfl Ya nI1n1l t n rru I nl dtnltBa-rR?l]Jm ru).t
(continuity Equation) uio

a (b + my) yv 8. 54
 8i38

o c

b
I

l-
I

I
b
I I
I
q

2
L!
tt F-t l
i+t l+t
I I
o c

t_ .I
ffi
I

F rumE Exponding l- Ert cn"""r' I

Seclion Secllon
Ay
-lf--

T v Yc
-]I
azo
dz

.lt
Ilrx E.25 R? 1lJt4X 1Uga.' tytolinl{ .t ?la.!o1R'lt iln1tt ouuutln\:

IE v R',l1:JAnn1Mn

n n? 1xri?i odu?a'rn1t"l n

1upfi e.as hr'l"sxdnnr:za.rxfi{,rru:cilir.ru[rfin i unv i * r a3 tn21

2

-Az. + (Az. + y, +Ay.) + ( ,sI

n?_
- A ri*1 * (a,
i*, * yf *6 yi*r ) + rill * h"i, i* 1
8. 55

rfu yr riuorruo'nnrrlnn'lurr.rfii ria'luarnrrr.tilnr:rliuuurln.reirwlriup

-. i
aux (,".tu1]yl
nr---"'-.. , h_ . q, {
-". 8.2s), " l Lnlt !rdu
tl, .
1+1
y1.111lu!.t6n
iJr d{.r 1ul i [aJ
i+1 'lud nrtrj s.55 az tv'lYrilnrrfiortr,rr"lfiiirirriuu.ln hrinriro.rl,r.tarn
'{-"4w-.'
flutf iLlltras Ay 13 fl1uJlrU1n i,tr CfllIt1-lua .]n1liliu n1t r Ll6it[iuila.t n,r n i1l vii!
iri'll: r.:ii d 1x'lln r iuudlln'mro 8- t5 tY,'luJdr
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E
i+'l
E.I + Az
i, i+1
h
Li, i+1
8. 56

,JA E r irrrifr r r rul'r r rrvua l

Az Az Az 8. 57
i, i+l i+1 I
t Ld dl
d n 1l d'tlt i1llj I t!'tnJl41fl'tnl ldIJ I d ufi'tla 1fl1lll tun 1t I llourJtula{ fra

(v.r - v.L+
h K
Li, i+1 H 2o

KHuAh 8. 58

R?rAanullj-lfi n 1l ff rdutd{.r luia uvrdn'll]a 1n']'rUiun 1r r !0tiululo.t rlni.t1u9Efl1l

ria a5r,r u1u'[B!ri ( Hinas ) 1i,H'raur65.nlirlrl r "ltdsa.ri rfi i, t0u

Ay f (x) 8. s9
4

'luo r nrrliunrr t r.tn'uu ru.ln'r r iluI "n.: r 0.rHau (conpound curve ) fiLr vnalH rul"n.l

il111lufl'tnfi! a tHr (neverse parabora) d.rilar.tJnlmTFNfilrrina rl tola rrrrt

rliunlr r lnluuja.r m!iln T
U; {da { ?ia.:l fu H:riaf,ui'lfii dun 1r fla., 11 1Iuo 1

n.t na 1?flo
Ay x 8. 50

{.! c
uoc "i
ruuRlnxrJr uflvlE rnv x rul]r vrJ8vl1.!inn 1nxfi'rHn f -f tlu'1.1s? 1ia

25 druiuur':rlmrurn
"1r.,, r tlvl
.r"-U r
uacir.arnvfirfirr
"-. tjvrrflruia duiu
11 il 1 t un 'IylM n !]U "tEutr lnn.lfil.JlJns 1lJm tua n11
Az cz* B. 61

{r1c
rE) tzt uflln.ivr vrin't I ruj.: a't ftll i!n1l tljntutu.Jo{aan t1J1] N ti?.i

( r]JX s-25) [n']vi1n"l ldlJ:JflR'l ?n{ m Lflu

o ..<.{ no 8.62

4vwde{r{
}Jrt m r lluR? llJa 'tn r viailuD'l.t ta.! RBa lvx 1.i I illutavr't.raan trrufi'ldln11vr 8.50
o
nn-[udrr]1tvr 8,56 I la
 8140

aYi*t - AYr
Ah
u 1-K
H

KH(AYi*t - aYi
nc tRi'l h 8.63
L1 i+1 K
H

{ d {6
orurhdlnr:nJ,5 tumJn'uvl 8. 55 rv{ axlR? 1ut t't I Qnu tutloncuulnnuau It0c
r.t ,)
uruRlfn1ur :?R{nfl 1?'[ud]n1r 8. 54 a3 tnR? 1rn 1{?ra \rl,lulnnHa u

i6li.:ntirr[r.r]nr r dwiio rndr,,,rtia uu:nuocab rfi;.,r'hJfir dr.r tbufrn'htvir.:Hru

firuffr fir1rt:"I*dra.:rnrr,rn5r.rlrir itruuoslilrb rfu.t olho.:vrinrrrnurnflilirundl

satrir . fiqnolriiutnri uruilflao uncuru0:Tii (vittat -a cni'.r, j."'ri)
-tra
1H'[fi r *rn uu cdv iuio't a.:u r s1 aud15fili

1. n1:'lvr" B.G ua n.r oln rrfilUu rrir

^z*o
t nrnlr crro Irur L

riurnrngrrra.:a1n'rflJiun1r riloiu$ln{, bt riunr r&nu r{rr o 'rllrrr r.rfii , b

riurn ru1lrrtalllumol rrnv rcr r iunr lrnh.:sa.rfi rfr'lurno.rdvrl{aan Gxir

Channel )

z. .' J, i
r.rfr.r unfi u rIrJ :'lr{ds a rh.:o r nr :rJiun r t r rln'uuurjn.rfr sb r ia.: un s

:rr r iru1hufirfifi.{ lilslrr:nrJ: slYu"[hdrnr':aonrurfir nrir rav"lrivri'Ifi rn'nnr:uunHrs or

n1 :'lxn nr : lue ru:ufludum cn r r dru riufl fi{.r tuyin

). nrnr:vr' e.e: Milfi'urir H undr?,a{s'r.,!rb, u^rori1fi ,fi, ?1?E

.rYc
ra.:'hud[u n1l S] rfru]ifil.r 1u'lua rnr:iltunr: rilfiuuro]n.: lc r iufi.r rffir?4.: r iia'.r'l?

#',.,, tru.rr..ruan rri'lfi,, i'r'tJnnEn.:nrl rrono orfirtai6.r r iurrnbufl oonr:aan

IIUU I fEI2 D1]

- i Jo ru - i i"
nl laAntLUUA 1 n1: lun1l tUAUUtllJfl ilHn'l llJtjfl l nC t nU ?la.lnunl l lll Tl:J

in:rr:'.r i.rfnrnr:ornr':fi"lhfuntlaanrurlfiinrtrriturncnrrr.ifirfia{6'luntcl
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u1u?Jl 1tJ a? lnrru culnl laonroJua'tR1:rjtunlt rInuurllJo{?rir 1!aan 11n{u

 8l4L
n1?"tiM 8.6 n l rldrviu6f ifi.t: crroJo'n: rdrunrrmrn r yd'rurir.:sa.r
Warped transition
Lilnla. oa
Rclrilo!.hlp .DDlicrblllry
nt
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L I
o-rl-t
,h T
t
,,l0
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n
= (r' o=f-r
m
nO
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m tl
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( 2Ll o=1<o.so
tn
r-;tu )l o.5o<f<r
[.'(
tn
m
=0.5- (n* - r.t)
,n0
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tA
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,
( r)
m
-a2
m0 LI
s-;<o,so
(, ;)" o.so=i=r
m L
,lc = o=;=l

i1l1itx 6.7 nr: n'rurcuaan roua lnlt illntlrGtuuUal (rransirion)

2A\: n?aE1.t 3.4

SGctior ,, Et 6,n ,n Aa, 6 y, lD

(r) (2\ (3) (.) (6) (6)
f-l 0.0 15.00 0.000 0.000 5.6{
I ,1.0 r5.03 0.r00 0.049 6.79
8.0 l5.l{ 0.206 0.098 5.92
3 t2.o 15.32 0.318 0.147 6.04
4 16.0 r5.60 0.{3E 0.196 6.r6
5 m.0 r5.98 0.569 0.2{5 6.25
6 24.0 16.48 0.112 0.29{ 6.38
7 28.0 1?.13 0.8?{ 0.3{3 6.{{
8 32.0 18.00 1.06:I 0.392 6.52
I 36.0 19. r8 r.302 0.4{l 6.60
c-c {r.0 23.00 2.000 0.500 6.?0
 8,t42

b b
f :: tt (l x F
bc -b t i 8.64

t 1f0 F o.8o - 0.256- B. 55

L 2.35 (b c -b-)+1.55m
t o v'ch 8.66

v R? 1&n11.r?o {fia,ia'rn1? iun1l rila'r/urujn'l

Ych nr rGnto.,,rfr'lurna.:

m x 1/2
m
1- (1
L
B. 67
o
Az
Az (x x.) 8.68
i, i+l L i+1 .I.

I
az = n1ir nuuNjn{airl4tng0\rIcRU
-4ua1R1'lnnanRllrJU'l?
<'r " Tnrvri'lfirinnrrs{n:rdund.rrrufiau
?Dn1laan[U1Jfl1{, munifi{0'{nlrtun
,-
firsarnr:lun fi.r arur:n'Ifi'lun lroanttuJfin4n 1r r ila'uuuilnr nr udn n'l: riln'r,uttiln.r
< u . I , I . , .s. rr,/
lA{llU11ttt']C ttnC tUafln{{1U1'l tfl1VR.: ?6?l0.lU1tr IE R I1n'llf,lJln LUI t?lo ?E).1

fi rfi i uK : niurov i?lo u r flo drur'dfi.r nsir rn"irun m u r mrio ulrH ? niumv lTilr'lilt(

sr<
i?oHlit?l a.4 aiEanltuua 1R'llrJiunrr r r]o11lurJa{ r y14i'l! r 1{fii ttovmanlilAr uf,'ux

nr.:u{ Iftr'lUtra{oehtJil

a 357 nu. !ilnl/iud

Az
o
o.5 rxnr (rNfliad{{ni1)
b
f 15.O rXgn

b
c
23.O rXnl

m
o
2-O Lrnl

vch 6.7 r Nfll

 8143

r{r <X- -{ J--..,Y

?6X't ^lunlMtlE,rlrll cRlJlhrt
r
l{llfixlflrdnutuRflo.rfEu fl1?in{n'lua1 rl1lc tutl{!1Ra
2
a
f Yf * 22 E
ch -Az o + h"
20b v
t t
{ or
tx0 h nlrEqrAurun r M)u'r t14 0 hlua 1R'r flratut lrJ inM 1 tRalnflu) 1l
L
rt
8.58 U,f,c 8.53 lmafl nlau
2
E a
ch Ych + 2
29A
ch

}.tr) A (b + m Y"h ) vch

ch c o
123 + 2(6.7)) 6.7 244 nl. lu9ll
(3s7) 2
E
ch
6.7 +
2
5. 81 tlrflt
2x9.8x(244)
iNrlunr:rlr cil Turitrd'{.r ru qi r ?irc'lu: r{fi i6a

f E
ch -Lz o 6.81 - 0.50 6. 31

n: udnnr:'lr.rn'lur 1.,nfilr !N 1rrnlr'lHornoun rr 6'trliin

2
E 5.31 a
f 't
zsalvl

(3s7) 2
Yf*
2(9.8)(1s) 22
vf
28 .9
6. 31 Yf* 2
vt
l ranr:dll6 vf 5 .2'7 H.lfll

a 357 351
ttnc uf of bf Yr (1s) ( s.27 )

4 .52 rrnr /iuii

vlin'r iU I vil Tux'r ri1 h, 'lfiarn
2
(v
h Ka
f ch
L 29
 I 144

,ts
1mruruir,ruaauasurui:nrii uucuilfi'lUrh K4 = 0.3 fi14 rUnlAU1iru

h
L
0 .28 t r.9ll

r ln1l filu2tlr14'l vf tl4lJ ItEJt2 ral h" rtrl'5Hru

Ef E
ch Az
o
+ h,, 6.81 -0-50+0.28

6.59 rxnl
24.9
Yt'--T
vf
TftrnrrdilNfrr't - 5.61 t lJ f,il

a 357
if A 15(5.61 )
f
4 .24 rrnl /?lJ'lx
(4.24) 2 - (3s7/ 244',)
h" 0.3 t
2( 9.8)

= 0.24 t n?
A Va <r
fh h-
t.
rlnn'trillsxrnlfi.:da.rRtirrJfl?lrlrrnnfllnnuuau m triHn.rvrinr:niurLt\an

sb'htvrin r :!: nr lruu'rri1 m 1xr,1 ?! o {a'r fi 'nuiun l t r n'uu u B.r

L 2.35 (bc bt) + 1.65 m

o vch

2.35 123 - 1s) + 't.6s(2)(6-7't

40.9 t nl ! 41 rrJnl
r {{ u . <E, I
m ra.!n1rfl lrEonlfiauuIt/'lx'ln{nIuT nx 12 -5 lun lMr R1rJlr fEl

e = ran-1 [(23 =15)/2 J - 5.6" < 1z-5"

rui.rarnr:iliunrrr n'uurujn.laanritr ro dr': lnu'lUd:.:av r, run: g rir.: uos

dr.lnc 5 r!n: 1 d?.: n1rfliu?o"lirdn.r"t5'lunrtr.:fi' e.z

 8l 45

16 {}1 1 UIlH tno1,lu1ntl

b .l Vt 2 t!u8vl't{n'tnant lx?a {a 1R'uutxn'lt r1J0uu[llJB'I

?la .lr4 3 nr rrrnS r.:za.ril-,a ror:

x F
b b-I + (b bf ) (;) [1 (1
c L

t16 F o.8o - o.26Ja-

- 0.261E
o.8o 0.43
VY
ri{!u 15+B(+)tl - (l xt 0.43
b - 41'

$]vt}Iu 1flln 5

x 20 trnl
,20 , 20. 0. 43
b 15 + 8 '41
' t1 -
5 41)

1s.98 rtnl
x
m ',Yl 4 n mo ['l (1
L

2 1,1 (1 x. 1/2
41 '

t ?ll.lyll1Ll1nrr 5

x 20. 0 ! Inl
20- 1/2
Itflc m 2 l',l (1 _ _l
41 '
0.569

J r { u -{
tL).i14 5 R1dldrJga{ Az tllA 1 1fl I UUUflUI YmflUfna{

gu xu 1n0

x 20. 0 t}]nl
Azo x 0.5 (20)
Ax
5 L 41
0.244 r llnl
{.'
rir: cfruaa.riluliano{ r cxd1.r$tr'tilR r ttav 5
 I146

Az
c (x
Az
4,5 L 5
x.)

0- 5 (20 -'1 6)
41
0.049 t ).tnl

as
m .:71 5 fr? lrionnll t a!a{ lrno uuul nflba u

Q2
E E.+
I
z
i, i+l h
Li, i+l
i+1 'i+1 2
2qA
i+1
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rrE h K
-r
(-=:--) r+t.
Li, i+1 H zq

I tl1]vlllu 1 nrivr 5

x
5
20.0 llnl

m 0. 559
5

b
5
1 5. 98 I lr9n

Az 0.049
4'5
tl431']nn1l't{1r E.7

b+ 15.60 rlnl

v4 6.16 lrnl
n 0.438
4

ccuuav ln A
4
(b
4
* t4Ya )

[15.60 + 0.438 (6.16)] 6.16 l1 3 nl. tlnl

a 357
io A 13
3.16 t lJnl /?u1vr
4

(3.16)')
2
V
4
E
4 v4 +
2g -''" 2(9.8) 6,61 r]lllr

vr'rn1rI1fll y 5 I trtl tIRtrn'lZA.l h

Li, i+1
 E 147

2
E v-+ a E + Az 4
5 '5 22
2O(bU + nryu) y5
4
'5

{ ?c7) 2
6. 67 + 0. 049 v5 + 2 2
2(9.8)(15.98 + 0. 569 y
5
y5

Lr)ti?6n'ltdllJn

v5 6.26 t nl

a 357
5 A
5 [15.98 + 0.569 (6.25)] 5.26

2.92 rtJnl / ?u'lvl

.i <. , X<
t titlvr Nr! t ill,] iUtl?\,n11 tX0tlOUUPra

i:-i:
nan,
t KH r'a- -)

o.t 13.122ru-.u1-e22 t

0 -022 trnt
u1n1lIlR1 y
5
llt an Rl.I

2
a
-5 Ys* 2
E
4
+ Az 4,5 hr-4
,s
2sA.

2
(357)
y5
2(9.8)(15.98+0.569 y 5 ) 22
v5

6.67+0.049-0.022

v5 6.25 MI

.' u i .,i"
n'la U1.:1,1\tu1r t lJLn lla0n t.1lU01R'llll l1lnll t LrflU1l tUn{?l}ln11}l lUaan tln:

xn'mtllouuLun{fnlrnnnll-[ua[fiuiro.:.t1u11t1r1c 26n'l laan ruur,{ n 1?dlt1lnu1

aM{.1 e {e
t0'l llj ttnUt.l0U t?lvlR21}nnn11 l!1n}1 l0hfl.l.l'lU i1 t ri'lgfilvl ltl
 8,/48

l,tuldn]lfl

8 .1 - .i i 4 e
yr'1\ru1l1Jfltl4nuteluflln?1\l 2.0 t!ni Nantlnllty0 .r d
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a.ix'rolllrd.rra.irtrtrdunluu:r'liil:rfirrdyi'irl'nrrlinrl'ruyrirrtruryirrYrr o.e5o rrn:
,.C u du
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eri<
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n'r r r!njgurilnnfl a,l: criJ i 1ti'r

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9l11lu1?ga{ fl?IJl cD -lfEl?fi Trial l!flV Eror t t 1d1}J1ln avy'lt vuc EF t6)u tu

ruur:r:.r"l"n unv rr h.:irhryirfirlRrrrur':saot i'omooXu.rfiu

"-2t
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"l^ro.lu6nfi'?n
G uau r fia.t
4 .t j- . J{.,.<<
rwR?1unn conjugate r.:nuunsrYu lhnr:i r n:raifih,in'ru'l6rnrTrtrarrr., {u r?1
3, .f u {b --u..{ J .t
vior:rurirftiovrn-niwrtli-nrtrflaffrla\:rR F, vri'Ifirfininrrurn1Rrni'outihfuuc
nr, lrnnJ:arru 'lun:# r flr:rrcmrdrth:cfrL,firsfra.:inrrtarHu co X.r{u n1r
.3 {'- u {.. .3 {'--.
lnnariasI fn0ufl2u1?r']{n1t xiafl lhrHu co nnnl n1?1nflartrvr maun? tu 'l{R'ru

firtn1i n'lrurrh.Mil.! ?Eo t#, finfrr''r.,H^nrfirtrfiisa.rrtrtrnianr.ltrrfiufilfii8 r fiHrfiu

l
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roxnlrrllrru'rlgn:ainiilfi1lrfi rufla{ilr sBfliu 1un:{ ffrfi1'oIr orn1fi
laeauaurd
Ul CfiII CXn'lllJtJnz tnmJAU ill 1n!nl?6!Nn0'l? I lun Vena contracta I UUUI U14?1.1

v"r,] cont"..ta lrniurJu?sn (1") r.tnfirci:cuvfiu r:ri.rH.rtui5'nrilrd. uun"

.{.'
conrracra n3 r nnmJfll cflult 3u10l h l1nu'tu:Jt ygt

n:di e orngrJfr s. I u(nr lgn:adniufr r n-n'lrarr.,rfii rinfiir,r: rrto'tu

mJn.: ?nllnrnit fn 1ra 1n rvalnn? 1un rn rvrlrn r iJun? 1rn 1R r ufiau ta, oort, n'*ror a,
n 1n t rlfinrclffr v, drlrnnd-rviafiaund-" y i
xil1nfl ;arn trn rn r mfiaufi iruadftr.rnr
o'c { u {.^ - I .S
f,.r riurn tr6n coni usare !o{ yt rlnHrrtiliaffT fir vr, y1 &rocrn'ni,urru
V.-. '. s, rKu l,p riurHufiudnrrnrua'fl co.,-
R?1xn'rnrvrJln ocuufl-rli oc 6a1ur1ud
j r:gate ra{lHu AR uinlt}4'm cuv'luuu? i1u r.r ts d'l\r A'p !!nu co, rJ fi
y 1, .3 3
ItnA{IR1l}l1frufn 1 U'l1gA.: "tEfllAnflAll mCAxaCt "'.{i.
l t nfl?nlfln'llt14U\t nl{fru I
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-llr v, < v.; !{uasrfiniuuun?rtrnmrufiau . < d-'
nlrirnll#acrxiaufu'lun:ciri r
rJ- 3 .{.,ir.l< u.u <
nmtt 3 ixasrnR?,]trDlJf,.lnR??'r.r rr5r3t41.:tlluuxfl? 1lJn lR r yr ln
o3 lf-r
-1urr.,:vrqu[{llvrn-niurinrnrffinfirurafiri.,rfinz'l1lx']nndl v' i.: rilunrtr6ifl con ju-
ltro.ol
sate
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n20g1.tr 9.1 ffrlr.rana ndrra.t: vgfiiurun:r r Ir{nr.rfii rinpfi r un"orR'I.:uX llb=

20 litl, z=2, So = 0.0036, q=1.1O llnV n = 0.025, afli 1n ll [11n

r+oo m.rtnTr'urfi vri'lfirfinnrr#n 0.55 l1n 14 Vena Contracta a{xlrufrnnrJ

ul ua{ H ?I1IAC9rl rr]lu{ ?n{n1l rnfl lEnlonfiax
.3 tirnrr'lunvrr.rHrufi ru,frsa{t!
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tuwdrh tdm (uniform) (drufi I = 1.04)

2E ',t lrnYnX#n'ruun'lfir:rdurrnur yn uov y" ifi

'n = 2.6't {n
v = 2.22 tln
ttt'l!?1 vn Y" R?1XO1nrvlriufi? n1Rtvihu

r4lfnlxnntoou y
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v/b 1.61/20 0.0805

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tra v /b c. c805 unJ z=2 AU.IH

N 3. 43

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v u F(urN) F(u,,J) x L

2-22 0. 831 0.792 0.979 0 -962 206 0

2.14 0. 800 0. 755 0. 91 7 0.888 204 2

1.47 0.700 0.638 o.756 0.699 188 18

1.60 0. 600 0.525 0.62't 0. 552 161 45

1 .33 0. 500 0 .420 0. 51 1 0.431 134 72

1 -0'l 0. 400 0.31 5 0.404 0.319 't 02 104

0.80 0.300 0 -219 0.301 0 .2't 9 71 135

0.53 0.200 0 -132 0. 200 0- 132 43 163
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r1ndiln1 r ?a.rr.tfi.r., 1u a"r r vi'tv'lurmfi a

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unclilrlild M3 Tr*r'lUnr:r.rfi illudnr1ul rjvl 9
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rnrl6nvr.:lhurviarir (rea) rHu a, r, B uac!fiwa{Rrudnur.rH-nrfi rtfi'r

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r .r I q ., <ur dg , 3 d
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arir.r r fir il rsfrurru I ruHuntrr ilr^arfirnirrtanRnld{I ngnl #!fiu utaair.rf,nfii

(srilrins sasin) 'lufir[auxoc lHnsirrn'.ra r nr:fi r #16neir rrr llrfiolnr:l.rni'
o'
rniuau$r ovfu,,rin1rvinll?innol tufia.:lJlufln I l nroJsa{ n1i R?urrx'lun:ain{ulro

il ruHu flJ at ruduntl rr r:'uiln, *u orJonil, iliannnnrn.:T nun: dufiu annr:i r n: r #ifi
(Dimensionar Anarysis) rrn n.r'Ifi r iru'ir
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Q (Fr I
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y1
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fi?'tll)1tJ1u?o.! rylaxei.l.t .t s.o lnr:

3l6lrngrrfi'
aul
Er nlu?uflln?ra {n1l t14fl r !ls{a 1R1r

AZ n?lud{ m{Dfli (sirl)

v n? 1m'nm {n1 r'tuo r Yrr& rnr:
v2 rn lrdnm r n r : lunH nr r riafrso.: o:d
y3 R? 116nsa.rn rr "lxafi rufi rtfiito.rrrd
x :3HS alnm rtl4u.l t tl.l tnRaro{6ffu

d
9.5.1 rara{il rsftrfl ialar:ainilr

c ruHuru a rnnnnr:1 r n: r vdnr'rvrqufiunvI a]na 1nn'llxRna.r u1u

For s ter rtov skrinde (1950) "lHf,anrrrn r#uf,uo': aldr.r Fr.r, az/ ., xav

x/v 2 dru Yuil rsfiurru1u1m" s. a - tEJlJrJt .:0u t?t2 ''t

t

y3 < y2- o-'15 9.9

6'.rnurun'.rdr: sfi:.ifrfi rsil rH"lrIflarhi'nr rnr: lvntrlrflud rtl Hru r rqrldn: rdrurn.r

i.:"ll'1fi'lE'1unr:i t nrrcli
\/y 1
tlrlnlrnofirun (coordinares) Frj ms az7v1 nnaglr vu'lr.: rHu

nt'ui .3 ,.'"e
rrdn.r'irrn=ntan:adnilrrovnrr.n:n'rn'rru4u\,rlJrnnru'lfiIftJnr:a'utuafintnvt

i runaqjruia r Hun: ti {ro,, ,6rrr.{r'luvrrrfirur rf,a

4 u r |, Cw
[1 lln3'lUlJ1.l nl0JiU I nR Drowned .]unp n,ittIQJlnn Dtowned,Ir..mp tttltl'lUnu.i Ril

n"rufirfiono: u r i rra.ln: cr6ffruo cul r rvlln1lfiR r t rvfirufi ruli"r tlrlnlnoai runag'Ifi

rftun:tl . u!
^7i-,.txdxulomcfiu?,u
=r ac I nfln vr ( A shortened rncomplete Jump)
{ fL = I
Forster rrnv skrinde (1950) "lH'lfioiuucuilTdr dT.rrn'1il'lunr:
v2
I{ alEol1fl1l't140fi{trl dR-t14n 9i1u
<le
aanuuu
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1'
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cruf,un!5r.r 'lu:rrfi 9.9 e <!

n'lflz lrJnnn1M'lu
e
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5
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v3 9.10
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e
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r
U1H Eroster lliiUl.llu
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n .t u
v. 1/2
q o.$3 lzs trU *t H3/
2
9.11

dw < , 11
tlla q rfidn: rnt: lunmx{.:mJ2ufl1'trnltnuas H r lfu r Enuutl 'ltM ta

H = y2-Lz 9 .12

alnd nll 9,11 trnv g.re lftr'lU I = ,lYt ttns at1

I
octHir
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6z/y.) y2 3
2.667 Ft 1
,, * -..t?, v
Lz
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9.13

y2
rrvluRl
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1 at'lF,'ir

21 .34 Fr 2 (,."3., -1-2 $z/y,,)l 3

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2-
1+8Fr 1 1+8Fr -1+2 (Az/y.r)

AZ
drn'n 9. r4 uan6.:rnrufrlfiua': cxir.r lnY Fr ruo rqn r iruu r Sun : t{lutrrlfi
v
9.10 U1lj Fro6ter tngu'lu skr inde rudrdlnr:vJ 9. r r. uanfrnLflEra.: rJnnll
vltl00.l 116 y3 -c Irflgx=5 (Az+y3) l ntr -c rLruR? lXAn?nqn

t1It1J?1rN tllllflonlflnnairr![Jlax d}Jnrrfi g. rl drrrrn'lu'lunr:aanuuuiir.rirnfii

#t ru&unho r iuhrnruql{116'lunr: rrtiuu r fiuufi:ia 1R'n fl ?uRxt*,,, rrr'u illu
f,unth..r rf,uarnrtfiinr ufirnr unc llRlrhutl{n'1
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yt

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o 2 4 6 8 10
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s - ud
lEnlaoRalMn 111 R:J
riruetrudunir.r

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. rr X - { s !
tUllJvl 9.10 l$yt'l ilU-"-
1u1lryi1utJl YUU tUln! I Yn,lll nnUA.lllUena.i U1lj

Forster u,Ryulu skrinde uon.r'Ifi rfiu'i1r 11fi'rlJ1rn in1:i r nr rclirlalarrl.:nrirrlnu

{deea
(r )'lilamrrllr xuilxrs$d1,lufl 1fin 1 ttA] 2 t l^ta l3!anM 1tll {yr}J1nt g1.i1gE]14Ir1flflvI
{ YJ
(2) ltnxnll txtxum.Jln4?1.lxu1ntr 2 ltog 3 tLf,CflAa1nfllx 1 tlou (3)
UN lLI

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2'
AY TRHNNA
v? 2
_ v.t_ Az AZ
[--:] 1+2Fr 21 t1_-j + 1+ 8Fr + 1l
y1 v- v v1

9.1s
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r 1n't lflao nfllJn1lyl 9.15 fl.r'l,unt'trlflI4 9.12 fl{nnlt!{aant u r dru "nrBn: ril
t Hun" o7/y
I
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t
,
< srd ' 4l
Y1

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riunrrldn conjugare yl irrflu 1}lAnnAU ntrl! BlUn 1t (rn rruo1U flun1'lli

?la.: R? t t

az o rilunr:'l,anfii a, . o riainr:*oilrrr':fiiHnrfiruiirilfi'owri'Ifi rfin

=
Y1 .t .
'lantainir"tuvrr.rfii rfiun:rrrfi 4Z = drn{fi r,.nrHlovriruonfiidroiururl:nniaufinn
rfiuv,Jrir
"..,
iririrou4n rrrtf,tnllrra'uirnln Frr 'lunrnrr 9. r5 ,fiorf, ,.rr,
.rl . a r! |
ItnS tytJfl'l tvtlnllfiluaJ Ir]'11

vr/v, t).15

- - {t . atr { s <.
dunlivl 9. r6 datrnao{nU t {AU t?M?1 R?'llJnnvl1ttu1tvl1fiJR? 1}lAn?ntln U1un1l
'lr avlau tnt KufilTJ Iv- = r.1/'
1 '3 < v
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.,.1
tllt nn? Yl'1.1R rufi r r,fi i' drl,rn r :'lunvio
1i': ru'h r
r Hunr rlfi 'rca t r iudrun rr lvofivr r'lfi
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SnumJvrHn

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skrinde (r950) l rar"lU x = 5 (Az + y.)

I
r,ru irinr rlunnri't n a1nfl ovll.tvirlufi
s d{
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v 4 . < 3
n1R'l'l!An?Ja{!1fl lJyl'lUU1lJ'lnn'l"lR21IAn con j Wate ""
?]0.,lxUnsrlt6'2
. {
na{vlln'llnRl vfluvflm0.tn{ u€x't".-tfitnrtallu -tlrl'tJvl
"' 4' . 1{ "
9.14 fl1}ttu Fr_ 1
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fl'll4u.l '1

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R?1lnnflA{n'll lUflAltatfinAU lUf,?U tttdl'Ul4U.l tU 5 fl ?1.1 Lower Limit ?a.l

t -' { , o o'3 - { r' !. e 1v.

fl2uvi 1 flav"'.9l'l [vllr{ ff) 'ltln fM a}.JQ! t llJ I ffdaugt?Itu tlJyr 1.:t11u t fiuau'l upper Limir
r.l .
sa.tf,?ur 5 Raurn Lt14u.: m't an a}]tlrtflnaunl tuvll{ti'luvrlgLl'r 0'tn1'ltan?a{u1
n1u71ufl0{m]l Crrljunnnn grna rilud?uvr l xtad2uvt 5 n1lonlsfllav'l r tcf,v6na
.JI., I
'lunr:rnunuir nllnrrlcfiuasi rvfivErn"lrrnrrr,rilr.rruiu:'Ifitfir,{rruurlrlHrfrr
v1 {r,!i td.
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1.
ANIIUAA1I (Undular Jump)
c
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dl
v. r .X
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d ?r,tx 2
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2 l(yr/y.,|- t 1+( I
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9 .1't

drui a
v 3 /y .Yz.z
Ftl
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+ (-)
2 l(yr/v.,) - 11 y1

9.18

uiam'm 9.17 uas 9.1E trjoEr.rriunrrflul# s.rr nildutioitHuUrsnauri?u

2d 2u rilun:rriir'tuUrurfiunr:'iun\.,n'rufi e runr r H!nr'rliirruzrr riunr: tral,udar

14 11
trri, 9.15 dMrnuilu1f,x1 z '16
^
ot
9.b B',r{ nu'l (-srirling uasin ) rf,uornr:vrrll arildnifi'lun?uqlln 1l rfin"hltrra
a {
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u a Yo ts
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 9120

firo(ou{uuiorfr
2
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Y1

furadoul.:rl, o{r
5

Lz

#,.ru {uurrri',. "t 14 r fi of,rr rnn r : n nf,u, r.:rirl nun : rr[ufir

Yl
Y3

srud 2

Y3

d': ufl a
r6

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yr
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10

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,l

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3!
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firuiiniafi.:ria nHr.rfiou*luui r rc"i r firrnrr fin r tirca rolcnnuin t ria.r qrnfiu'lHa rnr:nn

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4va.vav-
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.l rl
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a u.i
dnrrnrr'tyn 250 n!.{a/iu1fi fll 'llJdn?E.lU'lU Toe 80.lll'l.tlJ1flU tYlln! 1.2 In
tldv R2 lrJn n 1{n luYillJu 1 tyilnu 4 ltfl a{}11fl? lllu 1? ?E ilA 1{llllU'lvl1'l tl'TUvl ltju 1m.,

u1.tff1Hu
, A' r 9 *.,
10lt'I nr&n'r'l01twlu'llJRl lrJn?'t{ ry'lfiun? 1rntr1{Da.lyl1,rffrHu lc'lrt

s = 2# = 20.83 a!.iln/iu"rvl'/fln

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t(20.83) 2 / 32 .2) 1/3 2 .30

ilndtnlt ?,0.r R? 1160 conjugate

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v1 I rviie*o-.zrr - rr
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.rl .l
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(12) (1 _279) .29 ln/?u'lvl

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12 x 1.279 1.0s4 {ri
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{ { 4 qv
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250 't .36 lifl/?U1r4
12 x 1 .2
1

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R TN
a 12 + 2(1 .21

R?1IH?lQngttir411{ A trnv B

ave
( 17. 36 + 16.39)/2 16.83 1,/{n/?u'r4

R
1+ 1 .054
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ave 2

14 1 fi,) lun m r u fl a r r fi urifi .,r.r rufi rutJ n un; driila'Ifi n 0. 01 4

I
I
1.49
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2/3 't /2

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S 0.024

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(S - S) L E E
AB

Nl/zt + v.,) 1
2
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19.58 r{ri
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u lalulul{l tM an B

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a1nnt 1Y{?!?i 9.4 lrJo Fr 2.54 au'[H L/y 2 4.9

Lgc 4.9 x 4 19.6 li9i

v
R?,txu,t ?11.I,,!lJft ga{ Apron 19.58 + 19.6

39.18 }ifl MU

a a <t { < u r.l

a'l nvifl'[1'[un?a Hlirvr 9.2 tt]utunM{T Euqnil{ '[rtJ chute B]ock, Baf f Ie Blrck
rLov End sir r urir, ii o.rn, i*iitrl.r'lBriuatir'rn5 r.r z: rt 6.1 lHfi n r:funrriruin,an ruuu:r
,
fl{ a3n012na ".E
uu

1. 0'1{}nu1?0.i saint Anthony FaIIs (sAF) ^ao

LtlUunnaCntrnfllU
a v.u { . ota
a 1fi'lru1a!?Iu1nt on a1o'llu1 ll,tnaanutaa 1R1t [ufno.!vuJ

1-'t s Fr1 < 17

fi ria r ar:rJr cna u'luiir ':frr ovd trlrnorr02 1lJu1?fla.ra'rr'iH

z. dr.rf,nii rua:' 2 ?ro.t usER I rnrfi r"lrtor.rfrrfftr r, rri"lfi Aof; ,til',0

. ,<..
a'tntr flu1n'ludfilr' rr, > 4.s n? 1r.lr1??ra {a'1.!frr drr rr nnnn.i'lH 33 % llrinr':
- .t .{
n:'r{a 1R'llr,l gnaw r xrJ 1sa!ru'ha"t nfri

3. zirlfrr fii t r,a:' : fl a{ usBR'lflinfi -rufi'.ra r nrr dadlderiluma {x;o

- * .to
a 1fl11fluu'tyllr
2.5 \< ar1 .. 4.5
e { ,, . , su < r .
otn'rrilr yr nyiu''lUlrrnrrann r: "
rnrrmu?Ia.! n aul'roou rnrlruou'1.!n

. <u I . ' , .-- "<

a1fl1lrif unauvtf,tl.t ?,u lualn1'Ru'tlra ncnal? LRn{u
.U<' i. ! n
chute Block nnnn nnl I tnr?,a{01.llfi111 ,1'l !fl!'1.1fl'lU gA {fl 1l l}1nUn -l
:r
n? ?m a'lnil?

le rl .rl
ma,l?l?unflR? 11M1u0.: Q u6cvrl t14 QlrtJlt R.i

I u u I 4 4
si11 AlanYt rNrruxdduflu n'txfal ulrlju 111.lu11.1fioa n?ra.l R? 1!n 11{ !a.ia 'l.lrlfl
r

.r:- .r-i" ,?UdtlR? 1rJU1? Ja!uncUa {nun 1l nR fl'lc

nRn.tvln1ull 1.!14nu'1 lJ14u1
lU?r0{a lun110 I

-tua'r.:tnliflulrrlxrulcl I sitr
4r ."-
r,ru!dar1l1]In1 [l€vr'1 L'trlnnnlttHnr;a1HUa.la']l
.
l

a< g.talAas tun {n .I[vl'lU? a.la 1{?itl1l1 [n

n11 tI?f,.t
 9125

rV -* -"t-a
Daffle Pter nfln.rauul r ? d'tunn 1.r?a{a 1{in[1r4ilTunn f6 n1lda 1ufifi{.r1uIau

nllv't lu I nnn llnl c rtvin (rmpact) Baffre pier aY tuin.:ilr iArBflnadl.:r'ln fir
c u ,r b . -\
R?1tJrl?rD1f,a1.rffrn1 runn 1fl? 1,J r r ?n.lo'lR1l nluo'laluvli'Ifi rfir,nri r n[i{r

a 1,i YlnU'l ?lA.l SAF 1u1ufi s.r z 'ltf,rla1ar::cxruffrurnr6n uru

Blaisdell ( 1948 troC 1949) lRf,

-
tllrnnn llaa nttw t?R,ru
--- u

I v cdr !
1. R?'tlJu',l ? ta {A 1{1{nU1}lfl1R.t u
"B
4.5 v 2
Lg 9,19
Fr 0 .'16
1

}la 1.7 .< rr, { 1'l 9 .20

{r
2. R?111d{?E.l
U chute tLAg FLoor Block na y-
-,1 ll0g l CU3141.: LlnU

a?1!n11,rryi1fiu s.l 5 y
1

| <a
) ItuSa1naRl tlJflLlga{a 1{n{ fl ?rllJ1!a { p100r Block tvlnu LB,/3
qU
4 tln?lnttn{ Floor Block lnnn 1U,}i.tlrOUn ?1 ;? yl
5. fltln.: Floor Block ll40!ll ill21{?6 { [E.i Chute Block

6. Tnuiirlil nl rmI r.:fi.turnso.: Froor Brock actvi'til! 40-55 !.

?,4 { R? 1Nn ? 1.t fl A.tA 1.:1rlU1fl t { fl 't r01u{ ?JA { F loor Block

7. R?lrflit?Ja.r silr fifilu?ia{ii1.rinfii

0-01 y2 9 .21
{d
m v2 fl?1:Jflfl conjugate ?12.1 y x1.{ qB!
<{, -l
E fl? 1U0n ?J0.:U'l R'Il11l'lti I },l!a mlA 1{ }if l1.l

2
Fr.
,2 (1 -10 - 7V5) v 2
ls) 7.( Fr .( 5.5
.t
vi 0.85 y 2 tra 5 5 Fr \< 11 9 .22
o-2
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80o' v 2
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a <u e
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 9126

R€CTANGULAR STILLING BASIN

HALF.PLAI{
+l L1
L./!

lE l'-
I ei -€-:j P '.i
EB
E--l
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TRAPEZOIDAL STILLING 6A3II{

HALF- PLAN

Sid. roll

Ciul. tlocr. I
Erd rill I
-)
CEIiIERLIII€ SECTION

To9 rlo!. ii lll

Yi+.

Br.ar+ 2Lgl0'
t
TRAPEZOIDAL STILLING EASIN RECTA'IGULAR 5T rLLlliG 8ASll{
OOVJNSTAEAM ELEVATION

lurt
$Jfl s.tz f,nd lusa {01.]flnu'l?a.1 SAI
 9127

9 R? 1xd.t ?ra{nirH.! !14iar yfiufiid{ q#rufiru

z = YZ/3 9.23

. .iu
1 0. nlltll{Unti'IuI41Ua'l.l?lrlu1n2 ? atB.t t Y lnun 1tlll{ ?lA ilA 1{?lfllJ'l LtRJ

{<
n'l tlli.lun R? lrJR? 1 n'ltlIyl 1':1
'TTUIU!A':
1't . niurt.rinnr :rill !l' fi'u rHu$rrinn r.,,rfl a.la rnr:ffi fii
1 z. niurwfi u[ r.ra r aa ! ?iu ruf,u'lun rdtr a.ro'r.rfrrffrrfi r fi od r r,,ajul iufi r
.r <' .i
Ul001anC h lUaAn [Un10A'].11{flu 1:lJd L }1AUNfll\,ll|J
ni"
13- R? lInlUyt.: Cutroff tunna.i llJ lnrtu riluvl lu! a.ta 1.:mul
1 tt.'lunrraanruu'lr,in'ri'ril.:ftan:cxusalrtala rnrndJuxlfiufl

a^'o,
n 1nflfln1t flfrB't 1'lna 1R1:?nfildntvNaglto va 1nn1 lnno.r lufia{llunnll
usBR lHf,ilr1ruJufrr .r tLla.rdrrfinfiiiuun ruruuntrcn unrtnisirr .r'lufir Uaiqs

fior:rurrfiu.ieir.,rf,nffrrua:'2 unsruar' r'. drudrrhffrrual'1 "lhn6i1?"lilrH?'lu

Hrarir.il= s.e ar.:finfr ruai

I
r <e
idnuuvnil rufiuar rfinfiirra r sar nnaanru]-l ft.
"lEdrurtnt ro{nr ruJnanfiuvr'l rnndr

. 6-".. j
a1{m1.l1lllal 2 2A.l USBR 0na0nttUU}/1tfl tfln:J t ?OU?lt.1nfi.t LtllYu 1.lU 1

- .i . ,{ e a . < e
fiutro.: t thuriu r.r:'ofiua ^
rnr:'[urna l rurn1ur1' ^V
n.rutrlvdn6.r chure Brock H1ufi?
r C .a" r.sr U
ItACnRflil Sill tllUUn lu?ana l.lllnu'l LlnnI tRntln.l Floor Blocks l?il1Y?'l
,LX u *, , i.. .,r,<-,,.x
alioSlflfifl'r?rn?iu? ran(nofitun110anuxlo1.!tmtu0l 2 ,1 [n0nu!3u1 [? R{ s6 LlJu
.{
(
?ilJvr 9. 1 8)

1 . - {,
l8flU?rA '!lUA1.t fi? I aU I
- j.t nnn'tnRl1!nn?Ja
cuul lnufl < { t-
axnlur M1,12n

firrrirnrrrnlnanfiu 'lupfi s.ra l

rKur.t:v'lUrfiuuuryrl{lunlloanuuunl&dni'l6i?u
1v *.'. {
" ta{ IarJ (Conjugate Depth) n{tUJ?'ln1l
?la.l R? lInrM'ltlll'lX I n n&llf.l nUn? 1mn

e.t t I e!. r a J,
-
finBlla{ usBR lrrL6{n.: t}l r lru?'ta 1{}trtu1fi 2u txqlnaonrrulJ t2 fl1lr lunl lxann
" l71nu
,q e r < rdu ie . - ttr- .t .!
lauafln?1Rl'llJon Conjugate ttnn U.t lJ?lO 01ntM lnltfiR.: tl lullJ?l 9.18 b nl'111Ll

nCfl tl4 l UU ntMUUl?4.! aVl fhaUllll1{aAn tUaln Chute Block n1t}EJn1l0tl0.lgA.l

', q.eua..i-V
R',l 'lNO nn'llM 1l,u'rQ YI L},l a! r f60uyra0n
lJUiJn uJ a 1na l.rmll'l n'ttu t u9nl R? I avaDn Lruu 114
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f,AP[rt r vAtlED ?lpw

t, I 1
i )
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L
lot
20

26

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2
zo q=( 1+8[r 1 1

to
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rl '/) Cprn
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nni 9.18 f,ndrurn c n:rili'lflaanuuiir.rf,nfiiro i usen TUAI II

 9129

II II I2 t- llI I'I
II
II II II III
L --tl.
0, -
5
6
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Fr
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D, Dr+4,
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a?lxdnHtuf ibfiit rnnir rn rrn'n con jusate tto va dr.rfia unr: rvurn rrr,{n r na {nl tl
UnafnU 5 % ltlnun?1rJnn con jr.gate
6!ee<qra.i
2 a'tn lfr tual 2 a3 tfi lnllulyfivrfiR1flr) Lra Fr1 ) 4. 5 [ag
d. .lr 1
vl >60 ?,{n ?u "l?1 tfi Ftl \ - 5 R2
e
llCna.:xd?UUl VnaUvltlUl U.lUflRu
s

3 gilfi s. r e .'i ffil r ;l rcor rrirrn 1uu't ltalo"r.:ymfii

4 R? 1lId.t sa{ chute Brock m I ay ryilf,Un? lu6nnrrhnzoirrfi tinr
rtndar.rirr 1y, ; ttoV fl?'lXnI1.r ?0.1 BIock ttOVtcuU:Yydt.i Block Rlltyi1fiU y

firuriaarllcrildrrurutn.,lfi :vuc:rxdr{niur,i{fiu Brock luvui1fi1ilrilrflr.l o.r v.,

tvEnflnll tnfly'{a{ ( spray) lrn v inur'tfrltrr.t iunl rh'rn1l

5. n?1ud.r?E.r sirt Rtrlcrvitfiu o.e v, l,tn:nrrlnl1.ruas:stJv

I sj.ll tvi'lnU 15 y^ silI '[S 2:1 d'llfla1n

V14'11.1 O. '2 R?'llln 1r1 t }1il1Uf 1U?r0.:
| {t ."-.
tflu1vi[fru fl 'l!']lnann?'llfl? 1n1tn3 r cu3l s141 1it siIl a{ tii rr6)yr'r L7 a1u?ltfla.r

si]l t .'I 10J ?'11

6. u: cfiil in rr? a{eir.ifinff11i16iluo dfillnr rm rn r yn au,r r.rfli r tlrria r.:

r rufi r th{ ( r grg ) ru ir{n
rlfilneirroc r fiuoi{ n: ru rdrfi nrtnr volun'r rr r i ?rnv
nr
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4 u" rs 4
yl lrJflrJ!1nl (Asywnetrical JLmp) t aRl'l!Alnt ?A.lYl1.lU'l tM'IO1J 1;1 fa ln
, e d I su - c-.<. X
n?'l ?EI rru c1J1
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R ), ny,t

ufi'n r nnifrnr raantuuvrJneir r'lu ovni'lfilfirir rf,nfiiaiu iuyr r.rfiiHuui"aa rnrr

at.-4.ov
vrrR?1rn'].,r !flu 2o0 Y'ln (61 rrJ9rl) ,110f,'114:ua nt 1n1t tun tt,rJ"ln0{ 500 enIJlfrn
?r
rnna ?u'lvleE v{ng a.ia 1{ nIi (46 Nil?u1v]/tila:)
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u +c = JSyl
c
@
c
1

,1T.,
i'r riuni lifinnr 1r!0il aiuallit R (Froude Nunber)

?. [r c = o r,Krnlnr:r,'' to.3 1!riurufiaudilnllnlluin?E.l

1an:oin{l

Hmrird 1o.r x1{f1 pH r na'urriufi rin g\uuur r riruun tlili nr ruil n nI tl 3. o rin:
r

(9.s r!f,') rliltulir rs nu.rxnr/iur' (sr,o nu.tsr/iud) lundlnrilfirn'nnrlr

Fnrrirfiu a.o lrf,r (6.5 {n) hrdnrrnrrlunnnn{rxa{a 12 nu.srrnlliurfi otirr
n:vfiuiru r graulm 1rs{l uag Rr 1l I i lrnit surge trave

?Etr1

y1 2-0 I Int
aI 18
u
A ,l (2.0)(3.0)
3.0 1rln't /?u111

Q2
q2 u2Yz b

12 t-
3 0
4. 0 u'. l1u1l1l LUfiT
 LOl4

nl!a1gdxn1l 10. r

* Yl" uzY2 +y 2 c
'rYl
u v
1
ury, + c(y, - y,,)

ruvtudln.:lil'ludrnlr avlh

(3.0)(2.0) lt-0 + c(y, - 2.97

6.0 4.0+c(yr-2.0)

c
6.0 - 4.0
v2 2.O

0
10.4
v2 - 2.0

riurdrnr':u' ro.a rfu'lui lclh

2y.
22 1--r11u , + c) (u.,
lz - Yt
s
- ur)

umuriro{'[udm11

y2
2
- (2-0)
2
2(#) (c + 3.0) ( 3.0 - ur)

v2
2
- (2.0) 2 0.41 (c + 3.0) ( 3.0 - u )
2

urrurir c 1urfun1r 10. a tt8c uz = 4-ol v, n':'ludln rrEr'ruu

(y2 2'o=2.o
- =* - a91
2
y2 - 4.0 0.41 3.9113.9 y2

tftt?Ef{urnagln

y2 2.80 t Nnt

4 0 0
uz
2.5
1 4 rrnr/iu1n-
v2

R2 1lrd.l ! 0.1 Surge Yz - Y't

2.8 - 2.O 0.8 rrnl

 r0/s

2
fl? ltlt 1?!A.l Surg€, c = 2.5 t n1l2U1Yr ft)U
2.8 - 2.0

1 ru:Jn6 s.rse urn r fi nlrnnr:fiF,nrfi rdiiinr rnr r luonno.r 'lutnar'

. & g w.tc . .'I
Surge nU a 1a tn nl1nn1lxtl'YuylllJU'luonl1n1l t14A t WiUJ tulljvr 10. 2 a tdn.t
<ea le{
surge nU tm{d.t tnpgnm unclu 10.2 b rd rhl surse mi 1uil R?llJrl? dlJllYr 6
ulvqnri'ltdmlirnrufi rda.:rwdr{ r unc 2 tra.t# 10.2b 1C tR

(u-6u-c)(y-6y) = (u-c) y

-u6y + c6y - y6u - yc + yu + 6y6u up-cy

hh.rultlri oyou r.Jrf, ilroldrnlitrrwurrnn ru r fiu

(c-u)6y y6u 10.5

6uc u
10.6
6y v

ilr ltlnflUaln rr ta.rlrr uuhr'lu:ufi 10-2

2

| <v - ovtz .T v_
2
Is t, - . - (u - 6u - c)l (u - c) y

. ,r.a .. .l
uiorn rrt6r.u.n r'Ifi a ulu:rrfi
tlU
ir u tl8! lrJt@ tu 1]rlul4Jul]JTul&)ti lJ1ra1itlJ1

c u
6y 6u
I
6u __-g_
6y c u
r0.7

itn6{m11n' 10.5 t!n! ro. z rfidlnrrurdr c

c u g
v c u

(c - u) 2 qv

c ut Jd 10.8
 r0/6

dmr:fi ro.a unrrl'ifi rfiuirnrtrrirra.r Elementary Surge "...,i.,.-

IUU'lU.l]lR1 t?l1f]lJ

,t; 'lunrdsa.r Elementary surse FnJ nrrrrrirfirirrilrfiu fi f,lf,vrriftrnr:

lun llrnidn c nlndrnlt 1o.G u0! 1o.z lcllr

du
at t tii; 10,9

I .I
f,rorir.rfi ro.a rfr.: lrnyiinlirl rl'u I 39IU',tU lirt{',tua U1{t 2n r I 2 13 t flft Surge fllJ ?{Ll
a {e ..{ .l
vrrrHrufirtriir firnrdi rilurud 1 }lnu rrt]lrlUnJ IIN$I.l t fi ut,?l 1ll 1.1141R? 1tl r I ??ja.t
ar
Surge Un!R?1lJll??l4.:n1l [UAnluun{t,a.: surge

26111
.ll
rrn:ufi ro. 3 rbuocnftJttna.: n1l'lunnciR2'lxn'nuocn'lru li rrilrfiu
yo ttnc uo ntmifiu ufr{ ornlf,nnur cnn.ruHr n'rruinov rrirfiu v, un!a?1r
.o
a
tirlttr,irifu ,, ttrtsdr surge r m'au'1tJ'lun'mr.:vr' * irirriuurn

at
du
tfr
a'ufi r n: ndm rrtl{wmc}linli lifinrir nln' 1 c ; l rtr'li r .rau"ltr r iuhl ( rn i ti ar
Condition )

u u
o
2,lz ti" fit 10.10

dln'llta{ surge 'lud n"ll 1O.E n'a

c = u +@
ItYlllRl u

c u
o - 2Go + t{S 10.11

llrnmJrcnasfir 'rn r t=0 uHrniuuil.r aa.r surge tvo AA

x ct
x u
o
- 2{fr o + 3Jgy) t 10 .12

firulnrrniin y e1nstrnlr 10.11 unc 10.12 a!l"n

u
u
3
o
+;I2 x2
t3 6o
 L0l7

. .t { I {
iDUlitX 10. 3 lulux 10.3 nTJt in l naauu r Mr t=0 'ludnuqvri''r.til'run r r lun

flftn.: 50 F lrEi uo = 20 r1n7iu'rfi 1o.r rrinrTiurfi) rn! vo = 1o {n (3.0

tlrni ) r{141 ul , y1 tln!

.M,
lul tra g0.l il?u'l

2!r'l
7tt ?fl 1 t - o, nr rrHlf,uo'ra.rdln rr rb ria.rdur:nuilrt'lUur 11 urrrili,

q = ,oyo = ao(10) = aoo (tn3/iurn'lIrln

r'rfi .r o rnvllhn nu ruJ : c n'Ifi n'ro.r

0.5( uovo) 0. 5( 2oo ) 100 = u1 YI 10. 13

l nu'liarnrrx' r o. r o
uI = "o -zG' tG'o 6,
= 20 - z J-ttz /ro - G, r 10.I4
lllD - 20 -'l 1.3 (3.2 - Gtt
lrndrrnr:v' 10.13 unsdtnllfi ro. rr,l d rrrto ufidln trurdr v., Itog u I r,u'liio'

Trial llAV Error fita2Dau.r it In

v1 = 7.0 tln

u-
IT =
14.0 lnf irrfm'

ilir.rua.rn':frnT110fi 1'[yrrlnd nlrvl' 1 0. 12 1410

x r (u - 2 t/ov
--o + 3Jov ) t
o
- tzo-zffiT + tJStt
= (17G-16)r
rlgu rrni.rfi I r au'l c nu r i ar rli nq *iq oi,a n1tf,.runluoarr au nrr u

rJr-ru r'lu r i.ri r nr r#dtrrr olrn: cxilirl ffraruf ir vr r.rii r ilri r iutld r un-ulilufi r
I .. t. r< { ..
lu?I1{u1au-[utru2t 1uuflg Ulll[1.r r dtirll4lll 141.rri lut4uit ?o itu T[Ut !fluulau.,[.r yo N?u
t

6nhrurai..rlriifr (p$ ro.r,.; urur.l::ggnriroanatir.rrrnrir firlriirr,nruri.:

'luuurdcrfirqvlii uo = o, y uuliualn vo 6.: o uacrnutirnr:1v0fi'uirHr,
 r0/8

v
Il -.-> u I

$tr ro.l n1: t nRRflU Surge ffU riainrt:vmir

r:o
(o)

t!ffi.

cl
 r0/9

'ln r drril:nurlHa1ndiln1r (10.10) uio

u = -2 s(E-tr, 10.15

un; g.tir.rm.r irfrn lrrrnrrlhlins{rln 11 1 o. 1 a uta

x = taTEv-z1flit 10.16

lrndrnr:fi ro.15 m!dr1r0x11hd1 x=0 s(1ui!xnr rirrc.r t 1! tR

u 'l 0.17
5 Yo
uxurhdrnlr 10.12 n.r'lu$rnrr ro.r5 lclh
u
z-
- 5Jryo 10.r8
i'.rusnl'lfirfiuirmur;?la{n1rlunldrarotifiurrnr rnia.ruurunulunrrnrrilfirirudr
r' .1, .e . e. -r u d r . { ,.'
surge I maunllu1lJR'IUt]1UAu1 tljll.l!A{ 2I'ltuulljll111[!A1 t ftiNlnuAnag]l
lnriliafirdnto.rirfr 13r.fi ro.o)'lun:ildnninr:nhi.r', duro,flr*l,,mcfl?1r
If il lUtllrln\rltfll1Id1fIlJ 16n r:uxoc'lfiHnlrnnJrururilrfiu
.l _
tioiaa.r su.s" i{druxrofiu (}ni ro.s.) ocvi'lfitn'n s,'s" 'lu}jiu
(b{ surse'lufi qnr.rn:.r ffutru 1 # ro. Sul io'ullft;uraur:nn: :mi'l'nl rtrlU
{G
$nnn1t ga{ R21rna tua.t tlav I r I trutut 'luptii ro.:.
a
f{Ifl ''lt R1 1u0 a r u a.:

(uL +c L v
L (u + c
L
v 10.19

uR +c R )yR (u - c
R
)y 10.20

(rnr:Ilunrin
L
L
I tyL 12 v
2
2 v_ u +c L (u L -u) 10.21
s
R
ty 2 (yR)21 2 v_ (.rR*"R)(,.,-rR) 10 .22
s

luornr: 10.i9 6.r 10.22 ?l11ufi1

R R
urYrurY L L
ltng g ueildxtrurir y,
!lR! u lcrfiudri 4 drft1l [,nciHruvrrufir r fir 6.:drri r: nufitln rr
"R, "L
nrnir rvrirfiulh 'lun:fifiri s te p uriru r.rfrr vui'ifi n r : ufi rhu ru\ ur nr rn ill tJf n

'iumulnrsa.rrmi thrinr:i r nrrnfirtryurI nslfennr rrf,rnrvro.:iluurofii lirrn ru

 Io/ Io

lona ol mlcllng

L
L
_!...5 r"1 R

(o) :IJX 10.5 nlrus sn"u!0.1

c
R Surge 2 0n
(.) nauiExc
,L. -j- (b) xd.nJsxc
!a
( b) (") Afln.:f,fiR11co{tl

,-aR
u.c -nt*
(c)

R
v

T (o)
grt ,o.a n1r rnfi'aueYila.1

aR
Surge ,,11U Step
+ (.) nBull"lU S rep
t .-'*
IR (b) nn{l1U Srqp
(c) nno{ddnT ?yn.ri4'
T(b)

, +cL RR
u{c
&t -T:;r
(c)
 ro/u

nmrar'rirumfidtJlrovin'lrirnrlcrfl-nlrruuli.rvrr.rfli'lfiriudr tiau r uaru r tir.:

aulfi'lfi unh ; t'r.r rh siilw r{fi ia u*luuu ? r 1u r io f,udntir.r 6 r, rvu' step i'o r n' rr r rn rir

!a.r R21rn 1rrl 14 rrllhrtr

!
rn rrur u arti:.rtbtr
r"'<t-a
llE Surge nnml{tfnaun?n.l Step lVX1!}1lnti surge t14!f,4{An

lntrnnuftrr6auf,rlrtnr.:6ruruiaiiunra'nnnrrn'oufirlrJvir.rr'rrufiruii (rwl ro.eu)

urfiu iinrrullilyn rifi arlr:n
r d,rr r fi nr cui'lhl ru1Uufinnr:ra { nm r r sb rii.r rac

luruuYu {grtli ro.s.I

..:
tl&rn1ln2'tum luoit

u
L
+c L ) v L (u + L
c )y 10 .23

(u R +c R )y R (u L R
)(y + F) 10 .24

tl@ F ;lani'lrd{ sa.r Step

imrrlurrluf,u

(y L 2 2 L L L L
v
s
u + c v U - u) 10 .25
R
(y + F)
2
(y R 2
2 v_ u
R
+c R )(u L +u R 10.25
s

un2 hivr I 1Un 1 5 fi? i'o ,,.L,.", uds v uqiirils.r A dtnli

""
h t n r r drrn r r a'nudrfi'lIufi aun r r #.rur, n i,a

L (y +
uy u F) 10 .2't
 tolLz

rmrilnf,n

10. 1 ,l0rflg,:{,rfi'oriluffrnirr t run: a-n:rnr:hn e5 nu. rrn:/iurfi fi'nlrl

6n 3. o rrn? crnnr:inj:;mfiur.rriru
'
yri'hYo-n:
rnr:'lunfiruyirtnhnnn.r
4 -. . . ,li - t ,l
tnna 12 nu.tlnt/?u1yl c.tx1fl?1rnnI? rlu[n!fl?1r r i 2u0.lRnl] sur8,e

uln

10 .2 nrsfiuri.ruir'ludr.runr#lrnsondn:rn mnrisrfimlrn-nrr1ugudrudulfiun-rn{r.r
4.0 rrterl fl?1 n1rr o.oool {uJrcax*or'',rr1rrrrr.,trtrui'.1 n= 0.s22
ia"nrrnr:lunsa.nfrc'n wirrYu 50 rfiu.iri rro "r
zu. r rnr/iu,ryr' f,.r r nr.,r

bore,finfr.t uur,ofi'orfi'ilutlnr.rfiruruflorfrli'tunrrurir (eeterrty) 5

rilfl r /iud qutarufinunrdn:rnr:1un1urTufirn'{1rn bore 16'dru1u lr.i

innrrrunnrirlta.lRrrrnururiu:vu'ir.nhinrmrrir r 6r

10.3 vrr.:rfrflJt r un'uriluflrn ir.: 1o rrnl fl?'l n1flwt o.ooo1 unsa'fit1n1tlun

rr,irriL z, mr.rrrnr/iud
ri
rioirntrrnri-rur.:sirulnu,:rnrir dn:rnr:'lyn
.r..<:.i.i
rulr 12 mJ.trnl/?uTl a$t1fl?lrnnrrogfl2i! r i2 r ofiuga.inou Surge su
nRB.!
..i .r .,1
uns::urrrntrnftli.lurn.:'rvusvrr.r r filnrun:firu#rurfrm.rr.l:;3nfr lriinnr:
<!.1 .
fl6!rr{u?tn{{1u lui}{Q1ntl1.: rdurMlu

10.4 ,',*f,rpt'r,rduuiuflrnirr i..o rrnl ia-n:nrrlun 1B ou. rln:/iurfi fi'

< d .,i .i.
R21 An 2.?5 tllnl a$11fl?1Unn[SYR?1lJ t : ?!a.lfi$U Surge U2n]llnflQ1n

g) nr:ilmt:unrirur.reiruatir.:: rnr ir r'r'hta-n:rnr:'tunnnal rilu

1o mJ.tilnr/iud
u) nrtirnJ:vnns#.uunaJrlrrnr 5r

10. 5 ,rr.nhgr:t'nriuriluflrnfrr 1o rrnr R?1us1flryr o.oool dra.t:sfrildn?ru

rl!rvruri.: 0.015 r-ulflalnair.rrfiurlrlnuilt:l3nrrQuJ;rlof1 'lutruvfia'n:r

nr:lvnrvirrYu 30 rln:/iurfi ninr:riru:vnrhiluur.reiruatir.:,:rnrir
nu.
!
vri'lfia-n : rn r:1nn lufi uu uJ'u zo zu. rn : / iurfi q.lniurnil rRlrl r iilunsnrtr
r

rl .v.t
nnttllnugo.tRnU SurSe
 10/I3

e _< I rr uit
1C.6 ant'tn1t l140ft.!11 30 a!. tlJnl/?uTr t]10 luxl {rl1:lJ6 }la:JrHui
L lylLifl 1'un 2't.t

9 rrn: vri'lli'r finnr rrrdnnr:'lun j.o rln: ': gnrirn: ru rr r drnnlnc.r

ur.:d'luatirl:rnrir u'r'llinrrl:,ranrr-$.irfiu ro ou, rrnr/iu'# aurijr'tri

xnlldoj t duro.titlu lua {a'tnrrt .: r dun/'tu a n}r 1n?1!onrd{Rau surge tlo y
J ri 1,...,,,
r 1a1rfloui{ !u tnliusxl.l 50o r nt nlur'itlu1
1o.? a.:fliu?oM'tn1'urd.:ttacnrr tSrrolnf,u su.gu v'rinq']nnr:i d I gfl: ,') uu'l
. d j j.r_ ja . r
au1.:l 1R t : 1 "lltfl ft a { l'tJ d t l4ou}rirlrrl vl}]fr 11!nnn'')l Ll.r0 I yt'tnu 3.0 rlln:[]Ja
Crv.l
R?',]1tttltylnu l txnl/1u1yl
.i.id<
1 0.8 RaA.:lUd t,x8UlJfl1.txlJ! b = 20 !ltirt, z = :r fiz'lxann't:'hia 3 t!n:
jd-{i
vrfil1lrt l'l '1 t nl/2u1?l n{fl1u20 1nl-r}JL i1rtn3n?1!d {ga.!Ra1] surSe
i 4' .,i{ s 4 s u ut
!.i t Rn aUlllll] R 1u l,'HUaU 111n\rn'lnu t 3fi]'llJfln.: itlu I ?A t 1 ')
 A-l

A. Iand1ta1.:an

dlnur i vr:"n6'lnrtrnuac'ln:ini airlalrr. zrzz. nr:'lra'luvrr.trirtin.

, flfrndriurna{nr:i1fi, nln!r}r. ii9 u.

1: 110 frfrri. 2523. r andlflJr snaun'r2::uruid rn r:'lvn'luvr r.:rir r'ln.

ncrr iflrn::lrlrdn5, urriure"l r nqn:r1T dfii uflru:u . z?g u.

du6 na.:rriu"n. z5zl. r and'rfl.I: snaun 1:douilrnr:"lun'luvrrrrir tiln.

nrwiflrn::rrlrdn{, uuriuurdu r nuo: rtrdn{, un:rJ3u. 3tz u.

alcu o'uvr:rlrin . z5zz. r and1flJ r vnaun'lu:: uruigrn r: r't,r uutllrngaan turlJ

::uunr':d'ufr. Rruci6rn: :rfl rdr,{, rrarivrurn-u[lnun:rlrdn{, unlll:r.

178 U.

Chow, V.T- 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hl11 Kogakucha

Ltd., Tokyo. 680 p.

Cuenca, Richagd H. 1989. Irrtgation systen Design. Prentlce-HalI,

IGc., llew Jersey. 552 p.

FAO. 1988. DesiSn and Optimization of Irrigation Dlstribution

Networks. The United Nations, Rome. 247 p.

Featherstone, R.E. and Nalluri, C. Civll EnSineerl.ng Hydraulics.

cranada, London. 37I p.

French, R.H. 1986. Open Channel.HydrauIics.- B &'Jo. Eoterprise

Pte Ltd., Si.ngapore. 707 p.

ciles, R.v. L962. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. Shaun's

Outline Serles, McGraw-HiII Book Company, U.S.A. 274 p.

Henderson, F.M. 1956. Open Channel Flow. Macmillan Publlshing

Co., Inc., Newyork. 522 p.
 A-z

Raju, K.G. Ranga. I98I. Flow Through Open Channe1s. Tata Mccralr-
Hill Publishlng Company, Ltd., Ncw Delhi. 330 p.
.
Subramanya, K. 1982. Flow in Open Channels. Tata McGrae-HilI
Publtshlng Company, Ltd., New Delhi. 35C p.

U.S.B.R: 1974. Design of Sinal I Canal Structures. Uniled

States Covernnent Printint office, U.S.A. 327 p

 B-I

.I d -e I
B ril:uu rvtrjuRlflr{vl

Alternate depth R 1 1lJ n n)1n Lt?lu

Angle of r epose lJ ?Ja.:n 1lu I {n')

Adverse s lope fi? 11lo1n Ivnu0u

Boundary l ayer fir nu! OU

Broad-crested we ir cru{u n ?'l \:

Centrifugal pr es sure nrrrduuinudrir.l

Choke Ign

Cohesive force trlnrn']crY?riu

Compound curve 1'1.: r i.rdau

,j
Continuity equetion dlln'nfl1't!na t!a.t
- d s
Contraction coef f icient ^1
dNu:!dvl6Da.ln 1rwn')
luu
Concroi section uulnmJ{mr xlav!1nflR nj?l}l

Control volune diurn:nrunr

wt
Conreyanc€ fac tor f'rflufl ? 1:JQflA {UU 1fln

Critic.aI dep th R11ufln ?nqn

Critical f low n't I tun?nqn

Critical s lope a?'rro'rn tyrinqn

Cu lver t ilooon

Curved bucke t nrrYali'.r

Discharge coefficient
-lrlj I 3f,]4E?ro.:AA
f, "d :',tn 1 1 \140

Drop s truc ture o1n1r onr rtYux;oo 1R'r rrf'rfin

....'
Eddy Loss n 11doj r du r 1la.:a lnn: E trdaR?u

Energy c oef f ic ient drnt: cRufird.!.rru

Energy disstpator a 1R 1 : d a 1'.l1r a"{ .r 1u

Energy grade l lne t dunrlloln tvtn"s.! tu

Equivslent roughness coef f i. -]nt #lu : vRvrBnr rlrr?r r :drun
Fiume I 1,lU 1

F:ee boarci R 1',rXd.l r naBu

Free f low n1':'lunluuAdr Y

w t1 .
Froude nomber )ilru! tuot raalu?u tn
Gate iJ t: nulnlau I gfl: YlJ 1uu 1

- Drum gate U ti nt"l: nna.:

- Radial gate rl: c ru'ru}Y{

- Slidint gate U:vru'tunt n

<2
Hydraulic dep th R11!AnflA?hdfl5

llydraulic grade line r tuRr trn rn r vr{arlrdn {

Hydraulic jump lEnlaanlt
- Unduiar jump au rlunau

- Weak j utrrp iIaul.:aau

- Oscillattng jump axn?Rtrn?.r

- Steady junD 11|.4:.tt!'.]lr,r

- SLrong jump a"lJ tu trt.!

Hydraulic rad iue irizarranf

Hydrostatic todind
Ila a cnr y uuna

Mild slope fr?1ro 1n tyliau

Momentum furun"rr
Momentum coefficient ilrnt'i :Rvr ita.rl r r rlucYil
'u4
Nappe !1UU1 :atrHltu r

Normal depth Rl',lllon nfl

NormaI d ischarge dn:rnr:luorlni

liorrnal s lope nlllj$lnrn na

Prlsnatic channel vr r vfr uuuxi il

 B-3

Roughness coefflcient f,rnJ: vRvrGorrlr 1rt v

Sectlon factor rur{n r na{urirn'n

Sharp-crested weir c ru{rrnu

Side s lope R?1rA1R rvfr1'rJfr1r

Speclflc energy ltn{.t"iul1 I }i'lu

Speclftc force tLl nl'l l'll'l3

Spl l lway 111{U 1AU

Steep s lope fr11!n1n txlll n

Stl1ling basln a 1{rn'J 1

r C l.
Subcritical f low n1: tri0n1rur1?nfln

Submerged f low nr:lva'lfi6rrh

Supercritical f low ni:"txo{.!n'jiinqn
Tractive force lll.lQflfl1n

Transicion s Eru3ture a 1R11ll l-Un 1': rLl'iU1l(ua..r

- .{
Velocity coef f lc lent dt[JlcdvrER?1!r:2

Velocl ty head rrnnl'rxtr?

Vena contrac ta ?ulflauttrlnn'l
Wetted perimeter r du:au:rJ riun