UNIT 1: CONSUMER HEALTH

CONSUMER HEALTH:
 Wise selection of health products, agencies concerned with the control of these
products & services, evaluation of quackery and health misconception, health
careers and health insurance.
 “ All of us are consumer, we acquire health information, purchase health
product and avail of health services to appraise, improve and maintain our
health “
 has three components
1. Health Information
2. Health Products
3. Health Services

HEALTH INFORMATION:
 Is a concept, step or advice that various sources give to support the health status
of an individual.

HEALTH PRODUCTS:
 are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, and household substances.
 These products may be purchased from various places like supermarkets,
pharmacies, and hospitals.

HEALTH SERVICES:
 are connected to healthcare
 these programs aim to appraise the health conditions of individuals through
screening & examinations, prevent & control the spread of diseases, provide
safety & ensure a follow-up program for individuals who have undergone
treatments
 are usually offered by healthcare providers
 there are three types of healthcare providers such as:
1. Health Professionals
2. Healthcare Facilities
3. Health Insurance

HEALTH PROFESSIONALS:
 Individuals who are licensed to practice medicine and other allied health
programs. An example of a health professional is a physician.
 Healthcare practitioners and allied health professionals are considered
healthcare providers.
 Healthcare practitioner is an independent healthcare provider who is
licensed to practice on a specific area of the body.
 Allied health professional is a trained healthcare provider who practices
under the supervision of a physician or a healthcare practitioner.
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES:
 Are places or institutions that offer healthcare services.
 Types of healthcare services:
A. Hospital - an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis. It offers
different types of medical care like inpatient & outpatient care.
B. Walk-in Surgery Center - facility that offers surgery without the patient
being admitted in the hospital.
C. Health Center - cater to a specific population w/ various health needs.
D. Extended Healthcare Facility - that provides treatment, nursing care &
residential services to patients.

HEALTH INSURANCE:
 Is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or
group payment of healthcare costs.
 It may be sourced from both public and private companies.
 An example of public health insurance is PHILHEALTH.

PHILHEALTH:
THE PHILIPPINE HEALTH INSURANCE CORPORATION:
 Is a Government Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC) created through
the National Health Insurance (NHI) Act of 1995.
NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM (NHIP):
 RA 7875 - Feb. 14, 1995
 It is the administrator of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) which
was established to provide health insurance coverage for all Filipinos and ensure
affordable, acceptable, available & accessible health care services for all citizens
of the Philippines.

WHO ARE THE MEMBERS?

What are the PhilHealth Membership Programs?
 FORMAL ECONOMY
 Employees in the government & private sectors
 All other workers render services, whether in government or private offices such
as job orders contractors, project-based contractors.
 Owners of small and large enterprises, household helpers, family drivers.
 INFORMAL ECONOMY
 Overseas Filipino Workers
 Informal sector: market vendors, pedicab & tricycle drivers & small construction
workers.
 Self Earning Individuals (professionals)
 Filipinos with dual citizenship.
 INDIGENT MEMBERS
 People who have no visible means of income, or whose income is insufificient for
family subsistence, as identified by the DWSD based on specific criteria.
 SPONSORED MEMBERS
  Members whose premium contributions are paid for by another individual,
government agency, or private entity.
 Members in the informal sector from lower income.
 Orphans, abandoned & abused minors, out-of-school youth street children,
people with disabilities, senior citizens & battered women under DWSD custody.
 Unenrolled women about to give birth (and as determined by means test
recognized by the DSWD)
 Barangay Health Workers, nutrition scholars, barangay tanods, and other
barangay workers & volunteers.
 LIFETIME MEMBERS
 Those who have reached the age of retirement and have made 120 monthly
contributions.
 SENIOR CITIZEN
 All elderly who are not covered under the NHIP

Once enrolled under PhilHealth, a member must declare his or her legal
dependents so they can also be given the same healthcare protection as
that of the principal member.

WHO ARE THE QUALIFIED DEPENDENTS OF PHILHEALTH MEMBERS?

 CHILDREN
 20 years old and below
 Unmarried & unemployed
 Legitimate, illegitimate, adopted, stepchildren, and foster child.
 PARENTS
 Parents with permanent disability irrespective of age
 SPOUSE
 Legitimate who is not yet a member.
 CHILDREN W/ DISABILITY
 21 years old and above with total disability (congenital / acquired)

Students like you are qualified as dependent children of your parents. By

the time you reach the age of 21 or become employed, you need to enroll
with PhilHealth to become a member.

PHILHEALTH VISION:
 Bawat Pilipino, Miyembro
Bawat Miyembro, Protektado
Kalusugan Ng Lahat, Segurado

Bawat Pilipino, Miyembro: PhilHealth ensures that every Filipino is a member by

covering them under the different membership programs categorized according to
various sectors of our society.
Bawat Miyembro, Protektado: PhilHealth ensures that every member is protected
through its comprehensive benefit packages that are both preventive & curative.
Bawat Miyembro, Protektado: These benefits are based on an individual’s health
needs rather than a person’s ability to pay and are responsive to the health-care needs
of members throughout the various stages of life.
Kalusugan Natin, Segurado: PhilHealth ensures Financial Risk Protection to all
Filipinos by covering them under the National Health Insurance Program

Bawat Pilipino, Miyembro

Bawat Miyembro, Protektado
Kalusugan Ng Lahat, Segurado

KINDS OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS:

 CARDIOLOGISTS
 a medical doctor who studies and treats diseases and conditions of the
cardiovascular system — the heart and blood vessels — including heart rhythm
disorders, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart defects and infections,
and related disorders.
 DERMATOLOGISTS
 a medical doctor who specialize in skin, hair and nails. Dermatologists also
handle cosmetic disorders, like hair loss and scars. Your dermatologist will
examine you, order lab tests, make a diagnosis and treat your condition with
medication or a procedure.
 GERIATRICIAN
 a specialist doctor who is an expert in the health of older people (those aged 65
and older).
 PULMONOLOGIST
 a physician who specializes in the respiratory system. From the windpipe to the
lungs, if your complaint involves the lungs or any part of the respiratory system, a
pulmonologist is the doc you want to solve the problem. Pulmonology is a
medical field of study within internal medicine.
 UROLOGIST
 a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary
system. This system keeps the body clean by filtering out wastes and toxins and
taking them out of the body. The urinary tract includes: Bladder. Kidneys.
MUSIC REVIEWER

IMPRESSIONISM
 Produces new indirect musical colors that lightly overlapped in different chords of each
other.
 It works on nature sounds like the splashing of waves, flowing river, chirping of the birds
 Soft music evokes beauty, likeness, and brilliance.
 Gives the feeling of finality to a piece, moods and textures, harmonic vagueness about the
structures of certain chords, and the use of whole-tone scale.

( Claude Debussy and Joseph Maurice Ravel developed a particular style of composition )
CLAUDE DEBUSSY ( 1862 - 1918 )
 Born on August 22, 1862 in St. Germain-en-Laye in France
 Wanted to change the sequence of music from traditional to conventional.
 Found new ways in evolving into a new language of possibili ties in harmony, rhythm,
form, texture, and color, which describes distinctive musical elements.
 An erratic pianist and rebel in theory and harmony
 Most important and influential 20th century composer
 entered the paris conservatory at 1873
 he won “PRIX DE ROME” in 1884 with his composition “L’ENFANT PRODIGUE” , or
the “PRODIGAL SON”
 is “the father of the modern school of composition”
 - Died of cancer in paris, on March 25, 1918

COMPOSITIONS:
 -orchestral music -operas
 -chamber music -ballets
 -piano music -vocal music
Admired compositions from:
 Franz list - Bach Giuseppe Verdi
 Frederic Chopin - Richard Wagner
 Johann Sebastian Bach
Influenced in visual arts by:
 Monet - Degas
 Pissarro - Renoir
 Manet
Influenced in literary arts by:
 Mallarme - Rimbaud
 Verlaine

MAURICE RAVEL ( 1875 - 1937 )

 Son of a Basque mother and a Swiss father
 Age 14, entered the Paris Conservatory with French composer Gabriel Faure
 Unique innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment
 Intricate and sometimes modal and extended chordal components
  Output compromises approximately 60 pieces for piano, chamber music, song cycles,
ballet, and opera.
 Died with Aphasia on December 28, 1937
Admired the music of:
 Chopin - Schubert
 Liszt - Mendelssohn
Works:
 Pavane for a Dead Princess ( 1899 )
 Jeux d’Eau or Water Fountains ( 1901 )
 String Quartet ( 1903 )
 Sonatine for Piano ( c. 1904 )
 Miroirs ( Mirrors ), 1905
 Gaspard de la Nuit ( 1908 )
 Valses Nobles et Sentimentales ( 1911 )
 Le Tombeau de Couperin ( c. 1917 )
 Rhapsodie Espagnole
 Bolero
 Daphnis et Chloe ( 1912 )
 La Valse ( 1920 )
 Tzigane ( 1922 )

EXPRESSIONISM
 Emerged in reaction against impressionism.
 Uses Atonality and 12-tone scale.
 Used as a medium to express strong emotions, like anxiety, anger, etc.
 Originally used in visual and literary arts.
 Has a high degree of dissonance, extreme contrasts of dynamics, constant changing of
textures, distorted melodies and harmonies, and angular melodies with wide leaps.
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG ( 1874 - 1951 )
 Born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class of Suburb of Vienna, Austria
 Austrian Composer
 Famous as the exponent of the twelve-tone system with twelve tones related only to one
another also known as the serial technique.
 Influenced by Richard Wagner, a German composer.
 Atonality, meaning the absence of key evolved from an emphasis on chromatic harmony
in the liberal use of the twelve tones in a chromatic scale
 Includes serialism and Sprechstimme ( half-sung and half-spoken )
 1908, wrote approximately 213 musical compositions including concrete, orchestral
music, piano music, opera, choral music, songs, and others.
 Died on July 13, 1995, in Los Angeles, California, USA where he had settled since 1934
Works include:
 Verklarte Nacht, Three Pieces for Piano, op. 1
 Pierrot Lunaire
 Gurreleider
 Verklarte Nacht ( Transfigured Night, 1899 )
NEOCLASSICISM
 Moderating factor between emotional excesses of the Romantic period and the violent
impulses of the soul in expressionism.
 Adopted a modern. Freer use of the seven-note diatonic scale.

IGOR STRAVINSKY ( 1882 - 1971 )

 Russian born composer and conductor who became both an American and a French
citizen
 Born on June 27, 1882, in Oraniaenbaum ( now Lomonosov ) Russia.
 Neoclassical style, uses scale, cords, and tone color in a clear and traditional way with
frequent changes in meter signature, offbeat syncopation, and displacing regular accent as
he utilize.
 Adopted the 18th century music with his contemporary style of writing, very structured,
precise, controlled, full of artifice, and theatricality despite its shocking modernity.
 1939, went to USA to venture another style of music ( to integrate his knowledge in
Russian music )
 Opted and slowly turned back into his nationalistic style of Russian music and cultivate
his neoclassical style
 Output of approximately 127 works, including concerti, orchestral music, instrumental
music, operas, and ballets, solo vocal, and choral music
 Died on April 6, 1971

Works Include:
 Firebird ( 1910 ) - Requiem Canticles ( 1966 )
 Petrushka ( 1911 ) - and operas like The Rake’s Progress ( 1951 (
 The Rite of Spring ( 1913 ) - opera oratorio Oedipus Rex ( 1927 )
 The wedding ( 1923 ) - Soldier’s Hale ( 1918 )
 Agon ( 1957 )
 Orchestral music like Symphonies of wind instruments ( 1920 )
 Concerto for pianos and winds ( 1924 )
 Dumbarton Oaks Concerto ( 1938 )
 Symphony in C ( 1940 )
 Symphony in 3 movements ( 1945 )
 Ebon concerto ( 1945 )
 Choral music like Symphony of Psalms ( 1930 )
 Canticum Sacrum ( 1955 )
 Threni ( 1958 )

SERGEI PROKOFIEFF ( 1891 - 1953 )

 Born on 1891 in Ukraine
 Combined the movements of music like Neoclassicism, Nationalism, and Avant-Garde
composition.
 Uniquely recognized due to his progressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic
directness, and a resolving dissonance,
  Combined styles of Haydn and Mozart as classicist and Igor Stravinsky as a Neo-
Classicist also inspired by Beethoven with two highly regarded violin concerte and two
string quartets
 He died on March 15, 1953, in Moscow

Wrote:
 Romeo and Juliet for ballet
 War and Peace for opera
 Peter and Wolf for children

BELA BARTOK ( 1881 - 1945 )

 Born on March 25, 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, Hungary (Romania)
 Made folk songs in transcription
 Opened the way to new modal kinds of harmony and irregular meter
 Wrote many works for solo piano pieces, six string quartets, and other chamber music,
three concertos for piano, one for violin and several for orchestras
 The six string quartet is his greatest achievement (lasted 30 years)
 Approximately 700 musical compositions
 1940, left Hungary for United States
 September 26, 1945, died of leukemia in NYC hospital

His works
 Six String Quartets
 The Concert for Orchestra
 Allegro Barbero
 Mikrokosmos

AVANT-GARDE
-was considered as the vanguard of experimentation or innovation period
- also called as “experimental music”
-Closely associated with electronic music
-made use of variations of self contained note groups to change musical continuity and
improvisation
-absent on traditional rules of harmony, melody, and rhythm

GEORGE GERSHWIN
-considered as a phenomenal composer,a cross artist and a father of American jazz
-Born in NYC to russian and jewish immigrants
-IRA GERSHWIN-his artistic collaborator and the one who wrote the lyrics to his songs
-La La Lucille (1919)- his first broadway musical
-died on July 11, 1937 in hollywood California
Compositions:
-Rhapsody in blue
-American in paris
-Porgy and Bass (the only american opera to be included in the established repertory of his genre
Fascinated by Classical music
Influenced by:
-ravel
-stravinsky
-Berg
-Schoenberg

LEONARD BERNSTEIN ( 1918 - 1990 )

 Born in Massachusetts, USA
 A charismatic conductor, pianist, composer, and lecturer
 November 14, 1943, requested to be a substitute for Bruno Walter in conducting the
Philharmonic Orchestra in a concert
 90 musical compositions
 He died on October 14, 1990, in NYC, USA
His works:
 West Side Story ( 1957 )
 An American version of Romeo and Juliet
 Candide ( 1956 )
 Mass ( 1971 )
 Music for the film “On the Waterfront” ( 1954 )
 His tv series “Young People’s Concerts” ( 1958 - 1973 )

PHILIP GLASS (1937)

-was born in NYC of jew
ish parents
-learned violin at age of 15
-he formed the Philip Glass ensemble
Produced works:
Music in similar Motion (1969)
Music in changing parts (1970)
Produced a 4 hour opera:
“Einstein on the beach”
COMPOSITIONS:
Satyagraha (1980), Akhnaten (1984)
-these completed his trilogy
Ais style:
-has a signature repetitive and overlapping style with theatrical grandeur on stage
Approx. 170 musical compositions

MODERN NATIONALISM
 A looser form of 20th century music development focused on nationalist composers.
 In Eastern Europe, prominent figures of this style include the Hungarian Bela Bartok and
the Russian Ergei Prokofieff.
 Bartok infused Classical music techniques into his own brand of cross rhythms and
shifting meters to demonstrate many barbaric and primitive themes that were Hungarian,
particularly gypsy in origin.
 Prokofieff used striking dissonances and Russian themes.
  Together with Bartok, Prokofieff made extensive use of polytonality, a kind of atonality
that uses two or more tonal centers simultaneously. (Visions Fugitive)

THE CHARACTERISTICS STYLE OF MUSIC IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Musical Elements
1. RHYTHM
-Gives structure and pulse of the music. The structures are: duration, tempo, and meter
2. DYNAMICS
-Relating to the loudness or quietness of music. (Crescendo, diminuendo and accent)
3. MELODY
-Focuses on the horizontal or linear presentation of various scales.
-can be described into conjunct (the notes move up and down a semitone or tone, but no
greater) or Disjunct (the melodic phrase leaps upwards or downwards with large spaces)
4. HARMONY
-focuses on verticalization of the pitch. It is thought to be as an art of combining pitches
into chords and carefully and usually arranged into a sentence like patterns called
progression.
-Terms: dissonance, consonance
5. TONE COLOR
-Produces different and unique characteristics that have obviously produced by a singer.
Another term is “Timber”
6. TEXTURE
-refers to the no. of individual musical lines and its relationship
-Classification: monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic
7. MUSICAL FORM
-an order of melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic events of a piece.
-Forms: strophic, through composed, binary and ternary form

MUSICAL ELEMENTS USED IN STAGES:

Composition- a highly disciplined art that requires mastery over often very sophisticated
materials and a creative impulsed which origins and mental processes remain a mastery
STAGES OF MUSIC: (HIGH TO LOW)
1. NEO ROMANTICISM
2. MINIMALISM IN MUSIC
3. NEO-CLASSISM
4. IMPRESSIONISM
5. INDETERMINACY (also known as “aleatoric music”
6. EXPRESSIONISM
7. SERALISM
8. JAZZ
9. ELECTRONIC MUSIC
10. POST ROMANTICISM
-characterized by chromatic harmonies, programmatic elements, expansive melodies, and
lush orchestration
COMMON MUSICAL FORMS
STROPHIC FORM (AAA)
-also called a “song form” or “verse form” because of its repetitiveness
- leron leron sinta, mary had a little lamb
THROUGH-COMPOSED (ABCDE)
-a composition that is entirely continuous
-any large scale thematic material that is NOT REPEATED
-ex. Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen
BINARY FORM (AB)
-recognizing a piece of music requires you to identify the changes in rhythm, key signatures,
cadences, and other harmonic adjustments
TWO DIFFERENT FORMS:
Simple Binary- The A material is followed by B material that has moved to the subdominant
Rounded Binary-same rules but there are more materials added to the B section that was pulled
apart from the A section
TERNARY FORM (ABA)
 The piece starts with the main theme, goes to the contrasting material, and then returns
with the exact main theme material to end it
RONDO FORM (ABACA OR ABACABA)
 The most common forms are the 5-part and the 7-part Rondo
 As the section progresses, new material is added in between section A
 Bela Bartok is the famous composer who was noted to use “rondo”
ARCH FORM (ABCBA)
-called “arc” cause the structure moves in this form
-There is always a new material in each of the 1st 3 sections, once it reaches the c section, the
music simply moves in reverse order, it goes back to the B material and concluding the main A
theme.
-is rondo form but symmetrical
- Samuel Barber(used arch)
SONATA FORM
-Organized in 3 distinct sections.
CONSIST OF:
Exposition- present in binary form
Development- is thicker in musical texture and full in unstable harmonic structure
-Instead of just settling in one key, this section will sometimes travel through multiple
modulations
Recapitulation- restatement of exposition
 Returns with a different dynamic than it is the first appearance in the exposition
THEME AND VARIATIONS
-the main theme is developed throughout subsequent sections in this musical form.
-in the first section, the main theme is introduced, after this section, the first variation is
introduced.
-In each new variation, there can be changes to the rhythm, articulations, and style of the piece
NOTE:
The purpose of form in music is to create a sense of unity among the elements of a song and
make it memorable to the listeners. It convey a certain idea or emotion such as a movie
score or a symphonic pattern.
The form can be loose or very structured and it really helps to unify a piece and create a
sense of the piece being the same
MUSIC AND ARTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
IMPRESSIONISM
-Developed by Claude Debussy (1890)
-fo riginally borrowed from visual art and literature.
-Artist create vivid pictures,distorting colors and shapes to make unrealistic images that portrays
strong emotions
THE USEFULNESS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES IN COMPOSING SONGS
 Karaoke player
 Cassette tape recorder
 Desktop
 Cellphone
 Avant-garde
 Impressionism
 Expressionism
 neoclassicism

ARTS REVIEWER (based on book)

By: Abby and yehshua(katulgon nadaw)

MODERN ART
Technological breakthrough
-the world zoomed into electronic age in the mid 1900s then into the present
cyberspace age
-mas ni improve ang technology throughout the years

Social, political, & environmental changes

-It has migration that allowed different cultures, languages, skills and even
physical characteristics
-it has world wars that includes the following: The great depression of 1930s,
asian economic crisis of 1990s
-environmental destruction. Climate changes, etc.

Effects on the world of art

-art movements of the 19th century captured and expressed all these
-impressionism and expressionism
-earlier periods of art had quite set conventions to the style, technique, &
treatment of their subjects & conveyed their ideas and feelings in BOLD INNOVATIVE
WAYS
IMPRESSIONISM
-emerged in the 2nd half of 19th century of paris artists
-a fleeting time fragment of reality caught in camera (based on real life situations)
-the name was coined from the title of a work by Claude Monet called
“impression, soleil levant” or “impression sunrise”

CHARACTERISTICS:
-Color and light
-Everyday subjects
-painting outdoors
-open composition (its structure, shape,position of an object)

INFLUENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
-helps artists capture fleeting moments of action (day to day life)
-helps them express rather than creating exact representations
-had an advantage of manipulating color

PAINTERS
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
-is one of the most influential figure in this movement
-one of the founders of impressionist movement
-best known for his paintings depicting his beloved flower garden and water lily ponds in
his home in GIVERNY

ARTWORKS
La promenade (1875)
The red boat, argenteuil (1875)
Bridge over a pond of water lilies (1899)
Irises in Monet’s garden (1900)

AUGUSTE REVIOR
-He is one of the central figures in this movement
-his artworks are snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light
-he broke away from impressionism to apply disciplined, formal techniques to portraits

ARTWORKS:
Dancers (1874)
A girl with a watering can (1876)
Mlel Irene Cahen d’Anvers(1880)
Luncheon of the boating party (1881)

EDOUARD MANET
-is the first 19th century artist to depict modern life
-from realism to impressionism
-his works birthed the modern art
ARTWORKS:
Argenteuil (1874)
Rue Mosneir decked with flags (1878)
Cafe concert (1878)
The bar at the folies-bergere

POST IMPRESSIONISM
-describes movement in art that uses vivid colors, heavy brush strokes and true to life
objects
-uses geometric approach, fragmenting objects and distorting human faces,etc.
-applies colors that were not realistic or natural

ARTIST:
Paul cezanne (1839-1906)
-his works transitioned from late 19th century impressionism to new art of 20th century

Artworks:
Hortense Fiquet in a striped skirt (1878)
Still life with compotier (1879-1882)
Harlequin (1888-1890)
Boy in red vest (1890)

Vincent Van Gough (1853-1890)

-from netherlands
-his works were remarkable due to the strong,heavy brush strokes that portrays
emotions and colors

Artworks:
Sheaves of wheat in a field (1885)
The sower (1888)
Still life: Vase with fifteen sunflowers (1888)
Bedroom of arles (1888)
Starry night (1889)
Wheat field with Cypresses (1889)

NOTE: IMPASTO- ONE OF THE MOST DISTINCTIVE PAINTING TECHNIQUES

USED BY IMPRESSIONISTS THAT USES SPATULA/KNIFE INSTEAD OF A
PAINTBRUSH

EXPRESSIONISM: A BOLD NEW MOVEMENT

-A movement arose from the western art
-based in imagination and feelings rather than in real life situations
-has distorted outlines, applied strong colors, and exaggerated forms

ART STYLES:
Neo-primitivism
-portraits of people that has oval faces or elongated shapes
-incorporated elements from the native arts of south sea islanders
-AMEDEO MODIGLIANI is one of the western artist who adapted these elements

Artwork:
Head (1913)
Yellow sweater (1919)

Fauvism
-uses bold, vibrant colors and visual distortions
-name derived from “les fauves” or “wild beasts”
-most known artist is Henri Matisse

Artwork:
Blue Window (1911)
Woman with hat (1905)

Dadaism
-characterized by dream fantasies, memory images and visual tricks and surprises
-arose from the pain of european artists from suffering the WW1
-”nonstyle”

Surrealism
-depicted an illogical, subconscious day dream world
-from “super realism”
-out of the world paintings
-Persistence of memory (1931, Salvador Dali)

Social Realism
-expressed the artist’s role in social reform
-protest against injustice, inequalities, ugliness of human condition
-Miner’s wives (Ben Shahn,1948)
-Guernica (Pablo Picasso, 1937)

Abstractionism
- a movement in the 20th century that has the same spirit or freedom of expression and
openness that characterized life
- logical and rational
- involves analyzing, detaching, selecting and simplifying Two Types of Abstractionism
Representational Abstractionism
- still recognizable subjects Pure Abstractionism
-subject has no clarity
- no recognizable subject
Art Styles under Abstractionism:
1. Cubism
2. Futurism
3. Mechanical Style
4. Nonobjectivism

1.) Cubism
- derived from the cube which is a three dimensional geometric figure
- composed of strictly measured lines, planes and angles
- among the cubists was Pablo Picasso Additional Information:
- cubism took the contemporary view that things are actually seen hastily in fragments
and in different points of view at the same time
- often represented with facial features and body parts shown frontally and from a side
angle at once

2.) Futurism
- began in Italy in the early 1900s
- fast paced, machine propelled age
- where futurists admired the speed, force, motion and strength of mechanical forms
- can be seen in the works of Gino Severini

3.) Mechanical Style

- result of the futurist movement
- basic forms such as cones, planes, cylinders, and spheres fit neatly and precisely

4.) Nonobjectivism
- comes from the term “non-object”
- did not use figures or even representation of figures
- did not refer to recognizable objects or forms in the the outside world
- lines, shapes and color were used that aimed for balance, unity and stability
- colors were mainly black and white and (red, blue, yellow

Abstract Expressionism
- World events in the 20th century influenced the course of human life and the course of
art. WWI and WWII shifted the political, economic, cultural world stage away from
Europe and on to the “New World” continent, America Things that might be correlated to
Abstract Expressionism: The New York School - In the 1920s and 1930s, young
American painters, sculptors and writers sailed to Europe to expand their horizons
- During WWII, a reverse migration brought scientists and artists to American shores
- New York is the haven for newly arrived artists and their American counterparts
Additional Information:
- opposed to “The School of Paris”
- very influential in Europe - young artists created their own synthesis of Europe’s
cubism and surrealist styles, and the movement is called Abstract Expressionism
Two Types of Abstract Expressionism:
1. Action Painting
2. Color Field Painting

1.) Action Painting

- seen in the works of Jackson Pollock
- he worked on canvases and splattered, squirted and dribbled paint with seemingly no
pattern or design in mind
- total effect is one of vitality, creativity, “energy made visible”
- Pollock’s first one man show was in New York, 1943

2.) Color Field Painting

- artists used different color saturations (purity, vividness, intensity) to create their
desired effects
- works consisted of vibrant colors which was present in the paintings of Mark Rothko
and Barnett Newman
- others used the intimate “pictograph” approach and filled the canvas with repeating
images found in the works of Adolph Gottlieb and Lee Krasner

Types of Art that was created when The New York School slowed down:
1. Pop Art
2. Op art
3. Conceptual Art

1.) Pop Art (1960)

- came from the word “popular”
- artists wanted to make reforms in traditional values
- made use of commonplace, trivial, and nonsensical objects
- unlike serious art forms, pop art generally enjoy nonsense and simply wanted to laugh
at the world Additional Information:
- works ranged from posters, collages, three dimensional “assemblages”, and
installations
- made use of easily recognizable objects
- inspirations were celebrities, advertisements, billboards, and comic strips
- Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997) along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James
Rosenquist, he became a leading figure in the art movement

2.) Op Art (1960)

- optical art - experiment in visual experience
- a form of action painting, with the action taking place in the viewer’s eye
- lines, spaces and colors were precisely planned in order to give the illusion of
movement

3.) Conceptual Art

- art which arose in the mind of the artist, took concrete form at the time, and then
disappeared
- they bought their artistic ideas to life temporarily
- they used unusual materials such as ice, food, or even dirt
- requires little to no physical craftsmanship - time and effort goes to the concept or
idea behind the work, not the work itself

Contemporary Art Forms

Two Types Of Contemporary Art Forms:
1. Installation Art
2. Performance Art

1.) Installation Art

- makes use of space and materials in innovative ways
- can be constructed or positioned in everyday public and private spaces, both indoor
and outdoor Additional Information:
- from everyday items to media
- might have existed since prehistoric times
- not regarded as a distinct category until the mid 20th century
- came to prominence in the 1970s
- also been called “environmental art”, “project art”, and “temporary art”
- creates an entire sensory experience for the viewer

2.) Performance Art

- form of modern art in which the actions of an individual or a group in a particular place
and in a particular time constitute the work
- can happen anywhere, anytime
- include such activities like theater, dance, music, and etc
- term is usually reserved for extraordinary activities intended to catch the audience’s
attention
- might follow a certain plot/script or not
- the performer is literally the artist -
the performance can last up to the artist The 4 basic elements:
- time
- space
- the performer’s body
- a relationship between performer and audience