GENERAL GLOSSARY

Term Index Definition Ukrainian

equivalent

A
accuracy 2.1 The ability to write or speak a мовна
foreign language without making правильність
grammatical, vocabulary, spelling or
pronunciation mistakes. Compare
with fluency.

achievement test 4.4 A test which looks back over a long тест досягнень
period of language learning to test
how much of the syllabus the
learners have learnt. Also known as
attainment test.

acquisition 1.2 The way in which languages are оволодіння

learnt unconsciously or ‘picked up’
by exposure to natural situations

action research 5.4 Classroom-based critical дослідження

investigation conducted by teachers власної
in order to reflect upon and improve педагогічної
their teaching діяльності

action research 5.4 A sequential set of research steps цикл у

cycle дослідженні

active vocabulary 2.3 Vocabulary that you can recall and активний
use at will in speaking or writing словник
when the situation requires it

activity 0.1 A short task which is a part of a вид

lesson діяльності/вправ
а

adaptation 4.2 The process of changing an existing адаптація

piece of material to meet the needs
of a particular group of learners

affective factors 1.1 Emotional factors which influence афективні

learning. They can have a negative (емотивні)
or positive effect on learning. фактори

aids 2.4 The things that a teacher uses in засоби навчання

class to support teaching and
learning. May be technical (e.g.
recordings, computer programs) and
 non-technical (e.g. board, pictures,
flashcards).

aim 0.1 An overall target to be achieved by мета

learners by the end of a course or
part of the course

appraisal 4.3 A face-to-face meeting with a обговорення

student or a teacher to discuss вчителем
performance діяльності учня в
його присутності

approach 2.1 Principles of teaching including views підхід

on method, syllabus, and a philosophy
of language and learning. Approaches
have theoretical backing with practical
applications.
appropriacy 4.3 The most suitable choice of ситуативна
language for the situation, the доцільність
relationship between speakers, the
topic, etc.

aptitude 1.3 An individual’s potential for success здібності до

in learning a subject, e.g. English вивчення
предмета, напр.,
англійської мови

attitude 1.3 The mindset with which we ставлення

approach a task, a process or a
discipline, e.g. ‘He has a positive
attitude to learning English’. Closely
connected with motivation and
cognitive styles.

assessment 1.3 Collecting data or forming an оцінювання

opinion on learners’ achievement,
proficiency or progress either
formally (awarding marks) or
informally.

Attention Deficit 5.2 A specific learning condition cиндром

Disorder (ADD) characterized by low concentration дефіциту уваги
span, poor working memory, and
slow understanding of concepts or
questions

Attention Deficit 5.2 A specific learning difficulty cиндром

characterised by impulsiveness, low гіперактивності
Hyperactivity concentration span and limited
Disorder (ADHD) organisational skills

Audio-Lingual 2.1 A method focussed on drilling key аудіолінгвальни

Method language structures orally. It is derived й метод
from the behaviourist belief that
repetition helps to form habits.

Audio-Visual 2.1 A method based on transmitting аудіовізуальний

Method meanings through visual images метод
and then providing the language
needed to communicate these
meanings

authentic 4.2 Written or spoken texts originally автентичні

materials intended for native speakers. The матеріали
sources may be, e.g. newspapers,
radio, TV, the Internet.

authentic tasks 4.2 Types of tasks which are situated in автентичні

meaningful contexts, are relevant to завдання
learners’ needs and reflect the way
they might be found and
approached in real life

Autistic 5.2 A psychological condition presenting аутизм, синдром

Spectrum itself in a variety of forms (Autism, Аспергера
Disorder (ASD) Asperger Syndrome)manifested in
limited empathy, literal thinking, and
limited ability to engage in social
situations

B
behaviourism 2.1 This is the theoretical view that біхевіоризм
learning is a matter of habit
formation: stimulus – reaction –
positive reinforcement

(the) Big Book 5.1 Using books with enlarged print and використання
technique colourful pictures specifically дитячих книжок,
devised for shared reading with надрукованих у
young learners великому
форматі з
ілюстраціями

big ‘C’ culture 5.3 The most overt forms of culture that видимі форми
include Art, Music and Literature.
 When learning about a new culture, культури
the big C cultural elements would be
discovered first.

blended learning 5.5 An approach that combines online навчання з

and face-to-face learning activities поєднанням
традиційних й
он-лайн
технологій

blog 5.5 A discussion or informational блог

website consisting of discrete
entries (‘posts’), e.g. news items,
short essays, annotated links,
documents, graphics, and
multimedia. A blog is usually a
vehicle for opinions rather than
facts.

brainstorming 0.1 A group activity in which learners мозковий штурм

come up with ideas on a topic
themselves without teacher
intervention

buzz group 0.1 A cooperative learning technique дискусійна група

involving small discussion groups
with the objective of doing a specific
task, e.g. idea generation, problem
solving. It is often used to make a
lecture more interactive.

C
case study 0.1 A description of a real or ситуаційне
hypothetical situation or a problem дослідження
to be used as the basis for a task or
activity. Students analyse the case
and come up with their own
conclusions about the actions to be
taken.

chants 5.1 Exercises when students repeat скандування під

rhythmically words and short музику
phrases to music or a beat.

chunking 3.2 Dividing speech chains into cегментування

meaningful segments, collocations мовлення

classroom 2.4 The things teachers do to organise oрганізація

management the classroom, the learning and the роботи учнів на
learners, such as seating
 arrangement, different types of уроці
activities, and interaction patterns

cognitive 1.1 Related to mental abilities or skills. пізнавальні

Cognitive is the adjective from (когнітивні)
1. cognition which refers to the mental
processes of perception and
thinking that our brains engage in.

2. coherence 3.4 A feature of spoken or written зв’язність

language, which refers to the way мовлення
ideas, fit together clearly and (змістова)
smoothly. The ideas are logical and
make sense to the listener or
reader.

3. cohesion 3.4 The way spoken or written texts are зв’язність

joined together with grammar or мовлення через
lexis, e.g. conjunctions, pronouns, мовні засоби
articles, determiners, topic related
vocabulary.

collaborative 5.5 (as used in Computer Assisted написання

writing Language Learning) текстів за
A process that involves the creation допомогою
and editing of documents by multiple
authors, e.g. by using Web 2.0 tools комп’ютерних
like Google Documents or Zoho Writer програм

collocation 3.2 Words, which are often found вираз,

together, e.g. ‘a chronic illness’, ‘the словосполученн
moon is waning’. я

Common 2.1 The document provides a common Загальноєвропе

European basis for the creation of language й-ські
Framework of syllabuses, curriculum guidelines, Рекомендації з
Reference for examinations, textbooks. It мовної освіти:
Languages describes in ‘can do’ statements the вивчення,
(CEFR) knowledge and skills which learners викладання,
need to develop in order to use a оцінювання
language for communication.

Communicative 2.1 An approach to foreign language комунікативне

teaching and learning which навчання мови
language emphasises that the goal of
language learning is communicative
teaching (СLT)
competence. The focus is on
meaningful communication, not
structure, and on use, not usage. In
this approach, learning involves
interaction and group work in the
 classroom.

communicative 2.1 A person’s ability to understand and комунікативна

competence interact with others. It is the main компетентність
aim of communicative language
teaching and is based on both
knowledge and skills.

Community 2.1 A foreign language teaching method навчання у

Language according to which learners form a спільноті,
Learning ‘community’ sitting round a tape- об’єднаній
recorder while the teacher спільними
(counselling (counselor) remains outside the інтересами
learning) community and when necessary
supplies target-language
equivalents of utterances produced
by learners in their mother tongue.
The recordings are transcribed and
presented to the learners for
analysis.

compensatory 5.3 Using both verbal and non-verbal компенсаторні

communicative forms of communication to комунікативні
strategies compensate for lack of knowledge, стратегії
e.g. paraphrasing or using a
synonym.

Computer 1.3 Learning languages through вивчення мов за

Assisted multimedia technologies, computer допомогою
Language programs, etc. мультимедійних
Learning технологій

(CALL)

сonstructivism 2.1 A theory which is based on the конструктивізм

belief that individuals actively
construct their own understanding
and knowledge of the world through
experiences and reflecting on those
experiences.

Content and 2.1 Refers to both learning another предметно-

Language (content) subject, e.g. Science, мовне
Integrated through the medium of a foreign інтегроване
Learning (CLIL) language and learning a foreign навчання
language by studying a content-
based subject.
context 2.2 The situation in which language is контекст
used or presented, e.g. a story
about a holiday experience could be
used as the context to present and
practise past tenses.

Continuing 6.2 Career-long learning by a variety of безперервний

Professional means, e.g. reflecting on practice, професійний
researching learning and teaching, розвиток
Development attending courses
(CPD)

continuous 4.4 Assessment during the course of поточне

studies. оцінювання
assessment
See also formative assessment

criterion- 4.4 Tests in which students are критеріальне

assessed according to set criteria оцінювання
referenced rather than by comparing them with
testing/ other students
assessment

cultural 5.3 Sensitivity to the similarities and культурна

awareness differences that exist between two свідомість
or more different cultures and the
use of this sensitivity in effective
communication with members of
another cultural group. A major
element of sociocultural
competence.
culture 5.3 A set of meanings, behavioural культура
norms, and values used by
members of a particular society, as
they construct their unique view of
the world
cross-cultural 5.3 Inappropriate use of language and інтеркультурні
blunders body language which can lead to помилки
misunderstanding, communication
failures or offence
culture clashes 5.3 Discord resulting from the міжкультурні
interaction of people belonging to конфлікти
different cultures due to differences
in cultural values and beliefs
culture shock 5.3 An experience a person may have культурний шок
when one moves to a cultural
environment which is different from
one's ownand their expectations are
 not met. It can be the first step to
cultural awareness.
curriculum 0.1 A defined and prescribed course of навчальна
studies, which students must fulfil in програма
order to complete a certain level of
education

cyber well-being 5.5 Safety of users in cyberspace кібербезпека

D
deductive 1.1 Deductive learning starts by дедуктивний
approach providing learners with rules, e.g. in підхід
grammar, followed by examples and
practice. Compare with inductive
approach.

descriptive 2.2 Grammar based on observation of описова

grammar real language and how it works. граматика
Compare with pedagogical
grammar, which is abridged and
adapted to the level of learners.

differentiation 5.2 The practice of tailoring instruction to диференціація

diverse learners’ needs based on their
level, readiness, interest, and learning
styles.
Direct method 2.1 A language teaching method which прямий метод
excludes the use of the mother
tongue and relies on demonstration
of meaning in context

discourse 3.2 This refers to stretches of connected дискурс

written or spoken language that are
usually more than one sentence or
utterance long

discourse 3.2 A word or phrase that signals what маркери

markers kind of information will follow or tells дискурсу
us about information which has just
been given

discovery 2.2 An approach in which learners are підхід

learning asked to look at samples of «відкриття»
language and to find meanings or
rules for themselves

distance learning 1.3 A method of study where дистанційне

teachers and students do not навчання
meet in a classroom but use the
Internet, e-mail, mail, and other
 tools for their classes

Dogme 2.1 А communicative approach to метод навчання

language teaching that encourages без підручника і
teaching without published технічних
textbooks and focuses instead on засобів
dialogue between learners and
teacher. Also known as Teaching
Unplugged.

drill 2.1 A technique that involves guided тренувальна

repetition of words or sentences. It вправа
may involve substitution,
transformation, etc.

dyslexia 5. 2 A disability which could manifest in дислексія

difficulties in learning to read, write
and spell, when there is or may be
progress in other
skills. Concentration, organisational
skills, comprehension and
handwriting are amongst other
areas that could be affected.

dyspraxia 5.2 A specific learning difficulty based диспраксія

around the brain’s transmission of
signals that control gross and fine
motor skills – typically affecting
planning of movements and co-
ordination

E
e-learning 5.5 Teaching by using a computer to віртуальне
(electronic access materials on the Web or to навчання
follow a distance-learning course
learning) using a Virtual Learning
Environment (VLE)
eliciting 2.4 Getting learners to offer their own випитування
questions or answers by means of інформації,
prompts
відповідей на
запитання

emergent/ 1.2 Language produced by learners мова, що

emerging during tasks and activities. It is often виникає як
language imperfect. наслідок спроб і
помилок учня

enquiry 5.4 A process of investigation into a запит,

 question arising from classroom мікродослідженн
practice я

entry/placement 4.4 A test that will indicate at which level вхідний тест
test a learner will learn most effectively
in case of different levels or streams

error 3 A mistake that a learner makes помилка

when trying to say something above
his/her level of language

error awareness 4.3 Ability to recognize errors or здатність

mistakes in the language розпізнавати
помилки в мові

evaluation 1.3 1. A process of collecting oцінювання

information about students’
performance and abilities.

2. A process by which the

effectiveness of a course or
programme can be assessed

extensive reading 3.3 Reading long pieces of text, such as екстенсивне

books or newspapers, often читання
selected by learners themselves
and read for

pleasure out of class

extrinsic 1.1 Motivation from external pressures зовнішня

motivation such as the need to speak English мотивація
for work or because a parent has
sent a learner to class. Compare
with intrinsic motivation.

F
facilitator 2.4 A teacher who successfully creates фасилітатор
the conditions that are necessary for
learning to take place

feedback 2.4 Information that is given to learners зворотній зв’язок

by their teacher on their spoken or
written performance. It can also
refer to learners reporting back to
the class on what they have been
researching or discussing.

field notes 6.2 Brief descriptions in note-form of нотатки

key events that occurred throughout спостереження
the lesson за ходом уроку
flashcards 5.1 Small pieces of card with pictures or дидактичні
words on them used as teaching картки
aids (to explain a situation, tell a
story, teach vocabularyetc.)

flipped 5.5 A pedagogical model in which технологія

classroom students view prerecorded video перевернутого
lectures or do essential reading навчання
before the class session. The class
time is spent interactively on
exercises, projects, or discussions.

fluency 2.1 Тhe ability to produce naturally вільне мовлення

flowing speech that is not
necessarily grammatically correct.
Compare with accuracy.

formative 4.4 Ongoing assessment in which the формувальне

assessment/ teacher gives students feedback on (поточне)
evaluation
their progress during a course, оцінювання
rather than at the end of it so that
they can learn from the feedback.

fossilised error 4.3 An error that has become a fixed помилка, яка
habit for the learner стала звичкою

function 2.1 The communicative purpose of an функція

utterance on a particular occasion,
e.g. inviting, suggesting, agreeing
and disagreeing

G
genre 3.4 Genre refers to texts (spoken or жанр
written) that share the same
conventions, e.g. structure,
vocabulary, register, grammar.

gist (general 3.1 The main idea or message of a text, головна ідея
understanding) either spoken or written тексту

Grammar- 2.1 The method focuses on accuracy rather граматико-

Translation than fluency and on form rather than перекладний
meaning. The key activities are drilling,
method translating, memorizing vocabulary and метод
learning rules.
 group (class) 2.4 The way a group of people interacts, динаміка
dynamics the relationship and affective розвитку групи
atmosphere between learners in the
group

guided discovery 2.3 A technique in which a teacher прийом

provides examples of the target керованого
language and then guides the відкриття
learners to work out the language
rules for themselves. See inductive
approach.

guided writing 3.4 A piece of writing that learners керовaнe письмо

produce after the teacher has
helped them to prepare for it, e.g.by
giving the learners a plan or model
to follow, and ideas for the type of
language to use

H
hearing 5.2 A degree of hearing loss вади слуху
impairment

Higher Order 1.1 According to the revised Bloom’s розумові дії

Thinking Skills Taxonomy (Krathwohl, 2002), HOTS вищого порядку
(HOTS) include applying, analysing,
evaluating and creating,
and requiremore cognitive
processing than lower order
thinking skills (LOTS)

I
ice-breaker 2.4 An introductory speaking activity вид роботи на
that a teacher uses at the start of a початку курсу
new course so that learners can get для знайомства
to know each other з групою

inclusion 5.2 The practice of educating children інклюзія,

withSpecial Educational Needs включення
(SEN)in mainstream schools where it is
possible and beneficial
inductive 1.1 Inductive learning takes place when індуктивний
approach the learner extracts or works out підхід
rules from examples or
data.Compare with the deductive
 approach

inference 2.2 Deduction of the meaning from контекстуальна

context or a guess about something здогадка
which is not explicitly stated in the
text

information 2.1 A technique or activity based on the прийом

gaptechnique/acti difference in information that people інформаційних
vity or groups have. They need to прогалин
communicate with other people to
get the missing information in order
to solve a problem or complete a
task

input 1.2 Learner exposure to authentic повідомлення

language in use or information. The нової інформації
sources of input include the teacher,
other learners and environment
around the learners.

in-service teacher 6.2 Training courses offered to післядипломна

training (INSETT) practising teachers педагогічна
освіта

integrated 3.1 In language teaching, a combination інтегровані

of two or more language skills in уміння
skills order to complete a communicative
task

intensive reading 3.2 Careful reading to obtain detailed інтенсивне

understanding of a text читання

interaction 2.1 Patterns of communication (verbal спосіб взаємодії

pattern (mode of and non-verbal) between people.
interaction) The different ways learners and the
teacher work together in class, e.g.
learner to learner in pairs or groups,
or teacher to learner in plenary

interactive 5.5 A touch-sensitive projection screen інтерактивна

whiteboard (IWB) that allows the teacher to control a дошка
computer by touching the board
rather than using a keyboard or
mouse

interference 1.2 The impact of the mother tongue on інтерференція

a learner’s understanding or
language production
interlanguage 1.2 The version of the target language мовні форми, які
produced by a learner at any given виникають під
time during the period of learning впливом рідної
мови учня

intrinsic 1.1 А motivation to learn that comes внутрішня

motivation from an internal force such as мотивація
interest in language learning or the
desire for further personal
development in general. Compare
with extrinsic motivation.

J
jigsaw reading 3.3 A technique in which different learners прийом
receive different texts or parts of a text, «збирання
then meet to exchange information and
to put the whole meaning together пазла»

L
L1, L2 1.2 L1 refers to aperson’s mother tongue, перша (рідна)
the first language that is learnt in the мова, друга мова
home environment. L2 refers to any (нерідна/
language(s )learnt in addition to the іноземна)
speaker’s native language.
learner autonomy 1.3 The learner’s ability to take charge aвтономія учня
of and direct their own language
learning without relying only on the
teacher

learner- 0.1 An approach that focuses on студенто-

centredness students’ goals, needs, interests центрованість
and existing knowledge. Students
are active participants in the
learning/teaching process including
planning. One of the key teacher’s
roles is as a facilitator of learning.

learner/class 5.4 A description of the learners and характеристика

profile information about their learning, учня (класу)
including their age, ability, strengths
and weaknesses in language and
skills
learning outcome 0.1 A learning outcome is a statement результат учіння
(often in a lesson plan or syllabus)
of what a learner is expected to
know or be able to do at the end of
a lesson or course. Outcomes
shape lesson activities and guide
the content of assessment.

learning 5.5 An integrated set of interactive он-лайн

platforms online services that provide платформа
teachers, learners, parents and
others involved in education with
information, tools and resources to
support and enhance educational
delivery and management

learning 1.1 Tools and techniques that learners навчальна

strategies develop as they learn. Learning стратегія
strategies are an important part of
developing autonomy.

learning style 1.1 The way in which an individual спосіб

learner naturally prefers to learn сприйняття
something, e.g. visual, auditory, навчального
kinaesthetic матеріалу

Lexical Approach 2.3 An approach to teaching language лексичний підхід

based on the idea that language is
largely made up of lexical units
(chunks) rather than grammatical
structures

lexical chunk 2.3 Any pair or group of words лексичний

commonly found together or near зворот
one another, e.g. phrasal verbs (get
on), idioms (it

drives me crazy), collocations (make

the bed), fixed expressions (How do
you do?).

linguistic 2.1 A component of communicative лігвістична

competence language competence that includes (мовна)
lexical, grammatical, semantic, компетентність
phonological, orthographic and
orthoepic competence

listening/reading 3.1 A top-down process where learners аудіювання/

for gist try to understand the overall читання із
message even if they cannot загальним
understand every phrase or
 sentence розумінням

little ‘c’ culture 5.3 A not easily visible type of culture повсякденна
associated with a region, group of «невидима»
people, language, etc. Some культура
examples of little c culture are певного народу
communication styles, verbal and чи групи
non-verbal language symbols,
cultural norms, myths and legends.

Loop input 0.1 A specific type of experiential прийом «петлі»

teacher training process that
involves an alignment of the process
and content of learning, e.g. a role
play about role plays in the
classroom, a dictation on how to
write dictations

Lower Order 1.1 LOTS refer mainly to remembering розумові дії

Thinking Skills and comprehending in order to нижчого порядку
(LOTS) reproduce information. See also
Higher Order Thinking Skills.

M
metacognitive 1.1 These are the learning and thinking когнітивні
strategies strategies we use in order to choose стратегії вищого
which practical strategies to use to порядку
achieve something. The main
metacognitive strategies are
planning, prioritising, setting goals,
and self-management.

method 2.1 А set of techniques and procedures that метод

usually reflect a certain view of
language and language teaching
methodology 0.1 1.The typical practices, procedures методика
and techniques that a teacher uses
in the classroom, and that may or
may not be based on a particular
method.

2.The science that studies these

practices, procedures and
techniques and the beliefs and
principles on which they are based.

microteaching 0.1 A practice used in the training of мікронавчання

teachers that consists of teachers
trying out short lesson sequences
for an audience of their peers, some
 of whom adopt the roles of learners

minimal pairs 3.1 A pair of words that vary by only a мінімальна пара
single sound, usually meaning
sounds that may confuse language
learners, e.g. ship/sheep

mixed-ability 2.4 A group of learners of different неоднорідна

language proficiency levels група учнів
class

mnemonics & 2.3 Simple ways of remembering words асоціативне

‘hooks’ and phrases, e.g. by association запам’ятовуванн
with an idea or an experience я

mobile learning 5.5 Learning that takes place on a мобільне

hand-held device, such as a mobile навчання
phone

motivation 1.1 See extrinsic motivation and мотивація

intrinsic motivation.

N
non-equivalent 5.3 Lexical units of a language that безеквівалентна
lexis have no ready equivalents in the лексика
vocabulary of another language

non-verbal 5.3 Communication using non-verbal невербальне

interaction cues, e.g. body language, voice, спілкування
distance
norm-referenced 4.4 Tests which compare students with нормативне
each other, putting them in order тестування
testing from top to bottom and often award
a pass or fail by either allocating a
pass mark or comparing each
student’s performance with the
average or mean

O
оbjectives 0.1 Lesson objectives are specific задачі уроку
learning targets that help achieve
lesson aims, e.g. Learners will be
able to understand the gist of the
text.

objective test 4.4 A test which has a limited and об’єктивний тест
predictable number of possible
answers and is marked against the
 marking key

open pairs 1.1 А classroom interaction pattern in діалог учнів,

which two students talk to one який слухає весь
another across the class so that клас
other students can listen to what
they are saying

oral test 4.4 A test of speaking ability усний тест

overgeneralisatio 1.1 An error that involves coming to a надмірне

n conclusion based on information узагальнення
that is too general and/or not
specific enough, e.g. when a learner
says ‘I bringed my book...’,
assuming that all verbs take
- ed in the past form

P
passive 2.3 The words that learners understand пасивний
vocabulary but don't use yet словник

peer correction 4.3 Correction of a learner by another взаємовиправле

learner, which may be spontaneous ння
or prompted by a teacher

peer review 2.4 Learners’ feedback of on each взаєморецензув

other’s writing ання

phonics 5.1 a method of teaching people to read звукотехніка

by correlating sounds with letters or (фонетичний
groups of letters in an alphabetic метод навчання
writing system читання)

pitch 3.2 The rate of vibration of the vocal висота тону

folds when producing sounds
(higher or lower pitch). Varying our
pitch makes it possible for meaning
to be expressed through intonation.

portfolio 0.1 A collection of assignments портфоліо

developed in or out of class and
documents that a learner has
selected and collected to show
growth and achievement over time.

portfolio 4.4 An alternative form of assessment оцінювання

assessment involving students building up a портфоліо
portfolio of their work which reflects
their achievements over a long
 period of time.

practicality 4.4 In testing, practicality is the extent практичність

to which a test is quick and тесту
convenient to administer and
score.

pragmatic 2.1 A part of communicative language прагматична

competence that involves being able компетентність
competence to use language in interpersonal
relationships, taking into account
social distance and context
Presentation- 2.2 An approach that involves first the введення-
Practice- teacher presenting the form and вправляння-
Production (PPP) meaning of new target language to
students (presentation), then giving продукування
learners the opportunity to do
controlled practice of the target
language (practice), and finally
letting students use the target
language in freer, less controlled
activities (production).
pre-service 6.2 Professional education of student додипломна
teacher training teachers usually through formal підготовка
(PRESETT) course work and practice teaching вчителів

pre-teaching 3.1 Teaching difficult vocabulary before попереднє

asking students to read or listen to a навчання
text

process writing 3.4 An approach to writing, which процесуальний

focuses on different stages of підхід до
writing such as generating and формування
developing ideas, planning and компетентності у
organising, drafting, editing, re- письмі
drafting, proofreading, peer
reviewing and publishing (i.e.
making public). Compare with
product writing.

product writing 3.4 An approach to writing which текстовий підхід

involves analyzing and then до формування
reproducing models of particular text компетентності у
types. For example, learners read a письмі
restaurant review, analyse the way it
is written, and produce their own
review. Compare with process
writing.

progress test 4.4 A small-scale test that looks back тест поточної
 over recent language успішності
learning/teaching to assess how
effective this has been
project work 1.3 A purposeful, task-based activity метод проектів
through which students address
authentic problems/questions and
create some kind of product which
they present at the end of the
allocated time

proficiency test 4.4 A forward-looking test that assesses тест на

whether a student has the визначення
necessary level of language skills to рівня володіння
undertake a task in the future, e.g. іноземною
studying at an English-medium мовою
university or working as a bilingual
secretary

prescriptive 2.2 A grammar based on rules which нормативна

grammar should be followed граматика

Q
qualification 5.4 A document submitted in support of дипломна
paper a candidature for a degree or робота
professional qualification, presenting
the author's research and findings

R
rapport 2.4 The relationship between the психологічний
teacher and learners. клімат

realia 5.3 In education these are objects from реалії

real life used by teachers to improve
students' understanding of other
cultures and real life situations and
the vocabulary that is associated
with them

receptive/ 3.1 Listening and reading are referred to рецептивні і

as receptive skills as they involve продуктивні
productive skills receiving language. Speaking and види
writing are referred to as productive мовленнєвої
skills as they involve producing діяльності
language.

recycling 4.2 Practising language that learners рециркулювання

have learned previously. The навчального
recycled language may be re- матеріалу
 introduced in a different context, or (вживання раніш
through a different skill. вивченого
матеріалу в
інших
контекстах,
ситуаціях,
темах)

reflection 1.3 A way of professional and personal рефлексія

development by conscious and
systematic thinking over and
analyzing learning and/or teaching
experiences.

reflective journal 6.2 A journal for conscious recall and педагогічний

examination of classroom щоденник
experiences as a basis for
evaluation and decision- making
and a source for planning and action

register 3.1 The type of language (vocabulary, стиль, регістр

grammar or discourse features) that
characterises particular fields or
disciplines and the degree of
formality of language use

reliability 4.4 In testing, reliablility refers to the надійність

degree to which a test is consistent
and stable in measuring what it is
intended to measure

research 5.4 A specific and answerable question проблема, що

question about one’s own teaching practice розглядається
that can lead to significant (досліджується)
information on an aspect of teaching
or learning

rhythm 3.2 The way that some words in a ритм

sentence are emphasized or
stressed to produce a regular
pattern

role play 3.2 This is an activity in which learners рольова гра

take on roles (characters) and act
them out in a situation

S
scaffolding 3.1 Techniques the teacher can use to засоби
support learners in their learning of підтримки,
new language or skills (e.g.
 breaking tasks down into small підказки
steps, demonstrating, using visuals,
providing dictionaries, making eye
contact, nodding, guiding learners
with teacher talk)

scanning 3.3 A reading technique in which the пошукове

reader looks for specific information (переглядове)
rather than trying to absorb all the читання
information.

self-access 1.3 A way of learning in which students самостійний

use various resources to study on доступ до
their own навчальних
ресурсів

self-directed 1.3 A process in which individuals take самоскероване

learning the initiative, with or without the help навчання
of others, in diagnosing their
learning needs, formulating learning
objectives, identifying human and
material resources for learning,
choosing and implementing
appropriate learning strategies, and
evaluating learning outcomes

short-term 1.1 Working memory which is limited in короткотривала

memory capacity and only retains пам’ять
information for a short period of time

Silent Way 2.1 A method in which the teacher мовчазний

remains mostly silent to encourage метод
learner autonomy and active student
participation. Language learning is
usually seen as a problem solving
activity to be engaged in by the
students both independently and as
a group.

simulation 3.2 A language activity based on a симуляція

scenario drawn from real life,
requiring learners to play roles and
solve a problem, make decisions or
meet a deadline

skimming 3.3 A strategy for reading a text to get ознайомлюваль

the gist, the basic overall idea, не читання
rather than concentrating on
absorbing all the details.

small-scale 5.4 Small projects carried out by мікродослідниць

classroom teachers to examine what is кі проекти
investigation happening in their classroom

sociocultural 2.1 A learner’s ability to adapt to соціокультурна

different social and cultural settings компетентність
competence in order to communicate
successfully

sociolinguistic 2.1 A learner’s ability to understand and соціолінгвістичн

competence use nationally and culturally marked а компетентність
means of communication
appropriate to the context or
situation

Special 5.2 A learning difficulty or disability that особливі освітні

Educational Need makes it harder for a child to learn потреби
(SEN) or access education than it is for
most children of the same age

storage 2.3 Ways of recording vocabulary for стратегії

strategies future reference and use запам’ятовуванн
я

storytelling 5.1 A technique that can be used with прийом

people of any culture and of any age, навчання через
but is especially beneficial for young
learners розповідання
історій

strategic 2.1 A part of communicative language стратегічна

competence competence that includes effective компетентність
learning strategies and
compensatory communication
strategies

subjective test 4.4 A subjective test is marked using суб’єктивний

the examiner’s opinion usually тест
guided by criteria about the quality
of the answer, e.g. marking written
stories, compositions, interviews,
conversations, storytelling

summative 4.4 Assessment that comes at the end підсумкове

of a course and evaluates оцінювання
assessment achievement without being
developmental

Suggestopedia 2.1 A teaching method based on the метод

understanding of how the human сугестопедії
brain works and how we can learn
most effectively in a rich sensory
 learning environment

supplementation 4.2 Supplying extra material to bridge доповнення

the gap between a course-book and матеріалів
an official syllabus or a public exam
or a course-book and students’
needs

syllabus 4.1 A document that describes the робоча

language and skills to be covered програма,
on a course, and the order in which календарно-
they will be taught. The content of a тематичний
syllabus will be based on the writer’s план
beliefs about language learning.

T
Tandem learning 1.3 А method of language learning метод тандема
based on mutual language
exchange between partners.

target language 1.2 1. A foreign language that a learner іноземна мова,

is learning яку учень вивчає

2. The specific language to be

practised and learned in a lesson

task 0.1 An activity in which learners’ комунікативне

attention is primarily focused on завдання
meaning rather than form. It may be
focussed on a problem or the
production of something tangible

task-based 2.1 An approach to learning in which the навчання на

learning learners use language to fulfil a основі
specified task. Their focus is on the комунікативних
(TBL) task rather than on the language завдань
they are using.

teacher research 5.1 Systematic enquiry conducted by дослідження

teachers into some aspect of their власної
work with the aim of improving both
understanding and practice професійної
діяльності

Teaching 2.1 A teaching method and philosophy метод навчання

Unplugged which has three primary aims: без підручника і
teaching through conversation, технічних
taking out external input such as засобів
course book and technology and
letting the lesson content be driven
by the students rather than being
 pre-planned by the teacher. Based
on the Dogme ELT approach.

technique 2.1 A simple procedure used by a прийом

teacher to enhance or vary students’
experience of learning, e.g. jigsaw
reading

top down/bottom 3.1 With top down strategies, learners стратегія від
up strategies rely on the knowledge of the world, загального до
topic knowledge, familiarity with the детального і
speaker and the genre to make навпаки
sense of what they hear or read.
With bottom up strategies, learners
rely on the language in the text,
such as the meaning of words or the
grammar of a sentence, to make
sense of what they hear or read.

Total Physical 2.1 A way of teaching language that метод повної

coordinates speech and action, i.e. фізичної реакції
Response learners respond physically to teacher
instructions or stories told by the
teacher. TPR is often used in teaching
young learners.
twice exceptional 5.2 A student identified as both gifted двічі особливий
student and having learning disabilities учень

usage 2.1 Usage refers to what a person знання мовної

knows about language or items in системи
language abstractly as a component
in a language system

U
use 2.1 Use refers to a person’s ability to використання
use language for communication мови як засобу
спілкування

utterance 3.2 A sequence of words within a single висловлення

person’s turn in talk. An utterance
may range in length from a single
word to a continuous stretch of
speech.

V
validity 4.4 The extent to which a test actually валідність
tests what it was intended to test.

video 5.5 Тhe use of video technology (both відеоконференці

conferencing hardware and software) to create a я
 virtual meeting between two or more
people in different physical locations

virtual learning 5.5 A Web-based package for creating платформа

environment online courses, which may include віртуального
(VLE) facilities for teacher-to-learner and навчання
peer-to-peer communication, e.g.
Blackboard and Moodle

visual impairment 5.2 Partial or complete loss of sight вади зору

W
warmer/warming 2.4 An activity at the beginning of a мовленнєва
up activity lesson to get learners on and розминка
energised for the lesson in general
or its specific content

washback effect 4.4 The effect that tests (especially зворотній ефект
achievement and proficiency)
have on learning and teaching. Also
called the backwash effect.

WEB-based 5.5 All types of digital instruction in навчання за

training (WBT) which the learning material is допомогою
presented via the Internet Інтернету

Whole Word 5.1 A method of teaching children to навчання

approach read by recognising words as читання
wholes rather than focussing on the методом цілих
single letters that make them up слів

wiki 5.5 A website or similar online area вікі

which allows anyone to set up a
resource in which content can be
created collectively. The word "wiki"
derives from the Hawaiian "wiki-
wiki", meaning "quick". Wikipedia,a
collaboratively written
encyclopaedia, is the best known
example of a wiki.

workshop 0.1 An educational event that involves творча

discussion, sharing майстерня
knowledge/experience and practical
work on a particular subject and may
 focus on completion of specified tasks

Y
young learners 5.1 Children from 6 up to 12 years of дошкільники і
age. Children under 6 are usually молодші
defined as very young learners. школярі