MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS -

DIVISHA
ATHARVA
 MORPHOLOGY of PLANTS ISHITA 4 U
.
ISHITA KHURANA

Angiosperm in
→
large diversity
show
characterised
morphology ,
all

leaves ,
by presence of
roots stems
, ,
$
flowers fruits .

Root
•
system underground)
Flowering plant
> shoot system ( above
the
ground )

Root ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

& d
TAPROOTSYS-t-M-www-sp.si mary root and its branches .

Primary secondary
¥
↳
d d majority of Dicots .

Direct
elongation lateral roots E# mustard !
of radicle .

of several
FlBR0USR00-sYSTEÑ-www
Orders
→
Originate from the base
of stem .

↳ in monocots
↳
.

Functions of the root system Primary roots are short lived $ replaced
Egg wheat
plant by fibres .
.

→
Absoopn of H2O and minerals
from soil .

→
Providing proper anchorage to the plant parts .

→ store reserve

synthesize plant
food material .

ftp.vc-N-i-IOUSROO-SM3.w → Arise
from plant parts other
growth regulators
→

than Radicle
.

Egg Grass
; Monstera ; Banyan tree .

ISHITA 4 U

TAP ISHITA KHURANA

ROOT

Regions of root

A) ROOTCAP_ root at the ISHITA 4 U

: cover
apex
-
.

f ↳ Thimble like structure .

ISHITA KHURANA
Protect the tender root
apex of the .

B)
Region of Meoistamatic

activity : -
Few mm above the root
cap
.

↳ cells small thin walled with

f
are
very ,

dense
protoplasm
.

Divide
repeatedly .

c) Region of Elongation :-

Proximal to meristem atic

region .

=) d ↳ cells
undergo rapid elongation $

enlargement
ee , ,

foringrowth
.

gradually Responsible
differentiate $
mature
Of roots '
length .

z
d)
Region of maturation : -
Root
d
hair arises
from this
region .

absorbs water £ thread like structures

$ minerals which $ delicate
are
very fine
by epidermal
the soil
from formed cells
.
.
 Modification of root Taproot of carrot

}
,

d turnip $ adventitious
f By changing shape $ structure .

of sweet potato
.

U
I
support , storage of food - Get swollen $ stores

#☒ food
and
respiration . !

ISHITA 4 U
PROP ROOT STILT ROOT Pneumatophore
ISHITA KHURANA
• , d
Are the
hanging
Are the
supporting paa.ameau.q.ae
Structures
roots
coming ground $
grows vertically
.

out of the Hower

nodes of the stem Upwards .

EI
.

Banyan Tree
get oxygen for
.

Helps to
•

E- sugarcane ; maize respiration .

E Rhizophora [ swampy
in
area ]

ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

* FUNCTIONS
out branches T
spreading conducts water minerals $ photosynthesis
→
.

$←→
,

bearing waves
flowers vegetative
Some
perform storage ; Protection ; supports propagation
,

fruits .
.

Generally
> develops
from plumule of embryo of
Green
,
germinating
a seed .

g- Stem >
Ascending part of axis .

When
young
.

Woody $
steaks branches
flowers $
leaves
dartbrown , ,

fruits
•
a- .

when old .
beak blares nodes ISHITA 4 U
buds .

internodes
$
G- ISHITA KHURANA
.

be terminal
may OI
Axillary .

Modification of stem • UNDERGROUND STEM

A) UNDtRGR0UEM
↳ spread to new niches $ when older pants dies

↳ of : -

Potato ; Ginger ; turmeric ; zamikanoijcoeacasia

E_±& Grass $ strawberry .
new
plants formed
.
2

.d
Modified to store
food
→ Act as
organ of Perneviationz SUCKER STOLON OFFSET RUNNER
tide over conditions -
unfavourable
for growth
✓
.

B) sTEMTENL§ →

↳ slender
develop from
coiled
axillary bud .

\ Iff Iff 4th

,

↳ spirally
Jimeno
, '
a- de
helps plant to climb .
such as ! -

Banana , Jasmine short internode

Gourds [ Cucumber Mint
'

,
Pineapple ,
pistia Poacaeae ,
watermelon]
Pumpkin ;
churysarthe
graminis
me ,

ciceronian
Grapevines .

LATERAL BRANCH arises main axis

c) TH0RNS_ SLENDER
from the base
of the
→

pointed
•

straight
.

→
$
.

t ↳ Grows

( modified from axillary

↳
f buds
of stem .

to
aerially for
touch the
some time arch down
wards
-

E mints ground
.
-

Protect plants from animals

browsing
.

c Citrus
,
Bougainvillea .
Jasmin

@ Flattened !
②

.JP
→
d) Ipuntia / Euphorbia cylindrical •
LATERAL BRANCH WITH SHORT INTERNODES y
"" " ° "" "
Pistia $ Each node bears
modified
stems
from arid region of plants f
→
↳
rosette
•
contains chlorophyll and
Carley out photosynthesis
.
EÉh0Ña .

Found in $ theft of roots

of leaves
.

aquatic plants
Modif
.

CLADODE Internode RUSI

" :
→ .
?⃝
 ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

[
Leaf > lateral
, generally flattened
Most
imp .

<

vegetative organ
for photosynthesis e
r
s
develops at node $ bear bud

pnahhanged originate
in its anil .

axillary bud .

@ulops
acropetal mom gnaay
to
order apical meristem .

into branch

¥0
.

A-
ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

LEAF B_ASE PETIOLE LAMINA / LEAF BLADE

to
Leotnltached to stem holds blade to
→
Green expanded part of
by leaf base
light leaf with veins $
µ panacea
.
.

vein lets .

may bear lateral allows

leaf blade
→
2 →

consist

g
:

[
small
leaf stipules
-

to in wind
flutter
.

their by middle
•
In monocots →
expand leaf "$
cooling "
→
prominent vein cia

ÑT tbh
"" ^ "" " "
into sheath
covering "
at
•
Provide
rigidity to
leaf blade .

stem
partially @ wholly .

Reticulate
• act as transport for water ~
• In
leguminous leaf minerals $ food materials .

plants base
swollen •

Shape , margin apex surface

, ,
Cla
$ extent
of leaf
PULVINUS

Venation

it
veins and
arrangement of
→

vein lets .

RETICULATE

|
PARALLEL

/
2
vein lets veins run parallel
forma to each other .

network

in monocots
generally
ISHITA 4 U
in Dicots
generally
.

ISHITA KHURANA

RE
MTÉSMPLE Types Of leaves

Lamina Entire
when incision
COMPOUND

incision reaches
midrib
upto |✓
µof¥
.

↳ break into
Not reaches midrib → no
of leaflets bud
.

in anil
present
but not
of petiole
leaflet
.

ISHITA 4 U
COMPOUND
ISHITA KHURANA

silk cotton
peg
.
.

¥ Neem .

q µ µ
PINNATELY PALMATELY
Amn '

↳ ↳
Leaflets Knt ) altatch
Leaves
leaflets
point
Manis
on common at common

on Stern / → Rachis at tip of petioles

¥
Steve
ma Phyllatoxy
ALTERNATE OPPOSITE WHORLED
G s s
single leaf Pair
ofleaves at each more than 2 leaves
opposite
§
arise at each node lie arise at anode $ -

node in alternate call centre

manner .
to
gurgaon form a whorl
whorled
Cla
.

China
⇐ Calotropis ,

Guav¥µ
rose
, E¥ Antonia .

mustard ,

sarqouwiofjigo.ir
says
.

put must ISHITA 4 U

sun
Modification of leaves ISHITA KHURANA

INSECTIVOROUS
• PLANTS
r r µ ↳
TENDRILS SPINES
d
FLESHY LEAVES SHORT LIVED VENUS
flytrap
g a Pitcher plant
Onion ,
climbing Defence PETIOLE →
expand ,
→
Modified leaves .

Peas
E⇐ E Cacti
Garlic become
green $
synthesize food .

ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA
 •
Flowers are borne in a
Acoopetatorder .

✓ Aron of flowers SternStern

on

Branch
. or

Racemose
(
Inflorescence
<

Flower is
modified shoot
>
main axis →
a
continue to Grow
f-
.

the cymose meristem

limited
main axis
terminates in flower .
shoot
in
apical
floral meristem .
changes
ingrowth !

Arrangement ofAxisflowers
flowers borne in
are
basipetal order
•
.

floral IN
-

on

Internodes do not
,
elongate $ axis
get condensed
• → .

Apex Produces → Floral

appendages laterally
d
at each nodes
•
shoot tips
instead leaves )
↳
(
of
transforms → in flower
(
always solitary ) ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA
In
Flower
some like
flowers
CALYX$ COROLLA are not
distinct $ Cla perianth
/ ↳ its
reproductive unit →

Angiosperms
.

[
CALYX <
Accessory
Organs corona <
[meant for sexual
Reproduction]
Has 4 kind
difft
[
.

ANDRO @ ciums
Repro Of whorls Reduce
on
leaf
.

z
organs Gynoecium <

Thallus / Receptabk at base of

7 Pedicle
Kanhangad successively on
.

end the slalith Bracts

# Either stamen OI the swollen of
↳ bactereate
carpel Unisexual .

stalk / Pedicle )
without Bracts
↳ c-bactereate

Symmetry of flower Fiybe

trimerous (3)

ISHITA 4 U
> tetoamerous (4)
ISHITA KHURANA

Actinomorphic zygomorphic Assy metric >

pentamerous (5)
radial bilateral
irregular
• .
• •

symmetry .

symmetry •
can't be divided
• divided into •
2 similar into halves
2
equal
halves
2
equal halves only
in any radian in one plane .

Plane ✓p£ Baird Canna .

-

⇐ pea ,
Mustard
,
Gulmohar , CasÉ
Datura bean
,

chilli
Tassie
 Based on the position of calyx, corolla androecium in
respect of the ovary on thalamus,
flower described as

r n n

HYPOGYNOUS PERIGYNOUS EPIGYNOUS

Gynoecium →
occupy gynoceium → centre ↳
margin of thalamus

highest position .

. grows upward
Other rim
parts on of
•
→
$ Other Other
parts → below it
thalamus .
→
pants →
above
ISHITA 4 U
•

Ovary
→
superior Black •

ovary →
half inferior ovary
.

superChinese
-

Guava , ISHITA KHURANA

E¥ Mustard , Egg Plum , Rose ,
Egg
China Rose
Mascara , peach Cucumber ,

Brinjal Ray florets of

FUSED sunflower
.

→
epalous
↳Tepals united )
←

Gamopetalous Corolla '

composed of petals
Calyx
.

→ Outermost whorl ,
( Petals united)
Polysepaloeeg
G-
←

(sepals free )
Peiotect
r
"
remembers called sepal '

polypetalous
'
- '

FREE flow
Green ,
leaflike ( petals
free) brightly coloured z
attract insects
in bud
stage .
,

tubular bell
shaped ,
, I
wheel
ISHITA 4 U funnel shaped OI
P0LHNAY
shaped
.

ISHITA KHURANA
Aestivation → mode
of arrangement
of sepals $ petals in

floral bud .

a
Chinese N

valvate
Twisted lady
has
µ
Vexillary
& Twisted Imbricate d
g
one
margin children . F) there are 5
of the ADIE
sepals $
in
margin Gulmohais
petals $ ISHITA 4 U
petals appendages overlap the
ISHITA KHURANA
a whorl
just overlaps next
one another case
-
LARGEST
touch , not but not in any (Stanaland)
One &
overlap particular dieen
'

EX China Rose , overlaps

¥
'

Cassia
E-I-calotrop.is
=

ladyfinger the 2. lateral

,
,
Gilmohatr
Raman petals (
wings ]
⑨↳ Cv $ cotton .

which in turn
2 smallest
overlap
- Petals .

Egg Pea
; bean

stamens altatch

alto perianth Androecium composed of stamen

sepf↳¥y⑨
.

✗
P stamens
atatch to
CD
petals Each anther
Pollen
grains produced
Pollen sac .
in

is bilobed consist stalk

of
filaments anther ISHITA 4 U
$ each lobe
⑧steal
.

has 2 ISHITA KHURANA

chambers
stamen Cla STAMINODE
 Stamens

< N s

MONOADELPHOUS DIADELPHOUS POLYDELPHOUS

& & &
stamen : Stamen united
Starnes
-

: -

United United in in more than

in 1 BUNCH 2 BUNCHES 2 bunches .

E¥ China E¥ Pea
¥ Citrus
ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

✓
Gynoecium → FEMALE REPRO .
PART
to •
After fertilisation
the
1) $ Okay
,

Apocarpous consist : -

stigma , style .

developers
ovules into
d-
its
seeds $ the matures
↳ ovary
carpets are
is
usually basal
the
enlarged
into a
fruit .

free atip of stye leaf .

¥ lotus $ Rose
sluespective
surface for pollen grain
.

2) Syncarpous
↳ ISHITA 4 U
carpets fused
are

ISHITA KHURANA BASAlPlATA90N

Egg Mustard ,
Tomato .

↳ Placenta
s develops at the
base
of ⑧ vary $ single ovule
Placentation is attached to it .

Egg sunflower ;

↳
Marigold .

arrangement of ovules within the

ovary .

[ Egg
Egg mustards Argemone
&

Marginal
placenta
Axile
the ovules
Parietal
Ovuled
develop
free central
ovules are borne
form are altatch on inner wall on central axis
ridge along ventral toitina of
ovary @ and Septa are
Str of multi locular on absent
ovary peripheral
. .
.

Ovary pot Egg Dianthus

.
.

Ovules born on
ridge E¥⑦mato ,
ovary → one chambered $ Primrose .

④ mon ,
forming 2 rows Ina
.
, becomes 2. chambered
Rose -

↳ due to Formnof False septum .

⑦② ②
A1
 www.ggaay.ayguan.a.a.ee#
Fruits → characteristic
feature of flowering
[ "
Plant .

Iffruit
is a matured OI roipened ovary developed ,

formed after fertilisation .

without
fertilisation
of the
ovary
→ called Parthenocakpic fruit ISHITA 4 U
-

consist wall OI pericarp $ seeds ISHITA KHURANA

of :
-
•

d
f
may
be
day or
fleshy .

into outer
epicarp ,

mesocarp $ inner z

endocarp .

Drupe →
develop from monocanpellary superior ovaries
$ seeded
are one .

In
Mango
* : -

into
pericarp is well
differentiated the :
-

outer then
ISHITA 4 U
→
epicarp ,

caupÑ→
middle edible
a
fleshy
→

ISHITA KHURANA * In coconut :

mesocarp
-

↳ meso $ an inner
stony hand
fibrous
endocarp
eudongsper
-
.

Dicotyledonous seed Monocotyledonous seed

&
→ outermost
seed
covering
coat .
called
Alle
Endosperm:c
a ( but some in orchids are
,
Knt )
endosperm ie)
2
layers Non -

seeds cereals such as maize

of coat
→
e , ,
outer Testa inner the seed is membraneous and
Tegmen
generally fused with
fruit wall
.

LUM SCAR → on the seed coat

through developing which seeds

attached to the
fruits Endosperms store
food
•

were
.

hilum is da
covering
small Outer
of endosperms
a
pone •

micropyle .

separates the
embryo
layer Cla aleurone layer
.

within seed coat

m u r m u rs
$ situated in
d
is
•

Embryoatis small
Embryo
there end of
an
groove
one the
endosperm -

d
consist
consisting of large cotyledon cia
•

:
-

axis scutellum
embryonal
.

$ 2
cotyledons
.

$ a shoot axis with plumule

d and radicle
g
.

cotyledons Plemllle $ Radicle are enclosed

are often fleshy
•

$ full of reserve in sheaths which are called

coleoohiza
food materials .
Cleoptile $ .

v✓R①&⑨
At the 2 ends
of the
embryonal
•

axis Radicle $ plumule

are
present .

⑧
→ some seeds : -
such as Castor
the ]
endosperm
formeddouble as a result
fertilisation
of
.

'
€
Food tissue $
storing
-
✗

seeds .
called Endospermice
✓ ✓
•
In plants → such as Peas , Gram :
-

is
Endosperm
Not
present ( in mature seeds) ISHITA 4 U
-0

NOn-Endosperms!&
d
And such seeds Cla
ISHITA KHURANA
?⃝
 FAMILIES
second
ISHITA 4 U

ISHITA KHURANA

FAB First SOLAN Lili

/ (5) 5 (5)

|P(
K
3+3
)
c / 1+2+475 (5)

A / (9) + I 10 5 A 3+3

/
a G- IN ↳ (2) 913 )

zygomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic

Racemose
cymose cymose
legume /
capsule Berry capsule ,

Rarely bony
Non
endogamic Endogamous Endogamous
-

Potato
Pulses
gram
Tomato
Brinjal vegetables Asparagus
-
-

,
, ,
orhan /
chilli
seem ,
mooing / spice :
colchicine .

Soyabean Medicine Belladonna,

.

Ashwagandha
.

Edible oil
soyabeow
-

groundnut Fumigating
-

tobacco .

S I T ornamental -

ornamental -

\ Petunia tulip globosa

\
.

✓ /
.

Sesbania enfold
Indigo Medicine -
Aloe

ornamentals
lupin
:
, ISHITA 4 U

sweet ISHITA KHURANA

pea
.

Medicine -
Mulaitui
DETAILED
live
Explanation
on Youtube channel
-
Ishita Khurana .

10pm
3rd
August