VISIONIAS

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ANSWERS & EXPLANATION
CSAT 2023 – ABHYAAS TEST – 2 – 4254

1 (c)
Statement 1 is correct. The passage mentions, “The introduction of central bank digital currencies internationally
has worried many who believe that it could disrupt the banking system”. It clearly indicates the potential disruption
in banking system. When interest rates are low, people may convert their bank deposits into digital currencies, which
in turn could cause the cash holdings of banks to drop and hinder banks’ capacity to create loans. The author further
goes on to discuss the many other ways that people apprehend this could happen. So, this statement is correct.
Statement 2 is correct. The passage mentions, “Such an event could cause the cash holdings of banks to drop and
hinder banks’ capacity to create loans. When interest rates offered by banks are low, people may be more prone to
converting their bank deposits into digital currencies, since they would not lose out much in the way of interest
income by making the shift. Such an event could cause the cash holdings of banks to drop and hinder banks’ capacity
to create loans.” So, this statement is correct.

2 (a)
Statement 1 is correct. The passage mentions, “The digital rupee is recognized as a legal tender by the RBI and
thus has to be accepted by everyone in the country as a medium of exchange”. It shows that the e-rupee is a type of
digital currency, legalized by the RBI and has to be accepted by everyone.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “The digital currency will be offered by a select group of public
and private banks in a few major cities initially, which can be used for both person-to-person and person-to-
merchant transactions”. Therefore, it can be used for person to person and also for person to merchant transaction.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “It is, however, different from deposits that you hold in a bank.
Unlike deposits which are paid interest, the digital rupees in your wallet are not paid any interest by the central
bank”. Therefore, according to the passage, the digital e-rupee in your wallet does not pay any interest, normally
received in case of cash deposits.

3 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. The context of the feeling of love is not covered in the passage. Also, why one should not
be concerned about the source of knowledge for love is not discussed in the passage. So, this option is beyond the
scope of the passage.
Option (b) is incorrect. This option is based on the line: “The public is sometimes derisive of social psychologists'
study of love and research questions like “Does good communication make for successful relationships?” It reflects
that the public sometimes mocks the study of love by social psychologists. But to conclude and say that such a study
by them is a waste of time would be out of context and not correct. So, this option is not the best crux of the passage.
Option (c) is correct. The given option is based on the following lines: “These common beliefs are false. It does
not pay to be overly confident about maxims learned at one's caregiver's knee or garnered from the latest column
one has read about relationships in a magazine.” These explain that the knowledge about love from the mentioned
sources is false and hence we can conclude that we cannot rely on such information. So, the option best captures the
essence of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. The context of the objective approach by social psychologists and why they should
convince people about love using that approach is beyond the scope of the passage, because it is not covered in the
passage. So, this option is not correct.

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4 (b)
Let the 5 consecutive integers be 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
The average of 5 consecutive integers from 1 to 5 is 3.
Therefore, the value of m is 1 and the value of n is 3.
So, m + 2 = 3
9 consecutive integers starting from m + 2 will be 3, 4, ... , 11
Their average is 7.
We know that, n = 3. So, 7 has to be (n + 4).

5 (c)
Let the age of Anjali = x years.
And, let the difference in the ages of Anjali and Vijaya = a years.
Age of Vijaya = x + a years
Age of Tanya = x – a years
As given in the question, sum of ages of Vijaya and Tanya = 48
(x – a) + (x + a) = 48
or 2x = 48
or x = 24 years.
Age of Anjali = x = 24 years
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

6 (b)
Let f(x) = x4 – ax3 + bx2 – cx + 8

When divided by x – 1, f(x) leaves a remainder of 4.

So, f(1) = 4
or 1 – a + b – c + 8 = 4
or –a + b – c = - 5 ...... Eqn (1)

When divided by x + 1, f(x) leaves a remainder of 3.

So, f(–1) = 3
or 1 + a + b + c + 8 = 3
or a + b + c = - 6 ...... Eqn (2)

Adding equations (1) and (2), we get:

2b = -11,
or b = -5.5
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

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7 (c)
Let’s say that the students are named a, b, c, d and e, in increasing order of weights.
The average weight of a, b, c and d is 40 kg, whereas the average weight of b, c, d and e is 45 kg.
So, the sum of a, b, c and d is 160 kg, and the sum of b, c, d and e is 180 kg.

What must be the total weight of all the students?

There are two ways of looking at this.
a) Total weight = 160 + e
b) Total weight = 180 + a
So, e is 20 kgs heavier than a.
The average weight of the whole class will be the minimum if the value of a is the minimum.
This will be the case if b = c = d = e = 180/4 = 45 kg, and a = e - 20 = 25 kg
So, minimum average weight of the whole class = (180 + 25)/5 = 41 kg

The average weight of the whole class will be the maximum if the value of a is the maximum. This will be the case
if a = b = c = d = 160/4 = 40 kg, and e = a + 20 = 60 kg

So, maximum average weight of the whole class = (180 + 40)/5 = 44 kg

So, the difference between the maximum possible and the minimum possible average weight = 44 – 41 = 3 kgs.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

8 (c)
Pipe A can fill the tank in 20 minutes.
So, part of the tank filled in 1 minute = 1/20
Pipe B can empty the tank in 30 minutes.
So, part of tank emptied in 1 minute = 1/30

Part of tank filled in 2 minutes (Pipe A is opened for 1 minute and Pipe B is opened for the next 1 minute) = 1/20 –
1/30 = 1/60
Part of the tank filled in 57 × 2 = 114 minutes = 57/60.
The last 3/60th part is filled in 115th minute by pipe A.
Hence, the tank is filled in 115 minutes.
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

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9 (d)
A Venn diagram deduced from the given statements has been drawn below:

Therefore, both conclusions I and II follow.

So, option (d) is the correct answer.

10 (a)
Clearly, the first letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved three, four, five, six and seven
alphabet-letters forward respectively to obtain the first letter of the successive terms.

The second letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved five, six, seven, eight and nine
alphabet-letters forward respectively to obtain the second letter of the successive terms.

The third letters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth terms are moved seven, eight, nine, ten and eleven
alphabet-letters forward respectively to obtain the third letter of the successive terms.

Thus, the missing term would be ZKW.

So, option (a) is the correct answer.

11 (b)
The first, third and fifth letters are each moved one alphabet-letter backward, while the second, fourth and sixth
letters are each moved one alphabet-letter forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

12 (d)
Option (a) is incorrect. The given statement is not correct because it projects computer coding as the best
mechanism to teach children life skills which is not based on the information given in the passage. The passage
nowhere suggests that computer coding is the best method to learn life skills. The only coverage about computer
coding is in line “If you start introducing complex skills, such as computer coding, to kids whilst they are young,
they’ll consume it quickly, utilise it flexibly and continue to foster it for decades to come” and this does not imply
or mean what is stated in this statement.
Option (b) is incorrect. The passage does not discuss the ill consequences of end-user technology for children and
why they should avoid it. So, this option is beyond the scope of the passage and hence, is not correct. The author
primarily discusses the need to transition children from the demand side to the supply side of technologies.
Option (c) is incorrect. The passage talks about learning to code and how it can help in catapulting
(launching/moving) them into digital old age with ease through line “… but what if we could teach our children to
create new technology that will catapult them into digital old age with ease?”. This does not mean, that by learning
coding at a young age their old age will become easy or/and prosperous. There is no such relationship established
in the passage. Hence, this option is not correct.
Option (d) is correct. The essence of the following lines “Quite often, our kids are only exposed to the end-user
part of technology. Most watch YouTube, play video games, play on their smartphones, and download music from
Alexa, but what if we could teach our children to create new technology that will catapult them into digital old age

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with ease?” is best captured in the given option. Children consume end-user technology, but they should also create
new technology. So, this option is correct.

13 (a)
Assumption 1 is correct. The lines “It is now well recognized that such communities need to be offered alternatives
for their livelihoods to ensure that coral reefs are not further damaged, as well as to alleviate poverty in coastal
areas.”, reflect that coral reefs were acting as a source of livelihood for coastal areas which led to their destruction.
Hence, alternatives for their livelihood need to be offered to protect the coral reefs. So, this assumption is correct.
Assumption 2 is incorrect. Refer to the first line of the passage: “The connection between poverty and coral
reef ecosystems is significant: two-thirds of all countries with reef areas are developing countries, and a quarter of
these are least-developed countries.” These lines talk about the intricate relationship between coral reefs and
livelihood (which may lead to exploitation of reefs) in developing and least-developed countries. This does not
mean that there is absolutely no exploitation of coral reefs in developed countries. In the context of this passage, we
cannot comment on this. Therefore, this assumption is invalid.

14 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. There is no discussion of artificial coral reefs as an alternative livelihood for the protection
of natural coral reefs. So, this option is beyond the scope of the passage. The author only discusses solutions like
integrated and participatory approaches to reef management, selective tourism and controlled local use of coral
reefs.
Option (b) is incorrect. Refer to the line: “Such approaches include identifying and supporting alternative
livelihoods to reduce dependence on coral reefs.” The author does talk about dependence on coral reefs. It is
possible that marine biodiversity would be affected by overdependence and the associated exploitation. However,
we cannot say that it would not happen in developed countries. There is no concrete information given the passage
to conclusively establish this claim. So, this is not the crux of the passage.
Option (c) is correct. The lines “The connection between poverty and coral reef ecosystems are significant: two-
thirds of all countries with reef areas are developing countries, and a quarter of these are least-developed
countries.” and “Selective tourism can regulate the level of carrying capacity of the coral reef environment. In the
case of selective tourism, the protection of flora and fauna can be done through notification and monitoring of the
environment”, clearly demonstrate that selective tourism can help in coral protection in developing and least-
developed countries.
Option (d) is incorrect. Practicing selective tourism is good for coral conservation but the context of uniform policy
regulation, that too globally, is not a part of the passage. There could be region wise variations in the exploitation
of coral reefs. Therefore, it would be imprudent to recommend a globally uniform regulation.

15 (b)
A and E are brothers. Hence, both are males.
F is the sister of E, and hence a female.
C is a son, and hence a male.
B and D are daughters, and hence females.
Thus, there are three males in all.
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

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16 (a)
The path taken by Gopal is shown below.

Clearly, Gopal is finally walking in the North direction.

So, option (a) is the correct answer.

17 (d)
Final position of Monika has been shown below:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 M 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Initial position of Monika has been shown below:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 M 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Clearly, Monika's initial position was 8th from the left end and 14th from the right end. Hence, the answer is (d).

18 (a)
The required region is the one which is common to the Youth and Employed circles, but lies outside Educated circle,
i.e. 4.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

19 (b)
Given series: 10, 5, 5, 7.5, 15, P
The series follows the following pattern:
10 × 0.5 = 5
5×1=5
5 × 1.5 = 7.5
7.5 × 2 = 15
So, P = 15 × 2.5 = 37.5
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

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20 (a)
Let the number of sides in the regular polygon be n.
Therefore, Number of diagonals = nC2 - n = [n (n-1)/2] - n = (n2 - 3n) / 2
Given, Number of sides = T x Number of diagonals
Or n = T × (n2 - 3n)/2
Or n = (2/T) + 3 = (2 + 3T)/T

Interior angle of a regular polygon = (n - 2) × 180/n

= 180 – 360/n
= 180 – 360 T/(2 + 3T)
= (360 + 540 T – 360 T) / (3T + 2)
= (360 + 180 T) / (3T + 2)
= 180 × (T + 2)/(3T + 2)
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

21 (c)
Let’s compare the incomes of A, B, C, D and E.
A = (5/4) × B
Or B = (4/5) × A

C = (5/4) × A

A = (6/5) × D
Or D = (5/6) × A

E = (6/5) × A

In order for the amounts earned by A, B, C, D and E to be integers, the amount earned by A should be a multiple of
4, 5 and 6. Or, the amount earned by A should be a multiple of 60. The only multiple of 60 that is a 2–digit number
is 60.

So, if A earns Rs. 60, B should earn Rs. 48. C should earn Rs. 75. D should earn Rs. 50. And E should earn Rs. 72.
The total amount earned by all 5 of them should be equal to Rs. 60 + Rs. 48 + Rs. 75 + Rs. 50 + Rs. 72 = Rs. 305
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

22 (d)
Statement 1 is invalid. Refer to the line: “A total of 16 GIB chicks, artificially hatched from eggs collected from
the wild, are being reared in the satellite conservation breeding facility at Sam in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.” It clearly
highlights the breeding of GIB chick in artificial set up. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that breeding of Great Indian
Bustard can be done only in the wild.
Statement 2 is completely wrong in the context of this passage. Refer to the last line: “Questions, however, are
being raised about the slow pace of implementation.” This line highlights the slow pace of implementation of the
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GIB conservation measures. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the steps being taken to conserve the GIB have
earned wide acclamation.

23 (d)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972, in Appendix I of CITES, as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, the Great Indian Bustard (GIBs)
enjoy the highest protection both in India and globally”. It implies that the Great Indian Bustard is important for
the environment and ecology and that is why they are included in IUCN red data book as an endangered species.
However, suggesting that “…as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List,) the Great Indian Bustard (GIBs)
enjoy the highest protection in India” is not the same as “The Great Indian Bustard (GIB) is considered to be India’s
most critically endangered bird”. The passage makes a general statement regarding GIB being highly protected, but
does not make a comparison amongst the animals/birds included in the critically endangered category.
Assumption 2 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Historically, the GIB population was distributed among 11
States in western India but today the population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat. Small populations are
found in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.” It implies that GIBs are found in many states but most of
them are found in Rajasthan and Gujarat, which are western states rather than northern, esp. Gujrat.

24 (d)
Option (a) is incorrect. Nowhere in the passage has the author mentioned that only an educated population can
best make use of the benefits of digital progress. So, this option is incorrect.
Option (b) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Of course language flexibility in higher education should include
students having room to improve their English skills too. This will open up more opportunities for them in the global
knowledge economy.” The author highlights how Bengal paid a heavy price for curbing English to promote the local
language. It implies that, along with local languages, the English language is also important, as it will allow availing
more opportunities globally in every field. So, this option is incorrect.
Option (c) is incorrect. Nowhere in the passage has the author mentioned the educationally rich people or their
morality. This passage limits its domain to the medium of language for subjects of higher education. So, this option
is incorrect.
Option (d) is correct. Since, options (a), (b) and (c) are incorrect, option (d) is the most appropriate answer.

25 (b)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Students schooled in their mother tongue have a disadvantage
in higher education where English is usually the medium of instruction and examination. So, even in higher
education, language can be a barrier in learning. Therefore, this assumption is incorrect.
Assumption 2 is correct. The passage mentions, “India is also witnessing great internal migration, and migrant
children should not be put at risk by rigid approaches to language.” Rigid approaches to language can negatively
affect the children of migrant population because these children might have received their earlier teachings in a
different language. It implies that language should be flexible - flexible language policies can greatly benefit
students who migrate from another state. So, this assumption is correct.

26 (b)
A can complete the task in 12 days and B can complete the task in 18 days.
So, in one day, A can do 1/12th of the task, while in one day B can do 1/18th of the task.
In two days, they can complete 1/12 + 1/18 = 5/36th of the task.
So, at the end of 14 days, they would have done 35/36th of the task.

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On the 15th day A would begin the work with 1/36th of the task still remaining.
He can finish 1/12th task in a day.
So, he would take one-third of a day to finish 1/36th of the task.
So, they can finish the whole task in 14.33 days.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

27 (d)
From1, we have : A = P.
From 2, we have : N < P < S.
Combining the above two, we get : N < A = P < S.
So, Sahil is the heaviest amongst them.
So, both statements 1 and 2 are required to answer the question.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

28 (a)
As per the question, x > 60 > y
Also, we can infer that both x and y have to be non-negative and cannot be more than 100. So, 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 100

Using the Alligation method, we get:

(60 – y) / (x – 60) = 1/3
Or (x – 60) = 3(60 – y)
As y is an integer, 60 – y must be an integer too.
So, x – 60 has to be a multiple of 3.
If y = 47, x = 99.
If y = 80, x = 0.
Therefore, x can be 0, 3, 6, 9, …..96, 99. That is, a total of 34 possible values.
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

29 (d)
76×77×78×79×80×81×82/1539
= 76×77×78×79×80×81×82/(81×19)
= 4×77×78×79×80×82

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Here, 1539 divides the given expression completely.
So, the remainder is zero.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

30 (d)
According to the question,
The first performance is scheduled on 13th February on Thursday, just followed by performance of S. So, S’s
performance is scheduled on 14th February on Friday.

Dancer P will not perform on 15th February. So, P’s performance can be on 13th or 16th February.

One dance is scheduled between the performance of P and Q. Thus, it is clear that P will perform on 13th February
and Q on 15th February. Therefore, R will perform on 16th February.

So, final arrangement will be:

P – 13th February, Thursday
S – 14th February, Friday
Q – 15th February, Saturday
R – 16th February, Sunday
Dancer R’s performance will be on 16th February, Sunday.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

31 (c)
Let t1 be the first term, t4 be the 4th term, and t12 be the 12th term of the progression.
The sum of the first 'n' terms of an arithmetic progression = (n/2) [2t1 + (n - 1) × d]
So, Sum of the first 15 terms of an AP = (15/2) [2t1 + (15 - 1) × d] = (15/2) [2t1 + 14d] …… equation (i)
We can find the answer either if we know t1 and d, or if we can find the value of [2t1 + 14d].

The sum of the 4th and 12th terms = 20.

So, t4 + t12 = 20

t4 can be expressed as t1 + 3d
Similarly, t12 can be expressed as t1 + 11d
∴ t4 + t12 = 20 can be expressed as t1 + 3d + t1 + 11d = 20
Or 2t1 + 14d = 20

Substituting 2t1 + 14d = 20 in equation (i), we get:

Sum of the first 15 terms = (15/2) [2t1 + 14d]
= (15/2) × 20 = 150.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
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32 (c)
As per the statements, we get:

Here, City is denoted as C, Village is denoted as V, Shop is denoted as S and Mall is denoted as M.

Conclusion-I: Some Malls are Cities → It is correct

Conclusion-II: All Shops are Cities→ It is not correct
Conclusion-III: Some Shops are Cities → It is correct
Therefore, Conclusion-I and Conclusion-III are correct.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

33 (b)

As shown in the figure, the shaded portion is coloured. Clearly the rows of smaller cubes (formed by cutting the
large cube into 125 parts) which are indicated by tick have none of their faces coloured.
Since there are 16 such rows, and each row consists of 5 cubes, so there are 16 × 5 = 80 cubes which are not coloured
at all.
Now, on the upper coloured surface, there are 25 coloured cubes, and the adjacent coloured surface has 20 coloured
cubes (whose at least one face is painted).
Total coloured cubes = 25 + 20 = 45
So, required ratio = 45 : 80 or 9 : 16
Hence, the ratio of cubes which are coloured on at least one face and cubes which are not coloured at all is 9 : 16.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

34 (d)
Statement 1 is incorrect. Refer to the line: “But even though Argentina has highly qualified women, with a
relatively high proportion in leadership roles, it fares a shade worse than India.” Despite having high proportion
of women in leadership roles, Argentina has gender gaps in wealth accumulation. Therefore, this answer option is
incorrect.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage does not make any reference to GDP growth rate of a country. Therefore,
this answer option is entirely beyond the scope of this passage.
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35 (a)
Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “On average, women are expected to accumulate 74% of wealth
as compared to men at the time of retirement. The main causes for the difference are a gender pay gap and women’s
delayed career trajectories on account of care giving”. It implies that women spend a long time in care giving
which takes away time from their careers. Therefore, as per the passage, women’s delayed career trajectories, rather
than the choice of career, affect their accumulation of wealth. So this statement is incorrect.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage does not mention, “Access to relevant information” as the reason affecting
women’s accumulation of wealth. So, this statement is not valid according to the passage.
Statement 3 is correct. The passage mentions, “On average, women are expected to accumulate 74% of wealth as
compared to men at the time of retirement. The main causes for the difference are a gender pay gap and women’s
delayed career trajectories on account of care giving”. It shows that women’s accumulation of wealth capacity
depends on the gender pay gap, which means that women get lower wage for the same amount of work. So this
statement is correct.

36 (c)
Given: Ratio of length of both trains = 5 : 4 and ratio of their speed = 4 : 3
Let the length of trains be 5x and 4x and speed of trains be 4y and 3y
∵ Time = (distance/speed)
∴ Required ratio of time taken by them to cross an electric pole = (5x/4y) : (4x/3y) = 15 : 16

37 (a)
Method I:
∵ Price of 25 Bananas = 100 paise
∴ Cost Price of 1 Banana = (100/25) = 4 paise
To get a profit of 25%, price of 1 Banana = [4 × (125/100)] = 5 paise
∴ Number of Bananas needed to be sold to get back Rs 1 (100 paise) = (100/5) = 20 Bananas

Method II:
If cost is constant (Rs 1 in this case), then:
1
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 ∝
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
Here there is a profit of 25%, so CP : SP = 100 : 125 = 4:5

So to get back Rs 1 he should sell 20 bananas.

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38 (d)
At 4:30, the position of the minute and hour hands of the clock will be as follows.

As shown above, if the minute hand points towards the east, the hour hand will point towards the north-east.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

39 (c)
2's followed by 1's, but not preceded by 4 have been highlighted below.
421214211244412212144214212124142124146
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

40 (d)
Numbers called out by Nitin: 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 .....
Numbers called out by Sumit : 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 .....
Clearly, they will never call out the same number at the same time.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

41 (d)
From statement 1:
S and R are sitting opposite to each other, and Q and U are also sitting opposite to each other. So, P and T must also
be sitting opposite to each other. But we do not know who is facing inwards and who is facing outwards. So,
Statement-1 alone is not sufficient.
From statement 2:
P, Q and R are facing the centre, while S, T and U are facing outwards.
But we do not know their exact position. So, Statement-2 alone is not sufficient.

Even both statements together cannot provide us a definite answer.

Thus, even both Statements 1 and 2 together are not sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

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42 (b)
One possible Venn diagram for the given statements is as follows:

Conclusion I: Some Bright are Dark → False (It is not definite)

Conclusion II: Some Pictures are not Dark → True
Hence, only Conclusion II follows.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Explanation for Questions 43 and 44:

From the information given in the passage, we can fill in the table containing the names of the translators and the
languages they know:

43 (c)
As given in the above table, A knows the languages English and Marathi. Hence, A can translate from English to
Marathi.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

44 (d)
B can do the translation on his own, as he knows both German and French.

45 (a)
Statement 1 is correct. The passage mentions, “The Constitution’s bouquet of rights, directive principles, and
duties cannot be meaningfully enjoyed by citizens without quality education”. Hence, this statement is correct.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Against the National Education Policy’s goal of combined
government expenditure on education at 6% of GDP, 3% of GDP was budgeted in 2021-22.”. It implies that the

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expenditure goal of the national education policy is 6% of GDP, against the budgetary provisions (2021-2022) of
3% of GDP only. It shows that Budgetary provisions are lower than the National Education Policy goal. So this
statement is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct. The passage mentions, “UGC is restructuring undergraduate, PG, and doctoral programs.
States are trying out clustering of schools, closing down smaller schools.” Therefore, it is clear that state
governments have been trying to cluster schools. So, this statement is correct.

46 (c)
Statement 1 is incorrect. Refer to the line: “By now every doctor in the country should be familiar with growing
antimicrobial resistance.” This clearly means that the problem has been well recognised. Therefore, this answer
option is incorrect.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Refer to the line: “By now every doctor in the country should be familiar with growing
antimicrobial resistance and what their role in curbing its spread needs to be…” The highlighted part clearly means
that the doctors are well aware of the solution to the problem. Therefore, it would be incorrect to say that there is
inaction over even exploring a solution to the problem.
Statement 3 is correct: The passage mentions at the beginning itself, "Knowing what’s needed to solve a problem
is one thing, but doing it is quite another. By now every doctor in the country should be familiar with growing
antimicrobial resistance and what their role in curbing its spread needs to be, but their prescription behaviour
remains largely unreformed." These lines set the tone of the main concern of the author that there is an attitudinal
and behavioural change required to address the problem.

47 (b)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions, “The latest ICMR attempt to reform this behaviour involves
advising doctors to avoid using antibiotics in conditions such as low-grade fever and viral bronchitis”. It implies
that doctors should avoid using antibiotics in conditions such as low-grade fever and viral bronchitis”. There is a
difference between “…conditions such as low-grade fever and viral bronchitis” and “most cases”; the latter not
being attributed to any type or grade of disease. So this assumption is incorrect.
Assumption 2 is correct. The passage mentions, “Plus planning a stop date to ensure that antibiotics are not given
beyond the recommended duration”. It implies that doctors should ensure that antibiotics are not given beyond the
recommended duration. So, this assumption is correct.

48 (c)
Statements 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect. The passage nowhere discusses the aspect of the delivery of products and
services. Also, there is no mention of reduction in the cost of products and services. The context of barter is not
about the present times but limited to 100 years ago as per the lines “For example, approximately 100 years ago,
consumption occurred in the form of bartering or purchases made by travelling merchants.” Therefore, all the three
statements 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect.
Statement 4 is correct. The lines “These days, the developments in the field of communication, technology,
information, and marketing have created new shifts in the way consumers inform and learn about certain products
and services.”, show that developments in communication technology, information, etc. have changed the mode of
access to information about products and services.

49 (a)
Assumption 1 is invalid. The lines “The changed lifestyle of individual consumers, for instance, has changed their
way of doing things such as consumption patterns. For example, approximately 100 years ago, consumption
occurred in the form of bartering or purchases made by travelling merchants.”, have only given the example of
changing consumption patterns but that does not mean that these patterns change every 100 years.
Assumption 2 is invalid. The assumption is about the comparison of safety in the consumption of services in the
internet world and the barter system. However, the passage does not discuss this aspect. The reference to barter

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system has been made only to highlight the changing nature of consumption patterns. So, this assumption is beyond
the scope of the passage.
Assumption 3 is invalid. The lines “It has become ever so important for the companies of the 21st century to work
on the integration of new technologies and to understand how consumers use the internet; this day, everything is
linked with the World Wide Web, whether it is social interaction or shopping”, are about what the companies should
focus upon. So, integration of technologies and understanding consumer behaviour are two separate and different
things on which the companies should focus. Therefore, we cannot say that without the integration of technologies
it is not possible to understand consumer behaviour.

50 (c)
When n = 1, 2, 3....10, both values will be equal to 0. So, 10 possibilities.
When n = 13, 14, ....21, both values will be equal to 1. So, 9 possibilities.
When n = 26, 27, ....32, both values will be equal to 2. So, 7 possibilities.
When n = 39, 40, ....43, both values will be equal to 3. So, 5 possibilities.
When n = 52, 53, 54, both values will be equal to 4. So, 3 possibilities.
when n = 65, both will be equal to 5. So, 1 possibility.
So, in total there are 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 10 = 35 possibilities.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

51 (b)
Statement 1:
On observing the graph carefully, we find that there is a constant increase in the temperature at 6 a.m. during the
given period. But, in case of temperature at 6 p.m., first there is a decrease, followed by an increase during the same
period. So, this statement is not correct.

Statement 2:
If there was a 5% decrease in temperature on 5th April, then the temperature on that day would have been 29 ×
(95/100) = 27.55°. It would still have been the hottest morning. So, this statement is correct.

Statement 3:
Hottest morning temperature = 29°
Coolest evening temperature = 34°
Difference between hottest morning and coolest evening temperature is (34-29)° = 5°. It is less than10°, so this
statement is incorrect.
Hence, option (b) is the most appropriate answer.

52 (b)
The required number should be such that it leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, 4, 5 or 6, but no remainder
when divided by 7. Such a number is 301.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Explanation for Questions 53, 54 and 55:

Jayesh is to the immediate right of Alok, i.e. J, A.

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Subodh is just in between Jayesh and Pramod. So, we get: P, S, J, A.
Pramod is just in between Bhagat and Subodh. So, we get: B, P, S, J, A.

53 (a)
Alok is at the extreme left end.

54 (d)
Subodh is in the middle.

55 (d)

56 (b)
A can win in the following scenarios:
1. A strikes in first shot. P (A in 1st shot) = 0.6
2. A misses in the first shot, B misses in the second, A strikes in the third. P (A in 3rd shot) = 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.6 {A
misses, then B misses and then A strikes}
3. A misses in the first shot, B misses in the second, A misses the third, B misses the fourth, and A strikes in the
fifth. P (A in 5st shot) = 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.6 {A misses, then B misses and then A misses, then B misses, then
A strikes}
And so on.

Overall probability = Sum of all these scenarios = 0.6 + (0.4 × 0.2 × 0.6) + (0.4 × 0.2 × 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.6) + ………
= 0.6 [ 1 + (0.4 × 0.2) + (0.4 × 0.2)2 + (0.4 × 0.2)3 + …..]
This is an infinite geometric progression with first term 0.6 and common ratio 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08.
Required probability = a/(1 - r) = 0.6/(1 - 0.08) = 0.6 / 0.92 = 15/23
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

57 (d)
Assumption 1 is invalid. The given assumption is not correct because it is contradictory to the information given
in the passage. The lines “It has been suggested that AI chatbots will reduce costs for companies by decreasing
human input and will increase user value by engaging in intelligent conversations that reduce the time it takes a
human to achieve a task and improve their performance”, reflect that AI chatbots will reduce costs by decreasing
human input, which means that there will be reduced human participation leading to fewer jobs. So, to assume that
more demand for AI chatbots will increase jobs would not be correct.
Assumption 2 is invalid. The given assumption states that the high cost of chatbots is the reason for their non-
autonomous functionality. However, AI chatbots are going to be autonomous. The current chatbots are not
autonomous because of the human engineering interventions. So, this assumption is not valid.

58 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. The context of funding for the development of AI chatbots is not a part of the passage.
Also, the passage is not specific to India. The author mostly focusses on the features, benefits and challenges of AI
chatbots. Therefore, this option is not the crux of the passage.
Option (b) is incorrect. Refer to the line: “Currently, chatbots rely on a human engineer’s intelligence to
continuously update the system (i.e., they are not autonomous). AI chatbots will be different…” As per the
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information in the passage, AI chatbots are autonomous. So, the question of the autonomous nature of AI chatbots
does not arise. Also, the challenges in the adoption of chatbots are not discussed in the passage. So, this is not the
crux of the passage.
Option (c) is correct. The lines “AI chatbots will be different from current conversational and messenger chatbots
(e.g., Google Home and Siri) as they will autonomously identify arrangements, trends, and significance from data
that is too intricate to be processed by human programmers or machines to mimic human-like conversation ….
While chatbots are currently popular, it is predicted that AI chatbots will advance chatbots in the market, growing
to be worth over 100 billion US dollars by 2025”, show that AI chatbots have the potential to bring about a major
change in the business setups. So, this is the best crux of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. This option is beyond the scope of the passage because there is no discussion about the
context of ethics related to AI. Hence, this is not the crux of the passage.

59 (a)
Statement 1 is correct. In this case, MOOC is a prospective environment for education in the future (a new
development in the field of education). Some researchers suggest that the effectiveness of MOOCs should not be
assessed by the old paradigm of lecture completion rates. This parameter of evaluation was more suited to the
classroom-based learning model. Therefore, it is correct to say that new developments in education field cannot
always be assessed with the old paradigms of evaluation.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The author limits the scope of discussion to the different aspects of MOOC. The benefits,
issues and evaluation mechanism of the effectiveness of this futuristic model. There is absolutely no mention of the
classroom-based education. Therefore, it is difficult to infer the relative effectiveness of MOOC and classroom-
based education.

60 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect. The reasons for dropping out are not discussed in the passage. So, to conclude that no fee
is the cause of the dropout rate and charging some basic fees could ensure reducing the drop-out rates would not be
correct. So, this is not the best message of the author.
Option (b) is correct. The lines “... Given the large difference in the level of learners’ behavioural and cognitive
student engagement between those who discontinued learning at an early stage and those who finished the course,
one can conclude that success in MOOC learning depends on how consistent the learning has been”, illustrate
that the learning outcomes from MOOC majorly depends on consistency in learning and efforts should be made to
achieve it. Therefore, this answer option is correct.
Option (c) is incorrect. The lines “Although researchers perceive this learning pattern as a typical feature of
MOOCs over time, some argue that lecture completion rates are not a suitable measure for the success of MOOCs”,
demonstrate that researchers perceive that dropping out of MOOCs is a feature of MOOCs. This does not mean that
researchers must enquire about the reasons. Also, there is no discussion about the enquiry of the reasons for dropout.
Option (d) is incorrect. The given option is not true, because there’s no certainty that resolution of the stated issue
will help in increasing the lecture completion rates. The conclusion from the lines “Given the large difference in the
level of learners’ behavioural and cognitive student engagement between those who discontinued learning at an
early stage and those who finished the course, one can conclude that success in MOOC learning depends on how
consistent the learning has been.”, show that success of MOOC learning depends on consistency rather the given
issue. So, this is not the best message of the author.

61 (c)
Let principal = P, rate of interest = r%
CI earned at the end of three years = P(1 + r)3 - P = 1456
CI earned at the end of two years = P(1 + r)2 - P = 880
Dividing one by the other we get: [(1 + r)3 – 1] / [(1 + r)2 – 1] = 1456/880
We can cancel ‘r’ and solve the resulting equation. However, let us see if we can spot something in the numbers.
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1456/880 = 728/440
The amounts at the end of three years and two years are linked to (1 + r)3 and (1 + r)2 respectively.
Now observe that 1728 = 123 and 144 = 122.
So, 728/440 = (1728 − 1000) / (1440 − 1000) = (1.728 − 1) / (1.440 − 1)
So, r = 20% and P = Rs. 2000
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

62 (d)
From II, we know that Gopal's brother was born in 1982.
From III, we get to know that Gopal’s brother is 8 years younger to him. So, Gopal was born in 1974. From I, we
can see that Sanjay is 6 years older than Gopal. Thus, Sanjay was born in 1968.
So, all the three statements are required.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

63 (a)
The largest triangle that can be formed inside a semicircle is the one which has the base as the diameter of the
semicircle and height as the radius of the semi circle. For all other triangles can be formed only by reducing either
the base or the height or both.

The picture above shows the largest godown that he can build on his plot.
Area of the godown = base × height / 2 = 120 × 60 / 2 = 3600 m2
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

Explanation for Questions 64 to 67:

I. R does not stay as PG and studies Philosophy.
III. T studies Mathematics and S studies Physics.
IV. U and S stay in hostel. T stays as PG and Q stays at home.

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It’s clear from the table above that R must be staying at home, and P at PG.

II. The students studying Statistics and History do not stay as PG. So, P must be studying English.

64 (d)
P studies English.

65 (a)
Clearly the incorrect combination is English — Hostel

66 (b)
S stays at hostel and R stays at home.

67 (c)
Q studies History or Statistics.

68 (d)
According to question, x is increased by 100%
∴ x + 100% of x = 2x
Similarly, y + 150% of y = 2.5y
Now, (2x/2.5y) = 3/2
or 4x/5y = 3/2
or x/y = 15/8 = 15 : 8
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

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69 (b)
Number of possible ways of selecting 3 marbles out of 12 marbles = 12C3
Now, Probability of selecting atleast one red marble = {1 – Probability of selecting no red marble}
= 1 – [(9C3) / (12C3)] = 1 –[(9 × 8 × 7)/(3 × 2)]/[(12 × 11 × 10)/(3 × 2)] = 1 – [(9 × 8 × 7)/(12 × 11 × 10)] = 1 –
[21/55] = 34/55
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

70 (d)
All 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect. The given options are not problematic issues per se. Tele-education and teleworking
were the consequences of Covid. However, they cannot be termed as issues because the passage does not discuss
them in that light. Increased virtual presence was again the consequence of Covid, but we cannot term it as a
problematic issue.

71 (b)
Cyber bullying has not been discussed in the passage. So, statement 1 is incorrect.
Refer to the line: “In line with the increasing interactions in cyberspace, the potential risk of cyber-attack posed by
these specific changes in behaviour during the pandemic is increasing globally.” The increased online presence in
the aftermath of Covid has exacerbated cybersecurity concerns across the globe. Therefore, it is imperative that
companies take adequate measures to address this emerging online security concern. So, statement 2 is correct.

72 (b)
We drink water when thirsty. In the coding given in the question we see that water is called air. So, air is the correct
answer.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

73 (d)
10 + 103 + 106 + 109 = 10 + 1000 + 1000000 + 1000000000 = 1001001010
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

74 (b)
Method I
Between 10 and 100, we have 2 such numbers: 11 and 20.
Between 100 and 1000, we have 3 such numbers: 101, 110 and 200.
Therefore, between 106 and 107, we will have 7 integers whose digit-sum will be equal to 2.

Method II
All numbers between 106 and 107 will be 7 digit numbers.
There are two possibilities if the sum of the digits has to be '2'.

Possibility 1: Two of the 7 digits are 1s and the remaining 5 are 0s.
The left most digit has to be one of the 1s. That leaves us with 6 places where the second 1 can appear.
So, a total of six 7-digit numbers comprising two 1s exist, such that the sum of their digits is '2'.
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Possibility 2: One digit is 2 and the remaining are 0s.
The only possibility is 2000000.

Total count is the sum of the counts from these two possibilities = 6 + 1 = 7
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

75 (c)
The first sequence: Numbers leaving a remainder of 4 when divided by 7: 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53, 60, 67, ....
The second sequence: Numbers leaving a remainder of 9 when divided by 11: 9, 20, 31, 42, 53, 64, .....

From the listing of the two sequences we can identify the first number that is a part of both the sequences. It is 53.
The common difference of the first sequence is 7 and that of the second sequence is 11.
Elements common to both the sequences will have a common difference equal to the LCM of 7 and 11, i.e. 77. In
other words, every 77th number after 53 will be a term common to both the series.
So, the terms that are common to both the arithmetic sequences can be expressed as 77k + 53.
Because we are interested in the first 1000 natural numbers, k will take values from 0 to 12, i.e. a total of 13 values.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

76 (a)
SET A: {2, 4, 6, 8,...., 50}. Set of first 25 consecutive positive even numbers.
SET B: {102, 104, 106,....., 150}. Another set of 25 consecutive positive even numbers starting from 102.
Difference between 1st term of set A and that of set B is 100.
Difference between 2nd term of set A and that of set B is 100.
And so on.
Each term in set B is 100 more than the corresponding term in set A.
So, the difference between the sum of the elements of set B and that of set A = the sum of the differences of all the
terms = (100 + 100 + 100 + .... 25 times) = 25 × 100 = 2500.

77 (b)
Statement 1 is incorrect. The lines, “Cinema, frequently termed the 7th art form, offers viewers, not only an
opportunity for mood regulation but also a window to other values and experiences, providing new forms to
understand personal and social issues and affording a valuable medium to promote health, education and
wellbeing” do talk about the individual and social benefits of cinema. However, it would be an exaggeration to say
that cinema does not have any negative impact at all.
Statement 2 is correct. Refer to these lines that talk about internet-based recommendation systems (technology):
“Nowadays, it is possible to find some attempts that combine the user’s daily subjective experience (e.g., affect,
values) and movie search, navigation, and recommendation, in an attempt to help emotion regulation and life
satisfaction.” Clearly, these emerging technologies claim to help in emotion regulation and life satisfaction. Hence,
we can safely infer that technology is penetrating deep enough to influence an individual’s emotions and life
satisfactions.

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78 (d)
Assumption 1 is invalid. Terming cinema as the best medium to understand society would not be correct because
it is not stated in the passage. Also, there is no comparative analysis of the different mediums when it comes to
understanding the finer nuances of society. So, this assumption is not correct.
Assumption 2 is invalid. The lines “However, to reach their full potential, these systems ought to consider more
than the user’s previous choices, or demographics, and account for the user’s subjective experience, affective
states, and context.”, show that it is not only user’s previous choices or demographics which could enhance the
potential of internet-based recommendation systems, but affective states and context as well. So, this assumption is
clearly not correct.

79 (c)
Inference 1 is correct. The given inference is correct because of the lines “Construction in countries has
increasingly gravitated toward cities projected to become unbearably hot because of climate change. These trends
suggest a spatial misallocation of investments in buildings, with negative potential impacts on populations' future
health and safety.” Therefore, the construction in climate-affected cities poses a risk to the population's future
health and safety (not a sustainable plan).
Inference 2 is correct. The lines “In the face of intensifying …. and toward cities whose climate will be less affected
or may even improve. Since the 1960s, however, the opposite has occurred.”, show that despite climate change
threat in urban cities, the construction has still not slowed down in those cities. So, it is correct to infer that even
climate change has not discouraged construction in urban cities.

80 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect. There is no mention of greenery or a mix of greenery with buildings to reduce the impact
of climate change. This option is beyond the scope of the passage. So, this is not the crux of the passage.
Option (b) is correct. The given option is correct because of the following lines “Construction in countries has
increasingly gravitated toward cities projected to become unbearably hot because of climate change.” and
“…these construction patterns risk locking in urban development and, therefore, urban populations in suboptimal
locations that will be most affected by climate change.” Climate change and construction together pose a serious
risk to urban population. The given option captures the essence of the above lines. So, this is the best crux of the
passage.
Option (c) is incorrect. Mitigation of climate change is not the central discussion of the passage. The role of
government concerning mitigation is not discussed in the passage. So, this is not the crux of the passage. The author
limits the scope of the passage to the hurdles posed by climate change and construction in urban areas.
Option (d) is incorrect. The passage nowhere discusses the rate of climate change. Also, how this rate will affect
the cities with less construction is not clear from the information given in the passage. So, this is not the crux of the
passage.