جداول الأرصاد الجوية سميثسونيان 2

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Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
Part of volume xxxv
SMITHSONIAN
Meteorological Tables
[based on guyot's meteoroiôgicai, and physical tables]
THIRD REVISED EDITION

(Corrected to December, 1906)
No. 1032
CITY OF WAf^HINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSOIÎAN INSTITUTION
ir'i'-'^n'/
ADVERTISEMENT TO THIRD REVISED EDITION.
The original edition of Smithsonian Meteorological Tables was issued

in 1893, and revised editions were published in 1896 and 1897. A third
revised edition is here presented, which has been prepared at the request
of the late Professor Langley by the cooperation of Professors Alexander

McAdie, Charles F. Marvin, and Cleveland Abbe.
All errata thus far detected have been corrected upon the plates, the
Marvin vapor tensions over ice have been introduced. Professor F. H.

Bigelow's System of Notation and Formulae has been added, the List of
Meteorological Stations has been revised, and the International Meteoro-
logical Symbols, together with the Beaufort Notation, are given at the
close of the volume.
R. RA.THBUN,
Acting Secretary.
Smithsonian Institution,
December, 1906.
ADVERTISEMENT TO SECOND REVISED EDITION.
The edition of the StnithsoQian Meteorological Tables issued in 1893
having become exhausted, a careful examination of the work has been

made, at vaj request, by Mr. Alexander McAdie, of the United States
Weather Bureau, and a revised edition was published in 1896, with cor-
rections upon the plates and a few slight changes. The International
Meteorological Symbols and an Index were also added.
The demand for the work has been so great that it becomes necessary
to print a new edition of the revised work, which is here presented with
corrections to date.
S. P. Langley,
Secretary.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington City,
October 30, 1897.
IV
PREFACE TO EDITION OF 1893.
In connection with the system of meteorological observations estab-

lished by the Smithsonian Institution about 1850, a collection of
meteorological tables was compiled by Dr. Arnoi<d Guyot, at the

request of Secretary Henry, and published in 1852 as a volume of the
Miscellaneous Collections.
Five years later, in 1857, a second edition was published after
careful revision by the author, and the various series of tables were
so enlarged as to extend the work from 212 to over 600 pages.
In 1859 a third edition was published, with further amendments.
Although designed primarily for the meteorological observers report-
ing to the Smithsonian Institution, the tables obtained a much wider

circulation, and were extensively used by meteorologists and physicists
in Europe and in the United States.
After twenty-five years of valuable service, the work was again
revised by the author ; and the fourth edition,- containing over 700
pages, was published in 1884. Before finishing the last few tables.
Dr. GuYOT died, and the completion of the work was intrusted to his
assistant, Prof. Wm. lyiBBEY, Jr., who executed the duties of final editor.
In a few years the demand for the tables exhausted the edition,
and thereupon if appeared desirable to recast entirely the work. After
very careful consideration, I decided to publish the new tables in
three parts: Meteorological Tables, Geographical Tables, and

Physical Tables, each representative of the latest knowledge in its
field, and independent of the others ; but the three forming a homo-
geneous series.
Although thus historically related to Dr. Guyot' s Tables, the present

work is so substantially changed with respect to material, arrange-
ment, and presentation that it is not a fifth edition of the older tables,
but essentially a new publication.
d PREFACE.
In its preparation the advantage of conformity with the recently
issued International Meteorological Tables has been kept steadily in view,
aud so far as consistent with other decisions, the constants and methods
there enployed have been followed. The most important difference in
constants is the relation of the yard to the metre. The value provi-
sionally adopted by the Bureau of Weights and Measures of the United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey,
I metre = 39.3700 inches,
has been used here in the conversion-tables of metric and English

linear measures, and in the transformation of all formulae involving
su;h conversions.
A large number of tables hare been newly computed ; those taken
from the International Meteorological Tables and other official sources
ar.i credited in the introduction.
To Prof. Wm. Libbey, Jr., especial acknowledgments are due for
a large amount of attention given to the present work. Prof. I,ibbey
had already completed a revision, involving considerable recomputation,
cf the meteorological tables contained in the last edition of Guyot's

Tables, when it was determined to adopt new values for many of the
constants, and to have the. present volume set with new type. This
involved a large amount of new computation, which was placed under
•he direction of Mr. George E. Curtis, who has also written the
text, aud has carefully prepared the whole manuscript and carried it
'hrough the press. To Mr. Curtis's interest, and to his special experi-
ence as a meteorologist, the present volume is therefore largely due.
Prof. Libbey has contributed Tables 38, 39, 55, 56, 61, 74, 77, 89,
and 90, and has also read the proof-sheets of the entire work.
I desire to express my acknowledgments to Prof Cleveland Abbe,
for the manuscript of Tables 32, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86; to Mr. H. A.
Hazen, for Tables 49, 50, 94, 95, 96, which have been taken from his
Ha,nd-book of Meteorological Tables ; aud also to the Superintendent of

the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Chief Signal Officer
of the Army, and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, for much valuable
I'jxmnsel during the progress of the work.
S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary.
84
2
1 — —
Table of Contents.
INTRODUCTION.
Faob
Description and use of the Tables xi to lix
THERMOMETRICAL TABLES.
Tablb Page
Conversion of thermometric scales
1 Absolute, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reaumur scales . . 2
2 Fahrenheit scale to Centigrade 3
3 Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit 7
4 Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit, near the boiling point of
water 9
5 Differences Fahrenheit to differences Centigrade .... 9
6 Differences Centigrade to differences Fahrenheit .... 9
7 Reduction of temperature to sea level — English measures . . ic
8 Reduction of temperature to sea level — Metric measures ... n
9 Correction for the temperature of the thermometer stem. For
Fahrenheit and Centigrade thermometers 12
BAROMETRICAI/ TABLES.
Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature —
10 English measures i^
1 Metric measures
24
Reduction of the barometer to standard gravity at latitude 45°
1 English measures cs
13 Metric measures
^g
Reduction of the barometer to sea level — English measures.
1 Values of 2060 m 60
15 Correction of 2000 »2 for latitude 60
(6 B^-Br=B (10'" -I) ; ;
.'
-o
Reduction of the barometer to sea level — Metric measures.
17 Values of 2ooo»« ^g
1 Correction of 2000 m for latitude gc
19 B, — B = Biio"' — i) \ gj
vii
——
VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BAROMETRICAL TABLES.— CowuVzw^rf.

Tablb Pao&
Determination of heights by the barometer — English measures.
20 Values of 60368 [i +0.0010195 X 36] log —^ 100
21 Term for temperature 104

22 Correction for latitude and weight of mercury 106
23 Correction for an average degree of humidity 108
24 Correction for the variation of gravity with altitude . . . 109
Determination of heights by the barometer — Metric measures. '
25 Values of 18400 log - no

26 Term for temperature iii
27 Correction for humidity 112
28 Correction for latitude and weight of mercury 114
29 Correction for the variation of gravitj'' with altitude . . . 115
30 Difference of height corresponding to a change of o. i inch in the
barometer — English measures 116
31 Difference of height corresponding to a change of i millimetre in
the barometer — Metric measures 117
Determination of heights by the barometer.
32 Formula of Babinet 118
Barometric pressures corresponding to the temperature of the
boiling point of water —
33 English measures 119
34 Metric measures . 119
HYGROMETRICAL TABLES.
Pressure of aqueous vapor {Brock) —

35 English measures 122
36 1 T>, ^ .
f 128
> Metric measures , -;
43 J I. 142
37 Pressure of aqueous vapor at low temperatures (C F. Marvin) —
English and Metric measures 130
38 Weight of a cubic foot of saturated vapor
English measures 1,2
39 Weight of a cubic 'metre of saturated vapor
Metric measures i,.
Reduction of psychrometric observations — English measures.
40 Pressure of aqueous vapor 134
41 Values of 0.000367 .ff (/—/,) Ti +^^^M 136
42 Relative humidity —Temperature Fahrenheit 138

—
TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX
HYGROMETRICAI, TABLES.— Co««««*(/.

Tablb Page
Reduction of psychrometric observations — Metric measures.
43 Pressure of aqueous vapor 142
44 Values of 0.000660 j9(^— if,) (i + -^^^M 143
45 Relative humidity —Temperature Centigrade 144

Reduction of snowfall measurements.
46 Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow (or rain)
collected in an 8-inch gage 146
47 Rate of decrease of vapor pressure with altitude 146
WIND TABLES.
Mean wind by Lambert's formula
direction of the
48 Multiples of cos 45°form and example of computation
; . . 148
49 Values of the mean direction (a) or its complement (90 — a) 149
50 Synoptic conversion of velocities 154
5! Miles per hour into feet per second ., 155
52 Feet per second into miles per hour 155
53 Metres per second into miles per hour 156
54 Miles per hour into metres per second 157
55 Metres per second into kilometres per hour 158
56 Kilometres per hour into metres per second 159
57 Beaufort scale for winds at sea i6u
GBODETICAL TABLES.
58 Relative acceleration of gravity at different latitudes . . 162

59 Length of one degree of the meridian at different latitudes 164
60 Length of one degree of the parallel at different latitudes . 165
61 Duration of sunshine at different latitudes 166
62 Declination of the sun for the year 1899 177
63 Relative intensity of solar radiation at different latitudes . 178
CONVERSION OF LINEAR MEASURES,
64 Inches into millimetres 180

65 Millimetres into inches 187
66 Feet into metres . . • 200
67 Metres into feet 202
68 Miles into kilometres 204
69 Kilometres into miles 206
70 Interconversion of nautical and statute miles ..."... 208
71 Continental measures of length with their metric and English
equivalents 208
X TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE.

Table. Page.
72 Arc into time 210
73 Time into arc 211
74 Days into decimals of a year and angle 212
75 Hours, minutes and seconds into decimals of a day .... 216
76 Decimals of a day into hours, minutes and seconds 216
77 Minutes and seconds into decimals of an hour 217
78 Local mean time at apparent noon 217
79 Sidereal time into mean solar time 21&
80 Mean solar time into sidereal time 218
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.
Weight in grammes of a cubic centimetr ; of air.

81 Ens;lish measures — Temperature term 220
82 " " — Humidity term auxiliary table
: . . . 221
03 " " — Humidity and pressure terms, combined 222
84 Metric measures — Temperature term 224
85 " " —Humidity term auxiliary table
: . . . 225
86 " " —Humidity and prersure terms combined . 226
87 Conversion of avoirdupois pounds and ounces into kilogrammes 229
88 Conversion of kilogrammes into avoirdupois pounds and ounces 230
89 Conversion of grains into grammes 230
90 Conversion of grammes into grains 231
91 Conversion of units of magnetic intensity 231
92 Quantity of water correspcnding to given depths of rainfall . . 232
93 Atmospheric water vapor lines in the visible spectrum . . .
233
Absorption by atmospheric water vapor in infra-red spectrum .
234
94 Division by 28 of numbers from 28 to 867972 236
97 Natural sines and cosines 239
98 Natural tangents and cotangents 241
99 Logarithms of numbers 243
100 Bigelow's Standard System of Notation and Formulse .... 245
101 List of meteorological stations 250
102 International Meteorological Symbols 268
103 Beaufort's Notation for use at sea 272
104 Acceleration of apparent gravity 273
INTRODUCTION.
DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE TABLES.
Table 1. Conversion of the Absolute thermometric scale to the Centigrade,
Fahrenheit and Reaumur scales.
The equivalent values of the four scales are given for every five degrees
on the Absolute scale.
By the help of the table of proportional parts at the bottom of this table,
it is also convenient for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade and Reaumur,
and Centigrade to Fahrenheit and Reaumur.

The formulae expressing the relations between the different scales are
given at the bottom of the table, where
'
A.° = Temperature Absolute.
C. ° =:Temperature Centigrade.
F.° ^= Temperature Fahrenheit.
R° = Temperature Reaumur.
Examples:
To convert 285. °5 Absolute into Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reau;:ui
From the table, 283.° A. = io.° C. = 50.° F. = 8.° R.
From the proportional parts, 2. A.= 2. = 3.6 = 1.6
From the proportional parts, 0.5^^.= .5 = .g = .4
285.5 A- = 12.5 C. = 54.S F. = lo.o R.
To convert 16. "9 Centigrade to Absolute, Fahrenheit, and Reaumur.
From the table, 15.° C= 288.° ^. = 59.° /: = 12.° R.
From proportional parts, 1.9 = 1.9 = 3.4 = 1.5
16.9 C. = 289.9 ^- = 62.4 F. = 13.5 R.

To convert 147. °7 Fahrenheit to Absolute, Centigrade, and Reaumur.
140.° F.= 333.° A. = =
6o.-° C. 48.° R.
7.7 = 4.3 = 4.3 = 3.4
147.7 ^•= 337-3 ^. = 64.3 C= 51.4 R.
To convert 18. "3 Reaumur to Absolute, Centigrade, and Fahrenheit.

i6.° R.= 293.° A. = 20.° C.= 68.° F.
2.3 = 2.9 = 2.9 = 5.2
18.3 R. — 295.9 A- = 22.9 C. = 73.2 F.

:: .
XU INTRODUCTION
Table 2. Conversion of readings of the Fahrenheit thermometer to readings

Centigrade.
The conversion of Fahrenheit temperatures to Centigrade temperatures

is given for every tenth of a degree from l30.°9/^ to— jofg/^. +
The
side argument is the whole number of degrees Fahrenheit, and the top
argument, tenths of a degree Fahrenheit ; interpolation to hundredths of a
degree, when desired, is readily effected mentally. The tabular values are
given to hundredths of a degree Centigrade.
The formula for conversion is
where F° is a given temperature Fahrenheit, and C° the corresponding

temperature Centigrade.
Example
To convert ygfy Fahrenheit to Centigrade.
The table gives directly 26°50 C.
For conversions of temperatures above \-^\° F, use Table i.
TABLE 3. Conversion of readings of the Centigrade thermometer to readings

Fahrenheit.
The conversion of Centigrade temperatures to Fahrenheit temperatures

is given for every tenth of a degree Centigrade from + 50.°9 to — sofg C.
The tabular values are expressed in hundredths of a degree Fahrenheit.
The formula for conversion is
where C° is a given temperature Centigrade, and F° the corresponding

temperature Fahrenheit.
For conversions of temperatures above the upper limit of the table,

use Tables i and 4.
Table 4. Conversion of readings of the Centigrade thermometer near the

boiling point to readings Fahrenheit.
This is an extension of Table 3 from go.°o to loorg Centigrade.
Example
To convert 95°74 Centigrade to Fahrenheit.

From the table, 95°70 C. = 200^.26 F.
By interpolation, 0.04 = 0.07
95°74 C. = 204.°33 F.
Table 5. Conversion of differences Fahrenheit to differences Centigrade.
The gives for every tenth of a degree from 0° to 20^9 F. the

table
corresponding le'ogths of the Centigrade scale.
:
THERMOMETRICAL TABLES. xiii
Conversion of differences Centigrade to differences Fahrenheit. Table 6

The table gives for every tenth of a degree from o° to g'g C. the corre-
sponding lengths of the Fahrenheit scale.
Example
To find the equivalent difference in Fahrenheit degrees for a difference
of 4r72 Centigrade.
From the table, 4.-70 C. = 8^46 F.
From the table by moving the decimal point for 0.2, 0.02 = 0.04
4f72 C. = 8.°5o F.
REDUCTION OP TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL.

English Measures. Table 7.
Metric Measures. Table 8.
These and for different uniform rates

tables give for different altitudes
of decrease of temperature with altitude, the amount in hundredths of a
degree Fahrenheit and Centigrade, which must be added to observed tem-
peratures in order to reduce them to sea level.
The rate of decrease of temperature with altitude varies from one
region to another, and in the same region varies according to the season
and the meteorological conditions being in general greater in warm lati-
;
tudes than in cold ones, greater in summer than in winter, and greater
in cyclones than in anti-cyclones. For continental plateau regions, the
reduction often becomes fictitious or illusory. The use of the tables there-
fore requires experience and judgment in selecting the rate of decrease of
temperature to be used. Much experimental work is now in progress with
kitesand balloons to determine average vertical gradients. It must be
remembered that the tables here given are not tables giving the data as
recently determined for various elevations.
The tables are given in order to facilitate the reduction of temperature
either upwards or downwards in special investigations, but the reduction is
not ordinarily applied to meteorological observations.
The tables, 7 and 8, are cotiiputed for rates of temperature change
ranging from 1° Fahrenheit in 200 feet to 1° Fahrenheit in 900 feet, and
from 1° Centigrade in 100 metres to 1° Centigrade in 500 metres; and
for altitudes up to 5,000 feet and 3,000 metres respectively.
Example, Table 7 :
Observed temperature at an elevation of 2,500 feet, 52°5 F.

Reduction to sea level for an assumed decrease in tem-
perature of 1°.^. for every 300 feet, -f 8.°3
Temperature reduced to sea level, 6o.°8 F

Example, Table 8 :
Observed temperature at an elevation of 500 metres, 12^5 C.

Reduction to sea level for an assumed decrease in tempera-
ture of 1° C for every 200 metres, -f 2.°5
Temperature reduced to sea level, i5°o C.

XIV INTRODUCTION.
CORRECTION FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF THE THERMOMETER STEM.
Table 9 Fahrenheit thermometers; Centigrade thermometers.
When the temperature of the thermometer stem is materially different

from that of the bulb, a correction needs to be applied to the observed read-
ing in order to correct it for the difference. This correction frequently
becomes necessary in physical experiments where the bulb only is immersed
in a bath whose temperature is to be determined, and in meteorological
observations it may become appreciable in wet-bulb, dew point, and solar
radiation thermometers, when the temperature of the bulb is considerably
above or below the air temperature.
If { be the average temperature of the mercury column, t the observed
reading of the thermometer, n the length of mercury in the stem in scale
degrees, and u the apparent expansion of mercury in glass for i°, the
correction is given by the expression
— an{f — t)
in which, for Centigrade temperatures, u. = 0.000154 or 0.000155.

The average temperature of the mercury column can not be directly
observed and is difficult to determine, for it differs from the temperature
of the glass stem by an amount depending on the conduction of heat
between the bulb and the mercury column. Practically however it is
possible to use the actually observed temperature of the glass stem as the
value of by making a small compensating change in the value of a,
/'
and this appears tobe the simplest method that has been proposed. Mr.
T. E. Thorpe {Journal of the Chemical Society, vol. 37, 1880, p. 160) has
determined by a series of experiments that the proper thermometric cor-
rections will be obtained by this method if 0.000143 be used as a coeflScient
(for Centigrade temperatures) instead of the value of a given above, and
this value has been adopted in the present tables.
The correction formulae are, then,
T= t— 0.0000795 ^ (^ ~O
Temperature Fahrenheit.
T= t— 0.000143 n {f —
t) Temperature Centigrade.
in which 7^= Corrected temperature.
t= Observed temperature.
f= Mean temperature of the glass stem.
n= Length of mercury in the stem in scale degrees.
When f is
j^jegf
"^j than t, the numerical correction is to be j
^^^S?^^^*^"}
Example :
The observed temperature of a black bulb thermometer is i2o°4 F., the

temperature of the glass stem is 55f2 F. and the length of mercury
in the stem is 130° F. To find the corrected temperature.
With « = 130° F. and ^ — =
[—] (>5° F-, as arguments, the table gives
''
the correction of 7 F., which by the above rule is to be added to the

observed temperature. The corrected temperature is therefore i2i.°i F.
— :
TABIÊS FOR MERCURIAI, BAROMETERS.

REDUCTION TO A STANDARD TEMPERATURE OF OBSERVATIONS MADE WITH
MERCURIAL BAROMETERS HAVING BRASS SCALES.
The indicated height of the mercurial column in a barometer varies not
only with changes of atmospheric pressure, but also with variations of the
temperature of the mercury and of the scale. It is evident therefore that if
the height of the barometric column is to be a true relative measure of
atmospheric pressure, the observed readings must be reduced to the values
they would have if the mercury and scale were maintained at a constant
standard temperature. This reduction is known as the reduction for tem-
perature, and combines both the correction for the expansion of the mercury
and that for the expansion of the scale, on the assumption that the attached
thermometer gives the temperature both of the mercury and of the scale.
The freezing point is universally adopted as the standard temperature
of the mercury, to which all readings are to be reduced. The temperature
to which the scale is reduced is the normal or standard temperature of the
adopted standard of length. For English scales, which depend upon the
English yard, this is 62° Fahrenheit. For metric scales, which depend
upon the metre, it is 0° Centigrade. As thus reduced, observations made
with English and metric barometers become perfectly comparable when con-
verted by the ordinary tables of linear conversion, viz millimetres to inches
:
and inches to millimetres (see Tables 64, 65), for these conversions refer to
the metre at 0° Centigrade and the English yard at 62" Fahrenheit.
Prof. C. F. Marvin in the Monthly Weather Review for July, 1898,
has pointed out the necessity of caution in conversion of metric and English
barometer readings
Example: Attached thermometer, 25.°4C
Barometer reading, 762.15 mm.
If the temperature is converted to Fahrenheit = 77. °7 and the reading to
30.006, the temperature correction according to table 10 would be — 0.133
inch and the reduced reading 29.873. This would be erroneous. The correct
conversion is found by taking the correction corresponding to 25.°4C and
762 mm. i. c, — 3.15 mm. and corrected reading 759 mm. — which, con-
verted into inches gives the correct result, 29.882.
Professor Marvin further remarks that circumstances sometimes arise in
which a Centigrade thermometer may be used to deterrdine the temperature
of an English barometer, or a Fahrenheit attached thermometer may be
used with a metric .'cale. In all such cases the temperature must be brought
into the same system of units as the observed scale reading before correc-
tions can be applied, and the observed reading must then be corrected for
temperature before any conversion can be made.
With aneroid barometers corrections for temperature and instrumental
error must be determined for each instrument. The general formula for
reducing mercurial barometers with brass scales to the standard tempera-
ture is
^^ _ ^ m{t — T)—lit—6)
\+m(t — T) '
XV
XVI INTRODUCTION.
in which C= Correction for temperature.

B = Observed height of the barometric column.
t = Temperature of the attached thermometer.
T= Standard temperature of the mercury.

m = Coefficient of expansion of mercury.
/ = Coefficient of linear expansion of brass.
6 = Standard temperature of the scale.
The accepted determination of the coefficient of expansion of mercury
is that given by Broch's reduction of Regnault's experiments, viz :
m (for i" C.) = io"9(i8i792 -\- 0.175^ + 0.035116^^).

As a sufficiently accurate approximation, the intermediate value
m = 0.0001818
has been adopted uniformly for all temperatures in conformity with the usage
of the International Meteorological Tables.
Various specimens of brass scales made of alloys of different com-
positionshow differences in their coefficients of expansion amounting to
eight and sometimes ten per cent, of the total amount. The Smithsonian
Tables prepared by Prof. Guyot were computed with the average value
/(for 1° C) = 0.0000188 ; for the sake of uniformity with the International
Meteorological Tables, the value
/ = 0.0000184
has been used in the present volume. For any individual scale, either value
may easily be in error by four per cent.
A small portion of the tables has been independently computed, but the
larger part of the values have been copied from the International Meteoro-
logical Tables, one inaccuracy having been found and corrected.
Table 10. Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature —English

measures.
For the English barometer the formula for reducing observed readings
to a standard temperature becomes
Q ... 2^ i^ — 32°) -I jt - 62°)

1+m{t— 32°)
in which B = Observed height of the barometer in English inches.
t = Temperature of attached thermometer in degrees Fahrenheit.
m = 0.0001818 X ^ = o.oooioi
/ = 0.0000184 X ^ = 0.0000102
The combined reduction of the mercury to the freezing point and of the
scale to 62° Fahrenheit brings the point of no correction to approximately
:
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. xvii
28°. 5 Fahrenheit. For temperatures above 28°. 5 Fahrenheit, the correction

is subtractive, and for temperatures below 28°. 5 Fahrenheit, the correction
is additive, as indicated by the signs ( + ) and ( — ) inserted throughout the
table.
The table gives the corrections for every half degree Fahrenheit from
0° to I oof The limits of pressure are 19 and 31.6 inches, the corrections
being computed for every half inch from 19 to 24 inches, and for every
two- tenths of an inch from 24 to 31.6 inches.
Example :
Observed height of barometer = 29.143

Attached thermometer, 54^5 F.
Reduction for temperature =— 0.068
Barometric reading corrected for temperature = 29.075
TABLE 11.
Table 11. Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature— Metric

measures.
For the metric barometer the formula for reducing observed readings to
the standard temperature, 0° C. becomes ,
\ -\- mi
in which C and B are expressed in millimetres and t in Centigrade

degrees.
»? = 0.0001818 ; / = 0.0000184.
In the tables, the limits adopted for the pressure are 440 and 795 mil-
limetres, the intervals being 10 millimetres between 440 and 600 milli-
metres, and 5 millimetres between 600 and 795 millimetres
The limits adopted for the temperature are o" and 35°. 8, the inter- +
vals being o°.5 and i°.o from 440 to 560 millimetres, and o°.2 from 560 to
795 millimetres.
For temperatures above 0° Centigrade the correction is negative, and
hence is to be subtracted from the observed readings.
For temperatures below 0° Centigrade the correction is positive, and
from 0° C. down to —
20° C. the numerical values thereof, for ordinary baro-
metric work, do not materially differ from the values for the corresponding
temperatures above 0° C. Thus the correction for — 9° C. is numerically
the same as for + 9° C. and is taken from the table. In physical work of
extreme precision, the numerical values given for positive temperatures may
be used for temperatures below 0° C. by applying to them the following
corrections
xvin INTRODUCTION.
Corrections to be applied to the tabular values of Table 1 1 in order to use them

when the temperature of the attached thermometer is below o° Centigrade.
:
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XIX
The Standard value of gravity adopted is that prevailing at latitude

45° and sea level. The two parts
reduction, accordingly, consists of
a —
correction for altitude and a correction for latitude. The gravity correc-
tion for altitude is usually combined with the reduction of the barometer
to sea level the gravity correction for latitude, which is here given, is
;
commonly called simply the "gravity correction," or the "reduction to

standard gravity."
If B^ and .5„ represent the barometric heights (corrected for tem-
perature) at latitudes <^ and 45°, and g^, g^ the acceleration of gravity
at these latitudes, we have
B« ^*'
and the correction to the observed height will be
If the earth be an ellipsoid of revolution composed of homogeneotis

homofocal layers arranged according to any law of density,
S^ =g«. (i — ^ cos 2 «^)
in which A is a constant depending on the ellipticity of the earth ; and

the correction becomes
C= — k cos 2 <^ B^,
The value of k adopted here is that determined by Prof. Harkness,*
k = 0.002662.
The correction is the same numerically for <^ = 45° + <» and <^ = 45° — a.
It is negative for latitudes below 45° and positive for latitudes above 45!
TABLES 12, 13.
Table 12 (English measures) gives the correction in thousandths oi

an inch for every degree of latitude and for each inch of barometric pres-
sure from 19 to 30 inches.
Table 13 {Metric measures) gives the correction in hundredths of a
millimetre for each 20 millimetres barometric pressure from 520 to 780 mil-
limetres.
Example
Barometric reading (corrected for temperature) at Dodge
City, latitude 37° 45', = 27.434
Gravity correction for latitude from Table 12, =— 0.018
Barometer reduced to latitude 45°, = 27.416
Wm. HarxnbsS: Tite solar parallax and its related constants. Washington,
1891, 4°. PP- 169-
—
XX INTRODUCTION.
THE HYPSOMETRIC FORMULA AND ITS CONSTANTS.
The fundamental formula reducing the barometer to sea level and

for
for determining heights by the barometer is the original formula of I,aplace,
amplified into the following form
Z=^(l+a<))(^-3^) i^+kcOS.<l>) (l+i+i»)log^
in which A = Height of the upper station.

A„ = Height of the lower station.
Z=A-/«„.
p = Atmospheric pressure at the upper station.
p, = Atmospheric pressure at the lower station.

J? = Mean radius of the earth.
6 = Mean temperature of the air column between the altitudes
k and /z„.
. e = Mean pressure of aqueous vapor in the air column.

6 = Mean barometric pressure of the air column.
<l>
= I/atitude of the stations.
A'= Barometric constant.
a= CoefiScient of the expansion of air.
k = Constant depending on the figure of the earth.
The pressures />„ and p are computed from the height of the column of
mercury at the two stations ; the ratio -^ of the barometric heights may be
P B„ and B are reduced to the values that

substituted for the ratio -f, if would
P
be measured at the same temperature and under the same relative value of
gravity.
The correction of the observed barometric heights for instrumental tem-
perature is always separately made, but the correction for the variation of
gravity with altitude is generally introduced into the formula itself.
If .5„, B represent the barometric heights corrected for temperature only,

we have the equation
p=-BV^^lRh
fi. being a constant depending on the variation of gravity with altitude.
logf = log§ + log(i+M|).

ikZ
Since -^ is a very small fraction, we may write
Nap.log(i+^)='^/,andlog(i+'^/)=^^,
M being the modulus of common logarithms.
—
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XXI
By substituting for Z its approximate value Z= K log -=°, we have

o
With, these substitutions the barometric formula becomes
Z=^(l+a6)(^3^^,)(l+^C0S2,^)(l+i^°)x
b
x(:+^^)log§.
As a further simplification we shall put
e IC
P = 0.378 —^y =k cos 2<^ and 1;
Ik
= —^- M,
and write the formula
Z = K{j.-\- ae)
(^) (I +y) (l + ^^) (I + ^)log§.
Values of the constants. —

The barometric constant .ff" is a complex
quantity defined by the equation
K--
Ax5„
1-kM
B„ is the normal barometric height of Iâplace, 760 mm.
A is the density of mercury at the temperature of melting ice. M.
Marek ( Travaux
Memoires du Bureau international des Poids et Mesures,
et
t. II, p. D 55) gives the value, = 13-5956, and finds that different
A
specimens of mercury purified by different processes differ from this by
several units in the fourth decimal. The International Meteorological
Committee has taken the value
A= 13-5958.
and for the sake of uniformity this value is here adopted.
8 is the density of dry air at 0° C. and under the pressure of a column

of mercury B„ at the sea level and at latitude 45! The value adopted
by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Travaux et MSmoires,
t. I, p. A 54) is
8 = 0.001293052.
M (the modulus of common logarithms) = 0.4342945.
Tliese numbers give for the value of the barometric constant
K= 18400 metres.
—
xxii INTRODUCTION.
For the remaining constants, the following values have been used :
= 0.00367 for 1° Centigrade. (International Bureau of Weights and

Measures : Travaux et Mimoires, t. I, p. A 54.)
y= -^ cos 2 ^ = 0.002662 cos 2 <A.
(Harkness : 77?,; solar parallax, etc.
see p. xix.)
H = 6367324 metres. (A. R. Clarke : Geodesy, 8°, Oxford, 1880.)
^ _ î^:!^= 0.002396. (Ferrel: Report Chief Signal Officer, 1885,
pt. 2, p. 393.)
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO SEA LEVEL.

/ h + hs
In reducing the barometer to sea-level, K=o, and the factor (^
i H ^— j
becomes (1+^). Taking the product of this factor and K {1 + aO)
(i -|. and neglecting the term in dZ, the formula becomes

, ),
in metric measures
Z (metres) = (18444 + 67.53 d ^ + 0.003 Z) (^3^) (i + r) log

^ '
and in English measures

z (feet) = (56573 + 123. 1 e° " + 0.003 ^)
(tz:^) (^ + y) ^°s -£ •
The form adopted for the tables is that of M. Angot.*
Taking the formula in English measures, let
^(1-/3)
^ 56573 + 123-1 ^ + 0.003-^'
Putting
m = log-B„ .
We may with sufficient accuracy write
»?!= m. — my =^- 1
B„
log -—2
H
and may call m^ the value of m corrected for the variation of gravity with
latitude.
Now the reduction of the barometer to sea level is B^ — B, which may
be transformed into the following
The above
B,- — (§-)-^(-°"-)
:
fraction designated in contains the altitude 7^, the mean

temperature 0, and the humidity factor (i — /?). In the Smithsonian tables,
*A. Angot Annates du Bureau Central MHtorologique.

: Annê 1878, t. I, p. C. I3,
but Angot uses slightly different numerical constants.
'
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. xxni
vieteorological and physical, by Dr. A. Guyot, the distinguished author

in treating of this humidity factor in connection with hypsometric tables
took the following position :
"
To introduce a separate correction for the expansion of aqueous vapor
" is, in the writer's view, a doubtful improvement. The laws of the distri-
" bution and transmission of moisture through the atmosphere are too little
'
known, and its amount, especially in mountain regions, is too variable, and
'
'
depends too much upon local winds and local condensation, to allow a
'
'
reasonable hope of obtaining the mean humidity of the layer of air between
'
the two stations by means of hygrometrical observations made at each of

'
'
'
them. These doubts are confirmed by the experience of the author and
'
"of many other observers, which shows that, on an average, Laplace's

" method works not only as well as the other, but more uniformly well. At
" any rate the gain, if there be any, is not clear enough to compensate for
' '
' the undesirable complication of the formula.
Since this position was taken by Dr. Guyot forty years ago, there has
been no such advance in our knowledge as to impair the practical conclusion
in conformity with which he constructed his hypsometric table. Accord-
ingly in treating this portion of the formula in the construction of the
present tables for the reduction of the barometer to sea level, it has been
deemed advantageous to retain the method adopted by Guyot, and to
incorporate the humidity factor in the temperature term, thereby assum-
ing the air to contain the average degree of humidity corresponding to the
actually prevailing condition of temperature.
In evaluating the humidity factor as a function of the air temperature,
the tables given by Prof. Ferrel have been adopted {^Meteorological researches.
—
Part Hi. Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level.
Report, U. S. Coast Survey, 1881. Appendix 10.) These tables by inter-
polation, and by extrapolation below 0° F., give the following values for /S:
For Fahrenheit temperatures,
(9
XXIV INTRODUCTION.
For Centigrade temperatures,
e
;
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XXV
Reduction Tables for reductions between any two planes within the eleva-
tionsfrom sea level to 10,000 feet (2) the reexamination of the elevations
;
of Weather Bureau Stations and a computation of corrections (3) the con- ;
struction of temperature gradients in latitude, longitude, and altitude for all
stations in the United States (4) the computation of the relative humidity
;
at sea level and the vapor tension on the sea level, the 3,500-foot and the
ic,ooo-foot planes ; (5) the computation of the normal station pressures
(6) the construction of charts of pressure, temperature, and vapor tension
for each month and the year on the three planes referred to, and an exten-
sive series of tables for practical reduction of observed readings.
TABLES t4, IB, 16.
Tables 14, 15, 16. Reduction of the barometer to sea level — English
measures.
Table 14 gives values of 2000 x m,.
56573 + 123.1 +0.0032:

The temperature varies by intervals of 2° from 20° F. to 96* F. — ,
except near the extremities of the table where the interval is 4!' The alti-
tude Z
varies by intervals of 100 feet from 100 to gooo feet. The values
of 2000 m are given to one decimal.
In order to facilitate interpolations for iractions of a 100 feet in

altitude, the tabular differences for 100 feet have been added on each line.
Table 15 gives a small correction to 2000 w for latitude, computed

from the expression
2000 m. X 0.002662 cos 2 <^.
The arguments are 2000 »?, which varies by tens from 10 to 350, and
the latitude, which varies by
from 0° to 5° 90!" The correction is to be
subtracted for latitudes below 45° and added for latitudes above 45.° The
tabular values are given to one decimal.
Table 16, with the value of 2000 w? thus corrected, gives the correction
which must be applied to the barometric reading B (corrected for tem-
perature) to reduce it to sea level. The arguments are 5, which varies by
0.5 inch from 31.00 inches to 19.5 inches, and values of 2Qoom, which are
given for every unit from i to 334.
The reduction values B^ —B are given to o.oi inch.
Example :
Let .5= 26.24 inches be the barometric reading (corrected for temper-
ature) observed at a station whose altitude is 3572 feet, and latitude
32.° Suppose the mean temperature of the air coltmin B = esfo F.
Table 14 gives (p. 63) with Z= 3,500 feec and ^ = 62.°8.F., 200o»»=io8.o
The difference for 72 feet is 2.2
The approximate value of 2000 m is 110.2

XXVI INTRODUCTION.
Table 15, with 2000 m = 110 and latitude = 32°, gives the subtractive
correction o.i. Hence the corrected value of 2000 w is iio.i.
With 2ooo/» = 110.1 and 5 = 26.24,Table 16 (p. 72) gives the reduc-
tion to sea level, 3.55 inches. Accordingly the barometric pressure reduced
to sea level is
B, = 26.24 + 3-55 = 29-79 inches.
Tables 17, 18, 19. Reduction of the barometer to sea level —Metric measures.
For reducing to sea level readings of the metric barometer, the baro-
metric formula in metric measures derived on page xxii is treated in the
same manner as the formula in English measures just described in detail,
and the method of construction of the tables is the same.
Table 17 gives values of 2000 »?.
^ 18444 + 67-53 ^ + 0.003 /
The temperature varies by intervals of 2° from — 16° C to + 36" C.

except near the extremities of the table where the interval is 4! The alti-
tude 2' varies by 10 metres from 10 to 3000 metres. The values of 2000^2
are given to one decimal.
Table 18 gives the small correction to 2000 m for latitude. The argu-
ments are 2000 »?, which varies by tens from 10 to 350, and the latitude
which varies by 5° from 0° to gof The correction is to be subtracted for
latitudes below 45° and added for latitudes above 45^ The tabular values
are given to one decimal. The value of 2000 m thus corrected is then used
in entering Table 19.
Table 19 gives the correction which must be applied to the barometric
reading B (corrected for temperature) to reduce it to sea level. The argu-
ments are B, which varies by 10 mm. from 790 mm. to 480 mm., and values
of 2000 m which vary by units from i to 345. The tabular values B, — B
are given to o. i mm.
Example :
I<et B= 648.7 mm. be the barometric reading observed and corrected

for temperature at a station whose altitude is 1353 metres and latitude
32.° Suppose the mean temperature of the air column 6 i4r3 C. =
Table 17 gives (p. 83) for 9 14° and = Z— 1353, 2000 m= 138.6
The proportional part for or3 is .15
Hence the approximate value of 2000 w? is 138-45
Table with 2000 w«= 138 and latitude 32", gives the subtractive
18,
correction 0.15.Hence the corrected value of 2000 w is 138.3. With this
value and B=6^gmm. as arguments, Table 19 gives B^ 112.0 mm. — B=
Accordingly the barometric reading reduced to sea level is
.5, = 648.7+ 112.0 = 760.7 mm.

:
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. ZXVli
THE DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER.

Tables 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. English Measures.
The barometric formula developed in the preceding section (see p. xxi)

is arranged in the following form for determining heights by the barometer.
Z=A'(log^,-log^) (l+a^)
(l+i8)
(l+^C0S2^)(l+lj)
in which .ft' (log B„ — log

B') is an approximate value of and the factors Z
in. the brackets are correction factors depending respectively on the air
temperature, the humidity, the variation of gravity with latitude, the varia-
on the weight of mercury in the
tion of gravity with altitude in its effect
barometer, and the variation of gravity with altitude in its effect on the
weight of the air. With the constants already given, the formula becomes
in English measures
Z (feet) = 60368 (log B, — log B) [i + 0.002039 {0 — 32°)]

(i+)8)
(l + 0.002662 cos 2<^) (l + 0.00239)
(. + (^^)
In order to make the temperature correction as small as possible for
average air temperatures, 50° F. will be taken as the temperature at which
the correction factor is zero. This is accomplished by the following trans-
formation :
I -\- 0.002039 {B — 32°) = [i -I- 0.002039 (^ — 50°)] [i -I- 0.0010195 X 36°].
The second factor of this expresssion combines with the constant, and
gives 60368 (i -I-0.0010195 X 36°) 62583.6. =
The first approximate value of is therefore Z
62583.6 (log .ff.- log 5).
In order further to increase the utility of the tables, we shall make a

farther substitution for log B„ —
log B, and write
62583.6 (log B, - log B-) = 62583.6 log (^ - log

^)-
Table 20 contains values of the expression
62583.6 log ?^
for values of B varying by intervals of o.oi inch from 12.00 inches to 30.90
inches.
The first approximate value of Z is then obtained by subtracting the
XXVIU INTRODUCTION.
tabular value corresponding to B^ from the tabular value corresponding to

B (B and B^ being the barometric readings observed and corrected for
temperature at the upper and lower stations respectively).
Table 21 gives the temperature correction
Zx 0.002039 (^—50°).
The argument is the mean temperature of the air column {&) given
side
for intervals of 1°from 0° to 100° F. The top argument is the approximate
difference of altitude Z obtained from Table 20.
For temperatures above 50° F., the correction is to be added, and for
temperatures below 50° F., the correction is to be subtracted. It will be
observed that the correction is a linear function of Z, and hence, for example,
the value for Z=
1740 is the sum of the corrections in the columns headed
1000, 700, and 40.
In general, accurate altitudes can not be obtained unless the temperature

used is freed from diurnal variation.
Table 22 gives the correction for latitude, and for the variation of gravity
with altitude in its effect on the weight of the mercury. When altitudes
are determined with aneroid barometers the second factor does not enter the
formula. In this case the effect of the latitude factor can be obtained
by taking the difference between the tabular value for the given latitude and
the tabular value for latitude 45° The side argument is the latitude of the
station given for intervals of 1°. The top argument is the approximate
difference of height Z.
Table 23 gives the correction for the average humidity of the air at
different tern peratures ; + j8) adopted by Prof.
the values of the factor (i
Ferrel and given on page xxiii have been used. This correction could have
been incorporated with the temperature factor in Table 21, but it is given
separately in order that the magnitude of the correction may be apparent,
and in order that, when the actual humidity is observed, the correction may
be computed if desired, by the expression
(0.378
f)
where e is the mean pressure of vapor in the air column, and b the mean
barometric pressure.
The side argument is the mean temperature of the air column, varying
by intervals of 2° from — 20° F. to 96° F., except near the extremities of the
table where the interval is 4! The top argument is the approximate
difference of altitude Z.
Table 24 gives the correction for the variation of gravity with altitude
in its effect on the weight of the air. The side argument is the approximate
difference of altitude Z, and the top argument is the elevation of the lower
station h^.
The corrections given by Tables 22, 23 and 24 are all additive.

:
BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XXIX
Example
I<et the barometric pressure observed, and corrected for temperature,
at the upper and lower stations be, respectively, B = 23.61 and
B, = 29.97. Let the mean temperature of the air column be 35° F.,
and the latitude 44° 16'. To determine the difference of height.
Feet.
Table 20, argument 23.61, gives 6420

Table 20, " 29.97, " ~ Â-
Approximate difference of height (Z) = 6484

Table 21, with Z= 6484 and = 35° F., gives — 198
Table 22, with Z= 6300 and = 44°i gives
<t> + 16
Table 23, with Z= 6300 and d = 35? F., gives + 17
Table 24, with Z= 6300 and A„ = o, gives + 2
Final difference of height (Z) =6321

If iu this example the barometric readings be observed with aneroid
barometers, the correction to be obtained from Table 22 will be simply the
portion due to the latitude factor, and this will be obtained by subtracting
the tabular value for 45° from that for 44°, the top argument being Z= 6300.
This gives 16 — 15 = i.
Tables 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Metric Measures.
The barometric formula developed on page xxi is, in metric units,
Z (metres) = 18400 (log B^ — log B^ (i + 0.00367 B C.)
(I + 0.378I-)
(i +0.00266 cos 2^) (i -r 0.00239)
(^+2/iJ
I + 6 367 324
The approximate value of Z

(the difference of height of the upper and
lower station) given by the factor 18400 (log B^
is log B). This expression —
is computed by means of two entries of a table whose argument is the
barometric pressure. In order that the two entries may result at once in an
approximate value of the elevation of the upper and lower stations, a
transformation is made, which gives the following identity:
18400 (log B, — log B) = 18400 (^log ^— log

^^ •
TPWLE 2S
Table 25 gives values of the expression 18400 log-^-^- for valtics of B

varying by intervals of i mm. from 300 mm. to 779 mm. The first app^roxi-
Z
mate value of is then obtained by subtracting the tabular value correspondirg
to B^ from the tabular value corresponding to {B and B^ being the B
barometric readings observed and reduced to 0° C. at the upper and lower
XXX INTRODUCTION.
Stations respectively^. The first entry of Table 25 with the argument B

gives an approximate lvalue of the elevation of the upper station above
sea level, and the second entry with the argument B„ gives an approximate
value of the elevation of the lower station.
Table 26 gives the temperature correction : 0.00367 C.x Z.
The side argument is Z and the
the approximate diflference of elevation
top argument is the mean temperature of the air column. The values of Z
vary by intervals of 100 m. from 100 to 4000 metres and the temperature
varies by intervals of 1° from 1° C. to 10° C. with additional columns for 20°,
30°, and 40° C. Attention is called to the fact that the formula is linear
with respect to 9, and hence that the correction, for example, for 27° equals
When the table is used for
the correction for 20° plus the correction for 7!
temperatures below 0° C, the tabular correction must be subtracted from,
instead of added to, the approximate value of Z.
Table 27 (pp. 1 12 and II 3) gives the correction for humidity resulting
from the factor 0.378 r x Z—^Z.

Page 112 gives the value of 0.378 ^ multiplied by loooo. The side
argument is the mean pressure of aqueous vapor, e, which serves to repre-
sent themean state of humidity of the air between the two stations.
e = \ (J^+f^) (/ and/„ being the vapor pressures observed at the two stations)
has been written at the head of the table, but the value to be assigned to e
isin reality left to the observer, independently of all hypothesis. The top
argument is the mean barometric pressure ^{B B„). +
The vapor pressure varies by millimetres from i to 40, and the mean
barometric pressure varies by intervals of 20 mm. from 500 mm. to 760 mm.
The tabular values represent the humidity factor ^ or 0.378-7, multiplied by
1 0000.
Page 113 gives the correction for humidity, with Z and loooo x 0.378 t
o
(derived from page 112) as arguments.
The approximate diflference of altitude is given by intervals of 100
metres from 100 to 4000 metres, and the values of loooo/S vary by intervals
of 25 from 25 to 300. The tabular values are given in tenths of metres to
facilitate and increase the accuracy of interpolation.
Table 28 gives the correction for latitude, and for the variation of
gravity with altitude in its eflFect on the weight of the mercurial column.
When altitudes are determined with aneroid barometers, the latter factor
does not enter the formula. In this case the effect of the latitude factor
can be obtained by subtracting the tabular value for latitude 45° from the
tabular value for the latitude in question.
The side argument is the approximate difference of elevation Z, varying
by intervals of 100 metres from 100 to 4000. The top argument is the
latitude varying by intervals of 5° from 0° to 75°
:
BAROMETRICAI, TABI,BS. XXX]
TABLE 29.
Table 29 gives tlie correction for the variation of gravity with altitude
in on the weight of the air.
its effect
The argument is the same as in Table 28 the top argument

side ; is
the height of the lower station varying by intervals of 200 metres from o to
2000., with additional columns for 2500, 3000 and 4000 metres.
Example
Let the barometric reading (reduced to 0° C. ) at the upper station
be 655.7 mm.; at the lower station, 772.4 mm. I,et the mean
temperature of the air column be 6 = i2.°3 C, the mean vapor
pressure ^ = 9 mm. and the latitude <^=32.°
Table 25, with argument 655.7, gives 11 79 metres.
Table 25, " " 772.4, " — 129
Approximate value of Z = 1308

Table 26, with Z= 1300 and 6— i2°3 C, gives 59
Table 27, with ^ = 9mm. and Z= 1370, gives 7
Table 28, with Z~
1370 and <>= 32°, gives 5
Table 29, with Z= 1370 and h, = o, gives o
Corrected value of Z =1379 metres.

TABLE 30.
Table 30. Difference of height corresponding to a change of o.i inch in
the barometer —English measures.
If we differentiate the barometric formula, page xxvii, we shall obtain,

neglecting insensible quantities,
rfZ=- 26281 -g- {\ +0.002039(19-32°)) (!+;«)•
in which B represents the mean pressure of the air column dZ.

Putting dB = 0.1 inch,
'^^^-^^ (1+0.002039(^-32°)) (i+y3)-
The second member, taken positively, expresses the height of a column
Df air in feet corresponding to a tenth of an inch in the barometer on the
parallel of 45° latitude. Since the last factor (i + /3), as given on page xxiii,
is a function of the temperature, the function has only two variables and
-admits of convenient tabulation.
Table 30, containing values oi dZ for short intervals of the arguments
£ and 0, has been taken from the Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1881,
—
Appendix 10, Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea
ievel, by Wm. Ferrel.*
*Due to the use of a slightly dififereut value for the coefficient of expansion, Prof.
Ferrel's foimnla, upon which the table is computed, is
2628.4
dZ = -
(i + 0.0020^4 \S - 32°)) (I + j3) •
:
XXXU INTRODUCTION.
Th° temperature argument is given for every 5" from 30° F. to 85° F..
and the pressure argument for every 0.2 inch from 22.0 to 30.8 inches.
This table may be used in computing small differences of altitude, and,
up to a thousand feet or more, very approximate results may be obtained.
Example
Mear pressure at Augusta, October, 1891, 29.94 ;

temperature, 6of8 F.
Mean pressure at Atlanta, October, 1891, 28.97 : temperature, 59^4
Mean pressure of air column, B = 29.455 !
^ = ^^°^
Entering the table with 29.455 and 6ori as arguments, we take out 94.95
as the difference of elevation corresponding to a tenth of an inch difference
of pressure. Multiplying this value by the number of tenths of inches
difference in the observed pressures, viz. 97, we obtain the difference of
elevation 921 feet.
Table 31. Difêience of height corresponding to a change of one millimetre

in the barometer — Metric measures.
This table has been computed by converting Table 18 into metric units.
The temperature argument is given for every 2° from — 2° C. to + 36° C. the ;
pressure argument is given for ever5' millimetre from 760 to 560 mm.
Table 32. Babinet' s formula for determining heights by the barometer.
Babinet's 'brmula for computing differences of altitude* represents the

formula of Iâplace quite accurately for differences of altitude up to 1000
metres, and within one per cent for much greater altitudes. As it has been
quite widely disseminated among and engineers, and is of con-
travellers
venient application, the formula is here given in English and metric measures.
It might seem desirable to alter the figures given by Babinet so as to con-
form to the newer values of the barometrical constants now adopted but ;
this change would increase the resulting altitudes by less than one-half of
one per cent without enhancing their reliability to a corresponding degree,
on account of the outstanding uncertainty of the assumed mean tertiperature
of the air.
The formula is, in English measures,
Z (feet) = 52494 [i + gp^ J b-TB '
and in metric measures,
Z(metres) = 16000 Ti + i(^t±^]J f.^,

L 1000 B„+B
m which Zis the difference of elevation between a lower and upper station
at which the barometric pressures corrected for all sources of instrumental
error are B„ and B, and the observed air temperatures are /„ and t, respectively.
*Comptes Rendus, Paris, 1850, vol. xxx., page 309.

BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XXXUl
Tfor ready computation the formula is written
—B
Z=Cx B^
B^ + B
and the factor C, computed both in English and metric measures, has been
kindly furnished by Prof. Cleveland Abbe. The argument is i (4 + 1)
given for every 5° Fahrenheit between 10° and 100° F., and for every 2°
Centigrade between 10° and 40° Centigrade.
In using the table, it should be borne in mind that on account of the
uncertainty in the assumed temperature, the last two figures in the value of
C are uncertain, and are here given only for the sake of convenience of
interpolation. Consequently one should not attach to the resulting altitudes
a greater degree of confidence than is warranted by the accuracy of the
temperatures and the formula. The table shows that the numerical factor
changes by about one per cent of its value for every change of five degrees
Fahrenheit in the mean temperature of the stratum of air between the
upper and lower stations therefore the computed difference of altitude will
;
have an uncertainty of one per cent if the assumed temperature of the air
is in doubt by 5° F. With these precautions the observer may properly
estimate the reliability of his altitudes whether computed by Babinet's
formula or by more elaborate tables.
Example :
Let the barometric pressure observed and corrected for temperature at

the upper and lower stations be, respectively, B = 635 mm. and
ô = 730 mm. Let the temperatures be, respectively, ^=15° C,
4 =
20° C. To find the approximate difierence of height.
With i (/„ + t) = ^= i7°5 C., the table in metric measures gives
^
C= .
7 1 20 metres.
B. — B„ = -^-
95
1 >, •
B, +B 1365
The approximate difierence of height = 17120 x - ^- =1191.5 metres.
1305
THERMOMETRICAL MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS BY OBSERVATION OF THE

TEMPERATURE OF THE BOILING POINT OF WATER.
When water heated in the open air, the elastic force of its vapor
is
gradually increases, until it becomes equal to the incumbent weight of the
atmosphere. Then, the pressure of the atmosphere being overcome, the

steam escapes rapidly in large bubbles and the water boils. The tem-
perature at which water boils in the open air thus depends upon the
weight of the atmospheric column above it, and under a less barometric
pressure the water will boil at a lower temperature than under a greater
pressure. Now, as the weight of the atmosphere decreases with the
elevation, it is obvious that, in ascending a mountain, the higher the
XXXIV INTRODUCTION.
Station where an observation is made, the lower will be the temperature of

the boiling point.
The difference of elevation between two places therefore can be deduced
from the temperature of boiling water observed at each station. It is
only necessary to find the barometric pressures which correspond to those

temperatures, and, the atmospheric pressures at both places being known,
to compute the difference of height by the tables given herein for com-
puting heights from barometric observations.
From the above, it may be seen that the heights determined by
means of the temperature of boiling water are less reliable than those
deduced from barometric observations. Both derive the difference of alti-
tude from the difference of atmospheric pressure. But the temperature of
boiling water gives only indirectly the atmospheric pressure, which is
given directly by the barometer. This method is thus liable to all the
chances of error which may affect the measurements by means of the
barometer, besides adding to them new ones peculiar to itself, the prin-
cipal of which is the diflSculty of ascertaining with the necessary accuracy
the true temperature of boiling water. In the present state of ther-
mometry it would hardly be safe, indeed, to rely, in the most favorable
circumstances, upon quantities so small as hundredths of a degree, even
when the thermometer has been constructed with the utmost care more- ;
over, the quality of the glass of the instrument, the form and substance
of the vessel containing the water, the purity of the water itself, the position
at which the bulb of the thermometer is placed, whether in the current of
the steam or in the water, — all these circumstances cause no inconsiderable
variations to take place in the indications of thermometers observed under
the same atmospheric pressure. Owing to these various causes, an obser-
vation of the boiling point, differing by one-tenth of a degree from the true
temperature, ought to be still admitted as a good one. Now, as the tables
show, an error of one-tenth of a degree Centigrade in the temperature of
boiling water would cause an error of 2 millimetres in the barometric
pressure, or of from 70 to 80 feet in the final result, while with a good
barometer the error of pressure will hardly ever exceed one-tenth of a
millimetre, making a difference of 3 feet in altitude.
Notwithstanding these imperfections, the hypsometric thermometer is
of the greatest utility to travellers and explorers in rough countries, on
account of its being more conveniently transported and much less liable
to accidents than the mercurial barometer. A
suitable form for it, designed
by Regnault {Ânnates de Chimie et de Physique, Tome xiv, p. 202), consists
of an accurate thermometer with long degrees, subdivided into tenths.
For observation the bulb is placed, about 2 or 3 centimetres above the
surface of the water, in the steam arising from distilled water in a cylin-
drical vessel, the water being made to boil by a spirit-lamp.
:
HYGROMETRICAI< TABLES. XXXV

TABLES 33, 34.
Barometric pressures corresponding to the temperature of boiling water.
Table 33. English Measures.

Table 34. Metric Measures.
Table 33 is a conversion into English measures of Table 34. The

argument is the temperature of boiling water for every tenth of a degree
from 1 85^0 to 212^9 Fahrenheit. The tabular values are given to the
nearest o.oi inch.
Table 34 is Broch's table of barometric pressures corresponding to tem-

peratures of boiling water. This table is the same as in the International
Meteorological Tables of 1890. The argument is given for every tenth of a
degree from 80°. o to 100°. 9 C. on Regnault's normal mercurial ther-
mometer. The tabular values are given to the nearest o. i mm.
HYGROMETRICAI. TABI.ES.
PRESSURE OF SATURATED AQUEOUS VAPOR.
Tables 35, 36, and 43, giving the pressure of saturated aqueous vapor,
are based upon Dr. Broch's reduction of the observations of Regnault
( Travaux et Mimoires du Bureau international des Poids et Mcsurcs, t. I,
p. A 19-39). This reduction assumes that the observations may be repre-
sented by the empirical formula
„
F= Ax 10 bt + d^ + dfi +
.
r -l-aif
et*
-^—
+f^
in which F is the pressure of aqueous vapor expressed in millimetres of

pure mercury, at 0° C. and under the standard gravity at latitude
45° and sea level, its density being 13 59593.
/, the temperature expressed in Centigrade degrees on Regnault's
normal mercurial thermometer.
a. = 0.003667458
By using the simultaneous values of F and t given by Regnault" a
observations. Dr. Broch obtained a series of observation equations whose
solution by the method of least squares gave the following values for the
coefficients
A= 4.5686859
5= 10-^ X 3.134366 174
C =— IO"5 XI.416112423
d= 10-7 X 1.935338308
=—
<f 10-9 X 2.646 535 103
/= 10-" X 1.139377158
From this formula Broch's tables of vapor pressure were computed.

XXXVl INTRODUCTION.
Table 35. Pressure of aqueo7is vapor —English measures.

This table is a conversion into English measures of Table 36. It gives
the vapor pressure for temperatures varying by o.°2 from 2o.°o to 214.^0 —
Fahrenheit, on Regnault's normal mercurial thermometer scale.
The tabular values are given in inches to four decimals.
A column of differences for 0° . i is added for convenience in interpolating.
Table 36. Pressiire of aqueous vapor. —Metric measures.

This table, taken from Broch, gives the pressure of aqueous vapor to
hundredths of a millimetre of mercury under standard gravity for temper-
atures by Regnault's normal mercurial thermometer varying by o°'. i C. from
— 29°. o to 100". 9 Centigrade. The values for temperatures between o"^ C.
and 45° C. are given in Tpble 43, the remainder in Table 36.
TABLE 37. Pressure of aqueous vapor over ice. — (C F. Marvin.)

Broch's vapor pressures at temperatures below 0° C. (32° F.) as given in
Tables 35 and 36, when compared with the actual observed values of Reg-
nault are found to be systematically too large. This discrepancy signifies
that the empirical formula adopted by Broch fails to represent accurately
the law of variation of vapor pressure for temperatures both above and
below the freezing point. Moreover, the failure in the application of the
formula might be inferred from the laws of diffusion following from the
kinetic theory of gases, for these give no reason to suppose that the functiou
expressing the relation between vapor pressure and temperature is continuous
between the two states of water and ice.
Under proper conditions water can be cooled far below 0° C. (32° F.'),
before solidifying, so that at the same temperature we may have it either
in the liquid or the solid state, and experiments confirm the theory of
diffusion in showing that the pressure of the vapor is different according as
it is in contact with its liquid or its solid at the same temperature. The
method hitherto employed of combining vapor pressures above and below
freezing, and attempting to represent them by a single continuous function,
must therefore be considered as radically erroneous.
Recognizing the systematic errors of the vapor pressures given by
Broch's formula for temperature below freezing, a new determination by
direct experimental investigation was carried out by Prof. C. F. Marvin,
the results of which {Ânnual Report Chief Signal Officer, 1891
frofti Ap- ;
pendix No. 10,) Table 37 is reproduced. The interpolation between the

observed pressures which were noted at intervals of about 5° /^, was effected
graphically and not by mathematical formula. The vapor pressures were
determined for vapor in contact with ice, and also for vapor over water
cooled below 32° F. The former pressures are always lower than the latter ;
at melting ice both values agree. Independent determinations by Juhlin

confirm Marvin's results, and these therefore replace the values given by
Broch. [See Landolt and Bornstein, Phys. Chem., Tabellen, Berlin, 1905.]
— ,
HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. XXXvii
The arguments of the tables are given for every two-tenths of a degree
Fahrenheit and for each half degree centigrade. The temperatures are as
measured by the normal air thermometer.
TABLES Sa, 39.
TABLE 38. Weight of a cubic foot — Eiiglish measures.

of saturated vapor
Table 39. Weight of a cubic metre of saturated vapor—Metric measures.
The weight of a i-ubic metre of saturated vapor is given by the expression
1. -{-at 760'
a is the weight of a cubic metre of dry air (free from carbonic acid)
at temperature 0° C, and pressure of 760 millimetres of standard
mercury at 45° latitude and sea-level: a = 1.29278 kg. (Bureau
International des Poids et Mesures Travaux et Mhnoires, t. I, p. :
A
54-)
^ is the density of aqueous vapor relative to dry air : 5^=0.6221.
F is the pressure of saturated aqueous vapor at temperature t ; above
freezing, Broch's values are adopted, but below freezing Marvin's are
preferred.
expansion of air for i"
a is the coefficient of C a^ 0.003670.
:
t is the temperature in Centigrade degrees.
Whence we have
= F —
fF (grammes)
^^ ^ i. 05821 X —
I -I-
;
0.003670
;:
t
,.
Table 39 is computed from this formula and gives the weight of satu-
rated vapor in grammes in a cubic metre for dew-points from 29° to 40° C. —
the intervals from 6° to 40" C. being o."i C. The tabular values are given
to three decimals.
The weight W of a cubic foot oi saturated vapor is obtained by convert-
ing the foregoing constants into English measures.
The weight of a cubic foot of dry air at temperature 32° F. and at a
pressure of 760 mm. or 29.921 inches is
,^ •
s 1292.78x1^.43235
" ^^'^'""'^ = (3.280833)3 = 5^*-94-
We have therefore,
W (grains)
^
=
29.921
x —+
I
;
a'
yy^
(/ - 32°)^
= *
— P
11.7449 — 32
;
/ft? Tst s\
I -f 0.002039 (^ )
The temperature t' is expressed in degrees Fahrenheit; the vapor

pressure F' expressed in inches, is obtained from Table 35.
, {Broch) for
temperatures above 0° C, but from the more recent Table 37 (Marvin) for
temperatures below freezing.
.
XXXVlll INTRODUCTION.
Table 38 gives the weight of saturated aqueous vapor in grains per

cubic foot fordew points given to every o.°5 from 19. °5 to 115° F., the —
values being computed to the thousandth of a grain. The vapor pressures
are taken from Table 36 for temperatures above freezing but from Table 37
for those below freezing.
REDUCTION OF OBSERVATIONS WITH THE PSYCHROMETER AND

DETERMINATION OP REI,ATIVE HUMIDITY.
The psychrometric formula derived by Maxwell, Stefan, August,
Regnault and others is, in its simplest form,
iu which t= Air temperature.

= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer.
/,
f = Pressure of aqueous vapor in the air.

= Vapor pressure, saturated, at temperature
f-y
i^.
B = Barometric pressure.
= A quantity which, for the same instrument
./4 and for certain
conditions, is a constant, or a function depending in a
small measure on /,
All pressures are expressed in inches of mercurial column under

standard gravity.
The important advance made since the time of Regnault consists in
recognizing that the value of ^ accotding to whether the
differs materially
wet-bulb is in quiet or moving
This was experimentally demonstrated
air.
by the distinguished Italian physicist, Belli, in 1830, and was well known
to Espy, who always used a whirled psychrometer. The latter describes
his practice as follows When experimenting to ascertain the dew-point
:
'
'
by means of the wet-bulb, I always swung both thermometers moderately

in the air, having first ascertained that a moderate movement produced
the same depression as a rapid one."
The principles and methods of these two pioneers in accurate psychrom-
etry have now come to be adopted in the standard practice of meteor-
ologists, and psychrometric tables are adapted to the use of a whirled or
ventilated instrument.
The factor A depends in theory upon the size and shape of the ther-
mometer bulb, largeness of stem and velocity of ventilation, and different
formulae and tables would accordingly be required for different instruments.
But by using a ventilating velocity of three metres or more per second, the
differences in the results given by different instruments vanish, and the same
tables can be adapted to any kind of a thermometer and to all changes of
velocity above that which gives sensibly the greatest depression of the wet-
bulb temperature; and with this arrangement there is no necessity to
measure or estimate the velocity in each case further than to be certain that
it does not fall below the assigned limit.
HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. XXXIX
The formula and tables here given for obtaining the vapor pressure and
dew-point from observations of the whirled or ventilated psychrometer are
those deduced by Prof. Wm. Ferrel (Ânnual Report Chief Signal Officer,
1886, Appendix 24) from a discussion of a large number of observations.
Taking the psychrometric formula in metric units, pressures being
expressed in millimetres and temperatures in Centigrade degrees, Prof,
Ferrel derived for A the value
A = 0.000656 (i + 0.0019 ^^
In this expression for A, the factor depending on t^ arises from a similar
term in the expres.'iion for the latent heat of water, and the theoretical value
of the coefficient of is 0.00115.
;", Since it would require a very small
change in the method of observing to cause the difference between the
theoretical value and that obtained from the experiments. Prof. Ferrel
adopted the theoretical coefficient o. 001 15 and then recomputed the obser-
vations, obtaining therefron the final value
A = 0.000660 (i + o.ooi 15^,)-

With this value the psychrometric formula in metric measures becomes
/=/, — 0.000660 B — Q (t (i + o. 001 15 /,)

In order to adapt the formula to convenient tabulation, Prof. Ferrel
substituted i —t, for i, in the last factor, a modification which produces
appreciable error only in extreme cases. The error in the computed vapor
pressure will be
B= 0.00000076 B {t— if,) it— 2 1^.
Expressed in English measures, the formula is
/=/i— 0.000367 B it—tj) [i +0.00064 (/i— 32°)]

and with the same modification in order to render the formula more con-
we have
venient for tabulation,
/"=/, —0.000367^ (t—Q (i + 0.00064 (.^~Q)>

in which/ = Vapor pressure in inches.
/'= Pressure of saturated aqueous vapor.
= Temperature of the air in Fahrenheit degrees.
i
= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer in Fahrenheit degrees.

^1
B — Barometric pressure in inches.

TABLES «0, 41,
Reduction of Psychrometric Observations —English measures.
Table 40. Pressure of aqueous vapor.
Table 41. Values of 0.000367 .5 (^—if,)^!

~^'
-f ^
V 1571/
These two tables provide for computing the vapor pressure and dew-
point from observations of ventilated wet- and dry-bulb Fahrenheit
ther-
mometers.
.
Xl INTRODUCTION.
Table 40, with the wet-bulb temperature /, as an argument, gives the

value of y", the first term of the formula for the vapor pressure f, given
,
above. It is simply an abbreviation of Table 35 for temperatures above

32° F., and of Table 37 for temperatures below 32° F., reprinted for
convenience.
Table 41, with t—t^ and B as arguments, gives the value of the second
term of the formula, viz :
0.000367^(^-0(1+^0
The top argument is given for every half inch from 30.5 to 18.5 inches;
the side argument, i — t^, is given for every whole degree up to 40° F.
Tabular values are given to thousandths of inches.

With the two tables we then have,
/ (vapor pressure) = Table 40 — Table 41
The value of / in Table 40, corresponding to the vapor pressure thus
obtained, is the dew-point.
Examples :
1. Given / = 84°3; ^, = 66.°7, and ^ = 30.00 inches, to find the vapor

pressure and dew-point.
Table 40, with t^ = 66°7, gives /, = 0.654 inches.
Table 41, with t — = t, — 66.°7 = i7.°6 and B =
S^'.t, 30.00 inches
as arguments, gives 0.196 inch as the value of the last term
of the expression above. Hence we have the vapor pressure
y= 0.654 — 0.-96 =0.458 inch. The temperature (Table 40)
corresponding to this value of/ is d = 56.°6 F.
the dew-point,
2. Given ^ = 34r5; ^, = 29°4, and ^^22.3 inches, to find the vapor

pressure and dew-point.
Table 40, with t^ = 29.°4, gives/, = 0.162 inch.
Table 41, with ^ — = 34:5 — 29^4 = sfi and
;f, .5 = 22.5 inches (the
nearest value in the table to 22.3 inches) as arguments, gives 0.042
inch as the value of the second term of the expression for/. Hence
we havethe vaoor pressure/ o. 162 0.042 o. 120 inch. = — =
The temperature 'w Table 40, corresponding to this value of/ is the
dew-point, d^22°.o.
—
Note In using Tab)« 40, the proportional part for tenths of the argument, t — t„
may be easily obtained by taking one-tenth of the tabular value belonging to the same
number of degrees ; for instance, in the first example, the tabular value for 17" is 0.189,
and the proportional part for o?6 is one-tenth the tabular value for 6?o, viz., one-tenth
of .066, or .007. Hence we get o. 189 -\- 0.007 = o. 196.
Table 42. Relative humidity — Temperature Fahrenheit.
Table 42 gives the relative humidity of the air in hundredths, having

given the air temperature t and the dew-point d in Fahrenheit degrees.
: ;
HYGROMETRICAI, TABI.BS. xU
• It is computed by the formula
Relative humidity = ^.
/ and F are the maximum pressures of vapor corresponding respectively to
the temperatures d and t Table 35 for temperatures above 32° F.
as given in
and in Table 37 for temperatures below 32° F.
The top argument is t — d, extending by half degree intervals from 0° to
15° ^., and by increasing intervals from 15° to 75" F.
The side argument is the air temperature t, given for intervals of four
degrees from —32° to 120° F.
Example
Let the air temperature be 62° F. and the dew-point 51° F., to find the
relative humidity.
With i — ^=11° for the top argument, and = 62° for the side argument,
i
the table gives 67.5 per cent as the relative humidity.
TABLES 43, 44.

Reduction of Psychrometric Observations — Metric measures.
TABLE 43. Pressure of aqueous vapor.
TABLE 44. Values of 0.000660 B{t — t^ {\ + ——Ij

These two tables provide for computing the vapor pressure and dew-
point from observations of ventilated wet and dry-bulb thermometers
Centigrade.
Table 43, with the wet-bulb temperature ^, as an argument, gives the
.value of/,, the first term of the formula for the vapor pressure/, viz :
/=/— 0.000660 B — t^ [i +0.00115 — A)]

{t (if
It gives the vapor pressure to hundredths of a millimetre from 30. "o C. —

to 45. °9 C. ; the intervals are 1° for temperatures below 0° C. and o."i for
temperatures above 0° C. The figures agree with Tables 37 and 36,
respectively.
Table 44, with the depression of the wet-bulb t t^, and the barometric —
pressure B
as arguments, gives the value of the second term of the formula.
The given for every 10 millimetres from 770 to 460 mm,
top argument is
the side argument t —

given for every whole degree up to 20. Tabular
t^ is
values are given to hundredths of a millimetre.
From the two parts of the table we then have
Vapor pressure, / {mm) = Table 43 — Table 44,

The temperature in Table 43, corresponding to the vapor pressure thus
obtained, is the dew-point.
:: :
xlii INTRODUCTION.
Example
Given t = 10°. i^ C; t, = 8.°3 C. and B = 740 mm. , to find the vapor pressure
and dew-point.
Table 43, with the argument = C, gives/, = 8.15 mm.
/, 8.°3
Table 44, with t — = 2°i

t^ and B = 740 as arguments, gives 1.03 mm. as
the value of the last term of the expression for/. Hence we have the vapor
pressure, /= 8.15— 1.03 = 7. 12 mm. The value of the temperature in Table
40, corresponding to this vapor pressure, is the dew-point d= 6f 3 C.
Table 45. Relative humidity — Temperature Centigrade.
Table 45 gives the relative humidity of the air in hundredths, having

given the air temperature t and the dew-point d in Centigrade degrees.
It is computed by the formula
Relative humidity = ^,
f and F being the maximum pressures of aqueous vapor corresponding to
the temperatures d and t as given in Tables 36 and 43.
The top argument is the dew-point d, extending by 5° intervals from
— 15° to 30° C.
The side argument is the depression of the dew-point t — d, given for
every o.°2 C. from ofo to io°o ; for every o°5 from loro to 20.°o, and for every
1° from 20.°o to 30 !o.
Example
Given the air temperature 21° C. and the dew-point 17° C, to determine
the relative humidity.
Witht —
(^ = 4° C. for the side argument, and d 17° C. for the top =
argument, the table gives 78 per cent as the relative humidity.
Prof. F. H. Bigelow in the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau,
1900-1901, page 56, expresses the following views concerning the use of
humidity tables
'
' The arguments for entering the relative humidity tables, as used by
different authors, are as follows :
Tables. Arguments in English system. Argument in metric system.
Smithsonian. / (t— d) Table 42. d (t — d) Table 45.

International. d —
(td) Table x, p. 270. d (^t — d) Table ix, p. 268.
Hazen. t {t—t,) Table xii, p. 64. / (t — Table
t^) xxiii, p. 71.
Weather Bureau. / {t— Table t^) ii, p. 105,
1896; 1900.
Ferrel. / {t—d) Table iii, p. 255,
1886.
From this table it is seen that three sets of arguments are employed,
t(t — d), t The most direct set is doubtless t{t t^,
{_t— t^) and d{t—d').
, —
as these are related to the original observations without intermediate reduc-
tions. It is important that all humidity and dew-point tables should be
constructed for the same argument, in order to avoid the confusion attendant
: : .
WIND TABLES. xliil
upon comparative studies of meteorological data. It is my belief that an

improvement will be introduced into meteorology by the use of the ratio
e .
-B instead of dew-point or relative humidity."
REDUCTION OF SNOWFALL MEASUREMENT.
The determination of the water equivalent of snowfall has usually been

made by one of two methods (a) by dividing the depth of snow by an
:
arbitrary factor ranging from 8 to i6 for snow of different degrees of com-

pactness (5) by
;
melting the snow and measuring the depth of the
resulting water. The first of these methods has always been recognized as
incapable of giving reliable results, and the second, although much more
accurate, is still open to objection. After extended experience in the
trial of both these methods, it has been found that the most accurate and
most convenient measurement is that of weighing the collected snow,

and then converting the weight into depth in inches. The method is
equally applicable whether the snow as it falls is caught in the gage, or a
section o'' the fallen snow is taken by collecting it in an inverted gage.
TABLE 46.
TABLE 46. Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow {or rain)
collected in an 8-inch gage.
The table gives the depth to hundredths of an inch, corresponding to

the weight of snow or rain collected in a gage having a circular collecting
mouth 8 inches in diameter —
this being the standard size of gage used
throughout the United States.
The argument is given in avoirdupois pounds, ounces and quarter
ounces in order that it shall be adapted to the customary graduation of
commercial scales.
Example
The weight of snow collected in an 8-inch gage is 2 lbs. 2^ oz. To
find the corresponding depth of water.
The table gives directly i.i8 inches.

TABLE 47.
Table 47. Rate of decrease of vapor pressure with altitude.
From hygrometric observations made at various mountain stations on

the Himalayas, Mount Ararat, Teneriffe, the Alps, and also in balloon
ascensions, Dr. J. Hann (Zeitschriftfiir Meteorologie, vol. ix, 1874, p. 193-200)
Has deduced the following empirical formula showing the average relation
between the vapor pressure /„ at a lower station and/ the vapor pressure at
an altitude h metres above it
/ = -—
-^ 10 6517
Jo
This is of course an average relation for all times and places from which
the actual rate of decrease of vapor pressure in any individual case may
widely differ.
Table 47 gives the values of the ratio ~ for values of k from 200 to.
(,c^-^ »Tt<»ft-<.o An additional column gives the equivalent values of h in feet..

Xliv INTRODUCTION.
WIND TABI,ES.
CALCULATION OF THE MEAN DIRECTION OF THE WIND BY LAMBERT'S
FORMULA.
Lambert's formula for the eight principal points of the compass is
tana-_
E-W+{NE+SE-NW-SW)cos^S°
2^- s+iNE + NW-SE-SW) cos 0,5°'
a is the angle of the resultant wind direction with the meridian.
E, NE, N, etc. represent the wind movement from the corresponding
,
directions East, Northeast, North, etc. In practice instead of taking the total
wind movement, it is often considered sufficient to take as proprrtional
thereto the number of times the wind has blown from each direction, which
is equivalent to considering the wind to have the same mean velocity for all
directions.
If directions are observed to sixteen points, half the number belonging
to each extra point, should be added to the two octant points between
which it lies for example, ; NNE
= 6 should be separated into iV= 3 and
NE = 3 ESE 4 into
;
= E=2 =
and SE 2 The result will be approximately-
.
identical with that obtained by using the complete formula for sixteen points.
Table 48. Multiples of cos 45° form for computing the numerator and
;
denominator.
Table 49. Values of the mean direction (a) or its com.plement (90° — a).
Table 48 gives products of cos 45° by numbers up to 209, together with
a form for the computation of the numerator and denominator, illustrated
by an example. The quadrant in which a lies is determined by the follow-
ing rule :
When the numerator and denominator are positive, u lies between

Aând E.
When
the numerator is positive and the denominator negative, a lies
between and E. .S
When the numerator and denominator are negative, a lies between

5" and W.
When the numerator is negative and the denominator positive, a lies

between and W. N
Table 49 * combines the use of a division table and a table of natural
tangents. It enables the computer, with the numerator and denominator of
Lambert's formula (computed from Table 48) as arguments, to take out
directly the mean wind direction a. or its complement.
The top argument consists of every fifth number from 10 to 200.
The side argument is given for every unit from i to 50 and for every two
units from 50 to 150. Tabular values are given to the nearest whole degree.
Rule for using the table :
Enter the table with the larger number (either numerator or denomi-
nator) as the top argument.
* From Hand-book of Meteorological Tables. By H. A. Hazen. Washington, 1888.
A corrected copy of the table was kindly furnished by the author.

:
WIND TABtES. xlv
If the denominator be larger than the numerator, the table gives a.

If the denominator be smaller than the numerator, the table gives
go° — a.
a is measured from the meridian in the quadrant determined by the rule
given with Table 48.
Bzample
= —^
a-,
tan u.
-27
Table 49 gives 90° —a = 32°
a = 5 58° W.
—
Note. If the numerator and denominator both exceed 150 or if either exceeds
200, the fraction must be divided by some number which will bring them within the
limits of the table. The larger the valups, provided they are within these limits, the
easier and more accurate will be the computation. For example, let tan a = ~- 18 .
The top argument is not given for 18, but if we multiply by 5 or 10 and obtain —— or
, the table gives, without interpolation, 90° — = 38° and o = iV5a° W.
CONVERSION OF VEI<OCITIES.
TABLE 50.
Table 50. Synoptic conversion of velocities.
This table*, contained on a single page, converts miles per hour into
metres per second, feet per second and kilometres per hour. The argu-
ment, miles per hour, is given for every half unit from o to 78. Tabular
values are given to one decimal. For the rapid interconversion of velocities,
when extreme precision is not required, this table has proved of marked
convenience and utility.
TABLE 51.
TABLE 51. Conversion of miles per hour irtto feet per second.
The argument is given for every unit up to 149 and the tabular values
TABLE 52.
Table 52. Conversion of feet per second into miles per hour.
The argument is given for every unit up to 199 and the tabular values
TABLE 53.
Table 53. Conversion of metres per second into miles per hour, f
The argument is given for every tenth of a metre per second up to

60 metres per second, and the tabular values are given to one decimal.
TABLE 54.
Table 54. Conversion of miles per hour into tnetres per second, f
The argument is given for every unit up to 149, and the tabular values
are given to two decimals.
*From Hand-book of Meteorological Tables. By H. A. Hazen. Washington, 18S8.
fFrom International Meteorological Tables. Paris, 1890.

xlvi INTRODUCTION.
Table 55. Conversion of metres per second into kilometres per hour.
The argument is given for every tenth of a metre per second up to 60

metres per second, and the tabular values are given to one decimal.
Table 56. Conversion of kilometres per hour into metres per second.
The argument is given for every unit up to 200, and the tabular values
are given to two decimals.
TABLE 57. Beaufort scale for winds at sea.

Thepersonal observation of the estimated force of the wind on an
arbitrary scale is a method that belongs to the simplest meteorological
records and is widely practiced. Although anemometers are used at meteor-
ological observatories, the majority of observers are still dependent upon
estimates based largely upon their own judgment, and so reliable can such
estimates be made that for many purposes they abundantly answer the
needs of meteorology as well as of climatology.
of such arbitrary scales have been adopted by different
A great variety
observers, but the one that has come into the most general use and received
the greatest definiteness of application is the duodecimal scale introduced
into the British navy by Admiral Beaufort about 1800.
The definitions of the successive grades of the Beaufort scale were
made in terms of the efiect of the wind on the sails of a full-rigged ship, so
that navigators of all nations have generally acquired a very uniform and
definite idea of their meaning and a very considerable expertness in the use
of the scale. The table gives the designations of the 12 grades and conver-
bious of the scale intowind velocities as deduced in 1874 by R. H. Scott.
In the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, volume xxx.
No. 132, October, 1904, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch has described an instru-
ment for obtaining the true direction and velocity of the wind at sea aboard
a moving vessel. If a line A B represents the wind due to the motion of a
steamer in an opposite direction, and A C the direction of the wind relative
to the vessel as shown by the drift of its smoke, then, by measuring the
angleDBA that the true wind makes with the vessel—which easily done is
by watching the wave crests as they approach —we obtain the third
it side,
B C, of the triangle. This represents, in direction and also in length, on

the scale used in setting off the speed of the ship, the true direction of the
wind relative to the vessel and also its true velocity. The method fails when
the wind direction coincides with the ship's course and becomes inaccurate
when the angle between them is small.
GEODETICAL TABLES.
Table 58. Relative acceleration of gravity at sea-level at different latitudes.
The formula adopted for the variation with latitude of apparent gravity
at sea-level is that of Prof. Harkness *
*Wm. Harkness: The solar parallax and its related constants. Washington, 1891.
GEODETICAL TABIÊS. xlvii
.^« =J'46 (l —0.002662 COS 2<^)
in which g^ is the acceleration of the gravity at latitude ^, and g^ the

acceleration at latitude 45.°
The table gives the values of the ratio -^ to six decimals for every lo'
of latitude from the equator to the pole. Table 104 gives the logarithms.
.
LENGTH OF A DEGREE OF THE MERIDIAN AND OF ANY PARALLEL.
The dimensions of the earth used in computing lengths of the meridian
and of parallels of latitude are those of Clarke's spheroid of 1866.* This
spheroid undoubtedly represents very closely the true size and shape of the
earth, and is the one to which nearly all geodetic work in the United States
is now referred.
The values of the constants are as follows :
a, semi-major axis = 20926062 feet ; log a = 7.3206875.

^, semi-minor axis = 20855 121 feet ; log = 7.3192127.
(5
e' = a" — — = 0.00676866

b"" .
;
log e^ = 7.8305030 — 10.
With these values for the figure of the earth, the formula for computing
-any portion of a quadrant of the meridian is
Meridional distance in feet= [5.5618284] A^ (in degrees),

— [5.0269880] cos 2<^ sin A <^,
-f- [2.0528] cos 4^ sin 2 A 0,

in which 2^ = "^^ -|- <A, , A<^ = ^2 — ^, , ^, , ^^ = end latitudes of arc.
For the length of i degree, the formula becomes :
I degree of the meridian, in feet = 364609.9 — 1857. i cos 2<t> + 3.94 cos 4^.
The length of the parallel is given by the equation
I degree of the parallel at latitude <j>, in feet =

365538.48 cos <^ — 310.17 cos 3<^-|-o.39 cos 5<^.
TABLE 68.
TABLE 59. Length of one degree of the meridian at different latitudes.
This gives for every degree of latitude the length of one degree of the
meridian in statute miles to three decimals, in metres to one decimal, and
in geographic miles to three decimals the geographic mile being here —
defined to be one minute of arc on the equator. The values in metres are
computed from the relation i metre 39.3700 inches. The tabular values
: =
represent the length of an arc of one degree, the middle of which is
situated at the corresponding latitude. For example, the length of an arc
of one degree of the meridian, whose end latitudes are 29° 30' and 30° 30I is
68.879 statute miles.
* Comparisons of standards of length, made at the Ordnance Survey office, Souih-
ampion, England, by Capt. A. R. Clarke, R. E., 1S66.
Xlviii INTRODUCTION.
TABLE 60.
Table 60. Length of one degree of the parallel at different latitudes.
This table is similar to Table 59.
Table 61. Duration of sufishine at different latitudes for different values

of the sun's declination.
Let Z be the zenith, and NH

the hori-
zon of a place in the northern,
hemisphere.
P the pole;
QEQ the celestial equator;
RR the parallel described by the sun on
any given day;
5' the position of the sun when its upper
limb appears on the horizon ;
PN the latitude of the place, <^.
5 7" the sun's declination, 8.

PS the sun's polar distance, 90° — 8.
Z5the sun's zenith distance, e.
ZPS the hour angle of the sun from meridian, t.

r the =
mean horizontal refraction 34' approximately.
=16' "
5 the mean solar semi-diameter
^ = 90° -f r + 5 = 90° 50'
In the spherical triangle ZPS, the hour angle ZPS may be computed
from the values of the three known side by the formula
siukZPS= |
sin i jZS + PZ- PS) sin j (ZS + PS-PZ)
\ sin PZ sin PS
or sinit= \ sini(z + B-<t,)sini(iz-S+<t>)

N cos <^ COS 8
The hour angle t, converted into mean solar time and multiplied by 2
is the duration of sunshine.
Table 61 has been computed volume by Prof. Wm. Libbey, jr.
for this
It is a table of S and <^.
double entry with arguments For north latitudes
northerly declination is considered positive and southerly declination as
negative. The table may be used for south latitudes by considering
southerly declination as positive and northerly declination as negative.
The
top argument is the latitude, given for every 5° from 0° to 40°, for
every from2°40° to 60°, and for every degree from 60° to 8of
The side argument is the sun's declination for every 20' from S 23° 27'
to N 23° 27'.
The duration of sunshine is given in hours and minutes.

To find the duration of sunshine for a given day at a place whose
latitude is known, find the declination of the sun at mean noon for that day
in the Nautical Almanac, and enter the table with the latitude and declination
as arguments.
:
CONVERSION OF LINEAR MEASURES. xlix
Bsample
To find the duration of sunshine, May i8, 1892, in latitude 49° 30' North,
From the Nautical Almanac, S = ig° 43' N.
From the table, with 8=19° 43' N and (^ = 49° 30', the duration of
sunshine is found to be 15* si*".
TABLE 62.
Table 62. Declination of the sun for the year 1899.
This table is an auxiliary to Table 61, and gives the declination of the
sun for every third day of the year 1899. These declinations may be used
as approximate values for the corresponding dates of other years when the
exact declination can not readily be obtained. Thus, in the preceding
example, the declination for May 18, 1892, may be taken as approximately
the same as that for the same date in 1899, viz. 19° 37'.
REI,ATIVE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES FOR

DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR.
Table 63. Mean intejisity for 24 hours of solar radiatioti.
This table is that of Prof. Wm. Ferrel, published in the Annual Report
of ths Chief Signal Officer, 1885, Part 2, and in Professional Papers of the Sig-
nal Service, No. 14, p. 427, where the formulae and constants will be found.
It gives the mean intensity y for 24 hours of solar radiation received by
a horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere, in terms of the mean solar
constant A^, for each tenth parallel of latitude of the northern hemisphere,
and for the first and sixteenth day of each month also the values of the
;
solar constant A in terms oiA^, and the longitude of the sun for the given
dates.
CONVERSION OF LINEAR MEASURES.

The between the metre and the English measures
relation here adopted
of length metreis i =
39.3700 inches as legalized by Act of U. S. Congress,
July 28, 1866, although recent comparisons give 39- 3701 13 inches.
TABLE 64.
Table 64. Inches into millimetres.
I inch = 25.40005 millimetres.
The argument is given for every hundredth of an inch up to 32.00
inches, and the tabular values are given to hundredths of a millimetre. A

table of proportional parts for thousandths of an inch is added on each page.
Example :
To convert 24.362 inches to millimetres.

The table gives (p. 184)
(24.36 + 0.02) inches = (618.75 + 0.05 mm.) = 618.80 mm.
:: —
I INTRODUCTION.
Table 65. Millimetres into inches.
From o to 400 mm. the argument is given to every millimetre, with

subsidiary interpolation tables for tenths and hundredths of a millimetre.
The tabular values are given to four decimals. From 400 to 1000 mm.,
covering the numerical values which are of frequent use in meteorology
for the conversion of barometric readings from the metric to the English
barometer, the argument is given for every tenth of a millimetre, and the
tabular values to three decimals.
Example
To convert 143.34 J^"^- to inches.
The table gives

143 + -3 + -04 ™ni- = 5-f'299 + 0.0118 + 0.0016 inches = 5.6433 inches.
TABLE 66. Feet into metres.
From the adopted value of the metre, 39.3700 inches
I English foot = 0.3048006 metre.

Table 66 gives the value in metres and thousandths (or millimetres)
for every foot from o to 99 feet the value to hundredths of a metre (or
;
centimetres) of every 10 feet from 100 to 4000 feet and the value to tenths ;
of a metre of every 10 feet from 4000 to 9090 feet. In using the lattei
part, the first line of the table serves to interpolate for single feet.
Example
To convert 47 feet 7 inches to metres. 47 feet 7 inches =47.583 feet.
The table gives 47 feet = 14.326 metres.

By moving the decimal point, 0-583 .< = 0.178
47.583 feet = 14.504 metres.
Table 67. Metres into feet.
I metre = 39.3700 inches = 3.280833 + feet.
From o to 500 metres the argument is given for every unit, and the
tabular values to two decimals; from 500 to 5000 the argument is given to
every 10 metres, and the tabular values to one decimal. The conversion foi
tenths of a metre is added for convenience of interpolation.
l!;zaiiiple
Convert 4327 metres to feet.
The table gives

(,4320 + 7) metres = C14173.2 + 23.0) feet = 14196.2 feet.
CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGtE. H
Table 68. Miles into kilometres. table es.
I mile= 1.609347 kilometres.

The table extends from o to 1000 miles with argument to single miles,
and from 1000 to 20000 miles for every 1000 miles. The tabular quantities
are given to the nearest kilometre.
Table 69. Kilometres into miles. table es.
I kilometre = 0.621370 mile.
The table extends to 1000 kilometres with argument to single kilo-

metres, and from 1000 to 20000 kilometres for every 1000 kilometrep.
Tabular values are given to tenths of a mile.
Example :
Convert 3957 kilometres into miles.

The table gives
(3000 + 957) kilometres = (1864. + 594.7) i miles = 2458.8 miles.
Table 70. Interconversion of nautical and statute miles. table 70.
The definition of the nautical mile here used is that adopted by the
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
A nautical mile is equal to the length of one minute of arc on the
great circle of a sphere whose surface is equal to the surface of the earth.
Computed on Clarke's spheroid of 1866, the nautical mile thus defined
equals 6080.27 f^^t- {Report, U. S. Coast Survey, 1881, page 354.)
The table gives, for nautical and statute miles from i to 9, the equivalent
in statute and nautical miles, respectively, to four decimals.
TABLE 71.
Table 71. Continental measures of length with their metfic and English
equivalents.
This table gives a miscellaneous list of continental measures of length

alphabetically arranged, with the name of the country to which they belong
and their metric and English equivalents.
CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGI.E.

Table 72. Arc into time.
I" =
4>n. I' =4=; i" =
Bxample :
::
:
lii INTRODUCTION.
Table 73. Time into arc.
ih=i5-; i>'^ = i5'; 1^ = 15".

Example
Change S*" 17™ 1^647 into arc.
From the table, 8"^ = 120°

17° = 4 15'.
js = 15"
0.64 = 9.60
By moving the decimal point, .007 = o. 10
124 15' 24.7
Table 74. Days into decimals of a year and angle.
The day the corresponding decimal

table gives for the beginning of each
Thus, at the epoch represented by the beginning
of the year to five places.
of the 15th day, the decimal of the year that has elapsed since January i.o
is computed firom the firaction -^^^ — , The corresponding value in angle
obtained by multiplying this fraction by 360°, is given to the nearest minute.

Two additional columns serve to enter the table with the day of the
month either of the common or the bissextile year as the argument, and
may be used also for converting the day of the month to the day of the
year, and vice versa.
Example
To find the number of days and the decimal of a year between February
12 and August 27 in a bissextile year.
Aug. 27 : Day of year = 240 ; decimal of a year = 0.65435

Feb. 12: " " " 43; " " " =0.11499
Interval in days = 197 ; interval in decimal of a year = 0.53936

The decimal
of the year corresponding to the interval 197 days may
also be taken from the table by entering with the argument 198.
Table 75. Hours, minutes and seconds into decimals of a day.
The tabular values are given to six decimals.

Example
Convert 5'' 24™ 23?4 to the decimal of a day :
5" = 0^208333
24" = 016667
23^ = 266
By interpolation, or by moving the decimal for 4' 0.4 = 5
0^225271
::
: : . ;
CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE. Hii
TABLE 76.
Table 76. Decimals of a day into hours, minutes and seconds.
Example
Convert o'?225 27i to hours, minutes and seconds

0.22 day = 4** 48" + 28™ 48^ = ^ 16" 48*
0.0052 day = 7™ 12^ + I7f28 = 7 29.28
0.000071 day = 6fo5 + 0.09 = 6.14
^^ 24" 23?4
table tt.
Table 77. Minutes and seconds into decimals of an hour.
The tabular values are g^ven to six decimals.

Example
Convert 34*" 28^7 to decimals of an hour.
34"! = 0^566667
28^ = 7778
o!7 = 194
0-574639
table 78
Table 78. Local mean time at apparent noon
This table gives the local mean time that should be shown by a clock
when the centre of the sun crosses the meridian, on the ist, 8th, i6th, and
24th days of each month. The table is useful in correcting a clock by means
of a sun-dial or noon- mark.
Example
To find the correct local mean time when the sun crosses the meridian
on December 15, 1891.
The table gives for December 16, ii"* 56". By interpolating, it is seen
that the change to December 15 would be less than one-half minute
the correct clock time is therefore 4 minutes before 12 o'clock noon.
tables 79, 80.

Table 79. Sidereal time into mean solar time.
Table 80. Mean solar time into sidereal time.
According to Bessel, the length of the tropical year is 365.24222 mean

solar days,* whence
365.24222 solar days = 366.24222 sidereal days.
Any interval of mean time may therefore be changed into sidereal
lime by increasing —z
it by part, and any interval of sidereal time
its
305*24222
may be changed into mean time by diminishing it by its —z-z part.
*The length of the tropical year is not absolutely constant. The value here given
IB fo' the year 1800. Its decrease in 100 years is about 0.6 s.
llv INTRODUCTION.
Table 79 gives the quantities be subtracted from the hours, minutes

to
and. seconds of a sidereal interval to obtain the corresponding mean time
interval, and Table 80 gives the quantities to be added to the hours, minutes
and seconds of a mean time interval to obtain the corresponding sidereal
interval. The correction for seconds is sensibly the same for either a sidereal
or a mean time interval and is therefore given but once, thus forming a part
of each table.
Examples :
Change 14'' 25™ 36f2 sidereal time into mean solar time.
Given sidereal time 14'' 25™ 36^2

Correction for 14'' = — 2™ ijî
25" =— 4.10
36^2 =— ID
—2 21.81 —2 21.8
Corresponding mean time = 14 23 14.4
2. Change i^^ 37™ 22?7 mean solar time into sidereal time.
Given mean time = i^^ 37™ 22f7

Correction for 12^ = + 2"^ 8^13
37"" =+ 6.08
22?7 =+ 0.06
+2 14.27 +2 14.3
Corresponding sidereal time = 13 39 37.0
MISCELIvANEOUS TABLES.
WEIGHT IN GRAMMES OF A CUBIC CENTIMETRE OF AIR.
The following tables (81 to 86) give the factors for computing the
weight of a cubic centimetre of air at different temperatures, humidities and
pressures.
g ^ 0.00129305 [7. II 615 3]

1 /<^ — o.378g \
+ 0.00367 1
I \ 760 /
in which d is the weight of a cubic centimetre of air expressed in grammes,

under the standard value of gravity at latitude 45" and sea
level.
6 is the atmospheric pressure in millimetres.
e is the pressure of aqueous vapor in millimetres.
i is the temperature in Centigrade degrees.
•For dry atmospheric air (containing 0.0004 of its weight of carbonic
acid) at a pressure of 760 mm. and temperature
0° C, the absolute density,
,
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. Iv
or the weight of one cubic centimetre, is 0.00129305 gramme. (Inter-

national Bureau of Weights and Measures : Travanx et MSmoires, t. i
p. A 54.)
The weight of a cubic centimetre may also be written as follows :
0.00129305 /i^ — 0.378 i? \
I +0.0020389 {t — 32°) V 2Q.Q2I

29.921 /
where defined as before, but b and e are expressed in inches and t in

S is
Fahrenheit degrees. Thus by the use of tables based on these two formulae,
lines of equal atmospheric density may be drawn for the whole world, no
matter whether the original observations are in English or metric measures.
The gravity factor given in Table 104 is needed since weights in different
latitudes are to be considered.
ENGLISH MEASURES. TABLES 81, 82 83.
TABLE 81. Temperature Term.
This table gives the values and logarithms of the expression

0.00129305
^^ 29.921
" + 0.0020389 (^—32°
I )
for values of/extending from — 45" F. to 140° /^, the intervals between
0° F. and \\o° F. being 1°.
The tabular values are given to five significant figures.
Table 82. Tervi for humidity ; auxiliary to Table 8j.
TABLE 83. Humidity and pressure term.

h b — 0.3781?
29.92: 29.921
Table 82 gives values of 0.378 e to three decimal places as an aid to the

use of Table 83. The argument is the dew-point given for every degree
from —
6fi° F. to 140° F. The second column gives the corresponding
values of the vapor pressure {e) derived from Landolt-Bornstein Phys.-Chem.
Tabellen, Berlin, 1905.
Table 83 gives values and logarithms of

29.921
=
29.921
'~
for values—
of h extending from lo.o to 31.7 inches. The logarithms are given to five
significant figures and the corresponding numbers to four decimals.
Example :
The air temperature is 68° F., the pressure is 29.36 inches and the dew-
point 51" /^ Find the logarithm of the density.
Table 81, for /= 68r F., gives 7.08085—10
Table 82, for dew-point = 0.141 inch,
51°, gives 0.378^
Table 83, for A = ^ — 0.3781?= 29.36 — 0.14 = 29.22, gives 9.98941 — 10
30
Logarithm of density = 7.07056 — 10

.
Ivi INTRODUCTION.
METRIC MEASURES. tables 84, 85. 86.
Table 84. Temperature term.

This table gives values and logarithms of the expression
0.00129305
<5
A 760
J _,_ 0.00367 t
for values of t extending from — 34° C. to 69° C. The tabular values are
given to five significant figures.
Table 85. Term for humidity ; auxiliary to Table 86.
Table 86.
TT T,
Humidity .
and pressure 7
terms.
,
—h—- = b — 0.378
-^
e
760 760
Table 85 gives values of 0.3781? to hundredths of a millimetre for dew-
points extending by intervals of i ° from 30° C. to 50° C. —
The values of
the vapor pressures corresponding to these dew-points are given in a
(1?)
second column to hundredths of a millimetre, as taken from I,andolt-B6rn-

stein Phys.-Chem. Tabellen, Berlin, 1905.
Table 86 gives
" values and logarithms of -—- =
760
— —760—^—
-.
for values of
h extending from 300 to 800 mm. The atmospheric pressure b is the barom-
eter reading corrected for gravity and 0.378 ^ is the term for humidity
obtained from Table 85. The logarithms are given to five significant figures
and the corresponding numbers to four decimal places.
TABLE 87. Conversion 0/ avoirdupois pounds and ounces into kilogrammes.
of July, 1893, made by the International Bureau

The comparisons
of Weights and Measures between the Imperial standard pound and the
'
'
'
hilogramme proto-type resulted in the relation

' :
I pound avoirdupois = 453.592 427 7 grammes.
For the conversion of pounds, Table 87 gives the argument for

every tenth of a pound up to 9.9, and the tabular conversion values to
ten-thousandths of a kilogramme.
For the conversion of ounces, the argument is given for every tenth of
an ounce up to 15.9, and the tabular values to ten-thousandths of a kilo-
gramme.
Table 88. Conversion of kilogram-mes into avoirdupois pounds and ounus
From the above relation between the pound and the kilogramme,
I kilogramme = 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds.
= 35-274 avoirdupois ounces.
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. Ivli
The table gives the value to thousandths of a pound of every tenth of

a kilogramme up to 9 the
9. values
; of tenths of kilogrammes in ounces to
four decimals ; and the values of hundredths of a kilogramme in pounds and
ounces to three and two decimals respectively.
TABLES 89. 90
Table 89. Conversion of grains into grammes.
Table 90. Conversion of grammes into grains.
From the above relation between the pound and the kilogramme,
I gramme = 15.432356 grains.
I grain = 0.06479892 gramme.
Table 89 gives to ten-thousandths of a gramme the value of every

grain from i to 99, and also the conversion of tenths and hundr idths of a
grain for convenience in interpolating.
Table 90 gives to hundredths of a grain the value of every tenth of a
gramme from o.i to 9.9, and the value of every gramme from i to 99. The
values of hundredths and thousandths of a gramme are added as an aid to
interpolation.
The computation of these two tables has been furnished by Professor
William Libbey, who has used the relation, i gramme = 15.432 531 grains.
This value is practically identical with the relation above adopted, differing
from it by about i part in 3,000,000.
TABLE 91
Table 91. Conversion of units of magnetic intensity.
This table gives the conversion factors from i to 9 for converting E;ng
lish measures of magnetic intensity into C. G. S. measures, and vice versa.
The English unit of magnetic intensity is the force which, acting for
I second on a unit of magnetism associated with a mass of i grain, produces
a velocity of i foot per second.
The C. G. S. unit of magnetic intensity is the dyne —the force which,
acting upon one gramme for 1 second, generates a velocity of i centimetre
per second. The Gaussian unit of magnetic intensity, which has been
extensively used, is a force which, acting upon a mass of i milligramme for
I second, generates a velocitj' of i millimetre per second.
By using the dimensions of magnetic intensity [m vl/' T] , the inter-
;onversion of these units is easily made.
I C. G. S. unit = pooo M Gaussian units

\ loL
= 10 Gaussian units
I C. G. S. unit = ^|i5-43i356M ^^^x\sh. units

\ .03280833 L
= 21.6882 English units
;
Iviii INTRODUCTION.
Table 92. Quantity of water corresponding to given depths of rainfall.
This table gives for different depths of rainfall over an acre the total
quantity of water measured in gallons and tons.
Table 93. Atmospheric u-atcr vapor lines in the visible spectrum.
The following table, prepared by the Astrophysical Observatory at

Washington, gives a summary of lines in Rowland's " Preliminary Table of
Solar Spectrum Wave Lengths," recorded as of atmospheric water vapor
origin. There are more than 400 such lines in Rowland's table, but an
abridgment is here made as follows :
Only lines of intensity " i " or greater are here separately given, but
the total number and average intensity of the fainter lines lying between
these are inserted. Rowland's scale of intensities is such that a line of
intensity " i " is "just clearly visible " on Rowland's map the Zfand ;
K
D^ (the sodium line of greater length), 20;
lines are of intensity 1,000;
(T, 40. " Lines more and more diflScult to see " are distinguished by o, 00,
000, and 0000.
TABLE 93. Absorption by atmospheric ivater-vapor in the infra-red spectrum.

See the text on pages 234-235.
Table 94. Division by 28 of numbers from 28 to 867972.
Table 95. Division by 2g of num.bers from 29 to 898971.
Table 96. Division by 2)'^ of numbers from 31 to 960969.
The frequent occasion in meteorological work to divide by the numbers

28, 29 and 31 renders useful the division tables compiled by Mr. H. A.
Hazen {Handbook of Meteorological Tables, Washington, D. C, 1888), the
use of which has been kindly granted.
As here printed, the dividend is given in plain type and the quotient in
heavy-face type, and in order that one shall never be mistaken for the other, a
column is given containing the letters D and Q successively, which
designates that all figures on a line with D are dividends, and allon
a line with Q The four columns to the right of this D-Q
are quotients.
column give the two figures of the dividend and of the quotient,
last
namely, the units and tens. The ten columns to the left side of the
D-Q column give the preceeding figures of the dividend, namely, the
hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands. These two parts of the
— —
dividend to the left and right of the D-Q column are always to be taken
on the same horizontal line.
Each dividend is an exact multiple of the divisor, hence each quotient
is exact or without remainder.
For example, the dividend 17360 in Table 94 is found in two parts
173 is found in the column headed 600 on the left-hand side of the D-Q
column, and 60 in the same horizontal row in the third column on the right-
hand side.
The hundreds figure of the quotient is given in bold-face type at the

top, middle and bottom of the page, and each one obtains for all the dividend
figures in its own column. The units and tens figures of the quotient" are
found, as already stated, on the right side o
MISCEIvIÂNEOUS TABLES.
the last two tigiires of the dividend. m

Thus the above example, for dividend
17360 the hundreds figure of the quotient is 6 and the units and tens will be
20, or the quotient of 17360 divided by 28 is 620. When any given dividend
is not an exact multiple of the divisor, the nearest even multiple as given in
the table must he used.

For example, 23979 h- 28 =856 the 8 is in the 9th column above 239
;
and the 56 is under 68, the nearest figure to 79 in the right-hand part of
the table.
The column, which is separated from the rest of the table by a
last
be used when the quotient exceeds three figures, or 999.
triple line, is to
The bold-face figures in this column give the thousands and tens of
thousands figures of the quotient, and the plain figures are the multiples
thereof by the divisor. To use the column, find in it the number which,
with three ciphers added, comes nearest to (but is less than) the dividend ;
the heavy-face figures beneath it will be the first figures of the quotient.
Subtract this multiple number from the given dividend, and with the
remainder enter the main body of the table to obtain the last three figures
of the quotient as already described.
For example Divide 833885 by 28. The nearest figure to 833000 in the
:
lastcolumn is 812000 and the quotient 29000. 833885 — 812000 = 21885.

Under 218 we have 7, and under 96, the nearest figure to 85 on the right,
we find 82. 833885-;- 28 = 29782.
TABLE 97.
Table 97. Natural sines a7id cosines.
TABLE 98.
Table 98. Natural tangents and cotangents.
TABLE 99.
Table 99. Logarithms of numbers.
TABLE 100<
TABLE 100. Bigelow' s standard system of notation and formula.
These are taken from the Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau,
International Cloud Observations, 1898-1899, pages 485 to 570 also Report ;
on Barometry, pages 58 to 68. Many abridgments and some slight modifi-

cations have been made. All of the diagrams, definitions, and formulae for
polar curves, motion relative to moving axes, etc. have been omitted.
,
TABLE 101.
Table 101. List of meteorological stations.
The list been compiled for this volume

of meteorological stations has
from data Weather Bureau. Dr. Stai -
in the library of the United States
islav Hanzlik, with the help of the librarian and assistants, rechecked the
existing list. In many cases the old list was found not to correspond with
present conditions. Letters were addressed to the central offices of the
Italian, Belgian, Austrian, and German meteorological services, and the
listhas been corrected to agree with the replies received.
In Asia a new subdivision has been made, namely, India, with neigh-
boring islands, Central and East Asia (China and Jndo-China) Siberia with ,
Russia, Japan with Korea, and the Philippines with Hawaii. The division
of Miscellaneous Islands has been abandoned.
.
IX MISCELLANEOUS TABLES-
In making the selection of stations from the vast number available, the
object has been to choose such of the higher order stations as will fairly
represent the varied climatic conditions of each country. With few excep-
tions, the stations are active ; in all cases there are published observations,
which may generally be found in the monthly and annual reports of the
national meteorological services of the countries in which the stations are
situated, or by which they are politically controlled.
So far as known, the list contains all first order stations, i. e., those at
which the principal meteorological elements are either recorded continuously
and automatically, or are observed at hourly or bi-hourly intervals such ;
stations are designated by an asterisk (*).

The names of the stations have been given in the native orthography,
which is in all cases the form adopted by the respective national meteoro-
logical services in their official publications.
TABLE 102. International meteorological symbols.
The symbols and definitions adopted by the Perinanent International

Meteorological Committee have been occasionally modified by succeeding
Congresses and are here given in accord with the latest decisions. For
fuller details see the U. S. Monthly Weather Review for December, 1905,
and August, 1906.
TABLE 103. Beaufort's notation for use at sea.
The wind
scale and other notations introduced by Beaufort about 1800
stillcontinue in use at sea, and are here given about as issued in the official
—
instructions to American and English navigators they are also used by
seamen of many other nations.
TABLE 104. Acceleration of apparetit gravity
This is essentially a copy of the similar table in the Smithsoniav. Geo-

graphical Tables.
—
THERMOMETRICAL TABLES.
Conversion of thermometric scales
Absolute, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reaumur scales . . Table i
Fahrenheit scale to Centigrade Table 2
Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit Table 3
Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit, near the boiling point of

water Table 4
Differences Fahrenheit to differences Centigrade .... Table 5
Differences Centigrade to differences Fahrenheit .... Table 6
Reduction of temperature to sea level — English measures . Table 7
Reduction of temperature to sea level — Metric measures . . Table 8
Correction for the temperature of the thermometer stem for

Fahrenheit and Centigrade thermometers .... Table 9
Table i.
ABSOLUTE, CENTIGRADE, FAHRENHEIT, AND REAUMUR SCALES.
A.
TABLE 2
Table
Table 2.
FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGRADE.

Fahren-
heit.
Table 2.
TABLE 3.
CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT.
Centi-
grade.
Table 3.
CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT.
Centi-
grade.
Table 4.
CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT- Near the Boiling Point.
Centi-
grade.
Table 7.
REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Rate of
Table 8.
REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL.
METRIC MEASURES.
Rate of
decrease
of
Table 9.
CORRECTION FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF THE THERMOMETER

STEM.
T-= t — 0.0000795 n [t' — f) — Fahrenheit temperatures.
T^=t — 0.000143 '"{t' — — Centigrade
') temperatures.
T ^^ Corrected temperature.
t = Observed temperature.
t' = Mean temperature of the glass stem and mercury column.
n = Length of mercury in the stem in scale degrees.
Correction for Fahrenheit Thermometers.
Values of 0.0000795 n [f — t)
«
—
TABLES FOR THE MERCURIAL BAROMETER.
Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature —

English measures . . . Tabi,e io
Metric measures ii
Reduction of the barometer to standard gravity at latitude 45"
English measures . . . . .... . Table 12
Metric measures . 13
Reduction of the barometer to sea level English measures. — •
Values of 2000 m Table 14

Correction of 2000 w for latitude . . . .
15
B^— B = B (10"' — i) 16
Reduction of the barometer to sea level — Metric measures.
Values of 2000171 . . . ... Table 17
Correction of 2000 w for latitude 18
B^ — B= B {lo""— 1) 19
Determination of heights by the barometer — English measures.
"'"
Values of 60368 [i + 0.0010195 X 36] log- . . Table 20
B
Term for temperature ... 21
Correction for latitude and weight of mercury ... 22
Correction for an average degree of humidity ... 23
Correction for the variation of gravity with altitude . .
24
Determination of heights by the barometer — Metric measures.
Values of iî/âologL—- . . Table 25
B
. . . .
Term for temperature .

26
Correction for humidity . . . ... . .
27
Correction for latitude and weight of mercury .... 28
Correction for the variation of gravity with altitude .
29
Difference of height corresponding to a change of o.i inch
in the barometer — English measures Table 30
Diiference of height corresponding to a change of i millimetre
in the barometer — Metricmeasures Table 31
Determination of heights by the barometer.
Formula of Babinet . Table 32
Barometric pressures corresponding to the temperature of the
boiling point of water —
English measures Table 33
Metric measures . .
34
13
Table io.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table 10.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE,

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
Fahren-
heit.
Table 10
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table 10.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
•
Ther-
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
1 Fahren-
heit.
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
TABLE 10.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Table 10.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
Fahren-
heit.
Table io
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
Fahren-
heit.
Table 10.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Table 10.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
Fahren-
heit.
TABLE 10.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Thep-
nometer
Fahren-
heit.
Table io,

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
mometer
Fahren-
heit.
Table io
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
Table io.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Attached
Ther-
1«ABLE 11.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE

METRIC MEASURES.
FOR TEIWPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION TO BE SUBTRACTED.
Table n.
METRIC MEASURES.
FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE. THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED.
''
Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.
FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED.

Table 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table il.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table il.
REDUCTrON OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.

TABLE 11

METRIC MEASURES.
1 ABLE 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table li.

METRIC MEASURES.
Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.

TABLE 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table li.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.
Table ii.

METRIC MEASURES.

TABLE 11.

METRIC MEASURES.
FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE
Table n.
METRIC MEASURES.
FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE

TABLE 11.

METRIC MEASURES.
Tabue 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table 11

METRIC MEASURES.
Table 11.

METRIC MEASURES.

Table 12.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Reduction to Latitude 45°.
From latitude o° to 45°, the correction is to be subtracted.
From latitude 90° to 45°, the correction is to be added.
/
TABLE 13.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY.

METRIC MEASURES.
Reduction to Latitude 45°.
From latitude o° to 45°, the correction is to be subtracted.
From latitude 90° to 45°, the correction is to be added.
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z(r-je)
Values of 2000 X m.
56573+i23.ie+.oo3Z
Mean Tem-
TABLE 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z (I-/3)
Values of 2000 X m.
56573+"23-i9+-o°3Z
Mean Tem-
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z (l-;8)
Values of 2000 X m.
S6573+"3-i«+-oo3Z
Mean Tem-
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
,.„„ Z(l-;e)
value
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z (I—j8)
Values of 2000 X m.
s6S73+i23.ie+.oo3Z
Mean Tem-
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z (T— 5)
Values of 2000 X m.
56573+i23.ifl+.oo3Z
Mean Tem-
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
z(i-;e)
Values of 2000 X m.
S6S73+iz3-i«+-003Z
Mean Tem-
Table 14.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z (i— e)
Values of 2000 X m.
Table 14.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Z(i-;8)
Values of 2000 X m.
56571+ 123.19+ .003Z
Mean Tem-
perature
TABLE 15
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Correction of 2000 m for Latitude: 2000 m X 0.002662 cos 2 (h.
For latitudes 0° to 45°, the correction is to be subtracted.

For latitudes 45° to 90°, the correction is to be added.
2000 m.
Table 16.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B= B (10'"-1).
Top argument: Height of the barometer (B).

Table 16
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B = B dO""-!).
Top argument : Height of the barometer (B).
Side argument : Values of 2000 m obtained from Table 14.
Table 16.
REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO SEA LEVEU
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B=B dO""-!).
TAE3LE 16.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B= B (10'"- 1).
Table 16.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B = B (10'"-1).

TABLE 16.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B =- B (IC'-I).
Table 16.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B = B (10'"-1).
Table 16,
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Bo-B = B (10'«-1).

Side argument: Values of 2000 w obtained from Table 14.
Table it.
METRIC MEASURES.
Values of 2000 X m.
i8444+67.S3e+.oo3Z
TABLE 17,

METRIC MEASURES.
Z [i-P)
Values of 2000 X m.
18444+67.538+ .003Z
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Z (I— iS)
Values of 2000 X m.
18444+67. 536+ ,oo3Z
Altitude
in
metres.
Z.
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Z (I-/3)
Values of 2000 X m.
18444+67. 53fl+.oo3Z
Altitude
in
metres,
Z.
Table 17.

METRIC MEASURES.
Z (i-|8)
Values of 2000 X m.
1S444+67.539+.003Z
Altitude
jn
metres.
Z.
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Z (I-/3)
Values of 2000 X m.
18444+67.536+ .003Z
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Z (i— ^)
Values of 2000 X m.
Table 17.
iVIETRIC MEASURES.
Z (r— ^1
Vaiues of 2000 X m.
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Values of 2000 X m. ^^^_ ^J'-S)
18444+67.538+ .003Z
Altitude
in
metres.
Z.
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Z (I— /3)
Values of 2000 X m.
18444+67.539+ .003Z
Altitude
in
metres.
Z.
Table 17.
METRIC MEASURES.
Values of 2000 X m. tft =— Z(i— /3)
18444+67.536+ .003Z
Altitude
in
metres.
Z.
Table 17.

METRIC MEASURES.
(1-/3)
^^^^ __
/.
Values of 2000 X m. ,
'18444+67. 538+ .003Z
Altitude
in
metres.
Z.
Table is.

METRIC MEASURES.
Correction of 2000 m for Latitude: 2000 »« x 0.002662 coi 2d>.
For latitudes 0° to 45°, the correction is to be subtracted.

For latitudes 45° to go°, the correction is to be added.
2000 m.
TABLE 19.

METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B-B(10'"-1).
Table 19.
METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B=B (10'"-1).
Table 19.
METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B=B (10'"-1).
Side argument: Values of 2000 »i obtained from Table 17.
Table 19.
METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B=B(10'"-1).
Side argumem : Values of 2000 >« obtained from Table 17.
Table 19.

METRIC MEASURES.
Bo- B = B (10'«-1).
Side argument : Values of 2000 nt obtained from Table 17.
Table 19
METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B-BCIO""-!).
Side argument : Values of 2000 in obtained from Table 1 7.
Table 19.

METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B=B (10'"-1).

Table 19.
METRIC MEASURES.
Bo-B = B(10'"-1).
2000 m.
Table 20.
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Table 20.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Values of 60368 [1+0.0010195X36] log „ •
Barometric
Table 20.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
29 90
Values of 60368 [1+0.0010195X36] log =^^.
Barometric
Table. 20.
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS 'bY THE BAROMETER.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Values of 60368 [1 + 0.0010195 X 36] log ^^^
Barometric
Table 21.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Term for Temperature: 0.002039 (^ — 5°°) z.
.„ L. r added.
For temperatures ^g"^"^ ^°a the values °
I pi} "^t subtracted.
Mean
'
Table 21.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Term for Temperature 0.002039
: (0 — 50°) z.
For temperatures added,

} the values are to be |
| ^gj°^ ^°o p' subtracted.
Mean
Table 22.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Correction for Latitude and Weight of Mercury: z (0.002662 fo^ 2 ^+0.00239).
Lati-
Table 22.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Correction for Latitude and Weight of Mercury: z (0.002662 coi 21^ + 0.00239).
Lati-
Table 23.
determination of heights by the barometer.
english measures.
Correction for an Average Degree of Humidity.
Mean
:
Table 24.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Correction for the Variation of Gravity with Altitude
2 (z + 2 /;„)
R
Approx-
imate
Table 25.
METRIC MEASURES.
Values of 18400 log ^^-
Barometric
Table 26.
METRIC MEASURES.
Term for Temperature: 0.0x3367^x2.
For temperatures '^^"^^ "« '° *>«
{^^j°J^ o^C:}'^^ { subtmcted.
Approx-
Table 27.
METRIC MEASURES.
Correction for Humidity: Values of 10000)8.
^ = 0.378 1 = 0.37s /±J^.
Mean
Vapor
iPressure.
Table 27.
METRIC MEASURES.
Correction for Humidity: looooflxz.
Top argument: Values of loooo ^ obtained from page 112.
Side argument : Approximate difference of height (z).
Approximate
Table 28.
DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER
METRIC MEASURES.
Correction for Latitude and Weight of Mercury: z (0.002662 coj 2 ^-l-o.<X)239).
Approximate
Table 29.
METRIC MEASURES.
Table 30.
DIFFERENCE OF HEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO A CHANGE OF
0.1 INCH IN THE BAROMETER.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Baro-
TABLE 31.
DIFFERENCE OF HEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO A CHANGE OF

1 MILLIMETRE IN THE BAROMETER.
METRIC MEASURES.
Table 32.

Formula of Babinet.
C (in feet) = 52494 i + -^ — English Measures.
C (in
^
metres)' = 16000 i + ^
1000
°' '
J
—Metric Measures.
L
In which Z = Difference two stations in feet or metres.
of height of
B^, B ^= Barometric readings at the lower and upper stations respectively,
corrected for all sources of instrumental error.
t^, t = Air temperatures at the lower and upper stations respectively.
Values of C.
ENGLISH MEASURES. METRIC MEASURES.
>^(to+t).
Table 33.
BAROMETRIC PRESSURES CORRESPONDING TO THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE BOILING POINT OF WATER.
{Brock. )
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Tempera-
ture.
—
HYGROMETRICAL TABLES.
Pressure of aqueous vapor {Brock) —

English measures . Table 35
36
Metric measures
1 43
'
Pressure of aqueous vapor at low temperatures {C. F. Marvin) —

English and Metric measures Tabi<e 37
Weight —English measures

of a cubic foot of saturated vapor . Table 38
Weight of a cubic metre of saturated vapor— Metric measures . Table 39
Reduction of psychrometric observations — English measures.

Pressure of aqueous vapor Table 40
Values of 0.000367 .5 (/ A)(i + ') 41
Relative humidity — Temperature Fahrenheit Table 42
Reduction of psychrometric observations — Metric measures.

Pressure of aqueous vapor Table 43
Values of o. 000660 B {t — ^,)(i+ — — ^) .... 44
Relative humidity — Temperature Centigrade Table 45
Reduction of snowfall measurements.

Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow
(or rain) collected in an 8-inch gage Table 46
Rate of decrease of vapor pressure with altitude .... Table 47
121
Table 35.
PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR.
{Broch.')
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Temper-
TABLE 35.
{Broch.)
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Tetnper-
1
Table 35.
{Broch.)
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Din. Diff. Diff. Diff.

Temper- Vapor Temper, Vapor Temper, Vapor Temper, Vapor
for for for for
ature. Pressure. ature. Pressure. ature. Pressure. ature. Pressure.
0?l 0?l 0?l 0?l
F. Inch. F. Inch. F. Inches. Inches.

60?0 0.5170 70?0 0.7320 80f0 1. 0219 90?0 1. 4081
25 34 44
60.2 5207 70.2 7370 80.2 .0286 90.2 .4170
60.4
19 25
80.4 34 45
•5244 70.4 .7420 .0354 90.4 •4259
60.6 19 25 80.6
34 45
.5282 70.6 •7471 26
.0422 90.6 4349
60.8 19 80.8
34 45
•5319 70.8 .7522 .0490 90.8 •4439
19 26 34 45
61.0 0.5357 71.0 0.7573 81.0 1.0558 91.0 1^4530
19 26 35 46
61.2 •5395 71.2 .7625 81.2 .0627 91.2 .4621
19 26 35 46
61.4 .5433 71.4 .7676 81.4 .0697 91.4 .4712
19 26 35 46
61.6 .5471 71.6 .7728 81.6 .0767 91.6 .4805
19 26 35 46
61.8 • 5510 71.8 .7781 S1.8 .0837 91.8 .4897
19 26 35 47
62.0 0.5549 72.0 0.7834 82.0 1.0907 92.0 1.4990
20 27 36 47
62.2 .5588 72.2 .7887 82.2 .0978 92.2 .5084
20 27 36 47
62.4 .5628 72.4 •7940 82.4 .1050 92.4 .5178
20 27 36 47
62.6 .5667 72.6 •7994 82.6 .1121 92.6 5273 48
20 27 36
62.8 .5707 72.8 .8048 82.8 .1194 92.8 5368
27 36 48
63.0 0.5748 73.0 0.8102 83.0 1.1266 93.0 1.5464
20 27 37 48
63.2 .5788 73-2 •8157 83.2 •1339 93-2 5560
20 28 37 48
63.4 •5829 73-4 .8212 83.4 •1413 93-4 5657
21 28 37 49
63.5 .5870 73-6 .8267 83.6 .1487 93-6 •5755
21 28 37 49
63.8 •591 73-8 •8323 83.8 .1561 93^8 •5853
28 37 49
64.0 0.5952 74.0 0.8379 84.0 1.1635 94.0 I-595I
28 38 49
64.2 •5994 74.2 8435 84.2 .1710 94.2 .6050
28 38 50
64.4 .6036 74-4 .8492 84.4 .1786 94-4 .6149
29 38 50
64.^ .6078 74.6 8549 84.6 .1862 94.6 .6249 50'
29 38
64.8 .6120 74.8 .8606 84.8 1938 94.8 6350
29 38 51
65.0 0.6163 75.0 0.8664 85.0 1. 2015 95.0 1.6451
22 29 39 51
65.2 .6206 75-2 .8722 85.2 .2093 95-2 6552
22 29 39 51
65.4 .6249 75-4 .8780 85.4 .2170 95.4 6655
22 29 39 51
65.6 .6293 75-6 .8839 85.6 .2248 95-6 .6758
22 30 39 52
65.8 6337 75-8 .8898 85.8 .2327 95.8 .6861
30 39 52
66.0 0.6381 76.0 0.8957 86.0 1.2406 96.0 1.6964
22 30 40 52
66.2 .6425 76.2 .9017 86.2 .2485 96.2 .7069
22 30 40 52
66.4 .6470 76.4 .9077 86.4 .2565 96.4 •7174
22 30 40 53
66.6 6514 76.6 •9137 86.6 .2645 96.6 .7279
66.8 23 30 40 53
.6560 76.8 .9198 86.8 .2726 96.8 •7385
23 31 41 53
67.0 0.6605 77.0 0.9259 87.0 1.2807 97.0 1.7492
23 31 41 54
67.2 .6651 77.2 .9321 87.2 .2889 97.2 •7599
23 31 41 54
67.4 .6697 77-4 •9383 87.4 .2971 97-4 .7707
23 31 41 54
67.6 .6743 77.6 •9445 87.6 3054 97.6 7815
23 31 42 54
67.S .6789 77.8 •9507 87.8 •3137 97.8 7924
23 31 42 55
68.0 0.6836 78.0 0.9570 88.0 1.3220 98.0 1.8034
24 32 42 55
68.2 .6883 7S.2 •9633 88.2 •3304 98.2 .8144
24 32 42 55
68.4 .6930 78.4 .9697 88.4 3388 98.4 .8254
24 32 42 56
68.6 .6978 78.6 .9761 88.6 3473 98.6 .8366
24 32 43 56
68.8 .7026 78.8 •9S25 88.8 .3558 .8477
24 32 43 56
69.0 0.7074 79.0 0.9890 89.0 1.3644 99.0 1.8590
69.2
24 33 89.2
43 .8703
57
.7123 79.2 •9955 •3731 99.2
24 33 .3818 43 .8817 57
69.4 .7172 79-4 I.002I 89.4 99^4
25 33 44 57
69.6 .7221 79-6 .0087 89.6 •3905 99.6 •8931
25 33 44 .9046
57
69.8 .7270 79.8 •0153 •3993 99.8
25 33 44 58
Smithsonian Tables
124
TABLE 35.
PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR
{Brock.)
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Diff. Diff. Diff. Diff.

Temper- Vapor Temper, Vapor Temper- Vapor Temper- Vapor
for for for for
0?l on 0?l 0?l
F. Inches. F. Inches. F. Inches. F. Inches.

I00?0 1.9161 IIO?0 2.5765 I20?0 3-4253 I30?0 4-5044
58 75 96 121
I0O.2 .9277 110.2 •5915 120.2 -4445 130.2 -5286
58 75 96 122
100.4 •9394 110.4 .6066 120.4 -4637 130.4 -5530
59 76 97 122
100.6 •9511 110.6 .6217 120.6 .4831 130.6 -5775
59 76 97 123
100.8 .9629 110.8 .6369 120.8 .5026 130.8 .6020
59 77 98 123
101. 1-9747 III.O 2.6522 I2f.0 3-5221 131.0 4.6267
60 77 98 124
101.2 .9867 111.2 .6676 121.2 -5417 131.2 6515
•
60 77 99 125
101.4 .9986 111.4 .6831 121.4 -5615 131-4 .6764
60 78 99 125
101.6 2.0107 I1I.6 .6986 121.6 -5813 131.6 -7015
60 78 00 126
101.8 .0228 111.8 .7142 121.8 .6012 131-8 .7266
61 78 126
102.0 2.0349 112.0 2.7299 122.0 3-6213 132.0 4-7519
61 79 127
102.2 .0471 112.2 •7457 122.2 .6414 132.2 -7773
61 79 127
102.4 •0594 112.4 .7616 122.4 .6616 132-4 .8028
62 80 128
102,6 .0718 112.6 •7775 122.6 .6819 132.6 .8284
62 80 129
102.8 .0842 112.8 -7935 122.8 .7023 132.8 .8541
62 80 129
103.0 2.0967 113.0 2.S096 123.0 3.7228 133.0 4.8800
63 81 130
103.2 .1092 113.2 -8257 123.2 • 7434 133-2 •9059
63 81 130
103.4 .1218 "3-4 .8420
82
123.4 .7641 133-4 .9320
63 131
103.6 -1345 1 13.6 -8583 123.6 .7849 133-6 -9582
64 82 132
103.8 -1473 113.8 .8747 123.8 .8058 133-8 -9845
64 82 132
104.0 2.1601 114.0 2.8912 124.0 3-8267 134.0 5.0110
64 83 133
104.2 .1730 114.2 .9078 124.2 .8478 134.2 -0375
65 83 133
104.4 -1859 114.4 • 9244 124.4 .8690 134-4 .0642
65 134
104.6 .1989 114.6 .9412 124.6 .8903 134-6 .0910
65 135
104.8 .2120 114.8 .9580 124.8 .9117 134.8 .1179
66 85 135
105.0 2.2251 115.0 2.9749 125.0 3^9332 135.0 5-1450
66 85 136
105.2 .2384 115.2 .9919 125.2 •9548 135-2 -1722
66 85 136
105.4 .2516 "5-4 3.0089
86
125.4 9765 135-4 .1994
67 137
105.6 .2650 115.6 .0261 125.6 135-6 .2269
67 86 138
105.8 .2784 "5-8 •0433 125.8 4.0202 135-8 -2544
67 87 138
106.0 2.2919 116.0 3.0606 126.0 4.0422 136-0 5.2820
68 87 139
106.2 -3054 116.2 .0780 126.2 .0643 136-2 .3098
68 87 139
106.4 .3190 116.4 •0955 126.4 .0865 136.4 -3377
68 140
106.6 -3327 116.6 .1131 126.6 .1088 136.6 -3657
69 141
T06.8 •3465 n6.8 .1308 126.8 .1312 136.8 -3939
69 141
107.0 2.3603 117.0 3-1485 127.0 4-1537 137.0 5.4221
70 89 142
107.2 3742
• 117.2 .1663 127.2 .1764 137.2 .4505
70 90 143
107.4 .3882 117.4 .1842 127.4 .1991 137-4 -4791
70 90 143
107.6 .4023 117.6 .2023 127.6 .22:9 137.6 -5077
71
.2204
91
127.8
144
107.8 .4164 117.8 .2448 137-8 -5365
71 91 145
108.0 2.4306 118.0 3-2386 128.0 4.2679 138.0 5-5654
71 91 145
10S.2 -4449 118.2 -2568 128.2 .2910 138.2 -5945
72 92 146
108.4 -4592 1 18.4 -2752 128.4 -3143 138.4 .6237
72 92 147
108.6 -4736 118.6 -2937 128.6 -3377 138.6 -6530
72 93 128.8 147
loS.S .4881 118.8 .3122 .3612 138.8 .6824
73 93 148
109.0 2.5026 119.0 3-3308 129.0 4-3848 139.0 5.7120
73 94 129.2
149
109.2 -5172 119.2 -3495 .4085 139.2 •7417
73 94 149
109.4 -5319 119.4 .3683 129.4 -4323 139-4 •7715
74 95 150
109.6 -5467 119.6 .3872 129.6 .4562 139-6 .8014
74 95 150
109.8 -5616 119.8 .4062 129.8 .4802 139-8 •8315
75 95 151
Smithsonian Tables.
125
6
2
Table 35.
[Broch.')
ENGLISH MEASURES.
DiR. Diff. Diff. Diff.

Temper Vapor Temper- Vapor Temper- Vapor Temper Vapor
for for for for
0?l 0?l 0?l 0?l
F. Inches. F. Inches. F. Inches. F. Inches.

I40f0 5-8617 I50?0 7-5521 leofo 9-6374 I70?0 12.1870
152 188 231 281
140.2 .8921
152
150.2 5897 189
160.2 .6836
232
170.2 .2432
282
140.4 .9226 150.4 -6275 160.4 .7300 170.4 •2997
153 190 233 283
140.5 •9532 150.6 .6654 160.6 7765 170.6 -3564
140.8
154 191
160.8
234 285
-9839 150-8 •7035 -8233 170.8 •4133
154 191 235 286
141.0 6.0148 151.0 7-7418 I6L0 9.8702 171.0 12.4704
155 192 236 287
141. .0458 151.2 .7802 161.2 •9173 171.2 •5278
156 193 237 28S
141.4 .0770 15 1 -4 .8188 161.4 .9647
238
171.4 5853
157 194 161.6 10.0122
289
141. .1083 151.6 •8575 171.6 .6431
157 195 239 290
141.8 •1397 151-8 .8964 161.8 •0599 171.8
158 195 240 291
142.0 6.1713 152.0 7-9355 162.0 10.1078 172.0 12.7593
159 196 241 292
142.2 .2030 152.2 •9747 162.2 •1559 172.2 .8177
159 197 241 293
142.4 .2348 152.4 8.0141 162.4 .2042 172.4 .8764
160 198 242 295
142.6 .2668 152.6 •0536 162.6 • 2526 172.6 •9353
161 199 243 296
142.8 -2989 152-S •0934 162.8 -3013 172.8 •9945
161 199 244 297
143.0 6.3312 f53.0 8.1332 163.0 10.3501 173.0 i3ô538
162 200 245 298
143-2 •3636 153-2 •1733 163.2 •3992 173.2 •1134
163 201 246 299
143-4 •3961 153-4 •2135 163.4 .4484 173-4 .1732
164 202 247 300
143-^ .4288 153-6 •2539 163-6 •4979 173-6 • 2332
164 203 248 301
143.8 .4616 153-8 .2944 163.8 -5475 173-8 •2935
165 204 249 303
144.0 6.4946 154-0 8-3351 164.0 10.5974 174.0 13-3540
166 205 250 304
144.2 -5277 154.2 • 3760 164.2 .6474 174.2 .4147
166 205 251 305
144.4 -5610
167
154-4 .4171
206
164-4 -6976
252
174.4 4756 306
144.6 -5944 154.6 •4583 164.6 .7480 174.6 -5368
168 207 253 307
144.8 .6279 154.8 •4997 164.8 • 7986 174-8 •5982
168 20S 254 308
145.0 6.6616 155.0 8.5413 165.0 10.8495 175.0 13-6599
169 209 255 309
145-2 6954 155-2 5830 210
165.2 .9005
256
175-2 .721S
170 311
I4S-4 .7294 155-4 -6249 165.4 •9517 175-4 •7839
171 210 257 312
145-6 •7635 155-6 .6670 165.6 11.0032 175-6 .8462
171 211 258 313
145.8 • 7978 155-8 .7092 165-8 -0548 175-8
172 212 259 314
146.0 6.8322 156.0 8.7516 166.0 1 1. 1067 176.0 13.9716
173 213 260 315
146.2 .8668 156.2 •7942 166.2 .1587 176.2 14.0347
174 214 261 317
146.4 •9015 156.4 .8370 166.4 .2109 176.4 .0980
174 215 262 318
146.6 •9363 156.6 8799 166.6 • 2634 176.6 .1616
175 216 263 319
146.8 •9713 156.8 .9231 166.8 .3160 176.S •2253
176 217 264 320
147.0 7-0065 f57.0 8.9664 167.0 11.3689 177.0 14.2894
177 217 265 321
147.2 .0418 157-2 9.0098 167.2 .4220 177.2 •3536
177 218 266 323
147-4 0773 178
157-4 •0535
219
167.4 •4752
267
177-4 .4181
324
147.6 .1129 157-6 0973 220
167.6 • 5287
268
177.6 .4823
.i486
179 167.8 5824 -547S 325
147.8 157-8 •1413 177.8
180 221 270 326
148.0 7-1845 158.0 9^1855 168.0 11.6363 178.0 14.6131
180 222 271 327
148.2 .2206 158.2 .2299 168.2 .6904 178.2 .6785
181 223 272 329
148.4 .2568 158.4 •2745 168.4 •7447 178.4 -7443
182 224 273 330
148.6 .2932 158.6 .3192 168.6 •7993 178.6 .S102
183 225 274 331
148.8 -3297 158.8 .3641 168.8 .8540 178.8 .8764
183 226 275 332
149.0 7.3664 159.0 9.4092 169.0 11.9090 179.0 14.9429
184 226 276 334
149.2 .4032 159-2 •4545 169.2 .9641 179.2 15.0096
185 227 277 335
149.4 .4402 159-4 •4999 169.4 12.0195 179-4 -0765
186 228 278 336
149.6 •4774 159-6 •5456 169.6 •0751 179.6 •1437
187 229 279 337
149.8 •5147 159-8 •5914 169.8 .1309 179-8 .2112
187 230 280 339
Smithsonian Tables.
126
1 2
Table 35.
{Broch.)
ENGLISH MEASURES.
DIff. Diff. Diff. Diff.

Temper- Vapor Temper- Vapor Temper, "
Vapor Temper, Vapor
for for for for
0?l 0?l 0?l 0?l
F. Inches. F. F. Inches. F. Inches.

I80?0 15.2789 I90?0 19.0009 200?0 23^4530 2I0?0 28.7497
180.2 340 .0825 200.2 210.2 577
.3468 90.2 -5502 .8651
180.4
341 409 200.4 579
.4150 90.4 .1643 .6478 210.4 .9809
342 411 490 581
180.6 •4835 90.6 .2464 200.6 -7457 210.6 29.0972
344 412 491 583
180.8 5522 90.8 .3288 200.8 .8440 210.8 .2138
345 414 493 585
181.0 15.6212 91.0 19-41 15 201.0 23.9426 211.0 29.3308
181.2
346 415 201.2 495 211.
587
.6904 91.2 4945 416
24.0415 .4482
181.4 347 201.4 497 589
7599 91.4 •5778 .1408 211.4 .5660
349 418 201.6 498 591
181.6 .8296 91.6 .6614 .2404 211.6 .6842
350 419 500 593
181.8 .8996 91.8 7453 201.8 3404 211.8 .8028
351 421 502 595
182.0 15.9699 92.0 19.8295 202.0 24.4407 2f2.0 29.9218
353 422 503 597
182.2 16.0404 92.2 • 9140 202.2 •5414 212.2 30.0412
.1112 354 424 202.4
505 .1610 599
182.4 92.4 .6424 212.4
355 426 507 601
182.6 .1822 92.6 20.0839 202.6 -7438 212.6 •2813
357 427 509 603
182.8 •2535 92.8 .1693 202.8 -8455 212.8 .4019
358 429 510 605
183.0 16.3250 93.0 20.2550 203.0 24.9476 213.0 30.5229
359 430 512 607
183.2 .3968 93-2 .3410 203.2 25.0500 213-2 .6444
361 432 514 609
183.4 .4689 93^4 -4273 203.4 .1528 213-4 .7662
362 433 516 611
183.6 54^3 93-6 -5139 203.6 -2559 213.6
363 435 518 613
183.8 •6139 93-8 .6008 203.8 •3594 213.8 31.0111
364 436 5^9 615
184.0 16.6868 94.0 20.6881 204.0 25-4633 214.0 31-1342
366 438 521
184.2 •7599 94-2 .7756 204.2 5675
367 439 204.4 .6720
523
184.4 •8334 94-4 -8635
368 441 525
184.6 .9071 94.6 -9517 204.6 .7769
184.8
370 21.0402
442 204.8 .8822 527
.9810 94.8
371 444 528
185.0 17-0552 95.0 21.1289 205.0 25.9878
373 .2180 446 205.2
530
185.2 .1297 95-2 26.0939
374 447 205.4 .2002 532
185.4 .2045 95-4 -3074
185.6 375 449 205.6 .3070 534
•2795 95-6 -3971
377 450 536
185.8 -3548 95-8 4872 205.8 .4141
378 452 537
186.0 17.4304 96.0 21.5776 206.0 26.5215
186.2 379 96.2 .6683 454 206.2 .6294 539
-5063
381 455 541
186.4 .5824 96.4 -7593 206.4 7376
382 457 206.6 543
186.6 .6588 96.6 .8506 .8461
384 458 206.8 545
186.8 •7355 .9422 9551
385 460 547
t87.0 17.8125 97.0 22.0342 207.0 27.0644
386 462 549
187.2 .8897 97.2 .1265 207.2 -1741
388 463 550
187.4 .9672 97-4 .2191 207.4 .2842
389 465 552
187.6 18.0451 97.6 .3120
466
207.6 3946
391 554
187.8 •123 97.8 -4053 207.8 5054
392 468 556
1 88.0 18.2015 98.0 22.4989 208.0 27.6166
393 470 208.2 558
188.2 .2802 98.2 5928 .7282
395 471 560
188.4 •3591 98.4 .6871 208.4 .8402
396 473 208.6
562
188.6 •4383 98.6 .7816 -9525
398 98.8 8765 475 208.8 28.0652 564
188.8 -5178
399 476 566
189.0 18.5976 99.0 22.9718 209.0 28.1784
400 478 568
189.2 .6777 99-2 23.0673 209.2 .2919
402 480 569
189.4 -7581 99-4 .1632 209.4 -4057
403 481 571
189.6 99.6 •2595 209.6 -5200
405 483 573
189.S .9197 99.8 -3560 209.8 .6346
406 485 575
Smithsonian Tables.
127
Table 36.

{Broch.)
METRIC MEASURES.
Tempora-
lure.
Table 36.

{Broch.')
METRIC MEASURES.
Tempera-
ture.
Table 37.
PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE.
(C F. Marvin.')
ENGLISH AND METRIC MEASURE.
Tempera-
lure.
TABLE 37.
PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE.
(C F. Marvin.)
ENGLISH AND METRIC MEASURES.
Tempera-
ture.
Table 38.
WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF SATURATED VAPOR.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
(
/
" par over ice — Jfarvin. ]
(
—Broch.)
Vapor over water
Temper-
TABLE 39.
WEIGHT OF A CUBIC METRE OF SATURATED VAPOR.
METRIC MEASURES.
I I \ipor over ice- Marvin.) (
Vapor over water — Broch. )
Temper- Temper- 0.°0 0.°5 Temper- 0.°0 0.°2 0.°4 0.°6 0.°8
!
ature. ature. ature.
C. Gram's c. Gram's. Gram's. c. Gram's.

-29° 0-373 -17° 1. 177 1.128 — 5°
28 413 16 1.282 1.229 4
27 •457 15 1-395 1-337 3
26 • 505 14 1-519 1.456 2
25 •557 13 1.658 1.586 I
24 .613 32 j.Sii 1-733 —o

23° •673 11° 1.978 1.894 +
22 •737 10 2.154 2.o6,s I
21 .810 9 2.340 2.246 2
20 .892 8 2537 2.436 3
19 .982 7 2.752 2.641 4
-18 1.079 - 6 2.988 2.867 +5
TABLE 4-0.
REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS.

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Pressure of Aqueous Vapor.
(Below 33°— Vap
Table 40,
REDUCTION-OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Pressure <3f Aqueous V^por.
Tempera-
ture.
TABLE 41.
REDUCTION OF PSYCH ROM ETRIC OBSERVATIONS.
ENGLISH MEASURES.
Values of 0.000367 B (t-tilM +\^^ \
.5 ^ Barometric pressure.
i = Temperature of the dry-bulb thermometer.
;, -z= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer.
t-i,
TABLE 41.
REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS

ENGLISH MEASURES.
Values of 0.000367 B (t-t,)(^1 + |^.jj.
.5 = Barometric pressure.
t = Temperature of the dry-bulb thermometer.
<, = Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer.
t-t,
Table 42.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
TEMPERATURES FAHRENHEIT.
Air
tem-
Table 42
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
Air
Table 42.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
1
TABLE 42.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
Air
Temper
sture.
Table 43.
reduction of psych rom etric observations.
metric measures.
Pressure of Aqueous Vapor.
{Below o" , Vapor over ice — Marvin.) (Aboveo°, Vapor over water^Broch.)
Tempera-
ture.
Table 44.
REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS.
METRIC MEASURES.
Values of 0.000660 B (t-t,l
î^^+bl)-
i = Temperature of the dry-bulb thermometer.
t, ^= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer.
t-t,
Table 45.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
TEMPERATURE CENTIGRADE.
Depres-
Table 45
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
TEMPERATURE CENTIGRADE.
Depres-
Table 46.
REDUCTION OF SNOWFALL MEASUREMENTS.
Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow (or rain) collected
in an 8-inch gage.
Weight
WIND TABLES.
Mean direction of the wind by Lambert's formula —

Multiples of cos 45° ; form and example of computation . Table 48
Values of the mean direction (a) or its complement (90 — a) 49
Synoptic conversion of velocities . ... ... Table 50
Miles per hour into feet per second . Table 51
Peet per second into miles per hour Table 52
Metres per second into miles per hour Table 53
Miles per hour into metres per second . Table 54
Metres per second into kilometres per hour Table 55
Kilometres per hour into metres per second Table 56
Beaufort scale for winds at sea Table 57
J47
Table 48.
MEAN DIRECTION OF THE WIND BY LAMBERT'S FORMULA.
tana-
E - IV +{NE + SE-JVlV-Sll^) cos 45°
'
N-S+(NE-\-N!V-SE-SW)cos45°
Multiples of cos 45°-
Number.
Table 49.
mean direction of the wind by lambert's formula.

Values of the mean direction ( a ) or its complement (90°— a).
a = tan-'^ n/d
"
1
n
or
d.
Table 49.

Values of the mean direction (a) or its complement (90° — a).
1
Table 49.

Table 49.
DENOMINATOR OR NUMBRATOR (d OR «).
d. 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
50 42" 40^ 38= 36' 34° 32" 30' 29' 28° 27' 25' 22 21"
52 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 30 29 27 26 23 22
54 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 31 30 28 27 23 22
56 43 41 39 37 35 33 32 31 29 28 24 23
58 44 42 40 38 36 34 33 31 30 29 25 24
60 45 43 41 39 37 35 34 32 31 30 27 26 25
62 44 42 40 38 36 35 33 32 31 27 26 25
64 45 42 40 39 37 35 34 33 31 28 27 26
66 43 41 40 38 36 35 33 32 29 28 27
68 44 42 40 39 37 36 34 33 30 29 28
70 45 43 41 39 38 36 35 34 32 31 30 29 28
72 44 42 40 39 37 36 34 32 31 30 29
74 45 43 41 39' 38 37 35 33 32 31 30
.76 44 42 40 39 37 36 33 32 31 30
.78 44 43 41 39 38 37 34 33 32 31
80 45 43 42 40 37 35 34 33 32
82 44 42 41 38 35 34 33 32
84 45 43 41 39 36 35 34 33
86 44 42 39 37 36 35 33
44 43 40 37 36 35 34
90 45 43 41 38 37 36 35
92 44 41 39 37 36 35
94 45 42 39 38 37 36
96 42 40 39 38 36
98 43 40 39 38 37
100 44 41 40 39 38
102 44 42 40 39 38
104 45 42 41 40 39
106 43 41 40 39
108 43 42 41 40
110 44 43 40
112 44 43 41
TI4 45 44 41
116 44 42
118 45 42
120 45 43
122 43
124 44
126 44
128 45
130 45
Smithsonian Tables
152
Table 49.

Values of the mean direction (a) op its complement (90° — a).
n
or
d.
Table 50.
SYNOPTIC CONVERSION OF VELOCITIES.

Miles per hour into metres per second, feet per second
and kilometres per hour.
Miles
Table 5v
MILES PER HOUR INTO FEET PER SECOND.
I mile per hour =—
30
feet per second.
Miles
per hour.
Table 53.
METRES PER SECOND INTO MILES PER HOUR.

I metre per second = 2.236932 miles per hour.
Metr.-s per
TABLE S3.
METRES PER SECOND INTO MILES PER HOUR.
Metres per
second.
Table 55.
METRES PER SECOND INTO KILOMETRES PER HOUR.

I metre per second = 3.6 kilometres per hour.
Metres per
second.
TABLE 55.
METRES PER SECOND INTO KILOMETRES PER HOUR.
Metres per
second.
—
—
—
Table 57.
BEAUFORT SCALE FOR WINDS AT SEA.
Velocity.
Force of ^v ind. Statute Nautical

miles per miles per
hour. hour.
0. Calm. Full-rigged ship, all t,ail set, no head^va^ oto 3 oto 2

1
— Light Air. Just sufEcient to give sieeraêway .
8
2 — Light BrbEze.
6,
Speed of or 2 knots, " lull and
i
by" 13
3,— Gentle Breeze. Speed of 3 or 4 knots, "full and
by" i8
4,— Moderate Breeze. Speed of 5 or 6 knots, "full
and by " 23 20.
5. Fresh Breeze. All plain sail, "full and by "... . 28 24
6, Strong Breeze. Topgallantsailsoversingle-reefed
topsails 34 29.
7, Moderate Gale. Double-reefed topsails 40 34-
8.— Fresh Gale. Treble-reefed topsails (or reefed
upper topsails and courses 1 48 41.
9. Strong Gale. Close-reefed topsails and courses
(or lower topsails and cour.ês) 56
10. Whole Gale. Close-reefed main topsail and
reefed foresail (or lower main topsail and reefed
foresail ) 65 56. 4
1 1. Storm.
Storm staysails 75 65 I
12,— Hurricane. Under bare poles 90 and over 78. I and oier
The Beaufort scale is commonly used by seamen for recording the force
of wind. The corresponding velocity per hour in statute miles and in nauti-
cal miles isadded as deduced by R. H. Scott, Esq., in 1874.
The wind varies from o, a calm, to 12, a hurricaue the greatest
force of —
velocity observed at sea. Intermediate forces can be readily estimated by
the personal judgment of seamen. To obtain accurate results in recording
force and direction, the speed and course of the vessel must be considered.
160
GEODETICAL TABIÊS.
Relative acceleration of gravity at dififerent latitudes . . . Tabi,e 58
lyength of one degree of the meridian at different latitudes . . Table 59
Length of one degree of the parallel at dififerent latitudes . . Table 60
Duration of sunshine at dififerent latitudes Table 61
Declination of the sun for the year 1899 Table 62
Mean intensity for 24 hours of solar radiation on a horizontal

surface at the top of the atmosphere Table 63
161
Table 58.
RELATIVE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES.

Ratio of the acceleration of gravity at sea level for each 10' of latitude, to
its acceleration at latitude 45°.
TABLE 58.
RELATIVE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES.

Ratio of the acceleration of gravity at sea level for each 10' of latitude, to
its acceleration at latitude 46°.
= I — 0.002662 COS 2<l>

^46
Latitude.
Table 53.
LENGTH OF ONE DEGREE OF THE MERIDIAN AT DIFFERENT

LATITUDES.
Latitude.
TABLE 60.
LENGTH OF ONE DEGREE OF THE PARALLEL AT DIFFERENT

LATITUDES.
Latitude.
Table 61.
DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES.
LATITUDE NORTH.
Declination
of
tlie Sun.
10° J
5° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40°
h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m.
-23° 27' 12 7 II 50 I 32 14 o 55 10 35 O 13 9 48 19
-23 20 12 7 II 50 I 32 14 o 56 10 36 o 14 9 49 20
-23 o 12 7 II 50 I 33 15 o 57 10 37 o 15 9 51 23
-22 40 12 7 II 50 I 33 16 o 58 o 38 o 17 53 26
-22 20 12 7 II 51 I 34 17 59 o 40 o 19 55 29
- 22 o 12 7 II 51 I 34 18 1 o o 41 o 20 58 31
-21 40 12 7 II 51 I 35 19 o 43 O 22 o 9 34
-21 20 12 7 II 52 I 35 19 o 44 o 24 . 2 9 37
-21 o 12 7 II 52 I 36 20 o 46 o 26 4 9 40
-20 40 12 7 II 52 37 21 o 47 o 28 6 42
-20 20 12 7 II 52 37 22 o 49 o 29 8 45
-20 o 12 7 II 53 38 23 o 50 o 31 II 47
-19 40 12 7 II 53 38 23 o 51 o 33 o 13 50
-ig 20 12 7 II 53 39 24 o 53 o 35 o 15 53
-19 o 12 7 II 53 39 25 o 54 o 37 o 17 55
-18 40 12 7 II 54 40 26 o 38 o 19 58
-18 20 12 7 II 54 40 27 o 40 O 21 I
-18 o 12 7 II 54 41 28 o 42 o 23 3
-17 40 12 7 II 54 I 41 28 o 43 o 26 10 5
- 17 20 12 7 II 55 I 42 29 o 45 o 28 10 8
-17 o 12 7 II 55 I 42 30 o 47 o 30 10 10
-16 40 12 7 II 55 I 43 31 49 o 32 10 13
- 16 20 12 7 II 55 I 43 31 50 o 34 10 16
-i5 o 12 7 II 56 I 44 32 52 o 36 10 18
-15 40 12 7 II 56 1 44 33 o 53 o 38 10 20
-15 20 12 7 II 56 I 45 34 9 o 55 o 40 10 23
-15 o 12 7 II 56 I 45 34 10 o 57 o 42 10 25
-14 40 12 7 II 57 I 46 35 I 23 II 59 o 44 10 28
- 14 20 12 7 II 57 I 46 36 I 25 13 1 o o 46 10 30
-14 o 12 7 II 57 I 47 37 I 26 14 I 2 o 48 10 32
-13 40 12 7 II 57 37 27 16, I 4 o 50 10 35
- 13 20 12 7 II 58 38 28 17 I 5 o 52 10 37
- 13 o 12 7 II 58 39 29 18 I 7 o 54 10 40
-12 40 12 7 II 58 49 40 30 19 I 8 o 56 42
- 12 20 12 II 58 49 40 31 21 I 10 58
7 44
-12 o 12 7 II 58 50 41 32 22 I II 1 o 47
- II 40 12 7 II 59 50 42 33 23 I 13 I 2 49
-II 20 12 7 II 59 51 43 34 25 I 15 I 4 52
-II o 12 7 II 59 51 43 35 26 I 16 I 6 54
-10 40 12 11 59 52 44 36 27 I 18 56
- 10 20 12 12 o 52 45 37 28 I 20 10 59
-10 o 12 12 o 53 46 38 30 I 21 12 I
- 9 40 12 12 53 46 39 31 I 23 14 3
- 9 20 12 12 54 47 40 32 I 24 16 5
- 9 o 12 12 54 47 41 34 I 26 17 8
- 8 40 12 12 55 48 I 42 35 I 28 I 19 10
- 8 20 12 12 55 49 I 43 36 I 29 I 21 12
-80 12 12 56 50 I 44 37 I 31 I 23 14
Smithsonian Tables.
166
TABLE 61.
Declination
of
the Sun.
TABLE 61.
Declination
of
the Sun.
Table 6I
Declination
I<ATITUDE NORTH.
of
the Sun.
42° 44° 46° 48° 50° 52° 54° 56° 58° 60°
h. in. h. m. h. m. h. ra. h. m. h.m. h. lu, h. m. h. ni.

-8° 0' I 11 I 7 I 3 II 58 10 53 O 48 10 43 10 36 O 30
-7 40 I 13 I 10 1 5 I I 10 57 O 52 10 46 10 40 34 o 26
—7 20 I 16 I 12 I 8 I 4 11 o o 55 10 50 10 44 38 o 31
-7 o I 19 I 15 I II I 7 II 3 59 10 54 10 48 42 35
-6 40 I 21 I 17 I 14 I 10 II 7 1 2 10 '58 10 52 47 40
—6 20 I 23 I 20 I 17 I 13 II 10 I 5 10 56 51 o 45
-6 o I 26 I 23 I 20 I 16 II 13 I
9 11 o 55 o 50
-5 40 28 I 25 I 23 19 II i5 I 13 II 8 II 4 59 o 55
-5 20 31 I 28 I 25 22 II 19 I i6 II 13 II 8 4 o 59
-5 O 33 I 31 I 28 25 II 23 I 19 11 16 II 12 8 4
-4 40 I 33 I 31 28 II 26 I 23 II 20 II i5 I 13
20 I 36 I 34 31 II 29 I 26 II 23 II 20 I 17 13
O 138 I 37 34 II 32 I 30 II 27 II 24 I 21 18
40 I 37 II 35 I II 31 II 28 I 26 I 22
20 I 40 II 38 I II 35 II 32 I 30 I 27
O I 43 II 42 I II 38 II 36 I 34 I 32
-2 40 I 46 II 45 II 42 II 40 I 38 I 37
—2 20 I 49 II 48 II 46 II 44 I 43 I 41
—2 O I 52 II 52 II 49 II 48 I 47 I 46
-I 40 I 55 II 55 II 53 II 52 I 51 I 50
—I 20 1 58 11 58 11 57 11 56 1 56 I 55
—I O 2 I 12 I 12 I 12 o 2 o 1 59
-0 40 2 4 2 4 12 4 12 4 12 4 2 4 4
—O 20 2 7 2 7 12 7 12 8 12 8 2 8 9
+ 2 2 10 12 10 12 II 12 12 2 13 13
o 20 2 2 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 2 17 18
o 40 2 2 16 12 17 12 19 12 20 2 21 23
I 2 19 12 20 12 22 12 24 2 25 27
I 20 2 22 12 23 12 26 12 28 2 29 32
I 40 2 25 12 26 12 30 12 32 2 34 37
2 2 23 2 25 2 28 12 29 2 31 12 34 12 36 2 38 41
2 20 2 26 2 28 2 31 12 32 2 35 12 37 12 40 2 43 46
2 40 2 28 2 30 2 34 12 36 2 38 12 41 12 44 2 47 2 50
3 31 2 32 2 37 12 39 2 12 44 12 48 2 51 2 55
3 20 33 2 35 2 40 12 42 2 12 48 12 52 2 55 3 o
3 40 35 2 38 2 43 12 46 2 12 52 12 56 3 o 3 4
4 38 2 2 46 12 49 12 56 13 o 3 4 3 9
4 20 40 2 2 49 12 52 12 59 13 4 3 8 3 14
4 40 43 2 2 52 12 55 13 3 13 8 3 13 3 19
5 2 45 2 2 12 58 13 7 13 12
5 20 2 47 2 2 13 2 13 II 13 16
5 40 2 50 2 3 13 5 13 14 13 20
6 2 53 2 13 8 13 18 13 24
6 20 2 55 2 13 II 13 22 13 28
6 40 2 58 3 13 14 13 26 13 32
7 3 o 3 4 13 18 23 13 29 13 36
7 20 3 2 3 7 II 13 21 27 13 33 13 40
7 40 3 5 3 9 3 14 13 25 31 13 37 13 44
8 13 7 3 12 13 17 3 22 13 28 3 34 13 41 13 48 3 57 14 7
Smithsonian Tables.
169
Table 61.
LATITUDE NORTH.
Declination
of
tlie Sun.
10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40°
h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m, h. m. h. m. h. m.
+ 8° 0' 12 7 12 13 2 24 2 31 2 38 2 45 12 53 13 3
8 20 12 7 12 13 2 25 2 32 2 39 2 47 12 55 13 5
8 40 12 7 12 13 2 26 2 33 2 40 2 48 12 57 13 8
9 12 7 12 13 2 26 34 41 2 50 12 59 13 10
9 20 12 7 12 13 2 27 35 43 2 52 13 I 13 13
9 40 12 7 12 14 2 28 36 44 2 53 13 3 13 14
10 12 7 12 14 2 21 2 29 37 45 2 55 13 5 13 17
10 20 12 7 12 14 2 22 2 29 38 47 2 56 13 7 I
13 19
10 40 12 7 12 14 2 22 2 33 39 2 58 13 9 13 22
I
II 12 7 12 15 2 23 2 31 40 2 49 2 59 13 II 13 24
II 20 12 7 12 15 2 23 2 32 41 2 53 3 I 13 13 13 26
11 40 12 7 12 15 2 24 2 32 42 2 52 13 15 13 29
12 12 7 12 15 43 2 53 3 4 13 17 13 31
12 20 12 7 12 16 44 2 55 3 6 13 19 13 34
12 40 12 7 12 l5 45 2 56 3 8 13 21 13 36
13 12 7 12 16 46 257 3 9 13 23 13 38
13 20 12 7 12 16 47 2 58 3 II 13 25 13 41
13 40 12 7 12 17 4'S 3 o 3 13 13 27 13 43
14 12 7 12 17 49 3 I 3 14 13 29 13 46
14 20 12 7 12 17 50 3 2 3 iS 13 31 13 48
14 40 12 7 12 17 51 3 4 3 17 13 33 13 51
15 12 7 12 18 2 29 2 40 52 3 5 19 13 35 13 53
15 20 12 7 12 18 2 29 2 41 53 3 7 21 13 37 13 56
15 40 12 7 12 l3 2 30 2 41 54 3 8 23 13 39 13 58
16 12 7 12 19 2 30 2 42 55 3 9 25 13 41 14 I
16 20 12 7 12 19 2 31 2 43 56 3 II 26 13 43 14 3
16 40 12 7 12 19 2 31 2 44 58 3 12 28 13 45 14 6
17 12 7 12 19 2 32 2 45 2 59 3 13 29 13 47 14 8
17 20 12 7 12 20 2 32 2 45 3 o 3 15 31 13 50 14 II
17 40 12 7 12 20 2 33 2 46 3 I 3 16 33 13 52 14 14
18 12 7 12 20 2 33 2 47 3 2 3 17 3 35 13 54 14 16
18 20 12 7 12 23 2 34 2 48 3 3 3 19 3 37 13 56 14 19
18 40 12 7 12 21 2 34 2 49 3 4 3 20 3 38 13 58 14 22
19 12 12 21 2 2 50 3 5 22 40 14 o 14 24
19 20 12 12 21 2 2 51 3 6 23 42 14 2 14 26
19 40 12 12 22 2 2 52 3 7 25 44 14 5 14 29
20 12 12 22 2 2 52 3 8. 26 45 14 7 14 32
20 20 12 12 22 2 2 53 3 28 47 14 10 14 35
20 40 12 12 22 2 2 54 3 29 49 14 12 14 37
21 12 12 23 2 2 3 31 51 14 14 14 40
21 20 12 12 23 2 2 3 32 53 14 16 14 43
21 40 12 12 23 2 2 3 34 55 14 19 14 46
22 12 12 24 2 3 35 56 14 21 14 49
22 20 12 12 24 2 3 37 58 14 23 14 52
22 40 12 12 24 2 3 38 o 14 25 14 54
23 12 12 25 2 3 19 40 4 2 14 28 14 57
23 20 12 12 25 2 3 20 41 4 4 14 30 15 o
23 27 12 12 25 2 3 20 41 4 5 14 31 15 I
Smithsonian Tables.
170
Table 6i
LATITUDE NORTH.
Declinalion
of
the Sun.
42° 44° 46° 48° 50° 52° 54° 56° 58° 60°
h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m.
+ 8° 0' 3 7 3 12 13 22 3 28 3 34 3 49 358 4 7
8 20 3 10 3 14 13 25 3 31 3 38 3 53 4 2 4 12
8 40 3 12 3 17 13 28 3 34 3 41 3 57 4 6 4 17
9 3 15 13 31 3 38 4 I 4 II 4 22
9 20 3 17 13 34 3 41 4 5 4 15 4 26
9 40 3 20 13 38 3 44 4 10 4 20 4 31
10 3 22 13 41 3 48 4 4 4 14 4 25 4 36
10 20 3 25 13 44 3 51 4 8 4 18 4 29 4 41
10 40 3 28 13 47 3 55 4 12 4 22 4 34 4 47
11 30 3 43 13 50 3 58 4 7 4 16 4 27 438 4 52
II 20 32 3 46 13 53 4 I 4 10 4 20 4 31 4 43 4 57
11 40 35 3 49 13 56 4 5 4 14 4 24 4-35 448 5 2
12 38 3 44 3 52 14 o 4 8 4 18 4 28 4 53 5 8
12 20 40 3 47 3 55 14 3 4 12 4 22 4 32 4 58 5 13
12 40 43 3 50 358 14 6 4 16 4 25 4 37 5 2 5 18
13 46 3 53 4 I 14 10 4 19 4 29 4 41 5 7 5 23
13 20 48 3 56 4 4 14 13 4 22 4 33 4 45 5 13 5 29
13 40 50 358 4 7 14 16 4 26 4 37 4 49 5 17 5 35
14 3 53 4 I 4 10 14 19 4 29 4 41 5 40
14 20 3 56 4 4 4 13 14 23 14 33 4 45 5 46
14 40 3 59 4 7 4 i5 14 26 4 37 4 49 5 51
15 4 I 4 10 4 19 14 29 4 40 4 52 5 21 5 57
15 20 4 4 4 13 4 22 14 33 4 44 4 56 5 26 6 2
15 40 4 7 4 16 4 26 14 36 448 5 o 5 30 6 8
16 10 4 29 14 40 4 52 5 4 6 14
16 20 12 4 32 14 43 4 55 5 8 6 20
16 40 15 4 35 14 46 4 59 5 13 6 26
17 17 438 14 50 5 3 5 17
17 20 20 4 41 14 53 5 7 5 21
17 40 23 4 45 14 57 5 10 5 25
18 26 448 15 I 5 29 6 5 6 26
18 20 29 4 15 4 5 34 6 10 6 32
18 40 32 4 15 8 5 38 6 15 638
19 4 35 4 15 II 26 5 42 6 44
19 20 4 37 5 15 15 30 5 46 6 50
19 40 4 40 5 15 19 5 34 5 51 6 56
20 5 15 22 5 38 7 2 7 31
20 20 5 15 26 5 42 7 8 7 38
20 40 5 15 30 5 46 7 7 46
21 5 15 34 50 7 53
21 20 5 15 38 55 8 I
21 40 5 15 42 59 8 8
22 5 15 46 3 7 II 8 16
22 20 5 15 49 7 7 17 8 24
22 40 5 15 53 12 7 23 8 32
23 5 10 5 25 5 40 15 57 6 i5 7 I 7 29 8 I 8 41
23 20 5 13 5 28 5 44 16 I 6 21 7 7 7 35 8 8 8 49
23 27 5 14 5 29 5 46 16 3 6 23 7 9 7 37 8 n 8 52
Smithsonian Tables.
171
Table 61.
Declina'.ian
of
ihe Sun.
TABLE 61

Table 61.
Declination
LATITUDE NORTH.
of
tl;e Sun.
60° 61° 62° 63 64° 65° 66° 67° 68° 69^^ 70°
h. m. h. m.
0' O 21 o 17 10 12 o 7 o 2 956 950 9 43 936 928 919
40 O 26 o 22 17 o 13 8 10 2 956 950 9 43 9 35 927
20 031 o 27 023 o 18 o 13 10 8 10 3 9 57 950 9 43 9 35
O 035 032 028 023 o 19 10 14 10 9 o 4 9 57 950 9 43
40 40 037 033 o 29 o 25 10 20 10 15 o 10 10 4 9 57 951
20 045 42 038 034 031 10 26 10 22 o 16 10 II 10 5 958
O 050 047 043 o 40 036 1032 1028 023 10 18 10 12 10 5
40 055 052 049 045 41 1038 1034 o 29 1025 10 19 10 14
20 059 056 054 050 047 1044 1040 036 10 31 10 26 10 21
O 1 4 1 I 059 056 053 1050 10 46 o 42 1038 1034 10 29
40 I S I 6 1 4 I 058 1055 1052 4q 1045 10 41 1036
20 I 13 I II I 9 7 1 4 11 I 10 58 055 1052 1048 1044
O I 18 I 16 I 14 II 12 I 10 II 7 11 4 1 I 1058 1055 10 51
40 I 22 I 21 I 19 I 17 I 15 II 13 II 10 I 8 11 5 11 2 1059
20 I 27 I 26 I 24 I 22 I 20 II 19 II 16 I 14 II II II 9 11 6
O I 32 131 I 29 I 28 I 26 II 24 II 22 I 20 II 18 II 16 II 13
40 I 37 135 134 I 33 I 31 II 30 II 28 I 27 II 25 II 23 II 21
20 I 41 1 40 139 138 I 37 II 36 II 34 1 33 II 32 II 30 II 28
O I 46 145 144 143 143 II 41 II 40 I 40 II 38 II 37 II 35
— I 40 150 150 149 1 49 I 48 II 47 II 46 1 46 II 45 II 44 II 43

—I 20 155 155 I 54 154 1 53 1153 II 52 152 II 52 II 51 II 50
—I O 159 159 1 59 159 159 11 59 11 58 158 11 58 11 58 11 58
-0 40 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 12 4 12 4 2 4 12 5 12 5 12 5
—O 20 2 9 2 9 2 10 2 10 12 10 12 10 2 II 12 II 12 12 12 12
2 13 2 14 2 14 2 15 2 15 12 16 12 16 2 17 12 18 12 19 12 19
-(-O 20 2 18 2 19 2 19 2 20 2 20 12 22 12 22 2 23 12 25 12 26 12 27
o 40 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 12 27 12 28 2 29 12 31 1233 1234
2 27 2 28 2 29 231 2 32 1233 1234 2 36 1238 12 40 12 41
20 2 32 233 234 2 36 237 1239 12 40 2 42 1244 1247 1249
40 237 238 2 39 241 243 1244 12 46 249 12 51 1254 1256
2 41 243 244 2 46 248 1250 12 52 255 1258 13 I 13 4
20 2 46 247 249 2 52 253 1256 1259 3 I 13 4 13 8 13 II
40 2 50 252 254 257 259 13 2 13 5 3 7 13 II 13 15 13 19
255 257 259 3 2 3 5 13 8 13 II 314 13 17 13 22 13 26
20 3 o 3 2 3 5 3 7 3 10 13 13 13 17 3 20 13 24 1329 1334
40 3 4 3 7 3 10 3 13 3 16 13 19 1323 3 27 1331 1336 13 41
3 9 3 12 3 15 31S 322 1325 13 29 3 33 1338 1343 1349

20 314 3 17 3 20 323 3 27 13 31 1335 340 1345 1350 1356
40 3 19 3 22 325 3 29 332 1337 13 41 346 1352 1358 14 4
323 327 330 3 34 338 1343 1347 3 53 1358 14 5 14 II
20 328 332 3 35 340 344 1349 1354 3 59 14 S 14 12 14 19
40 3 33 3 37 341 3 45 350 1355 14 o 4 6 14 12 14 19 1427
338 342 346 350 3 55 14 I 14 6 413 14 19 14 26 1435
20 3 43 3 47 351 356 4 I 14 7 14 12 419 14 26 1434 1443
40 3 47 352 356 4 I 4 7 14 13 14 18 4 26 1433 1442 14 51
352 3 57 4 I 4 7 4 12 14 19 1425 432 1440 1449 1459
20 3 57 4 2 4 7 413 4 18 1425 14 31 4 39 1448 1457 15 7
40 4 2 4 7 4 12 4 18 424 14 31 1438 446 1455 15 4 15 15
4 7 4 12 417 423 1430 1437 1445 452 15 2 15 12 1523
Smithsonian Tables.
174
Table 61.
Declination
i,atitude; north.
of
tlie Sun.
71° 72° 73° 74° 75° 76° 77° 78° 79°
h. m. h. m.
-8° 0' 9 10 8 59 8 47 8 33
-7 40 9 18 9 08 8 56
—7 20 9 26 9 17 9 6 8
-7 o 9 35 9 26 9 16
-6 40 9 43 9 34 9 25
—6 20 9 51 9 43 9 34
-6 o 9 59 9 52 9 43
-5 40 o 7 I 9 53
—5 20 o 15 9 10 2
-5 o o 23 17 10 II
-4 40 31 26 lo 20
— 4 20 o 39 34 10 29
-4 o o 47 43 10 38
-3 40 55 o 51 10 46
—3 20 1 3 59 10 55
-3 o I II 1 8 11 4
-2 40 I 19 I 16 II 13
—2 20 I 26 I 24 II 22
—2 O I 34 I 32 II 31
-I 40 I 42 I 41 II 39
— I 20 I 49 I 49 II 48
—I O 1 57 I 57 11 56
-0 40 2 5 12 5
— O 20 2 13 12 14
2 20 12 22
+ 20 2 28 12 31
o 40 2 36 12 40
2 44 12 49
20 2 52 12 58
40 2 59 13 7
7 13 16
20 15 13 25
40 23 13 33
31 13 42
20 39 13 51
40 47 14 I
55 14 10
20 3 14 19
40 II 14 28
19 14 37
20 27 14 46
40 35 14 56
44 15 5
20 52 15 15
40 I 15 25
10 5 22 15 35
20 18 2 31 15 45
40 5 27 5 40 15 55
5 35 5 50 16 5
I
Table 61.
LATITUDE NORTH.
Declination
of
the Sun.
60° 61° 62° 63° 64° 65° 66° 67° 68° 69° 70°
h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h, m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m.
+ 8° 0' 4 7 412 417 423 1430 1437 1445 1453 15 2 15 12 1523

8 20 4 12 41: 423 429 1436 1443 1452 15 o 15 10 15 20 1532
8 40 417 4 22 428 4 35 1442 1450 1458 IS 7 15 17 1528 1540
9 4 22 427 4 34 441 1448 1456 15 5 15 14 15 25 1536 1549
9 20 427 432 4 39 446 1454 15 2 15 II 15 21 1532 1544 1557
9 40 432 438 4 45 452 15 o 15 9 15 18 1528 1540 1552 16 6
10 4 37 4 43 450 458 15 6 15 15 1525 1535 1547 16 O 16 15
10 20 442 4 49 456 5 4 15 13 15 22 1532 1543 1555 16 8 16 24
10 40 4 47 4 54 5 2 5 10 15 19 1528 1539 1550 16 3 16 17 1633
11 452 4 59 5 7 516 1525 1535 1546 1558 16 II 16 26 16 42
II 20 4 57 5 5 5 13 5 22 1531 15 41 1553 16 5 16 19 1634 1652
11 40 5 2 5 10 5 19 528 1538 1548 16 o 16 13 16 27 1643 17 I
12 5 8 516 525 5 341544 15 55 16 7 16 21 1635 1652 17 II

12 20 5 13 5 21 531 540 1550 16 2 16 15 16 29 1644 17 I 17 21
12 40 518 5 27 536 546 1557 16 9 16 22 1637 1653 17 II 17 31
13 5 23 5 33 542 5 53 16 4 16 16 1630 1645 17 2 17 20 17 41
13 20 5 29 5 39 548 5 59 16 II 1623 1637 1653 17 10 1730 1752
13 40 5 35 544 5 55 6 5 16 17 16 31 1645 17 I 17 19 1740 18 3
14 540 550 6 I 6 12 16 24 1638 1729 1750
1653 17 10 18 14
14 20 546 556 6 7 6 19 16 31
16 46 17 I 1738 18 o 17 19 18 26
14 40 551 6 2 5 13 625 1638 1653 17 9 1728 1748 18 II 1838
15 5 57 6 8 6 19 632 1646 17 I 17 17 1737 1758 1S22 1850
15 20 6 2 6 14 626 639 1653 17 9 17 26 1746 18 8 1833 19 3
15 40 6 8 6 20 632 646 17 I 17 17 1735 1755 18 18 1845 19 16
16 6 14 626 639 653 17 8 1725 1744 18 5 1829 1857 1930
16 20 6 20 632 646 7 o 17 16 1733 1753 18 15 18 40 19 10 1945
16 40 626 639 652 7 7 1723 17 41 18 2 1825 18 51 1923 20 I
17 632 645 659 7 14 17 31 1750 18 II 1835 19 3 1936 20 17

17 20 638 652 7 6 7 22 1739 1759 18 21 1846 19 15 1950 2035
17 40 645 658 713 729 1747 18 8 18 31 1857 19 28 20 6 2055
18 651 7 5 7 20 7 37 1756 18 17 1841 19 8 19 41 20 22 21 17
18 20 658 7 12 728 7 45 iS 5 1826 2040
1852 19 20 1955 21 42
18 40 7 4 7 19 7 35 7 53 18 14 1836
19 3 1933 20 10 2059 22 13
19 7 II 7 26 7 43 8 2 1823 1846 19 14 1946 20 26 21 20 2258
19 20 7 17 7 33 751 8 10 1832 1856 1925 20 o 2044 2145
19 40 7 24 741 7 59 8 19 18 41 19 7 1937 20 14 21 3 22 16
20 731 748 8 7 828 18 51 19 19 1950 20 30 21 23 2259
20 20 738 756 815 837 19 I 1930 20 4 2047 2447
20 40 7 45 8 4 823 846 19 12 1942 20 19 21 5 22 17
21 752 411 832 856 1923 1925 2034 21 26 23 I
21 20 8 o 28 20 841 9 6 1934 20 8 2050 21 50
21 40 8 8 8 28 850 9 16 1946 20 22 21 8 22 19
22 8 16 837 9 o 927 1958 2037 21 29 23 2
22 20 8 24 846 9 10 938 20 II 2053 21 52
22 40 832 855 9 20 950 2025 21 II 22 21
23 8 41 9 4 931 20 2 20 40 21 31 23 3
23 20 849 913 941 20 14 2056 2154
23 27 852 917 946 20 19 21 2 22 3
Smithsonian Tables.
176
TABLE 61. TABLE 62.
DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DECLINATION OF THE SUN
DIFFERENT LATITUDES. FOR THE YEAR 1899.
Declination
of
tiie Sun.
Table 63.
RELATIVE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION.
Mean intensity/ for 24 hours of solar radiation on a horizontal surface
at the top of the atmosphere and the solar constant ^<
in terms of the mean solar constant ô.
Date.
CONVERSION OF IÎNEAR MEASURES.
Inches into millimetres . Table 64
Millimetres into inches . .... Table 65
Feet into metres . .... . . Table 66
Metres into feet . . Table 67
Miles into kilometres . . . . Table 68
Kilometres into miles Table 69
Interconversion of nautical and statute miles Table 70
Continental measuies of length with their metric and English

equivalents . . Table 71
179
Table 64.
INCHES INTO MILLIMETRES.
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 64.
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 64.
I inch := 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
TABLE 64.
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 64.
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 64
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 64.
I inch = 25.40005 mm.
Inches.
Table 65.
MILLIMETRES INTO INCHES.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65
I mm. r= 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli.
meires.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
TABLE 65.
I mm. ^0.03937 inch.
Milli-
' metres.
Table 65.
I mm. = 0.03937 mch.
Milli-
metres.
Table S5.
I mm. = 0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
MILLIMETRES NTO INCHES.
I mm. = 0.0393/ inch.
Milli-
metres.
Table 65.
I mm. ^0.03937 inch.
Milli-
metres.
TABLE 66.
FEET INTO METRES.
I foot = 0.3048006 metre.
Feet.
Table 66.
FEET INTO METRES.
I foot = 0.3048006 metre.
Fe t.
Table 67.
METRES INTO FEET.
I metre = 39.3700 inches = 3.280833 feet
M \ tes.
Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet.
0.00 3.28 6.56 9.84 13.12 16.40 19.68 22.97 26.25 29-53
10 32-81 36.09 39-37 42.65 45-93 49.21 52-49 55-77 59-05 62.34
20 65.62 68.90 72.18 75-46 78-74 82.02 85-30 88.58 91.86 95-14
30 98.42 IOI.71 104.99 108.27 1II-55 114.83 118.11 121.39 124.67 127.95
40 131-23 134-51 137-79 141.08 144.36 147.64 150.92 154.20 157-48 160.76
50 164.04 167.32 170.60 173-88 177-16 180.45 183-73 187.01 190.29 193-57
60 196.85 200.13 203.41 206.69 209.97 213-25 216.53 219.82 223.10 226.38
70 229.66 232.94 236.22 239-50 242.78 246.06 249-34 252.62 255-90 259-19
80 262.47 265-75 269.03 272.31 275-59 278.87 282. [5 285-43 288.71 291-99
90 295.27 298.56 301.84 305-12 308.40 3H.68 314-96 318.24 321-52 324-80
100 328.08 331-36 334-64 337-93 341.21 344-49 347-77 351-05 354-33 357-61
no 360.89 364-17 367-45 370.73 374-01 377-30 380.58 383-86 387-14 390-42
120 393-70 396.98 400.26 403-54 406.82 4[o.io 413-38 416.67 419-95 423-23
130 426.51 429-79 433-07 436-35 439-63 442.91 446.19 449-47 452-75 456-04
140 459-32 462.60 465.88 469.16 472.44 475-72 479.00 4S2.28 485-56 488.84
150 492.12 495-41 498.69 501.97 505-25 508.53 511-81 515-09 518.37 521.65
160 524-93 528.21 531-49 534-78 538.06 541-34 544.62 547-90 55T.18 554-46
170 557-74 561.02 564-30 567-58 570.86 574-15 577-43 580.71 583-99 587-27
180 590-55 593-83 597-11 600.39 603.67 606.95 610.23 613-52 616.80 620.08
igo 623.36 626.64 629.92 633.20 636.48 639.76 643.04 646.32 649.60 652.89
200 656.17 659-45 662.73 666.01 669.29 672-57 675-85 679-13 682.41 685.69
210 688.97 692:26 695-54 698.S2 702.10 705-38 708.66 711.94 715.22 718.50
220 721.78 725.06 728.34 731-63 734-91 738-19 741-47 744-75 748.03 751-31
230 754-59 757-87 761.15 764-43 767.71 771.00 774-28 777-56 780.84 784.12
240 787.40 790.68 793-96 797.24 800.52 803.80 807.08 810.37 813-65 816.93
250 820.21 S23-49 826.77 830.05 833-33 836.6 [ 839-89 843-17 846.45 849-74
260 853-02 856.30 859-58 862.86 866.14 869.42 872.70 875-98 879.26 882.54
270 885.82 889.11 892.39 895-67 898.95 902.23 905-51 908.79 912.07 915-35
280 918.63 921.91 925-19 928.48 931-76 935-04 938.32 941.60 944.88 948.16
290 951-44 954-72 958.00 961.28 964-56 967-85 971-13 974-41 977-69 980.97
300 984-25 987-53 990.S1 994.09 997-37 1000.65 1003.93 1007.22 1010.50 1013.78
310 1017.06 [ 020.34 1023.62 [026.90 1030.18 1033.46 1036.74 1040.02 1043.30 1046.59
320 1049.87 1053-15 1056.43 1059-71 [062.99 1066.27 1069.55 1072.83 1076.11 1079.39
330 1082.67 [0H5.96 1089.24 1092.52 1095.80 1099.08 1102.36 1105.64 1109.92 1112.20
340 [1 15.48 [1 18.76 1122.04 1125.33 1 128.61 1131.89 1135-17 1138-45 1141-73 1145-01
350 1148.29 1151-57 "54-85 1158.13 1161.41 1164.70 1167.98 1171.26 "74-54 1177.82
360 [iSi.io [1S4.38 1187.66 1 190.94 1194.22 1197.50 1200.78 1204.07 1207.35 1210.63
370 1213.91 [217.19 1220.47 1223.75 1227.03 1230.31 1233-59 1236.87 1240.15 1243.44
380 [246.72 [250.00 1253.28 1256.56 1259.84 1263.12 1266.40 1269.68 1272.96 1276.24
390 1279.52 1282.81 1286.09 1289.37 1292.65 1295-93 1299.21 1302.49 1305-77 1309-05
400 1312.33 [315-61 1318.89 1322.18 1325-46 1328.74 1332-02 1335-30 1338-58 1341.86
410 1345-14 1348.42 1351-70 1354-98 1358.26 1361.55 1364.83 1368.11 1371-39 1374-67
420 t377-95 1381.23 ^4-51 1387-79 1391.07 1394-35 1397-63 1400.92 1404.20 1407.48
430 [410.76 1414.04 1417.32 1420.60 1423-88 1427.16 1430.44 1433-72 1437.00 1440.29
440 1443-57 1446.85 1450.13 1453-41 1456.69 1459-97 1463-25 1466.53 1469.81 1473-09
450 1476.37 1479.66 1482.94 1486.22 1489.50 1492.78 1496.06 1499-34. 1502.62 1505-90
460 [509.18 [512.46 1515-74 1519-03 1522.31 1525-59 1528.87 1532-15 1535-43 1538-71
470 t54i-99 1545-27 1548-55 1551-83 I555-II 1558-40 1561.68 1564.96 1568.24 1571-52
480 1574.80 1578.08 1581-36 1584.64 1587.92 1591-20 1594-48 1597-77 1601.05 1604.33
490 1607.61 1610.89 1614.17 1617.45 1620.73 1624.01 1627.29 1630.57 1633.85 1637.1/- 1
500 1640.42 1643-70 1646.98 1650.26 1653-54 1656.82 1660.10 1663.38 i66t).66 1669.1
S9.94
j
9WTH8CNIAN Tables.
202
Table 67.
METRES INTO FEET.
I metre = 39.3700 inches = 3.280833 feet
Metres.
Table 68.
MILES INTO KILOMETRES.
I mile = 1.609347 kilometres
Miles.
Table 68,
MILES INTO KILOMETRES.
Miles.
Table 69.
KILOMETRES INTO MILES.
I kilometre = 0.621370 mile.
Kilo-
metres.
Table 69
KILOMETRES INTO MILES.
Kilo-
metres.
Table 70.
INTERCONVERSION OF NAUTICAL AND STATUTE MILES.

I nautical mile* = 6080.27 feet.
Nautical Miles.
CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE.
Arc into time Tabi,e 72
Time into arc Table 73
Days into decimals of a year and angle Table 74
Hours, minutes and seconds into decimals of a day .... Table 75
Decimals of a day into hours, minutes and seconds .... Table 76
Minutes and seconds into decimals of an hour Table 77
Local mean time at apparent noon Table 78
Sidereal time into mean solar time Table 79
Mean solar time into sidereal time Table 80
20,
Table 72.
ARC INTO TIME.
o
TABLE 73,
TIME INTO ARC.
r Hours into Arc.

Table 74..
DAYS INTO DECIMALS OF A YEAR AND ANGLE.

I
TABLE 74.

Table 74.

TABLE 74.

Table 75.
HOURS, MINUTES AND SECONDS INTO DECIMALS OF A DAY.
Hours.
Table 77.
MINUTES AND SECONDS INTO DECIMALS OF AN HOUR.
Min.
Table 79. TABLE 80.
SIDEREAL TIME INTO MEAN MEAN SOLAR TIME INTO
SOLAR TIME. SIDEREAL TIME.
The
1
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.
Weight in grammes of a cubic centimetre of air :
English measures —Temperature term . Table 8i
Humidity term ; auxiliary table . . Table 82

Humidity and pressure terms, combined Table 83
Metric measures— Temperature term Table 84

Humidity term ; auxiliary table . . Table 85
Humidity and pressure terms, combined Table 86
Conversion of avoirdupois pounds and ounces into kilogrammes Table 87
Conversion of kilogrammes into avoirdupois pounds and ounces Table 88
Conversion of grains into grammes Table 89
Conversion of grammes into grains Table 90

Conversion of units of magnetic intensity Table 9
Quantity of water corresponding to given depths of rainfall . Table 92
Atmospheric water vapor lines in the visible spectrum . . . Table 93
Absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the infra-red spec-

trum Table 93a
Division by 28 of numbers from 28 to 867972 Table 94
Natural sines and cosines Table 97
Natural tangents and cotangents Table 98
Logarithms of numbers Table 99
Bigelow's standard system of symbols and equations . . . Table 100
List of meteorological stations Table ioi
International meteorological symbols Table 102
Beaufort's notation for use at sea Table 103
Acceleration of apparent gravity Table 104
219
Table 81.
WEIGHT IN GRAMMES OF ONE CUBIC CENTIMETRE OF AIR.
0.00129305
Temperature term Fahrenheit temperatures.
: Si=
I + 0.0020389 — 32°
{i )
I cubic centimetre of dry air at the temperature 32° F. and pressure 760 mm., under the
standard value of gravity at latitude 45° and sea-level, weighs 0.00129305 gramme.
Temper*
ature.
TABLE 82.
Humidity term Values
: of 0.378^. Auxiliary to Table 83.
tf= Vapor pressure in inches. {Landolt and Bomstein, 1905.)
Temperature by normal hydrogen thermometer.
Table 83.
weight in grammes of one cubic centimetre of air.
Humidity and pressure terms combined : —^ h b — 0.378?

29.921 29.921
b = Barometric pressure in inches ; e = Vapor pressure in inches.
h.
TABLE 83.
WEIGHT IN GRAMMES OFONE CUBIC CENTIMETRE OF AIR.
h = b—
T, . ,.
Humidity andn ^
pressure terms combined
-'
, ,
:
— ^= 29.921
^ o.V]?>e
29.921
.
5<,
5 :^ Barometric pressure in inches ; ^^ Vapor pressure in inches.
h.
Table 84.
0.00129305
Temperature term §/ _g^ Centigrade temperature.
:
I + 0.003670^'
I cubic centimetre of dry air at the temperature 0° C, and pressure 760 mm., under the
standard value of gravity at latitude 45° and sea-level, weighs 0.00129305 gramme.
t.
TABLE 84.
Temperature term (Continued).
t.
Table 86.
Humidity and ^
•^
—S = h == b — 0.378?
pressure terms combined : —;r-
760 760
-p
5„
i :^ Barometric pressure in mm. ; ?= Vapor pressure in mm.

1
h.
mm.
TABLE 86.
S h b — o.2,78e
combiiied — = -j- =
,. , ,. ,
Humidity and pressure terms :
7
Table 86.
3 h b — o. '^78^
Humidity and pressure terms combined -— = —r- =
: rr^ •
5o 760
760
b^ Barometric pressure in mm. ; e = Vapor pressure in mm.

h.
TABLE 87-
AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS AND OUNCES INTO KILOGRAMMES.

I avoirdupois pound = 0.4535924 kilogramme.
I avoirdupois ounce = 0.0283495 kilogramme.
Pounds.
Table 88.
KILOGRAMMES INTO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS AND OUNCES.
I kilogramme = 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds.
Kilo-
grammes.
TABLE 90.
GRAMMES INTO GRAINS.
I gramme = 15.432351 grains.
Grammes.
Table 92.
QUANTITYOF RAINFALL CORRESPONDING TO GIVEN DEPTHS.
Gallons per acre.
Tons per
Cubic inches
Depth of rainfall, inches. United acre (2,000
per acre.
States or Imperial pounds).
Queen (British).
Anne.
o.oi 62,726.4 271.5

0.02 125,453
0.03 188,179
0.04 250,905
005 313.632
0.06 376,358
0.07 439.084
008 501,810
o 09 564,536
0.10 627,264
0.25 1,568,160
0.50 3,136,320
0.7s 4.704,480
I. CO 6,272,640
1-25 7,840,800
150 9,408,960
1-75 10,977,120
2.00 12,545,280
2.25 34,113,440
250 15,681,600
2.75 17,249,760
3.00 18,817,920
4.00 25,090,560
5.00 31,363,200
6.00 37,635,840
.. . ., .
Table 93.
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR LINES IN THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM.
Wave
Num- Num-
lengths.
ber of
Inten- Wave lengths.
ber of
Inten-
sity. sity.
lines. line-o.
52923 -5296.0 4? 00 5915 146. I

5861.8 -5870.0. 7 00 5915 650. I
5870.864 "
I 5915- w. I
587I-3- 5876 o 00 5916.0-5918, 2. . 00

5876.338 I 5918, 635. 4
5876.6- 5879-4 00 5919- 175. 000
5879.820 I 5919 276. 5
5879-945 I 5919- 860. 7
5S80.7 -5881.0 o 5920. 395- 00
5881.147 I 5920. 776. I
5881.320 o 5921.3-5922. 6... o

5882.084 I 5922. 735. 2
5882. 2- -58832.. o 5922.9-5923. o
5884 120 5 5923- 865. I
5884,4- -5885.8 00 5924.'040. 2
5886.193 5 5924- 490 4

5886.560 I 5924. 975. 000
5886.6-5886.9 . o 5925 220 2
5887.445 5 5926. 835. 000
5887.880 3 5928 510. 2
5888.056 00 5929.0-5931. 2. . 00
5888 920 2 5932- 306. 5
5889.303 CO 5932. 2
58S9855 3 5933.2-5940. 2. . 14 000
5890.100 2 5940.'640. I
5890.4- -5890.9 00 5941. 091. 00

5891 398 I 5941. 290. 5
5891.720 o 5941. 470., 000
5891.878 4 5941, 845. 2
5892.608 3 5942- 500. oco
5893.268 o 5942 635.- I
5893-725 I 5942 789,, 3

5894.6- -5896.6. o 5944- 530- I
5896 710 1 5944 945. 1
5897.047 2 5945-4-S9J5 5. 00
5897-3 -5898.2 00 5945 865. I
5898.378 4 '5946- 223. 3

5898.6 -5899.0 . 00 5946- 864, 000
5899-215 2 5947- 062. I
5899-752 00 5947- 283. 2
5900.135 2 5947.6-5949. 4 000
5900.260 4 5949- 390. 2
5900 6-:5901-5 •• 00 5949-8-5954- 6... II 00
5901.682 6 5955- 170. . . I
5qo2.238 000 5956.0-5956. 6 000
5902-363 I 5958 098. . . I
5903 035 000 5958. 460 I
5903 748 I 5961.6-5966 6 .... CO

5903.-9 -5907.7.. 13 00 5966.,885.... I
5908 070 I 5967- 540. - - - 00

5908.425 I 5968. 058.... 2
5909.213 3 5968.,280.... < 00
5909.668 00 5968. 495. -
- 2
5910.398 I 5969.2-5970. 9 00
5910-5 -5910.9 00 5971 557. -
.
- I
5910.987 2 5975 330. .. I

5911.1 -5912-9.. 00 5976. 694.... 00
5913.212 3 5977-,252. ... I
5914430 6 5977.6-6479,-7 73 000
233
Table 93.
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR LINES IN THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM.
Wave lengths
Table 93a.
ABSORPTION BY ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR IN THE INFRA-RED
SPECTRUM.
Name of band.
TABLE 94
DIVISION BY 28 OF NUMBERS FROM 28 TO 867972.
Table 95.
TABLE 96.
Table 97.
NATURAL SINES AND COSINES.
Natural Sines.
TABLE 97.
NATURAL SINES AND COSINES.
Natural Sines.
Table 98.
NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS.
Natural Tangents.
Angle.
TABLE 98.
NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS.

Natural Tangents.
Angle.
1 1 I I
TABLE 99.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
6 8 9 Prop. Parts.
CXXX5 3010 4771 6021 6990 7782 8451 9031 9542

0000 0414 0792 I 139 1461 1761 2041 2304 2553 2788
3010 3222 3424 3617 3802 3979 4150 4314 4472 4624
5682 5798 591 43
4771 4914 5051 5185 5315 5441 5563
6021 6128 6232 6335 6435 6532 6628 6721 6812 6902
6990 7076 7160 7243 7324 7404 7482 7559 7634 7709
7782 7853 7924 7993 8062 8129 8195 8261 8325 8388
8451 8513 8573 8633 8692 8751 8808 8865 8921 8976
9031 9085 9138 9191 9243 9294 9345 9395 9445 9494
9542 9590 9638 9685 9731 9777 9823 9868 9912 9956
0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 41
0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682

0719 0755
0792 0828 0864 0899 0934 0969 1004 1072 iio5
1038
"39 I 173 1206 1239 1271 1303 1335 1399 1430
1367
1461 1492 1523 1553 1584 1614 1644 1673
1703 1732
1761 1790 1818 1847 1875 1903 1931 1987 2014
1959
2041 2068 2095 2122 2148 2175 2201 2227
2253 2279
2304 2330 2355 2380 2405 2430 2455 2480 2504 2529
2553 2577 2601 2625 2648 2672 2695 2718 2742 2765
2788 2810 2833 2856 2878 2900 2923 2945 2967 2989
3010 3032 3054 3075 3095 31 18 3139 3160 3181 3201
3222 3243 3263 3284 3304 3324 3345 3365 3385 3404
3424 3444 3464 3483 3502 3522 3541 3560 3579 3598
3617 3636 3655 3674 3692 37" 3729 3747 3766 3784
3802 3820 3838 3856 3874 3892 3909 3927 3945 3962
3979 3997 4014 4031 4048 4065 4082 4099 4116 4133
4.150 4166 4183 4200 4216 4232 4249 4265 4281 4298
4314 4330 4346 4362 4378 4393 4409 4425 4440 4456
4472 4487 4502 4518 4533 4548 4564 4579 4594 4609
4624 4639 4654 4669 4683 4698 4713 4728 4742 4757
4771 4786 4800 4814 4829 4843 4857 4871 4886 4900 14
4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 501 I 5024 5038
5051 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172
518s 5198 S2II 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302
5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428
5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551
5563 5575 5587 5599 561 5623 5635 5647 5658 5670
5682 5694 5705 5717 5729 5740 5752 5763 5775 5786
5798 5809 5821 5832 5843 5855 5866 5877 5888 5899
591 5922 5933 5944 5955 5966 5977 5988 5999 6010
6021 6031 6042 6053 6064 6075 6085 6096 6107 61 17
612S 6138 6149 5i6o 6170 6180 6191 6201 6212 6222
6232 6243 6253 6263 6274 6284 6294 6304 6314 6325
6335 6345 6355 6365 6375 6385 6395 6405 6415 6425
6435 6444 6454 6464 6474 6484 6493 6503 6513 6522
6532 6542 6551 6561 6571 6580 6590 6599 6609 6618
6628 6637 6646 6656 6665 6675 6684 6693 6702 6712
6721 6730 6739 6749 675S 6767 6776 6785 6794 6803
6812 6821 6830 6839 6848 6857 6866 6875 6884 6893
6902 69 1 6920 6928 6937 6946 6955 6964 6972 6g8i
6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067
1 6 8 9
Table 39
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
N. 1 6 8 9 d. Prop. Parts.
50 6990 6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 7042 7050 7059 7067
51 7076 7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 7126 7135 7143 7152
52 7160 7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 7210 7218 7226 7235
53 7243 7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 7292 7300 7308 7316
54 7324 7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 7372 7380 7388 7396
23
55 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474
56 7482 7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 7528 7536 7543 7551
57 7559 7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 7604 7612 7619 7627
58 7634 7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 7679 7686 7694 7701
59 7709 7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 7752 7760 7767 7774
60 7782 7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 7825 7832 7839 7846
61 7853 7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 7896 7903 7910 7917
62 7924 7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 7966 7973 7980 7987
63 7993 8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 8035 8041 8048 8055
64 8062 8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 8102 8109 8116 8122
65 8129 8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 8169 8176 8182 8189
66 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 8235 8241 8248 8254
67 8261 8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 8299 8306 8312 8319
58 8325 8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 8363 8370 8376 8382
69 8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 8426 8432 8439 8445
70 8451 8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 8488 8494 8500 8506
71 8513 8519
8525 8531 8537 8543 8549 8555 8561 8567
72 8573 8585 8591 8597
8579 8603 8609 8615 8621 8627
73 8633 8645 8651 8657
8639 8663 8669 8675 8681 8686
74 8692 8704 8710 8716
8698 8722 8727 8733 8739 8745
75 8751 8762 8768 8774
8756 8779 8785 8791 8797 8802
76 8808 8820 8825 8831
8814 8837 8842 8848 8854 8859
77 8865 8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 8899 8904 8910 8915
78 8921 8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 8954 8960 8965 8971
79 8976 8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 9CX39 9015 9020 9025
80 9031 9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 9063 9069 9074 9079
81 9085 9090 9096 9101 9106 gii2 9117 9122 9128 9133
82 9138 9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 9170 9175 9180 9186
83 9191 9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 9222 9227 9232 9238
84 9243 9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 9274 9279 9284 9289
85 9294 9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 9325 9330 9335 9340
86 9345 9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 9375 9380 9385 9390
87 9395 9400 9405 9410 9415 9420 9425 9430 9435 9440
88 9445 9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 9474 9479 9484 9489
89 9494 9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 9523 9528 9533 9538
90 9542 9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586
91 9590 9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 9619 9624 9628 9633
92 9638 9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 9666 9671 9675 9680
93 9685 9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 9713 9717 9722 9727
94 9731 9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 9759 9763 9768 9773
95 9777 9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 9805 9809 9814 9818
96 9823 9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 9850 9854 9859 9863
97 9868 9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 9894 9899 9903 9908
98 9912 9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 9939 9943 9948 9952
99 9956 9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 9983 9987 9991 9996
100 0000 0004 0009 0013 0017 0022 0026 0030 0035 c»39
N. 1 4 6 8 9
Table ioo.
BIGEIyOW'S STANDARD SYSTEM OF NOTATION AND

FORMUI.^.
Metre = 39.37011 inches ; log. [[.5951666].

Kilogramme = 15432.350 grains troy
log. [4.1884321]. ;
980.60 k
Gravitation constants, g=
.00260. ;
=
A
cubic cm. of dry air at 0° C, pressure 760 mm., weighs 0.00129305
gramme; log. 7.1116153 10. —
A
cubic cm. of saturated aqueous vapor at 0° C. weighs .00080427
gramme; log. 6.9054019 — 10.
A cubic cm. of pure water at maximum density weighs i.oooo gramme ;
log. [o].
A cubic cm. of mercury at 0° C. weighs 13.5958 grammes ; log.
[i. 1 3340].
of homogeneous atmosphere, 7991 metres, 26217 feet.
Height
Equivalent weight of atmosphere, 14.661 pounds per square inch or
21 1 1.23 pounds per square foot 1033.3 grammes per square centimetre or
;
10333 kilogrammes, log. [4.01422] per square metre.

There are three separate methods of expressing pressure values in
meteorology First, in units of weight as given above
: second, in units of ;
force, 101.324 (metric) or 10^0.63 (English), and, third, in units of the

height of the column of mercury that corresponds to one standard atmos-
phere, i. e. 76 centimetres or 29.921 inches.
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TABLE 101.
LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS.
(The circle ° designates stations of the first order. The height refers to the
cistern of the barometer -when that is kno-wn.)
Longitude
Heiglit
Latitude, from Heiglit (m.)
(feet).
Greenwich.
NORTH AMERICA.
CANADA.
Farther Point 48° 31' N. 68" 19' W. 20 6
Frederickton 45 57 66 36 164 50
"Halifax 44 39 63 36 97 29
Kingston 44 J3 76 29 285 87
"Montreal 45 30 73 35 187 57
Parry Sound 45 19 80 o 635 193
"Prince Albert 53 10 106 o 1432 436
Qu'Appelle 5' 30 103 47 2115 644
"Quebec. 46 48 71 33 296 90
"Saint John. , 45 17 . 66 4 70 21
"Sulphur Mt. (Banff) 5' 10 i>5 35 7484 2281
Sydney 46 10 60 10 35 I [
"Toronto 43 40 79 24 350 107

"Victoria 48 24 123 19 70 21
Westminster 49 13 122 54 330 100
"Winnipeg .
49 53 97 7 760 232
Woodstock 43 8 80 47 980 299
There are 55 stations of the
second order in Canada.
GREENLAND, ICELAND, AND

FAROE ISLANDS.
(Danish Stations.)
GREENLAND.
Angmagsalik 65 36 N. 37 33 W. 104 32
Godthaab 64 10 51 43 30 9
Ivigtut 6r 12 48 10 16 5
Jacobshavn 69 13 51 2 41 13
Upernivik 7^ 47 56 7 44 13
ICEI,AND.
Berufjord 64 40 14 19 59 18
Grimsey (Akureyi) 66 33 18 o 22 7
Stykkisholm 65 5 22 46 37 II
Vestmanno 63 26 20 15 23 7
Faro islands.
Thorshavn 62 6 45 30
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMER-

ICA, AND WEsT INDIES.
"Basseterre (St. Kitts) 17 18 N. 62 43 W. 29 9
"Bridgetown (Barbados) 13 4 59 37 30 9
Camp Jacob (Guadelope) 16 I 6i 41 1749 533
"Cienfu egos (Cuba) 22 II 80 33 52 16
Fort de France (Martinique) 14 36 61 5 13 4
Grand Turk (Turks Island) 21 21 71 7 II 3
Guanajuato (Mexico) 21 o loi 15 6640 2024
Guatemala 14 37 90 31 4888 1490
Hamilton (Bermuda) 32 16 64 46 14 4
"Havana (Cuba) 23 9 82 21 57 17
"Kingston (Jamaica) 17 58 76 48 286 87
250
.. .
TABLE 101
(The circle " designates stations of the first order.)
Longitude Height
Latitude. from Height Cm.)
MEXICO, CENTRAL, AMERICA, Greenwich.
(leet).
AND WEST INDIES (Cont'd).

Leon (Me xico) 21" -]' N. loi" 41' W. 5899 1798
Mazatlan (Mexico) 23 II 106 25 25 8
"Mexico (Mexico) 19 26 99 8 7472 2277
Nassau ( Bahamas) 25 2 77 25
Panama(Colons
9 23 79 23
Port of Spain (Trinidad) 10 61 30 40 12
35
Port-au-Prince (Haiti) 18 34 72 21 118 36
Puebla (Mexico) 19 2 98 11 7116 2169
"Puerto Principe (Cuba) 21 23 77 56 352 107
Roseau (Dominica) 15 17 6r 23 25 8
Saltillo (Mexico) 25 25 100 56 5399 1645
°San Domingo (San Domingo).. 18 28 69 53 57 17
"San Jos^ de Costa Rico 9 56 84 8 3724 "35
"San Juan {Porto Rico) 18 29 66 7 82 25
San I/uis Potosi (Mexico) 22 5 100 59 6200 1890
San Salvador ( Central America) 13 44 89 9 2155 657
"Santiago de Cuba (Cuba) 19 55 75 50 82 25
Tacubaya (Mexico) 19 24 99 12 7621 2323
Vera Cruz (Mexico) 19 12 96 8 23 7
° Willem.stad ( Curacao) 12 6 68 56 23
75
Zacatecas (Mexico) 22 47 102 30 8015 2443
UNITED STATES.
"Abilene 32 23 N. 99 40 W. 1738 53°
"Albany 42 39 73 45 97 30
"Alpena 45 5 83 30 609 186
"Amarillo. 35 i.^ loi 50 3676 1120
"Asheville .... 35 36 82 32 2255 687
"Atlanta 33 *5 84 23 H74 358
"Atlantic City. 39 22 74 25 52 16
"Augusta 33 28 8r 54 I So 55
"Baltimore. . .
39 18 76 37 123 37
"Hinghamton . 42 8 75 55 875 267
"Bismarck 46 47 TOO 38 1674 510
"Block Island. 41 10 71 36 26 8
"Blue Hill 42 13 71 7 640 105
"Boise 43 37 116 8 2739 835
"Boston 42 21 71 4 125 38
"Buffalo 42 53 78 53 767 234
"Cairo 37 o 89 10 356 108
"Cape Henry. . . 36 56 76 o 18 5
"Carson City. ... 39 10 119 46 4720 1439
"Charleston 32 47 79 56 48 15
"Charlotte 35 13 80 51 773 236
"Chattanooga. .
35 4 85 14 7-2 232
"Cheyenne. 41 8 104 48 6088 1855
"Chicago 41 53 87 37 823 251
"Cincinnati 39 6 84 30 628 191
"Cleveland. 41 30 81 42 762 232
"Columbia, Mo. 38 57 92 14 784 239
"Columbia, S. C 34 o 81 3 351 107
"Columbus 39 58 83 o 824 251
"Concord 43 12 71 32 298 91
"Corpus Cliristi . 27 49 97 25 20 6
251
'
Table 101.
(The circle ° designates stations of the first order.)
Longitude
Latitude. from
Greenwicli.
UNITED STATES (Continued).
"Davenport 41° 30' N. 90 " 38' W.

"Denver 39 45 105 o
°Des Moines 41 35 93 37
"Detroit 42 20 83 3
"Dodge 37 45 TOO o
"Dubuque 42 30 90 44
"Duluth 46 47 92 6
Eagle (Alaska) 64 46 141 12
"Eastport 44 54 66 59
"Elkins 38 53 79 49
"El Paso .'I 47 106 30
"Erie 42 7 80 5
"Escanaba 45 48 87 5
"Eureka 40 48 124 II
"Evansville 37 58 87 33
"Farallon Island 37 42 123 o
"Fort Smith 35 22 94 24
"Fort Worth 32 43 97 15
"Fresno 36 43 119 49
"Galveston 29 18 94 50
"Grand Haven 43 5 86 13
"Grand Junction 39 9 108 33
"Green Bay 44 31 o
"Harrisburg 40 i5 76 52
"Havre 48
"Helena
"Houghton
"Huron
"Independence
"Indianapolis
"Ithaca
"Jacksonville
"Kalispell
"Kansas City
"Key West
"Knoxville
"La Crosse
"Lander
"Lansing
"Lewiston
"Lexington
"Lincoln
"Little Rock
"Los Angeles
"Louisville
"Lynchburg
"Macon
"Marquette
"Memphis ,
"Meridian
"Milwaukee
"Montgomery
"Moorhead
"Mount Tamalpais
"Mount Weather
"Nantucket
"Nashville
"New Haven
5 1
TABLE 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
Latitude. from Heiglit (m.)
(feet)
Greenwich.
UNITED STATES (Continued).
°New Orleans 29" 58' N. 90° 4' W. 51 16

°New York 40 43 74 o 314 96
"Norfolk 36 51 76 17 9t 28
"Northfield 44 10 72 41 876 267
°North Head 46 16 124 4 211 64
"Oklahoma City 35 26 97 33 1214 370
"Omaha 41 16 95 56 iios 337
"Oswego 43 29 76 35 335 102
"Parkersburg 39 16 81 36 638 194
"Pensacola 30 25 87 13 56 17
"Philadelphia 39 57 75 9 117 36
"Phceiiix. 33 28 112 o 1 108 338
"Pike's Peak. 38 5° 105 2 14134 4308
"Pittsburg 40 32 80 2 842 257
"Pocatello 42 52 112 29 4482 1366
"Port Huron 43 o 82 26 638 194
"Portland, Me 43 39 70 15 103 31
" Portland, Oreg 122
45 32 43 154 47
"Pueblo 38 18 104 36 4685 1428
"Raleigh 35 45 78 37 376 115
"Richmond 37 32 77 27 144 44
"Rochester 43 8 77 42 523 159
"Roseburg 43 13 123 20 518 158
"Sacramento 38 35 121 30 69 21
"St. Louis 38 38 90 12 567 173
"St. Paul 44 58 93 3 837 255
"Salt Lake City 40 46 III 54 4366 133
"San Antonio 29 27 98 28 701 214
"San Diego 3J 43 117 10 87 26
"Sandusky. ... 41 25 82 40 629 192
"San Francisco 37 48 122 26 155 47
"Santa Fe 35 41 I' 57 7013 2138
"Sault Ste. Marie 46 30 84 21 614 187
"Savannah 32 5 81 5 65 20
"Scranton 41 24 75 42 805 245
"Seattle 47 38 122 20 123 37
"Shreveport 32 30 93 40 249 75
"Spokane 47 40 117 25 1929 588
"Springfield, 111 39 48 89 39 644 196
"Springfield, Mo 37 12 93 18 1324 403
"Syracuse 43 2 76 10 597 182
"Tacoma 47 16 122 23 213 65
"Tampa 27 57 82 27 34 10
"Tatoosh Island 48 23 124 44 86 26
"Taylor 30 35 97 20 583 178
"Toledo 41 40 83 34 628 191
"Topeka 39 3 95 41 998 305
"Valentine 42 50 100 32 2598 792
"Vicksburg 32 22 90 53 247 75
"Washington City.. 38 54 77 3 112 34
"Wichita 37 41 97 20 1358 414
"Willistoii 48 9 103 35 1875 571
"Wilmington 34 14 77 57 78 24
"Wytheville 36 56 81 5 2293 699
"Yankton 42 54 97 28 1233 376
(About 2,500 rainfall stations in

the United States.)
253
. ..
T,r6LE 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
(feet).
Greenwich.
SOUTH AMERICA.
Andalgala (Argentine) 27" 30' S. 66" 25' W. 3688 II24
Aracaju (Brazil) 10 55 37 4 14 4
Arequipa (Peru) 16 22 71 22 8060 2457
"Asuncion ( Paraguay) 25 18 57 40 344 105
Bahia Blanca (Argentine) 38 45 62 II 72 22
Bogota (U. S. of Colombia) 4 35 74 14 8579 2615
"Buenos Aires (Argentine) 34 36 58 22 72 22
Caldera (Chile) 27 3 70 53 92 28
Cape Pembroke (Falkland Islands 51 41 57 42 70 21
Caracas (Venezuela) 10 3[ 65 55 3432 1046
Catamarca (Argentine) 28 28 65 55 17S8 545
Cayenne (French Guiana) ,
4 56 52 19 20 6
Ceres (Argentine) 29 55 62 o 338 103
Chaco (Paraguay) ,
23 23 58 25 361 110
Concordia (Argentine) 31 23 58 4 200 61
Coquimbo (Chile) ,
29 5^ 71 22 85 26
"Cordoba (Argentine) 3t 25 64 12 1440 439
Corrieutes (Argentine) 28 27 58 50 210 64
El Misti (Perm ;
Summit station
16
19200 58S2
|.i6 71 30
Mt. Blanc station . 15700 4785
Georgetown British Guiana)
( . . 6 49 56 10 o
Iquique (Chile) 2T 12 70 II 30
Isla Chanaral (Chile) 29 [ 7r 37 157
Islote de los Evanjelistas (Chile) 52 24 75 6 174 53
La Plata (Argentine) 34 55 57 56 60 18
Lima Peru)
( 16 4 77 3 520 158
Montevideo (Uruguav) . .... 34 52 56 12 96 29
Paramaribo (Dutch Guiana) . .
5 49 55 9 o o
Paran4 Argentine)
( 3t 41 60 31 256 78
Potosi (Bolivia) '9 38 65 25 13287 4050
Punta Arenas (Chile) 53 10 70 54
Punta Carranza f Chile) 35 36 72 38 108 33
Punta Galera (Chile) 40 73 44 125 38
Quito (Ecuador) o 78 32 9337 2846
Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil) 22 54 43 10 210 64
Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) 32 9 52 3 7
Rosario ^ Paraguay^ 27 27 57 2
San Juan (Argentine) ,31 32 68 31 2139 652
Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia) 17 50 63 o
Santiago (Chile) 33 27 70 41 1703 519
Sao Paulo (Brazil) 23 33 46 38 ^477 755
Torre do Recife (Pernambuco,
Brazil) 8 4 34 53 97 30
Valparaiso (Chile) 33 I 71 38 134 41
Villa Colon (Uruguay) 34 50 56 19 134 41
EUROPE.
AUSTRIA-H QNGARY.
"Atco 45° 55' N. 10° 53' E. 88
"Aussig a. d. Elbe. 53 40 14 2 485 148
"Bielitz 49 49 19 3 1125 343
"Bruck a. d. Mur. 47 25 15 15 1604 489
"Briinn 49 12 16 36 807 246
"Bncheben 47 8 12 58 3947 1203
"Budapest 47 30 ig 2 369 112
254
.
. ., ,
TABLE 101,
Longitude Heigiit
Latitude. from Height (m.)
(leet).
Greenwicli.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (Cont'd).
Dobogoko 47° 44' N. 18° 54' E. 2290 698

"Dollach 46 58 12 54 3359 1024
°G6rz 45 57 13 37 308 94
°Graz 47 4 15 28 I2II 369
°Gries b. Bozen 46 30 II 20 915 279
Gyerty6-Szt. Miklos 46 43 25 36 2670 814
Her^ny 47 16 16 36 744 227
"Innsbruck 47 16 II 24 1880 573
°Klagenfurt 46 37 14 18 1476 450
°Krakau . 50 4 19 57 722 220
"Kremsmiinster 48 4 14 8 1260 384
°L,esina 43 10 16 26 62 19
°I,ussinpiccolo 44 32 14 28 10 3
°Marburg 46 34 15 39 810 247
°Mariabrunn 48 12 16 14 751 229
Nagyszeben 45 47 24 9 1358 415
°Obir (Berghaus) 46 30 14 29 6716 2044
°Obir (Hannwarte) 46 30 14 29 7021 2140
°0-Gyalla 47 53 18 12 364 III
°Osielec 49 41 19 47 1378 420
Pecs 46 4 18 14 499 152
°Pelagosa 42 23 i5 16 302 92
°Prag (Petrinwarte) 50 5 14 24 1066 325
°Prag (Sternwarte) 50 5 14 25 646 197
°Prerau 49 27 17 27 672 205
°Rothliolz 47 23 11 48 1758 536
°Schmittenh6he 47 20 12 44 6450 1966
"Sonnblick 47 3 12 57 10193 3106
°St. Katharein a. d. Lamming. .
47 28 15 10 2083 635
°St.Polten 48 12 15 37 899 274
"Taniopol 49 33 25 36 1046 319
"Tragoss , 47 31 15 5 2477 755
Turkeve 47 7 20 45 288 88
Ungvar 46 36 22 18 420 128
"Weiswasser 50 30 14 48 935 285
°Wien 48 15 i5 21 666 203
"Wiener Neustadt 47 49 16 15 886 270
"Zdgreb 45 49 15 59 531 162
°ZellamSee 47 '9 12 48 2523 769
Zsombolya 45 47 20 43 269 82
164 stations of second order in

Austria.
BELGIUM.
Arlon 49 40 N. jS E. 1450 442
°Bruxelles. ,
50 51 22 131 40
Fumes . . . 51 4 40 20 6
°Liege 50 37 34 246 75
Maeseyck. 51 6 48 "5 35
"Ostende . . 51 14 55 23 7
°Uccle 50 48 22 328 100
BRITISH ISLES.
"Aberdeen 57 10 /N. 2 6 W. 46 14
21 6 39 196 60
"Armagh . 54
"Ben Nevis. 56 48 5 o 4405 1343
255
, " .
. .
Table 101.
Longitude
Latitude. from
Greenwich.
BRITISH ISLES (Continued).
°Bidston 53° 24' N. 4' W.

Deerness, Orkney Islands 58 56 45
"Falmouth 50 9 4
Falmouth (Pendennis Castle) . . 50 8 3
Fleetwood 53 56 I
°Fort William 56 49 7
"Glasgow 55 53 18
"Greenwich 51 28 o
Holyhead (Harbour office) 53 18 4 39
°Kew 51 28 o 19
London (Westminster) 51 30 8
Malin Island 55 23 7 24
"Oxford 5t 46 r 16
Scilly Islands, St. Mary's 49 56 6 18
Shield, North 55 o 27
"Southport 53 39 59
"Stonyhurst College 53 51 28
Stornoway 58 II 22
Sumburgh head 59 51 17
"Valencia 51 56 10 15
Yarmouth 52 37 I 43 E.
Number of stations of second
order, 88 (climatological sta-
tion-^).
Stations not of the first order are
stations of the Meteorological
Council, having anemograph,
thermograph, or barograph
records.
(About 2,000 rainfall stations.)
DENMARK.
Bogo 54
Fano
Hammershus.
Herning
Kjobenhavn..
Samso
Skagen
Vamdrup
Vestervig. . .
131 climatological stations.

The above stations are denoted in
Meteorologisk Aarbog as sta- '
'
tions principales.
NORWAY AND SWEDEN.

"Bergen, Norway 60 23 N.
Bodo, Norway 67 17
Carlshamn, Sweden . . . 56 10
"Cliristiania, Norway. . . 59 55
Christiansund, Norway 63 7
Dovre, Norway 62 5
Floro, Norway 6i 36
Haparanda, Sweden f'5 50
Hernosand, Sweden. .. 62 38
Skudesues, Norway 59 9
..
Table ioi.
Longitude
Height
Latitude. from Heig>it(in.)
(feet).
Greenwicli.
NORWAY & SWBDEN (Cont'd).

Stockholm, Sweden 59" 21' N. 18" 4' E. 144 44
"Trondhjem, Norway 63 26 10 15 70 21
°Upsala, Sweden 59 51 17 38 79 24
Norway.
Sweden.
FRANCE.
Bagneres-de-Bigorre 43 4N. 9E. 1795 547
Besancon 47 15 59 I020 311
Bordeaux 44 so 31 W. 243 74
Brest 48 23 30 213 65
Chamonix 45 55 2B. 3406 1038
Cherbourg' 49 39 38 W. 43 13
Dunkerque 5t 2 22 E. 23 7
Langres 47 52 20 1529 466
°Lyon 45 31 47 981 299
"Marseille ... 43 j8 23 246 75
Mont Blanc (Grand Mulets) . . o o o 9911 3021
Mont Blanc (I/CS Bosses). o o o 14301 4359
°Mont Ventoux 44 10 16 K. 6234 1900
Nantes 47 15 33 W. 135 41
Nice 43 43 18 E. 1115 340
"Paris (Central Meteo. Bureau) . 48 52 18 los 32
"Paris (Pare Saint Maur) 48 49 30 161 49
"Paris (Eiffel) 48 52 18 1027 313
Paris (MontSouris) 48 49 20 256 7^
"Perpignan 42 42 53 105 32
°Pic du Midi de Bigorre 42 56 8 9380 2859
Puy de Dome (Plaine) 45 46 5 1273 388
°Puy de Dome (Sommet) 45 46 57 4813 1467
Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay 49 5 30 387 118
"Toulouse 43 37 I 26 636 194
GERMANY.
"Aachen (Prussia) 50 47 N. 6 5E. 553 169
Ansbach ( Bavaria) 49 18 10 34 1357 414
Altenberg (Saxony) 50 46 13 46 2481 756
Augsburg ( Bavaria 48 22 10 54 1639 499
Bad Elster (Saxony) 50 17 12 15 1644 501
Bamberg ( Bavaria) 49 53 10 53 943 288
Bautzen ( Saxony ) 5t II 14 26 693 211
Bayreuth (BavHria) 49 57 It 34 117S 359
Berlin (Prussia) . 52 30 13 23 i6t 49
Borkum Prussia)
( 53 35 6 40 34 10
"Bremen. S3 5 8 48 52 16
Breslau (Prussia) 51 7 17 2 482 147
"Brocken (Prussia) 51 48 I" 37 3766 1 148
Bromberg ( Prussia) 53 8 18 o 144 44
"Chemnitz (Saxony) 50 SO 12 55 1039 317
Dresden (Saxony) 51 2 13 44 391 119
"Erfurt (Prussia) 50 58 11 4 718 219
Fichtelberg (Saxony) 50 26 12 57 3986 12 IS
Freiberg (Saxony) 50 55 13 21 1336 407
"Gorbersdorf (Prussia) 50 41 16 14 i858 569
257
Table 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
(feet).
Greenwicli.
GERMANY (Continued).
"Grosser Kelchen (Alsace) 47° 53' N. 6'E. 4573 1394
"Hamburg. 53 33 58 85 25
Helgoland (North Sea) 54 10 51 133 4r
Hochenschwand (Baden) 47 44 10 3296 1005
"Hohenheim (Wurttemberg) 48 43 9 14 1319 402
Hohenspeisseuberg (Bavaria) 47 48 II I 3261 994
Kahl a. M. i.Bavaria) 50 4 9 I 362 no
Kaiserlautern ( Bavaria) 49 27 7 46 794 242
Karlsruhe (Baden) 49 ' 8 25 416 127
Kassel (Prussia) 51 19 9 30 669 204
"Keitum ( Prussia) 54 54 8 22 43 13
Kiel (Prussia •
54 20 10 9 155 47
Konigsberg (Prussia) 54 43 20 30 20 6
Landshut Bavaria)( 48 32 12 9 1297 395
Leipzig (Saxony: 51 20 12 23 391 119
I/udwigshafen Bavaria) ( 49 29 8 27 329 100
"Magdeburg (Prussia) 52 8 11 38 177 54
"Memel (Prussia) 55 43 21 7 38 12
"Miinchen (Bavaria) 48 9 II 34 1716 523
"Miincheii, Bogenhauseu observ-
atory (Bavaria) 48 9 II 36 1735 529
Miinster (Westfalen) 51 58 7 37 200 61
°Neufahrwasser (Prussia) 54 24 18 40 15 5
Niirnberg (Bavaria) 49 27 11 4 1033 315
Passau ( Bavaria) 4^ 34 13 28 1015 309
Posen (Prussia) 52 25 16 56 216 66
" Potsdam observatory (Prussia ' . . .
52 23 13 4 279 85
Regensburg ( Bavaria) 49 I 12 6 1124 343
Reitzenhain (Saxony) 50 34 13 14 2551 . 778
Riigenwaldermiinde (Prussia).... 54 26 i5 23 10 3
Schueeberg (Saxony) 50 36 12 39 1452 443
"Schneekoppe (Prussia) 50 44 15 44 5359 1603
"Strassburg (Alsace) 48 35 46 471 144
Stuttgart (Wiirttemberg) 48 47 II 883 269
"Swinemiinde (Prussia) 53 56 14 16 33 10
°Uslar (Prussia) •. 51 40 9 38 569 173
Villingen (Baden) 48 4 8 27 2342 714
Wendelsteiu (Bavaria) 47 42 12 I 5666 1727
Wiesbaden (Prussia) 50 5 8 14 372 113
Wilhelmshaven (Oldenburg) 53 32 8 9 28 8
Wiirzburg (Bavaria) 49 48 9 55 588 179
"Wustrow (Mecklenburg) 54 21 12 24 23 7
Zittau (Saxony) 50 54 14 49 865 264
13 stations of second order in Al-
sace-Lorraine.
133 stations of first and second
order in Prussia.
Baden.
S stations of second order in
Hessen.
Saxony.
Wiirttemberg.
Erfurt, Gorbersdorf, and Uslar
are three Prussian first-order
stations whose coordinates
could not be found.
258
.. ...
TABLE 101.
LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS,
Longitude
Height
(feet).
Greenwicli.
HOIvIvAND.
Amsterdam 52" 22' N. 4° 53' E. 9 3
°DeBilt 52 6 5 I' 45 14
°Groniugen. 53 13 34 29 9
°Helder 52 58 45 18 5
Maastricht .
50 51 41 167 51
Rotterdam . 51 54 29 66 20
°Vlissingen . .
51 26 34 26
ITAI,Y.
"Alessandria 44 54 N. 8 37 E. 321 98
°Asti 44 54 8 13 465 142
°Avellino 40 56 14 45 1871 570
"Belluno 46 8 12 14 1325 404
"Benevento 41 7 14 48 558 170
"Bergamo 45 42 9 41 1267 386
"Bologna 44 30 11 21 279 85
"Caggiano 40 34 15 29 2728 831
"Caserta 41 3 14 22 250 76
"Castellaneta 40 38 16 s6 780 238
"Catania (Bened. ) 37 30 15 4 213 65
"Conegliano 45 53 12 19 279 85
"Cremona 45 10 3 222 68
"Desenzano 45 10 32 344 105
"Elena 41 13 35 147 45
"Fermo 43 >3 43 919 280
"Ferrara 44 51 11 37 131 40
"Firenze 43 46 11 15 238 73
"Foggia 41 27 15 31 287 87
"Forli 44 13 12 2 163 50
"Geneva 44 25 8 55 177 54
"Ischia 40 44 13 54 106 32
"Lecce 40 22 18 12 236 72
"Ivivorno 43 33 10 18 78 24
"Messina 38 12 15 33 117 36
"Milano 45 28 9 II 482 147
"Milano 37 15 14 44 1522 464
"Modena 44 39 10 55 210 64
"Moncalieri 45 o 7 41 848 258
"Napoli 40 52 14 16 489 149
"Padova 45 24 11 52 103 31
° Palermo 38 6 13 20 234 71
"Pavia 45 II 9 10 268 82
"Perugia 43 7 12 23 1706 520
"Piacenza 45 3 9 40 235 72
"Pisa 43 44 10 24 33 JO
"Pistoia 43 56 10 55 280 85
° Porto Maurizio . 43 53 8 3 178 54
"Prato 43 53 11 6 244 74
"Reggio, Calabria. 38 8 15 39 48 15
"Riposto 37 41 15 12 46 14
"Roca di Papa . . . 4J 46 12 43 2493 760
"Roma, C. R 41 54 12 29 166 51
"Rovigo 45 3 II 47 69 . 21
"Salo 45 36 10 31 328 100
"Sassari 40 44 8 35 735 224
"Sestola 44 15 10 47 3585 1092
"Siena 43 19 11 20 1 143 348
259
.. . 1
Table 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
Latitude, from Heiglit (m.)
(feet).
Greenwich.
ITALY (Continued).
"Siracusa. 37° 3'N. 15° 15' E. 76 23

"Teranio. 42 40 13 43 945 288
"Torino .
45 4 7 41 907 276
"Venezia .
45 26 12 20 70 21
RUSSIA (WITH Siberia and

Fini,and).
Akhtuba 48 18 N. 46 9 E. 38
Arkhangelsk 64 33 40 32 22 7
Askhabad 37 57 58 23 74 226
Astrakhan 46 21 48 2 -46 — 14
Barnaul 53 20 83 47 531 162
Batoum 4E 40 41 38 10 3
Belagatchskoe Zimovie 5t o 80 18 1043 318
Bogoslovsk 59 45 60 I 623 190
Choucha 39 46 46 45 4487 1368
°Dorpat 55 23 26 43 244 74
Derkoulskoe verderie. 49 3 39 48 499 152
° Ekaterinburg 56 50 60 285
38 935
Elatma 54 58 41 45 459 140
Elisavetgrad 48 31 32 17 403 123
Golooustnoe 52 I 105 36 1522 464
Gudaur 42 28 44 28 7231 2204
"Helsingfors 60 10 24 57 38 12
"Irkutsk 52 16 104 19 1555 474
Kansk 56 12 95 39 689 210
Kamenaia Steppe 51 3 40 42 71 <n 218
Kargopol 61 30 38 57 440 134
Kars . 40 37 43 5 5731 1747
Kazalinsk 45 46 62 37 207 63
Kem 64 57 34 19 41 13
Kharkof 50 o 36 34 459 140
Kief 50 27 30 o 600 183
Kirensk 57 47 108 7 886 270
Kola 68 53 33 II 22 7
Kursk 51 45 36 52 773 235
Lenkoran 38 46 48 I 64 19
Libau 56 31 21 I 16 5
Lubny 50 I 33 22 541 165
Lugansk . 48 35 39 10 148 45
Magaratch 44 32 34 3 262 80
Malye Karmakouly 72 23 52 43 48 15
Mariupolskoe verderie 47 39 37 30 919 280
Mezen 65 50 44 16 46 14
Moscou 55 45 37 34 512 156
Nertchinski Zavod 51 19 "9 37 2054 626
Nijiii Novgorod 56 20 44 o 518 158
Nikolaief 46 58 31 58 64 20
Nikolsk 59 32 45 27 508 156
Novaia Alexandria 5t 25 21 57. 482 147
Novorossiisk 44 44 37 49 121 37
Obdorsk 66 .-.I 66 35 86 26
Odessa 46 26 30 46 140 43
Omsk 54 58 73 23 295 CO
Orel 52 58 36 4 6co '83
Orenburg 5< 45 55 6 371 113
Pamirski Post 38 II 74 2 11942 ?i 364o(?)
260
TABLE 101.
Longitude Height
(feet).
Greenwich.
RUSSIA, ETC. (Continued).
"Pavlovsk 59° 41' N. 30° 29' E. 130 40

Pensa S3 II 45 I 706 215
Perm 58 I 56 i6 522 159
Pernov 58 23 24 30 32 ]o
Pinsk 52 7 25 5 466 142
Ploti 47 57 29 10 468 143
Polibino .... 53 44 52 56 355 108
Povenets 62 51 34 49 141 43
Rostov on Don 47 J3 39 43 159 48
Rykovskoe 50 47 142 55 410 125
Saguny 50 36 39 43 685 209
Samarkand 39 39 66 57 2359 719
Sarapul 56 ^8 53 49 389 119
Saratof 51 32 46 3 201 61
Smolensk 54 47 32 4 748 228
Stavropol 45 3 41 59 1880 573
°St.Petersburg (Cent. Phys. Obs.). 59 56 30 16 16 5
Surgut 61 17 73 20 144 44
Tashkent 41 20 69 18 1568 478
Tchita 52 I 113 30 2275 693
°Tiflis 41 43 44 48 1325 404
Tiumen 57 10 65 32 270 82
Tomsk 56 30 84 58 410 125
Totaikoi 44 54 34 II 994 303
Troitskosavsk 50 22 106 27 2539 774
Tulun ,
54 33 100 22 1648 502
Ufa 54 43 55 56 571 174
Uman 48 45 30 13 709 216
Uralsk 51 12 51 22 124 38
Uspenskaia ... 56 38 39 12 783 239
Valaam 61 23 30 57 122 37
Varshava (Warsaw) 52 13 21 2 396 121
Vasilevitchi 52 16 29 48 449 137
Veliki Luki 56 21 30 31 341 104
Verkhniaia Michikha 51 30 105 58 4199 1280
Verhkoyansk 67 33 133 24 459 140
Verni 43 16 75 53 2568 7S3
Vilna 54 41 25 18 486 148
Viatka 58 36 49 41 529 161
Vladivostok 43 7 131 54 55 17
Vlotslavsk 52 40 19 4 213 65
Vologda 59 14 39 53 399 122
Vychni Volotchek 57 35 34 34 548 167
Zlatoust 55 10 59 41 1502 458
1,227 stations of second order in
Russia, Siberia, and Finland.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

Barcelona (Spain) 41 22 N. 10 E. 141 43
Cadiz (Spain) 36 31 18 W. (?) (?)
°Coimbra (Portugal) 40 12 25 459 140

°Lisboa (Portugal) 38 43 9 312 95
Madrid (Spain) 40 24 41 2149 655
Ona (Spain) 42 44 25 1906 581
Oporto (Portugal) 41 8 34 328 ICO
Oviedo (Spain) 43 23 48 801 244
°San Fernando (Spain) 36 28 25 92 28
°Sierra da Estrella (Portugal) 40 25 35 4728 1441
Valencia (Spain) 39 28 22 59 18
261
. . .
Table ioi.
(The circle ^ designates stations of the first order.)
Longitude Height
(feet).
Greenwich.
SWITZERLAND,
Altstatten •
47° 23' N. 93° 3' E. 1476 450
Altdorf 46 53 8 39 1493 455
Basel 47 33 35 912 278
°Beru 46 57 26 1877 572
Castasegna 46 20 31 2297 700
Chaumont 47 I 59 3701 1128
Genf 46 12 9 1329 405
Lugano 46 o 8 57 902 275
Neuenburg 47 o 6 57 1601 4S8
Pilatus-Kulm 46 59 8 16 6781 2067
Rigi-Kulm 47 3 8 30 5863 '787
°Santis 47 15 9 20 (V202 2500
Sils-Maria 46 26 9 46 5935 1809
St. Bemhard 45 52 7 II 8130 2478
"Zurich 47 23 8 33 1687 493
BALKAN PENINSULA AND

ASIATIC TURKEY.
(BULGARIA, GREECE, ROUMANIA,
SKRVIA, AND TURKEY.)
"Athens (Greece) 37 58 N. 23 45 E.
Baghdad (Asiatic Turkey) 33 19 44 26
° Belgrad (Servia) 48 20 27 138
44 453
Beyrout (Syria) 33 54 35 28 172 52
Bouiouk-Dere (Asiatic Turkey) 4[ 10 29 3 384 117
"Bucuresci (Roumania) 44 25 26 6 269 t2
Constantinople (European Tur-
key) 41 2 28 58 246 7.S
El-Athroun (Palestina) 31 50 35 o 656 200
Kazanlik (Rumelia) 42 37 27 4 1220 372
Le Krey (Syria) 33 49 35 40 3330 1015
Mamouret-ul-Aziz (Asiatic Tur-
key) 38 30 39 22 3281 (?) 1000 (?)
Monastir ( European Turkey) 41 I 21 23 2024 617
Saloniki ( European Turkey) . . . 40 39 22 57 129 -9
Sinaia (Roumania) 45 21 25 34 2821 £60
Sinope (Asiatic Turkey) 42 I 35 19 59(?) i8(?)
Sivas (Asiatic Turkey) 39 43 37 10 433' 1320
Sofia ( Servia) 42 42 23 19 1804 550
Smyrna (Asiatic Turkey) , 38 26 27 8
Sulina (Roumania) ,
45 9 29 40
(Greece has 23 stations of second

order, Roumania 52, and Servia
18.)
ADDITIONAI< STATIONS TO
ASIATIC TURKEY.
(Austrian colonial stations.)
"Jerusalem (Palestina). , . . 31 48 N. 35 ' ' E. -'554 748

"Sarona (Palestina) 32 5 34 47 66 20
"Skutari (Asia Minor) 42 3 19 3" 30 9
262
Table 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
Latitude. from Heigiit (m.)
(feet).
Greenwicli.
ASIA.
INDIA (with neighboring
countries).
( The stations are in India unless other-
wise indicated.)
Aden (Arabia) 12" 45' N. 45° 3'E. 94 29

Agra 27 10 78 5 555 169
Ajmir 26 28 74 37 i6ii 491
Akola 20 42 77 4 930 283
Akyab ( Burma) 20 28 92 57 20 6
"Allahabad 25 26 81 52 309 94
Amini Divi (Lakkadives) 11 6 72 48 15 5
"Bangalore 12 59 77 38 3021 921
Batticaloa (Ceylon) 7 43 81 44 26 8
Belgaum 15 52 74 42 2539 774
Bellary 15 9 76 57 1475 450
Berhampore 24 6 88 17 67 20
"Bombay 18 54 72 49,
37 II
Burdwan 23 14 87 54 99 30
Bushire (Persia) 28 59 50 49 14 4
"Calcutta 22 32 88 20 21 6
Chittagong 22 21 91 50 87 26
Cochin ,
9 58 76 17 10 3
Colombo (Ceylon) 6 56 79 52 /o 12
Cuttack 20 29 85 54 80 24
Dacca 23 43 90 27 26 8
Darjeeling 27 3 88 18 7376 2248
Deesa 24 16 72 14 466 142
Dhurbi 26 7 89 50 "5 35
Diamond Island (Burma) 15 52 94 19 41 12
Durbhunga . ,
26 10 86 o 166 51
False Point 20 20 86 47 21 6
Guile (Ceylon) 6 I 80 14 48 15
Hambantota (Ceylon) 6 7 81 7 40 12
Hazaribagh 24 o 85 24 2007 612
Hoshangabad 22 45 77 46 1006 307
Jacobabad 28 24 68 18 186 57
Jaffna (Ceylon) ... 9 40 79 56 9 3
"Jaipur . . . 26 55 75 50 1431 436
Jubbulpore 23 9 79 59 1327 404
Kandy (Ceylon) 7 18 80 40 1696 517
Karwar 14 50 74 15 44 13
Katmandu (Nepal) 27 42 85 12 4388 1337
Khandwa 21 49 76 23 1044 3'7
"Kodaikanal observatory 10 14 77 28 7688 2343
Kurrachee 24 47 67 4 30 9
"Lahore 31 34 74 20 702 214
I/ch (Kashmir) 34 10 77 42 1 1503 3506
Lucknow 26 50 81 o 368 112
Ludhiana 30 55 75 54 812 247
"Madras 13 4 80 14 22 7
Meerut 29 o 77 41 738 225
Mercara 12 26 75 48 3781 1152
Mergui (Burma) 12 II 98 38 96 29
Mooltan 30 10 71 33 420 128
Mount Abu 24 36 72 45 3945 1202
Murree 33 54 73 27 6333 1930
Nagpur 21 9 79 II 1025 312
263
. .
Table 101.
Longitude
Heiglit
(feet).
Greenwicli.
INDIA, ETC. (Continued).

Newera Eliya (Ceylon) . .
6° 46' N. 80° 47' E. 6240 1902
Nowgong 25 2 79 29 757 231
Patna 25 37 85 14 183 56
"Periyakulam observatory.. 10 9 77 32 944 288
Peshawar 34 2 71 37 mo 3?8
Poona 18 28 74 10 1840 561
Port Blair Bay Islands)
( . , II 41 92 42 61 19
Quetta (Beluchistan) 30 II 67 3 5502 1677
Raipur 21 15 81 41 970 296
Rangoon (Burma) 16 46 96 12 57 '7
Ranikhet 29 38 79 29 6069 1850
Ratnagiri 17 6 73 23 no 34
Rookee 29 52 77 56 899 274
Salem II 39 78 12 940 286
Saugor Island 21 39 88 5 25 8
Secunderabad 17 27 78 33 1787 545
Sholapur 17 41 75 56 159° 485
Sibsagar 26 59 94 40 333 lOI
Silchar 24 49 92 50 104 32
"Simla 31 6 77 12 7224 2202
Sutna , 24 34 80 52 1040 317
Trichinopoly 10 50 78 44 255 77
Trincomalee (Ceylon) ... 8 33 81 15 12 4
Vizagapatam 17 42 83 22 226 69
Wellington 11 22 76 50 6200 1890
CENTRAL ASIA, CHINA, AND

INDOCHINA.
Cap-Saint-Jaques (Cochinchina) 10 20 N. 107 5 E. 490 150
Djalantown (China) 48 I 123 6 1060 323
Enzeli Persia)
(
37 30 49 27 (?) (?)
.Hanoi (Tonkin) 21 2 105 50 52 i5
"Hongkong (China) 22 18 114 10 no 34
Kashgar (Turkestan) 39 25 76 7 3999 1219
Kerki (Bokhara) 37 50 65 13 859 262
Khantagheza (China) 45 (?) 129 (?) 1417 432
Kharbin (China) 45 43 126 z8 502 153
Lang-Bian (Anam) 12 2 108 20 4606 IJ04
Nha-Trang (Anam) 12 16 109 12 29 9
Pekin (China) ,
39 57 116 28 123 37
Pnom-Penh (Camboja) 10 35 104 56 43 13
Piilo-Condor (Cochinchina) ... 8 16 106 35 21 6
Saigon (Cochinchina) 10 47 106 42 29 9
Termez (Bokhara) 37 12 67 15 io65 325
Urga (China) 47 55 105 50 4447 (?; 1325 (?)
°Zi-Ka-Wei, for Shanghai (China) 31 12 121 II 23 7
JAPAN AND KOREA.

Chemulpo (Korea) 37 29 N. 126 37 E. 29 9
"Fukuoka 33 35 130 23 12 4
Kusan (Korea) . . ,
35 6 129 30
"Hakodate 41 46 140 44 10 3
"Hiroshima 34 23 132 27 10 3
"Kobe .
34 At 135 II 191 58
"Kumamoto 32 49 130 42 129 39
"Matsuyama 33 50 132 45 io5 32
264
. ... N
Table 101.
Longitude
Latitude.
Height
from Height (m.)
(feet)
Greenwich.
JAPAN AND KOREA (Cont'd).
"Nagasaki ,
32" 44' 129" 52' E. 436 133
°Naha 26 13 127 41 34 10
"Nagoya 35 10 136 55 50 15
°Nemuro 43 20 145 35 87 27
"Osaka 34 42 135 31 18 6
"Sapporo 43 4 141 21 55 17
Seoul Korea)
{
37 35 127 7 118 36
"Tadotsu 34 I? 133 46 17 5
"Taihoku 25 2 121 30 30 9
"Tokio 35 41 139 45 70 21
"Tokushima 34 6 134 37 13 4
"Tsakuba 36 13 140 6 2854 S70
Yuen-san (Korea) ,
39 10 127 25
° Denotes the stations taking
hourly observations.
85 stations in Japan taking 6 ob-
servations daily.
PHILIPPINES AND HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS.
"Aparri (Luzon) 18 22 N. 121 34 E. 6
"Atimonan (Luzon). 14 2 121 51 23 7
°Cebu (Cebu) 10 18 123 54 10 3
"Dagupan (Luzon)... 16 4 120 19 13 4
"Honolulu (Hawaii). 21 19 157 52 W. 38 II
"Iloilo (Panay) 10 42 122 35 E. 10 3
"Legaspi (Luzon) . . 13 9 123 44 1378 420
"Manila (Luzon) 14 35 120 59 46 14
"Ormoc (Leyte) 11 o 124 33 1476 450
AUSTRALASIA.
Adelaide (South Australia) 34 56 S. 138 35 E.
Albany (West Australia) 35 2 117 50 41 12
Alice Springs (South Australia) 23 38 133 37 1926 587
Auckland (New Zealand) 36 50 174 51 258 79
•
"Batavia (Java) 6 II 106 50 26
"Boulia (Queensland) 22 55 139 38
Bourke (New South Wales) 30 3 145 58 350 107
"Brisbane (Queensland) 27 28 153 2 137 42
"Burketown (Queensland) 17 45 139 33
"Camooweal (Queensland) 19 57 138 17
"Cook town (Queensland) 15 28 145 17
Derby (West Australia) 17 18 122 40 53 16
Eucla (South Australia) 31 45 128 58 15 5
"Georgetown (Queensland) 18 22 143 32
"Gomen (New Caledonia) 20 21 164 10
Hobart (Tasmania) 42 53 147 20 160 49
"Mackay (Queensland) 21 9 149 13
Malacca (Straits Settlements) . . 2 14 N. 102 14 12 4
Melbourne (Victoria) 37 50 S. 145 o 91 28
"Mitchell (Queensland) 26 32 147 52
"Norfolk Island (South Pacific). 29 5 167 58
Noumea (New Caledonia) 22 10 166 26
Penang (Straits Settlements).. . .
5 24 N. 100 20 20 6
Perth observatory (West Aus-
tralia) 31 57 S. 115 51 197 60
265
. ..
.. .
Table 101.
Longitude Helglit
Latitude. Ir m (feet).
Height (m.)
Greenwich.
AUSTRALIA (Continued).
Port Darwin (South Australia) . 12° 28' S. 130° 51' E. 97 29

°Port Moresby (New Guinea) . . .
9 27 147 9
Province WellesleV (Straits Set-
tlements 1
5 21 N. 100 28 65
"Richmond Downs (Queensland). 20 44 S. '43 10
°Rockhampton (Queensland) . .
23 24 150 30
°Samarai Queensland)
I 10 38 150 38
"Sandy Cape (Queensland) 24 4T 153 16
Singapore (Straits Settlements). I 17 N. 103 51 10 3
°Suva(Fiji) 18 6S. 1 78 30
"Sydney [New South Wales) . . .
33 52 151 12 146 44
"Thargomindah (Queensland) . . . 27 58 143 43
"Thursday Island (Queensland).. 10 34 142 12
"Townsville Pilot Station (Queens
land) 19 14 '46 51
Wellington (New Zealand) 41 i6' 174 27 140 43
"Windorah (Queensland) ........ 25 26 142 36
AFRICA AND NEIGHBOR-

ING ISLANDS.
"Abassia Observatory (Cairo) 30 SN. 31 17 E. loS 33
Adis-Abada (Abyssinia) 9 I 38 43 (?) (?)
Alexandria (Kgypt) . 3: 12 29 53 105 32
Alger (Algeria). . 36 47 3 4 T25 38
Benghazi (Tripoli) 32 7 20 2 31 9
Bizerte (Tunisi 37 17 9 50 29 9
Cape Spartel (Morocco) 35 47 .^ 55 W. 191 58
Cape Town (Cape Colony) 33 55 S. 18 24 E. 115 35
Ceres (Cape Colony) 33 22 19 20 1493 455
Constantine (Algeria) 36 22 N. 6 37 2165 660
El-Djem (Algeria) 35 21 lo 38 541 165
Entebbe (Uganda) o 3S. 32 30 3902 1189
Fort Napier (Natal) 29 36 30 23 2200 671
Fort National (Algeria) 36 38 N. 4 ,12 3005 916
Grahamstown (Cape Colony)..., 33 18 S 26 32 1800 549
Geryville (Algeria) •
33 41 N. 1 o 4281 1305
Ismailia (Egypt) 30 16 32 16 30 9
"Kenilworth (Kimberley) 28 42 S- 24 27 3950 1204
Khartoum (Egypt) 15 38 N. 32 29 1233 376
Kimberley (Cape Colony) 28 43 S. "24 46 4042 1232
Laghuat (Algeria) 33 48 N. 2 S3 2467 752
Mayumba French Congo) ( 3 25 S. 10 38 213 65
Mojunga (IVIadagascar) 15 45 46 19 134 41
Mozambique (East Africa] 15 o 40 44 14 4
Oran (Algeria) 35 42 N. o 39 W. 107 60
Ouargla Algeria)( 31 55 5 lo'E. 512 156
Ponta Delgada (Azores) 37 45 25 41 W. 56 17
Port Elizabeth (Cape Colony) .
33 58 S. 25 37 E. 181 55
Porto Novo Dahomey) ( 6 28 N. 2 40 66 20
Port Said (Egypt) 31 1.6 32 18 14 4
Queenstown (Cape Colony) 31 54 S. 26 52 3500 1067
Royal Alfred observatory (Mau-
ritius) 20 6 57 31 181 55
"Royal observatory (Cape Colony) 33 56 18 29 40 12
Sierra Leone (Senegambia) .... 8 30 N. 13 9 W. 179 54
St. Denis (Reunion) 20 51 S. 55 30 E. 102 31
266
. ..
TABLE 101
(The circle ° designates stations of the first order.'
Lo''gi ude
Height
(leet).
Greenwich.
AFRICA, ETC. (Continued).
St. Louis (Senegal) 16° 2' N. 16° 31' W. 13

St. Matthew's Vicarage (St. Hel-
16 oS. 5 40 1887 573
°St. Paul de Loanda Angolo)
f 8 47 13 13 E. 194 59
Suez (Egypt) 29 59 N. 32 31 II 3
Tamatave (Madagascar) 18 10 S. 49 25 16 5
Tananarivo (Madagascar) 18 10 47 36 4593 1400
Tangier (Morocco) 35 47 N. 5 49 W. 246 75
Teneriffe (Canary Islands) 28 25 16 30 454 138
Timbuktu (French Sudan) 16 43 2 52 820 250
Upper Sheikh (East Africa) 9 56 45 n E. 4595 1400
Vivi (Congo) 5 40S 13 49 364 III
Zanzibar (British East Africa) . . 6 10 39 II 73
.'NTERNATIONAL POLAR
STATIONS.
Bossekop (Norwegian) 69 57 N. 23 15 E.
Dicksonhavn (Holland) 73 30 81 o
Fort Rae (British) 62 39 115 44 W.
Godthaab (Danish) 64 10 51 43
Jan Mayen (Austrian) 70 59 8 28
Kingua- Fjord, Cumberland Sound
(German) 66 36 67 9
Lady Franklin Bay(TJnited States 81 44 64 45
Nowaja Semlja (Russian). . . .
72 30 52 45 E.
Oranje Baie, Cape Horn (French) 55 31 S. 70 25 W.
Point Barrow (United States) 71 23 N. 156 40
Sagastyr, Lena River (Russian ) 73 23 124 5 E.
Sodankyla (Finland) 67 27 26 36
Spitzb'ergen (Sweden) CapThord-
sen 78 28 15 42
Siid-Georgien (German) 54 31 S. 36 o W.
MEDITERRANEAN.
College St. Ignace Malta) ....
I
35 55 N. 16 49 E. (?) (?)
Gibraltar 30 6 5 21 W. 48 15
Kyrenia (Cyprus) 35 2t 33 19 E. 54 16
La Canee Creta)
(
35 30 24 o 141 43
Mahoii (Minorca) 39 53 4 15 43 13
267
—
Table 102.
INTERNATIONAL METKOROI.OGICAL SYMBOLS.
The International Meteorological Congress, held at Vienna in September,
1873, decided that it was desirable to introduce for various meteorological
conditions, symbols which should be independent of any national language

and therefore universally intelligible. From the symbols and abbreviations
then in use among different nations, the Permanent Committee of the Con-
gress selected a number for international use. This list has been subse-
quently modified. The present arrangement has been carefully revised by
Messrs. S. P. Fergusson and H. H. Clayton.
References :
"Summary of Resolutions of the Vienna Congress, Appendix K." Prepared by

Mr. Robert H. Scott, Secretary.
" Bericht iiber die Int. Meteor. Conferenz in Miinchen, 1S91."
"Report Proc. Int. Meteor. Conferences, Paris, 1896." By Dr. A. I/awrence Rotch.
SYMBOLS.
© Rain. V Frostwork (Rough Frost). T

^ Snow. G\0 Ice Coating : Silver Thaw.
Hail. -4*- Drifting Snow.
/\ Sleet. « Floating Ice-Crystals.

= Fog. __uu Gale or Strong Wind
r~\ Dew. r^ Thunderstorm.
1 I Hoar Frost. •x Distant I/ightning.
'
TABLE 102.
INTBRNATIONAI, METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS.
® Rain.
To be used ia place of the word commonly used in any language for
rain-fall or raining. The intensity to be indicated by an exponent.
-)f Snow,
Indicates snow-fall or snowing. Depth, rate, or intensity to be denoted
by the usual exponent.
A Hail.
Semi-transparent masses of ice, large or small, crystalline or rounded,
usually occurring during thunderstorms. The small frozen rain-
drops which occur in winter should be classified as sleet A..
z^ Sleet.
Pellets of snow or soft hail without crystalline structure. This symbol
isused by the Germans for Graupeln or snow pellets, and for the
semi-transparent mixture of snow and ice that in the dry weather
of Central Europe nearly corresponds to the sleet of the coasts of
England and America. Also frozen raindrops, occurring when
rain is changing to snow.
V Frostwork (Rough frostj. (Germaxi, Rauhfrost, Duft. Vr&nch, Givre.)
When fog prevails and the temperature is below the freezing point,
exposed objects become coated on the windward side with frozen
fog particles. This is not accumulated snow or ice. This has
been observed on Mt. Washington to be sometimes a metre or more
in depth. Sometimes called Frost Feathers.
Gv3 Ice Coating (Smooth Ice Ice Storm): Silver Thaw.
; (German, Glatt
Eis. French, Verglas.)
Indicates the coating of ice formed by rain freezing on exposed objects
when the air temperature is below freezing ; also the deposition of
frozen moisture when the weather becomes suddenly warm after
great cold.
*— Floating Ice Crystals.
Small ice crystals or spiculae slightly resembling snow. Occurs some-
times during fine weather when the temperature is low.
H Snow Covering.
Indicates that more than half of the surrounding country is covered
with snow.
— ' Hoar Frost ;
— '° light hoar frost ;
— >'
heavy hoar frost, in-
jurious to vegetation. The
expression "frosty weather" refers to
'
the low temperature as such, but the expression hoar frost '
'
refers to the crystals of ice deposited upon the surfaces of solids in

the open air. Hoar frost is deposited on horizontal objects gener-
ally under a clear sky at night.
269
'
Table 102.
INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL, SYMBOLS.
-"^ Strong Wind or Gale.
rs. Thunderstorm.
Thunder and lightning.
"i Distant Lightning.
T Distant Thunder.
© Solar Halo.
Solar halos are large circles around the sun, reddish inside or near the
sun and bluish outside or away from the sun. The edges or bound-
aries aremore distinctly marked than those of coronas and the sizes
are more definite and regular. Halos are most frequently of 22°
radius, less frequently 45° or 46°, and rarely 90°. Complex com-
binations of halos, parhelia, horizontal circles, and vertical columns
sometimes occur. Kxponents are used to indicate relative brilliancy.
® Solar Corona.
Solar Aureolas, Coronas, or Glorias —German, Krans, Lichtkron, Corona,
SonnenhoJ —are small circles of prismatic colors surrounding the
sun the radii of these circles are usually less than 6°, but in the
;
extreme case of Bishop's ring its radius was 15". Several con-
centric circles are sometimes visible each circular band of prismatic
; .
colors has its red on the outside, and its blue, violet, or purple 011
the inside, with respect to the sun such rings are generally formed
;
when the sun shines through a thin cloud and, may be seen if the
sun is viewed through neutral-tinted glass or by reflection in water.
Similar circles surrounding the shadow of the observer's head are
anthelia, " " aureolae, " " glories, " or " fog-shadows
' '
called '
(German, Gegensonnc Brockenspedra).

,
^ Lunar Halo.
Lunar halos are the large circles 22° or 46° radius around the moon,
entirely analogous to solar halos, being red on the inside of the arc
and blue on the outside.
u/ Lunar Corona.
Lunar Aureolas — German, Mondhof— are small circlessurrounding the
moon- similar to the solar coronas, being red on the outside and
blue inside.
f~\ Rainbow.
Brilliant rainbows should be indicated by the sign /-n^; the primary
rainbow has its red on the outside and a radius of 40° to 42°, but
the secondary bow has its red on the inside and a radius of 50° to
54°.
%. Zodiacal Light.
A triangular beam of light seen after evening twilight or before morning
dawn, extending from the sun upward along the ecliptic.
270
TABLE 102.
INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS.

INTERNATIONAI. CLOUD NOTATION.
Authorized by the International Meteorological Committee, Upsala, 1894.
Ci. Cirrus.
. —
Table 102.
10. Stratus (S.)- —

Horizontal sheet of low cloud analogous to fog, but not
touching the ground.
The following terms are allowable, but not officially defined :
1 1 Fracto Cumulus (Fr. Cu.) —

Detached clouds formed in strong winds.
•
12. Fracto Nimbus (Fr. Ni.). " — " "
13. Fracto Stratus (Fr. St.). " — " "
14. Strato Cumulo formis (S. Cu. f.).— Resembling St. Cu.
15. Nimbus CuMuto formis (N. Cu. F.). " Cu. Ni.
16. Cumulus lenticularis (Cu. l.).— Ovoid clouds, with sharp edges.
17. —
Mammato Cumulus (M. Cu.). Cumulus having a mammilated lower
surface.
18. ToNiTRO Cirrus, False Cirrus, Veil Cirrus (To. Ci.). —Thin
cloud sheet flowing from the top of Cu. Ni.
The scale for recording amount of cloud varies from o, clear blue sky, to lo, overcast.
Table 103.
NOTATION FOR THE USE OF NAVIGATORS.
BEAUFORT'S NOTATION FOR USE AT SEA.
From U. S. Weather Bureau Instructions for Usi in Ocean Meteorology, 1905.
STATE OF THE WEATHER.

b.— Clear blue sky. q.—Squally weather.
c — Cloudy weather. r.—Rainy weather, or continuous
d. — Drizzling, or light rain. rain.
/. —Fog, or foggy weather. 5.—Snow, snowy weather, or snow
g. — Gloomy, or dark, stormy-looking falling,
weather. t.—Thunder.
h. — Hail. u. —Ugly appearances, or threaten-
/.—lyightning. ing weather.
m. — Misty weather. v. — of distant
Visibility objects.
o.—Overcast. w. — Wet, or heavy dew.
p. — Passing showers of rain. z. — Hazy.
To indicate greater intensity, underline the letter thus : r, heavy rain ; r, very
heavy rain, etc.
STATE OF THE SEA.

B. —Broken or irregular sea. M. — Moderate sea or swell.
C. —Choppy, short, or cross sea. R. — Rough sea.
Q. — Ground swell. S. — Smooth sea.
H. — Heavy sea. T. —Tide rips.
L. — Long rolling sea.
272
Table 103.
Observations on the character of deep sea waves are valuable, if care-
fullymade. The most important points to observe are i The apparent : .
periodic time, or interval, in seconds, between the crests of successive waves

as they pass. 2. The true direction from which they come, and the ship's
true course and speed at the time. 3. The estimated heights of several
waves, from hollow to crest. 4. The depth of the sea where the observa-
tions were made, or at least the exact position of the ship, so that the depth
may be obtained.
Table 104.
acceleration of apparent gravity on the earth
AT SEA LEVEL.
^ = 9.77989 + 0.05221 sin'' <f = 9.80599 — 0.02610 cos 2 <p.
Lati-
tude
9-
91
INDEX.
Page Page
Abbe, C, work cited xxxiii Arc, conversion into time li, 210
Absolute temperature, conversion into A-schkinass, Rubens and, treatise cited. 235
Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reau- Atmosphere,
mur xi, 2 equivalent weight 245
notation 248 height 245
Absorption, by atmospheric water Atmospheric water vapor,
vapor lines in infra-red 234 absorption by, in infra-red 234
Acceleration of apparent gravity 273 lines in visible spectrum 233
Air, coefficient of expansion 247 Avoirdupois, conversion into metric
density of, at different humidities, Ivi, 229-230
English liv-lv, 221-223
Metric liv-lvi, 225-228 Babinet, barometric formula of.xxxii, 118
density of, at different pressures, Barometer, constant 247
English 221-223
liv-lvi, correction for (in determining
Metric 225-228
liv-lvi, height),
density of, at different tempera- humidity,
tures, English xxviii, 108
English liv-lv, 220 Metric xxx, 112
Metric liv-lvi, 225-228 variation of gravity wiih alti-
gas constant for 248 tude,
quantity heat 248 English xxviii, 109
specific gravity 248 Metric xxx, 115
specific heat 248 latitude and weight of mer-
specific volume 247 cury,
weight per unit volume 247 English xxviii, io5
weight in grammes per cubic cen- Metric xxx, 114
timetre liv-lvi, 220-228 temperature,
Angle, conversion of days into. .212-215 . English xxviii, 104
Angular velocity, notation and values Metric xxx, 1 1
for 246 determination of height by,
Angot, A. treatise cited
, :rxii Babinet's formula xxxii, 118
Aqueous vapor, decrease of pressure Iâplace's formula xx, xxvii
with altitude xliii, 146 difference in height correspond-
pressure of, at low temperature, ing to,
xxxvi, 130, 131 a change of o.oi inch xxxi, 1 16
. .
pressure of, by psychrometric ob- a change of I mm xxii, 117

servations, pressure formulae 247, 249
English.. xxxviii, xxxix, 134, 135 pressures corresponding to tem-
Metric xli, 142, 143 perature of boiling water, .xxxv, 1 1
pressure of, in saturated air, reduction to,

English. . . .XXXV, xxxvi, 122-127 sea level,
Metric xxxv, xxxvi, 128-129 English xx-xxv, 60-70
weight of, Metric xx -xxvi, 78-91
English xxxvii, 132 standard gravity,
Metric xxxvii, 133 English xviii, xix, 58
275
276 INDEX.
Page Page-
Metric xviii, xix, 59 for variation of gravity with
standard temperature, altitude,
English. xvi, 14 English xxviii,
109
Metric xvii, 34 Metric xxx, 115
value for auxiliary formula in de- for latitude and weight of mer-
termining height, cury,
English xxvii, 100 English xxviii, 106
Metric xxix, no Metric xxx, 114
Beaufort, Admiral, wind scale, .xlvi, 160 for temperature,
notation for use at sea Ix, 272 English xxviii, 104
Belli,work cited xxxviii Metric xxx, in
Bessel,work cited liii for temperature of thermometer
Bigelow, F. H., work cited xxiv, xliii stem xiv, 12
Bigelow's standard system of notation Cosines, table of natural lix, 239.
and formulae lix, 245 Cotangents, table of natural lix, 241
Broch, work cited x^xv, Iv, 122, 132
Days, conversion into decimals of
Calorie, value of 248 year and angle Hi, 212-215.
Centigrade, conversion into Absolute, conversion of decimals of, into
Fahrenheit, and Reaumur xi, 2 hours,miuutes, and seconds.liii, 216-
conversion into Fahrenheit, .xii, 7-9 Declination of sun xlix, 177
near boiling point of water .xii, 9 Degree, length of, of meridian and
differences of xiii, 9 any parallel xlvii, 164, 165
C. G. S. unit of magnetic intensity, at different latitudes, .xlvii, 164, 165,
Ivii, 231 Degrees, interconversion of Absolute,
Clarke, treatise cited xxii, xlvi, xlvii Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reau-
spheroid xlvi, li mur xi, xii, 2-9
Clouds, names and abbreviations. .271, 272 Density of air liv-lvi, 220-228
Coefficient, of expansion 247 Depth of water corresponding to
in altitude 246 weight of snow or rain Iviii, 232
in latitude 246 Determination of heights by barom-

Constant, gas 248 eter,
gradient 249 English system, .xxvi-xxix, 100-109-
humidity 248 Metric system. .xxix, xxxi, 110-115
.
Continental measures of length and Babinet's formula for xxxii, iiS-

equivalents 208 Depression of the dew-point 138-141
Conversion of, measures of time and Dew-point xxxviii, xii
angle li, 209-218 depression of 138-141
linear measures xlix, i8c-2o8 Differences, in height, corresponding
thermometric scales xi, 2-9 to changes in barometer,
grains into grammes Ivii, 230 xxxi, xxxii, 116, 117
grammes into grains Ivii, 231 Differences,
kilogrammes into pounds Ivi, 230 Centigrade to Fahrenheit xiii, 9
pounds into kilogrammes. . . .Ivi, 229 Fahrenheit to Centigrade xiii, 9
units of magnetic intensity. .Ivii, 231 Division of numbers by 28, 29, and 31
Correction, Iviii, lix, 233-235
in determining heights by barom- Duration of sunshine xlviii, 166-177
eter, Dyne Ivii, 231
for humidity,
English xxviii, 108 El, value of the 20S
Metric xxx, 112 Elasticity, equation for 247
.
INDEX. 277
Page Page
Espy, treatise cited xxxviii Heat,
Expansion, coefficient of 247 equivalent of work 248
Exponents 248 latent, of melting ice 249
latent, of vaporizing water 249
Fahrenheit, conversion into Absolute, mechanical equivalent of 248
Centigrade, and Reaumur, .xi, xii, 3-6 quantity,
differences into differences Centi- air.. . : 248
grade xiii, 9 aqueous vapor 248
Fathom, Swedish, value of 208 water 248
Ferrel, Wm., treatise cited, specific, of
xxii, xxxi, xxxix, xlix air 248
Feet, conversion into metres. . .1, 200-201 aqueous vapor 248
per second into miles per hour, water 248
xlv, 155 units of 248
Foot, value of, for different nationali- Height, determination of,
ties 208 by barometer,
Formula, Babinet's barometric. xxxii, 118 English xxvi-xxix, 100-109
Lambert's, wind direction, Metric xxix-xxxi, 110-115
xliii, 148-153 homogeneous atmosphere. 245, 247 . .
Laplace's barometric xx, xxvii thermometrical measurement of

FormulEe, Bigelow's standard system xxxiii, 119
of notation and lix, 245-249 Hours, conversion into decimals of a
Fowle, F. E., treatise cited 234 day Hi, 216
minutes and seconds into deci-
Gas constant 248 mals of liii, 217
Gaussian units Ivii, 231 Humidity,

Geodetical tables xlvi, 161 cortrection for, in determining
Gradient 249 heights by barometer,
constant 249 English xxviii, 108
distance 249 Metric xxx, 112
vertical 249 relative, Fahrenheit,
Grains, conversion into grammes, xxxviii-xlii, 138-141
Ivii, 230 Centigrade, xxxviii-xlii, 144-145
Grammes, conversion into grains, term for, in determining density
Ivii, 231 of air,
Gravity, acceleration of 273 English Iv, 221-223
constants 245 Metric Ivi, 225-227
correction for variation of, Hygrometrical tables xxxv, 122-146
with altitude, .xix, xxxi, 109, 115 Hypsometric formula xx
with latitude .xix, xxxi, 106, 114
.
Hypsometry xxxiii, xxxiv, 119
reduction of barometric readings
xviii-xxiv, 58-98 Ice, latentheat of 249
to standard
Inches, conversion into millimetres,
relative acceleration in different
xlix, 180-186
latitudes xlvi, 162, 163
Infra-red Spectrum, absorption by
value of 245, 247
xxii water vapor lines in Iviii, 234
Guyot, A. treatise cited
,
Interconversion of nautical and statute

Hann, treatise cited xliii miles li, 208
J.,
Hanzlik, S., work cited Hx sidereal and solar time liii, 218
Harkness, Wm. treatise cited,
, International meteorological symbols. 271
xix, xxii, xlvi
Hazen, H. A., treatise cited.. xliv, xlv, Iviii James, H., treatise cited 160
278 INDEX.
Page Page
Kilogrammes, conversion into pounds, Mile, different values for 20S
Ivi, 230 Miles, conversion into kilometres,
Kilometres into miles li, 206-207 li, 204-205
per hour into metres per second, per hour into feet per second,
xlvi, 159 xlv, 154, 155
Klafter, Wiener, value of 208 kilometres per hour xlv, 154
metres per second, .xlv, 154, 157
Lambert's formula, mean wind direc-
Millimetres, conversion into inches,
tion xliii, 148-153
1, 187-199
Landolt and Bornstein, work cited,
Minutes of time into arc Hi, 211
xxxvi, Iv, Ivi
into decimals of a day lii, 216
Lap1 ace, formula of xx, xxvii
day into liii, 216
Latent heat, ice 249
into decimals of an hour liii, 217
water 249
Moritz, A XXXV
Latitude, gravity correction for,
xix, XXX, 106, 114 Naperian base of logarithms 246
Laughton ,
K. treatise cited
J. , 160 Nautical mile, equivalent in statute. li, 208
Length, arc of meridian xlvii. 164 Neumeyer, G. treatise cited
, 160
arc of parallel xlvii, 165 Numbers, logarithms of lix, 243
continental measures of, with Notation, Beaufort's, for use at sea, Ix, 272
metric and British equivalents, Bigelow's system of lix, 245
li, 208 cloud Ix, 271
Libbey, Wm., work cited,
xxxviii, xlviii, Ivii Ounces, conversion into kilogrammes,
Line, old French, value of 208 Ivi, 229
Linear measures xlix, 179-208 kilogrammes into Ivi, Ivii, 230
Logarithms, table lix, 243
Palm, Netherlands, value of 208
Naperian base 246
Parallel, length of a degree on. .xlvii, 165
modulus of common 246
Paschen, F. treatise cited
, 235
Marek, M., treatise cited xxi Pounds, conversion into kilog'ammes,
Marvin, C. F., work cited xv, xxxvi Ivi, 229
Mass, units of 246 imperial standard Ivi
Mean time, conversion of solar into Pressure, barometric, value of 247

sidereal liii, 218 of aqueous vapor 134, 135
at apparent noon liii, 217 English xxxiiii, 122, 128
Measures of angle li, 209 Metric xli, 128, 129, 142
of length 1 i , 208 of aqueous vapor at low tempera-
of time li, 209 ture xxxvi, 130, 131
Mechanical equivalent of heat 248 decrease with altitude xliii, 146
Mercury, specific gravity of 248 units of force of 247
weight of a cubic centimetre 246 units of weight of 247
weight per unit volume 247 Prototype kilogramme Ivi
Meridian, arcs of terrestrial xlvii Psychrometric observations,
length of a degree xlvii, 164 reduction of,
Meteorological stations lix, 250-267 English xxxix, 134, 137
Metre vi, xlix, 246 Metric xli, 142-143
Metres, conversion into feet. . .1, 202, 203

Quantity of water corresponding to
per second into kilometres per
rainfall Iviii, 232
hour xlvi, 158, 159
per second into miles per hour, Rainfall, conversion of depth of, into
xlv, 156, 157 gallons and tons Iviii, 232
, 81
INDEX. 279
Page Page
Heaumur, conversion to Absolute, heat of air, aqueous vapor, water 248
Centigrade, and Fahrenheit xi, 2 weight of air, aqueous vapor, ice,
Regnault, treatise cited xxxiv, xxxv mercury, water 247
Reduction, of barometer to Spectrum, water vapor lines in visible
sea level xx-xxiv, 60-98 Iviii, 233
standard gravity xxxi, 58, 59 absorption in infra-red Iviii, 234
standard temperature, Spheroid, Clarke's xlvii
xv-xix, 14-56 State of sea, symbols for 272
psychrometric observations, of weather, symbols for 272
xxxix, xli, 134, 142 Stations, list of meteorological,
snowfall measurements xliii, 146 lix, 250-267
Relative, humidity, Statute miles, conversion of, into nau-
xxxviii, xlii, 138-141, 144-145 tical li, 208
intensity of solar radiation, .xlix, 178 Sun, declination of xlix, 177
Rode, Danish, value of 208 Sunshine, duration of xlviii, 166-177
Rotch, A. L., work cited xlvi Symbols, International Meteorolog-
Rowland, work cited Iviii ical Ix, 268
Rubens and Aschkinass, treatise cited,
235 Tangents, table of natural lix, 241
Ruthe, Prussian, value of 208 Temperature,
208 correction for thermometer stem,
Norwegian, value of
xiv, 12
reduction to sea level. .xiii,xiv, 10, 11
Sagene, Russian, value of 208
term in determination of heights
Scales, comparison of Absolute, Centi- by barometer.. xxviii, XXX, 104, in
grade, Fahrenheit, and Reaumur, term in determination of density
xi, 2-9
of air 220, 224
Schott, C. A. , treatise cited 160
Thermometer, hypsometric xxxiv
Scott, R. H. treatise cited 160
.
correction for temperature of
Sea, state of, symbols for 272
mercury in stem xiv, 12
Sea-level
Thermometric scales, interconversiou
reduction of barometer to,
of xi , 2-9
English xx-xxv, 60-77
Thorpe, T. B., treatise cited xiv
Metric xx-xxvi, 78-98
Time,
Seconds, conversion of decimals of a
arc into li, 210
day into liii, 216
into arc lii, 2 1
into arc 211
mean, at apparent noon liii, 217
into decimals of a day lii, 216
mean solar into sidereal . . .liii-liv, 2 1
into decimals of an hour liii, 217

sidereal into mean solar. , liii-liv, 218
reduction for, sidereal or solar
ToisS, value of 208
time liv, 218
Sidereal time, conversion to solar, Units of magnetic intensity Ivii, 231
liii, liv, 218
Sines, table of natural lix, 239 Vapor,
Snowfall, weight corresponding to aqueous, pressure of,
depth of water xlii, 146 English xxxv, 122-127

Solar, radiation, relative intensity of Metric xxxvi, 12S-142
xlix, 178 at low temperature. ... xxxvi 1 30- 3 , ]
time, mean, conversion into pressure by psychrometric obser-

sidereal liii, liv, 218 vations,
Specific, gravity of air, aqueous vapor, English xxxix, 134
carbolic acid, ice, mercury, water. 248 Metric xli, 142
2yo INDEX.
Page Page
pressure decrease with altitude, Weather, state of, symbols for 272
xliii, 146 Weight, aqueous vapor,
specific heat, specific gravity, xxxvii, xxxviii, 132, 133
quantity heat, gas constant. . . 248 in grammes of a cubic centi-
specific weight, weight per unit metre of air liv-lvi, 220-226
volume 247 per unit volume, of air, aqueous
tension, formula for 249 vapor, ice, mercury, water .... 247
weight of . .. .xxxvii, xxxviii, 132, 133 specific, of air, aqueous vapor,
Vara, values of 208 ice, mercury, water 247
Versta or Werst, value of 208 Werst or Versta, value of 208
Visible spectrum, water vapor lines Wind, mean direction by Lambert's
in Iviii, 233 formula xliii, 148-153
scale, Beaufort's... xlvi,160
Water, latent heat 249
quantity heat, specific heat, spe-
cific gravity, gas constant. . . 248 Year, days into decimals of, and angle
specific weight, weight per unit lii, 212-215
volume 247

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جداول الأرصاد الجوية سميثسونيان 2

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THE GIFT OF

3 1924 003 999 558

The original of this book is in

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

THIRD REVISED EDITION

The original edition of Smithsonian Meteorological Tables was issued

of the late Professor Langley by the cooperation of Professors Alexander

Marvin vapor tensions over ice have been introduced. Professor F. H.

Meteorological Stations has been revised, and the International Meteoro-

The edition of the StnithsoQian Meteorological Tables issued in 1893

having become exhausted, a careful examination of the work has been

Meteorological Symbols and an Index were also added.

In connection with the system of meteorological observations estab-

meteorological tables was compiled by Dr. Arnoi<d Guyot, at the

Five years later, in 1857, a second edition was published after

ing to the Smithsonian Institution, the tables obtained a much wider

three parts: Meteorological Tables, Geographical Tables, and

Although thus historically related to Dr. Guyot' s Tables, the present

I metre = 39.3700 inches,

has been used here in the conversion-tables of metric and English

a large amount of attention given to the present work. Prof. I,ibbey

had already completed a revision, involving considerable recomputation,

cf the meteorological tables contained in the last edition of Guyot's

Ha,nd-book of Meteorological Tables ; aud also to the Superintendent of

BAROMETRICAL TABLES.— CowuVzw^rf.

21 Term for temperature 104

25 Values of 18400 log - no

Pressure of aqueous vapor {Brock) —

42 Relative humidity —Temperature Fahrenheit 138

HYGROMETRICAI, TABLES.— Co««««*(/.

44 Values of 0.000660 j9(^— if,) (i + -^^^M 143

45 Relative humidity —Temperature Centigrade 144

58 Relative acceleration of gravity at different latitudes . . 162

CONVERSION OF LINEAR MEASURES,

64 Inches into millimetres 180

CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE.

Weight in grammes of a cubic centimetr ; of air.

and Centigrade to Fahrenheit and Reaumur.

16.9 C. = 289.9 ^- = 62.4 F. = 13.5 R.

147.7 ^•= 337-3 ^. = 64.3 C= 51.4 R.

To convert 18. "3 Reaumur to Absolute, Centigrade, and Fahrenheit.

18.3 R. — 295.9 A- = 22.9 C. = 73.2 F.

Table 2. Conversion of readings of the Fahrenheit thermometer to readings

The conversion of Fahrenheit temperatures to Centigrade temperatures

where F° is a given temperature Fahrenheit, and C° the corresponding

For conversions of temperatures above \-^\° F, use Table i.

TABLE 3. Conversion of readings of the Centigrade thermometer to readings

The conversion of Centigrade temperatures to Fahrenheit temperatures

where C° is a given temperature Centigrade, and F° the corresponding

For conversions of temperatures above the upper limit of the table,

Table 4. Conversion of readings of the Centigrade thermometer near the

This is an extension of Table 3 from go.°o to loorg Centigrade.

To convert 95°74 Centigrade to Fahrenheit.

Table 5. Conversion of differences Fahrenheit to differences Centigrade.

The gives for every tenth of a degree from 0° to 20^9 F. the

THERMOMETRICAL TABLES. xiii

Conversion of differences Centigrade to differences Fahrenheit. Table 6

REDUCTION OP TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL.

Metric Measures. Table 8.

These and for different uniform rates

Observed temperature at an elevation of 2,500 feet, 52°5 F.