Control & Coordination

Control and Coordination in animals: Nervous Coordination Neuron - A neuron is the basic unit of nervous tissue Neuron has three parts: 1. Dendrite. 2. Cell body. 3. Axon. The axon of one neuron is close to the dendrites of cell body of the next neuron. This functional junction between two neurons is called synapse. Types of neurons i. Sensory neurons - which transmit impulse from receptor (sense organ) to coordinator (brain or spinal cord). ii. Motor neurons - which transmit impulse from modulator to effectors (muscle or glands). iii. Connecting neurons - which connect sensory and motor neurons, found in the grey matter. Nerves- Nerves are thread like structures, which emerge from brain and spinal cord and branch out to all parts of the body. Kinds of nerves - There are three kinds of nerves. These are: i. Sensory nerves: Sensory nerves bring impulse from sense organs to the brain or the spinal cord. ii. Motor nerves: Motor nerves carry impulse from brain or spinal cord to the effecter organ like muscle or glands. iii. Mixed nerves: These nerves contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers and perform a mixed function. Parts of Nervous system:

Center Nervous system: 1. Brain: Brain is situated in a bony box called cranium. Brain is covered by three membranes called meninges. It weighs about 1200-1400g in an adult Parts of brain: It has three main parts: i). Fore brain: - Cerebrum - Olfactory lobes. ii). Mid brain. iii). Hind brain: - Cerebellum - Pons - Medulla oblongata Cerebrum: It is the largest and most prominent part of the brain. It is divided into left and right hemisphere. The cerebrum performs the following functions: i. It governs our mental abilities like thinking, reasoning, learning, memorising and intelligence. ii. It controls our will, emotions and speech. iii. It controls feeling of love, admiration and hatred. iv. It controls all involuntary functions. Olfactory lobes: It receives and identifies different types of smell. Mid brain: It connects fore brain and hind brain. Cerebellum: It helps in maintaining balance and body posture. Cerebellums coordinate muscular movement Pons: It takes part in regulating respiration Medulla oblongata: It is the lowermost part of the brain. It connects brain from spinal cord. It is a center of involuntary actions ex. swallowing, sneezing, coughing and vomiting. Spinal cord: It is cylindrical structures arise from medulla and it is covered by vertebral column. It control reflex action and it connects brain to rest of body. Peripheral Nervous System: It includes nerves arises from brain and spinal cord. It has two parts: i). Cranial nerves (12pairs) nerves arise from brain. ii). Spinal or visceral nerves (31 pairs) nerves arise from spinal cord. Autonomic Nervous System: This system is self governing system. It controls the involuntary actions of the internal organs of the body like heart etc. It has two parts Sympathetic & Perasymphethetic. These two parts work opposite to each other.

Reflex action: a spontaneous, autonomic and mechanical response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain is called reflex action. Ex. Knee jerks movement, watering in mouth.

Reflex arc - The path way of reflex action is called reflex arc. A reflex arc has the following components: i. A receptor or sensory neuron which perceives the stimulus, ii. A sensory nerve which carries the message from sensory neuron to spinal cord, iii. A relay or intermediate neuron of spinal cord which transmits the impulse from sensory to motor neuron, and iv. Motor nerve which carries the message from spinal cord to effector organmuscle or gland. Control & Coordination in plants: Plants show their responses through various types of plant movements. Plant movements can be divided into two groups. i). Tropic movement ii). Nastic movement i). Tropic movements: The growth movement of plants in which the direction of stimulus determines the direction of response is called Tropic movement. Types of Tropic movement: Phototropic- growth movement of a plant part towards sun light. Geotropic - growth movement of a plant part towards gravitation. Hydrotropic - growth movement of a plant part towards water. Chemotropic - growth movement of a plant part towards chemical. thigmotropic - growth movement of a plant part towards touch or contact stimuli. ii). Nastic movement: The movement of plants part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is called nastic movement. Nastic responses are non directional movements of plant parts.

Phytohormones / Plant hormones: Five types of hormones present in plants: i) Auxin ii) Cytokinin iii) Gibberellins iv) Abscisic acid v) Ethylene Auxins are hormones synthesised at the tip of a stem that help the plant to grow by cell elongation. Gibberellins are hormones that help in the growth of the stem, seed germination, bolting, and flowering. Cytokinins are hormones present in large numbers in areas of rapid cell division, such as fruits and seeds. They also promote the opening of the stomata. Abscisic acid is a hormone that inhibits the growth and closure of the stomata. Ethylene It helps in ripening of fruits.

Hormones: The chemical substances which are released from endocrine glands in a small amount to a target organ elsewhere in the body to stimulate a specific activity. Endocrine glands- The glands which produce hormones are called endocrine glands. They are also known as ductless glands because they secrete hormones directly into the blood. Pituitary gland: 2. growth hormone: it control the growth of our body Thyroid gland: 1. Thyroxin hormone It controls the rate of metabolism in our body. Calcitonim: It maintains the balance of calcium in our body. Parathyroid gland: - Parathyroid hormone: It maintains the balance of calcium and phosphorus in our body. Pancreas: Insulin - It reduces the amount of sugar in our blood. Defecinsy of insulin causes diabetes. Glucagon It increases the level of sugar in our blood. Thymus gland: Thymus hormone It helps in development of immune system. Adrenal glands: This glands is also called gland of emergency Adrenaline hormone: it regulates heart beat, blood pressure, body metabolism, rate of respiration etc. Testis: Testosterone It helps in development of male sex organs.

It helps in development of secondary characters. Ovaries: Oestrogen It helps in development of female sex organs. Prejesteron: It helps in development of secondary characters.